Structural

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STRUCTURAL

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STRUCTURAL

INTRODUCTION

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Structural

The proposed cricket stadium is located in Providence,

Guyana and shall be constructed as per the ICC norms for the
World Cup to be held in 2007. The stadium of 15,000 capacity
is to be constructed under the Ministry of Public Works and
Communications with a grant from the Govt of India. This
design basis report is drawn only for the structural design of
the works in the stadium complex project.
As listed in the Architectural basis, there are various
buildings in the complex, which serves the requirement for the
intended capacity. The report tends to highlight the general
design philosophy adopted in the structural design of the
elements and also gives an overview of the basis of structural
analysis and design adopted to arrive at the estimate. The
report also highlights the various methods and loads assessed
for the purpose of structural design of elements. It also brings
out the reason for adopting various principles chosen for
design and gives a comprehensive list of the codal provisions
chosen. At the end the list of codes adopted for design is
furnished. All materials shall be as per the Indian standards
and design shall comply with BS standards as listed below. The
Indian Standards are also listed for clarity.

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DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

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The main buildings in the stadium complex are the stands, members and player's pavilion block,
venue operating centre, media centre and landscaped seating stand apart from service buildings and
underground structures.

Structural

The structural system adopted for the buildings are concrete/structural steel framed conventional
beam slab and column structures on pile caps over bored cast-in-situ concrete piles/pre-cast concrete
piles/green heart timber piles. The slabs are proposed in composite construction with concrete on profiled
metal decking (serving as reinforcement). The stands are designed with pre-cast bleachers on raker beams
in concrete/structural steel. The roof covering the stands are designed with structural steel elements in
profiled sections to match the architectural form. The columns in cast-in-situ concrete/structural steel have
insert plates/base plates to seat the roof-supporting member. The structures are analysed for dead load, live
load and wind loads as per the codal provisions. Waterproofing on concrete surfaces exposed to
atmosphere is done with reinforced modified bituminous membrane and is protected by cement concrete
tiles. The waterproofing of sunken slabs in toilets is also achieved with the same material. All structural
steel surfaces are protected from corrosion with anti-corrosive paint.

DESIGN LOADS
Dead Loads
3

Material
Unit Weight
kN/ m
The self
weight of the
various
elements are computed based
Steel
78.5
below:
Plain Cement Concrete

24

Reinforced Cement Concrete

25

Cement Concrete Screed

24

Soil

20

on the unit weight of materials as given

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Imposed Loads
As per BS:6399 (Part 1)-1996 the building is classified as Public Assembly building.

Structural

The superimposed loads or otherwise live load is assessed based on the occupancy classification as per
BS:6399(Part 1)-1996 for assembly building. The imposed loads (in kN/m2) considered are as listed below:

Occupancy Classification Load (kN/ m 2 )

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a) Assembly areas:
1) with fixed seats

4.0

2) without fixed seats

5.0

b) Kitchens, laundries

3.0

c) Stages

7.5

d) Corridors, hallways, stairs

4.0

e) Dressing rooms

2.0

f) Areas for equipment

2.0

g) Toilets and bathrooms

2.0

On flat roofs, sloping roofs and curved roofs with slopes up to and including 10 degrees, the imposed
loads due to use or occupancy of the buildings and the geometry of the roofs are given below:
As per cl 6.2, BS:6399 (Part 1)-1996
a) For roofs with access provision
b) For roofs without access provision

1.5
0.75

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On sloping roof of slope greater than 10o, as per clause 6.3 of BS:6399(Part1)-1996 the imposed loads
(kN/m2 of the plan area) that are likely to act permanently are as follows:
1.5

(On roof / terrace)

Partitions

1.0

(wherever applicable)

False ceiling

0.5

wherever applicable)

Structural

Waterproofing*

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Structural slab shall be sloped suitably to avoid achieving requisite slopes with screed/brick bat coba
Bleachers are designed to resist a horizontal force applied to seats of 3.0 kN per linear meter along the line
of seats and 1.5 kN per linear meter perpendicular to the line of seats.
Wind Load
The wind pressure is calculated based on the data furnished below and as per the provisions laid in BS:6399
(Part 2)-1997
Basic Wind speed

= 50m/sec (As assessed from UBC)

Maximum gust

= 30mph (13.5m/sec) As given

Mean probable

= 50 years

DESIGN LIFE OF STRUCTURE

Building Type factor Kb

= 1.0

Ground roughness category

= town

Built up areas with an average level of roof tops at least Ho

=5m above GL

Dynamic Augmentation Factor Cr

=0.03

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Static Simplified method is used for design for wind loads with the following parameters as per cl 2.2
BS:6399 (Part2)-1997
Directional Factor Sd

= 1.0

Altitude Factor Sa

= 1.0

Seasonal Factor Ss

= 1.0

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Probability Factor Sp

Structural

= 1.0

Site Wind Speed Vs

= Vb x Sa x Sd x Ss x Sp

Effective Wind Speed

= Vs x Sb

= 50 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1

= 50m/sec

Where Sb is the terrain and building factor obtained from cl 2.2.3.3 of BS:6399(Part2)-1997

Earthquake Load
Guyana is not within the earthquake belts and also does not figure in the places listed in the seismological
active zones. It has been mentioned that Guyana experiences tremors every 5-10 years. Earthquake loads
are not considered for analysis and design. With the given conditions it is assumed that the wind load on
the structure would be sufficient for the lateral loads that would be generated during the tremors.

