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Animal Nutrition
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Animal Science 233 Applied Animal Nutrition
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Remember
Water
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Protein
Minerals
Vitamins
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Review of Terminology
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WATER (H20)
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Water (H2O)
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Water (H2O)
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Functions of Water
Transport of nutrients and excretions
Chemical reactions and solvent properties
Body temperature regulation
Aids in cell shape maintenance
Lubricates and cushions joints and organs
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Sources of Water
Drinking water
Water in feed
Metabolic water
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Sources of Water
1. Drinking
Pigs 1.5-3 gal/hd/day
Sheep 1-3 gal/hd/day
Cattle 10-14 gal/hd/day
Horses 10-14 gal/hd/day
Poultry 2 parts water1 part feed
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Sources of Water
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Calculating Water Content of Feedstuffs
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Sources of Water
Metabolic Water
- Results from the oxidation of organic nutrients
in the tissues
1 g of carbohydrates .6 g of water
1 g of protein .4 g of water
1 g of fat 1 g of water
May account for 5-10 of total water intake
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Sources of Water Loss
Urine
Feces
Lungs
Skin
Milk
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Factors Affecting Water Intake
Temperature humidity
Dietary factors
High moisture feeds reduce drinking
Fiber, DM intake, salt, and protein increase
drinking
Lactating vs dry
Water quality
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Water Absorption
Readily absorbed
Monogastrics/Ruminants Jejunum, Ileum, Cecum,
Large Intestine
Ruminants Rumen and Omasum
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CARBOHYDRATES (CHO)
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Carbohydrates (CHO)
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Carbohydrates (CHO)
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Types of CHO
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Monosaccharide (Glucose)
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Types of CHO
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Disaccharide (Sucrose)
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Types of CHO
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Types of CHO
Oligosaccharides
Not hydrolytically digested or digested by the
action of mammalian enzymes
Fermented by beneficial bacteria present in GIT
Functional Feed Ingredient foodstuffs which,
apart from their normal nutritional value, are
said to help promote or sustain healthiness
PREBIOTIC
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Soybean Oligosaccharides
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Fructooligosaccharides (Inulin)
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Types of CHO
Source of energy
Source of heat
Building block for other nutrients
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Sources of CHO
Cereal Grains
Most feedstuffs of plant origin are high in CHO
content
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CHO Digestion
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CHO Digestion
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CHO Digestion
Fermentation yields
CO2
H2O
Heat (heat increment)
Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) or also referred to as
Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA)
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VFA Production
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VFAs
Acetate
? with higher roughage levels
Produced by cellulolytic hemicellulolytic
bacteria
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VFAs
Propionate
? with higher concentrate levels
? Feed efficiency
Ionophores increase propionate production
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VFAs
Butyrate
Energy source for rumen wall growth
Papillae growth
Energy source for colonic cell growth
monogastrics
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VFAs
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CHO Absorption
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VFA Absorption
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Lipids
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Lipids
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Lipids
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Functions of Lipids
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Lipids
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EFA
Physiological needs
Cell membrane structure
Synthesis of prostaglandins which control blood
pressure and smooth muscle contractions
Deficiency
Scaly, flaky skin (Poor feather growth)
Poor growth
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Sources of Lipids (EFA)
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Lipid Digestion
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Lipid Absorption
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Lipid Absorption
Very efficient
Absorption rates range from 70-96
Generally, oils (unsaturated fats) are absorbed
more completely that fats (saturated fats)
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Ketosis
Disorder of metabolism
Insufficient energy intake in high producing
animals (e.g. Dairy cattle in early lactation and
sheep in late pregnancy)
Results in catabolism (breakdown) of body energy
(fat) reserves
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Ketosis
2 C fragments (ketones) of fat catabolism
(breakdown) build up
Toxic levels cause
Body weight loss
Abortion
Poor milk production
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PROTEINS
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Proteins
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Proteins
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Proteins
Amino Acid (AA)
Protein (2 AA joined by peptide bond between ?