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Load Combinations

Load Type

Load
Comb.

Dead
Adverse

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Structural

Primary loads are combined in accordance with relevant stipulations in BS:8110(Part 1)-1997. The
combination that produces the most unfavourable effect in the building, foundation or structural member
concerned is adopted for design.
Imposed

Beneficial

Adverse

**

Wind

Beneficial

1.4

1.0

1.6

0.0

1.4

1.0

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2c
1.0d
1.2c
1.0d
1.2c
1.0d

1.4
1.2

**Eartha and Waterb Pressure

1Dead and Imposed (and earth and water pressure)
2Dead and Wind (and earth and water pressure)
3Dead and Imposed and wind (and earth and water pressure
The earth pressure is that obtained from BS:8002 including an appropriate mobilisation factor. The more
onerous of the two factored conditions should be taken.

The value of 1.2 may be used where the maximum credible level of the water can be clearly defined. If this
is not feasible, a factor of 1.4 should be used.

Unplanned excavation in accordance with BS:8002, 3.2.2.2 not included in the calculation.

Unplanned excavation in accordance with BS:8002, 3.2.2.2 included in the calculation.

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ANALYSIS METHOD
The analysis of the structure is carried out using the STAAAD Pro-2003. Appropriate loads and
its combinations, as per relevant clauses in BS codes as described in this report are chosen for
analysis and design. Precast elements are analysed manually for handling, transportation and
service stresses.

Structural

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DESIGN LIFE

The design life of the structure is considered as 50 years. This requirement is not applicable for
replaceable materials.

DESIGN METHODOLOGY

All structural elements shall be designed according to the Limit State Method as specified in
BS:8110 for reinforced concrete elements and BS:5950 for structural steel elements.

FOUNDATION

As per recommendations of the soil investigation report, only piles are considered as
foundations. The various types of piles considered for supporting load-bearing columns/structures
are bored cast-in-situ concrete piles, pre-cast concrete piles and green heart timber piles. The
vertical capacity of the pre-cast concrete piles of 20m length is 34mT and that of 23m green heart
timber piles is 18mT.

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Concrete item

Grade

Max size of

Type of

aggregate (mm)

cement

Pile Concrete

C35

20

OPC

Pile Caps

C40

20

OPC

Column

C40

20

OPC

Slabs and beams

C35

20

OPC

Retaining walls

C35

20

OPC

Precast Elements

C50

20

OPC

Structural

CONCRETE
The grade of concrete and type of cement adopted for the various structural

REINFORCEMENT
For all structural RC elements steel reinforcement used shall be of Fe 415 grade conforming to IS:1786-1985
or equivalent.

NOMINAL COVER TO REINFORCEMENT

The cover to concrete shall be as per the guidelines laid in cl 3.3 of BS:8110 Part 1-1997. The cover
shall also satisfy the requirements of 2h fire rating.

DESIGN STANDARDS
The relevant Standard codes, as given below, have been followed for structural design

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Codes

Description

BS:648-1964

Schedule of weights of building materials

BS:4449-1997

Specification for Carbon Steel Bars for

Structural

British Standards

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Reinforcement of Concrete
BS:4461-1978

Specification for Cold Worked Steel Bars for the

Reinforcement of Concrete

BS:6339 Part-1-1996 Code of practice for Dead and I mposed Loads

BS:6339 Part-2-1997 Code of practice for wind loads
BS:6339 Part-3-1988 Code of practice for Imposed Roof Loads
BS:8002-1994

Code of Practice for Earth Retaining Structures

BS:8004-1986

Code of practice for Foundations

BS:8110 Part-1-1997 Structural Use of Concrete-Code of practice for

design and construction
BS:8110 Part-2-1985 Structural Use of Concrete-Code of practice for
special circumstances.

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Codes

Description

BS:8110 Part-3-1985

Structural

British Standards
Structural Use of Concrete-Design charts for singly
reinforced beams, doubly reinforced beams and

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Rectangular columns.
BS:8102-1990

Code of Practice for Protection of Structures

against Water from the Ground

BS:5950 Part 1-2000

Structural Use of Steelwork in Building-Code of

Practice for Design in Simple and Continuous
Construction: Hot Rolled Sections

BS:5950 Part 2-1994

Structural Use of Steelwork in BuildingSpecification for Materials, Fabrication and

Erection: Hot Rolled Sections.

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Codes

Description

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I S: 456-2000

Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete

I S: 800-1984

Code of Practice for General Construction in Steel

I S: 808-1989

Dimensions for hot rolled steel beams, columns,

Structural

Indian Standards

channels and angle sections

I S:875-1987(Part-1) Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than
Earthquakes) for Buildings and Structures.
Dead Loads Unit Weights of Building Materials
and Stored Materials
I S:875-1987(Part-2) Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than
Earthquakes) for Buildings and Structures.
I mposed Loads
I S:875-1987(Part-3) Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than
Earthquakes) for Buildings and Structures.
Wind Loads

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Codes

Description

Structural

Indian Standards
I S:875-1987(Part-5) Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than
Earthquakes) for Buildings and Structures.

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Special Loads and Load Combinations

I S:1786-1985

Specification for High Strength Deformed Steel

Bars and Wires for Concrete Reinforcement.

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