carboxyl and ? amino group
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Proteins
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Categories of Protein
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Essential AA
Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Arginine
Lysine
Leucine
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Categories of Protein
2. Nonessential AA
animal can produce enough to meet its
requirements
3. Semi-essential AA
Animal can not always produce enough to meet its
requirements
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Functions of Protein
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Protein Deficiency
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Sources of Protein
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Protein Digestion
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Monogastric Protein Absorption
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Protein Digestion and Absorption in Ruminants
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Ruminant Protein Digestion
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Ruminant Protein Absorption
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Fates of Absorbed AA
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MINERALS
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Minerals
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Categories of Minerals
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Categories of Minerals
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General Mineral Functions
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Macro Mineral Deficiencies
Ca and P
Inadequate bone mineralization
Rickets (young)
Osteomalacia (adult)
Phytate Pbound and unavailable to nonruminants
Mg
Grass tetany-convulsions, coma, death
Likely in grazing, lactating females in early
spring or fall
Mg is there in the plant, just in bound form due
to lack of sunlight
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Macro Mineral Deficiencies
Fe
Anemia (insufficient hemoglobin)
Young pigs (rapid growth, low stores, low Fe in
milk)
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Trace Mineral Deficiencies
Mn
Poor growth
PoultryPerosisdeformed and enlarged hock joints
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Goiterswollen thyroid
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Trace Mineral Deficiencies
Cu
Fading hair coat color (depigmentation)
Low Cu utilization may result when excess Mo or
Zn
Zn
Parakeratosis (dermatitis-thickening of skin)
Poor hair or feather development
Exacerbated by high Ca
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Trace Mineral Deficiencies
Se
White muscle disease-nutritional muscular
dystrophy
Muscle appears white due to Ca-P deposits
Due to low concentration of Se in soil
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Mineral Toxicities
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Sources of Minerals
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Mineral Absorption
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Vitamins
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Types of Vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins
Vit A (carotene) vision
Vit D Ca, P absorption
Vit E (tocopherol) antioxidant
Vit K (menadione) blood clotting
Short shelf life (3-4 months)
Need lipids for absorption
Destroyed by heat, minerals
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Types of Vitamins
Water-soluble vitamins
Thiamine
Riboflavin
Niacin
Pyridoxine
Pantothenic acid
Biotin
Choline
Folic acid
Vitamin B12
Vitamin C
B Complex Vitamins
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Vitamin Functions
Reproduction
Fetal Development
Colostrum Production
Milk production
Wool
Egg
Racing
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Vitamin Deficiencies
Vitamin A
Xerophtalmia night blindness
Poor growth, reproductive failure
Vitamin D
Rickets
Osteomalacia
Vitamin K
Poor blood clotting/hemorrhaging
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Vitamin Deficiencies
Vitamin C
Scurvy slow wound healing, spongy gums, swollen
joints, anemia
B Complex Vitamins
Reduced growth/poor appetite
Dermatitis
Muscular incoordination
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Most likely deficient
In practical situations
Ruminants A, E, D (limited circumstances)
Swine riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid,
choline, B12, A, D, and sometimes E
Poultry All vitamins except Vitamin C,
inositol, and PABA
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Vitamin Toxicity
Unlikely ()
Generally nontoxic
Exceptions
A, D, Niacin, Pyridoxine, Choline
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Sources of Vitamins
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Sources of Vitamins
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Sources of Vitamins
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Vitamin Absorption
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Nutrition
Nutrition
provide animals with nutrients to enable them to
maintain grow
reproduce lay eggs
lactate produce wool
work
PROFIT feed animals adequately economically
first must understand process of digestion and
absorption of nutrients from feeds
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Animal Classification By Type of Food Consumed
Herbivore - Depends entirely on plant food
- Sheep, Cattle, Horses
Carnivore Almost entirely on meat for food
- Dog
Omnivore Both meat and plants for food
- Swine, Chickens, Humans
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Animal Classification By Type Digestive System
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Animal Classification By Type Digestive System
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Digestive System Parts and Functions - Swine
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Digestive System Parts and Functions - Swine
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Digestive System Parts and Functions - Avian
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Ruminants 4 compartment stomach -Designed for
fiber digestion with a high capacity -microorganis
ms in rumen to digest fiber symbiotic
relationship Capacities of different parts?
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8
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Figure 64 Digestive system of the ruminant.
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Digestive System Parts and Functions - Ruminants
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Digestive System Parts and Functions - Ruminants
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Digestive System Parts and Functions - Ruminants
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Digestive System Parts and Functions - Ruminants
Is the rumen functional in newborn ruminants???
Figure 65 Side view (right side) of the rumen.
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Digestive System Parts and Functions - Ruminants
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Digestive System Parts and Functions - Horses
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Nutrients
6 major classes
Water
carbohydrates -
lipids -
proteins
vitamins
minerals
Energy
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Figure 51 The essential nutrients. 1Mnemonic
device for remembering essential amino acids 5
MATT HILL VP. 2For poultry, two additional amino
acids are needed glycine and proline. 3Arachidoni
c acid can be synthesized from linoleic acid if
it is available so it is only essential if
linoleic acid is absent or in short
supply. 4Authors vary on whether or not to list
sulfur as a macromineral or micromineral. The
discrepancy arises because only a very small
amount of inorganic S is needed but the
sulfur-containing amino acids (organic S) are
needed in larger quantities.
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Nutrients
Water
Functions
part of metabolic reactions
transports nutrients
temperature regulation
moisture in feed?
in grazed forages, silage, hay, corn?
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Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Types
simple starches sugars
complex cellulose (plant cell walls fiber)
Function
source of energy
monogastrics from grains or cecum (horses)
ruminants from volatile fatty acids
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Nutrients
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Nutrients
Proteins
25 amino acids are building blocks of animals
10 essential amino acids not synthesized by
body tissues
Provided by microbial synthesis in ruminants
Must be in diet of all monogastrics
1st limiting LYSINE
only nutrient containing nitrogen (16)
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Nutrients
Figure 51 1Mnemonic device for remembering
essential amino acids 5 MATT HILL VP.
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Nutrients
Function of Proteins
supply amino acids for body proteins
- muscle bone connective tissue hormones
enzymes antibodies milk components cell repair
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Nutrients
Vitamins
Functions
enzyme cofactors blood clotting bone health
health of internal linings of body
deficiencies lead to specific disorders
Minerals
inorganic (contain no carbon) are elements
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Nutrients
Mineral Functions
-part of some amino acids vitamins metabolic
reactions enzyme function body structure
transport oxygen
Deficiency examples
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Figure 59 Schematic diagram for partitioning
energy values of feeds. (Source Adapted from
Wagner, 1977. Used with permission.)
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Nutrient Requirements for Maintenance, Growth,
and Production
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Nutrient Requirements for Maintenance, Growth,
and Production
growth
increase number and(or) size of cells
protein synthesis gt protein breakdown
build muscle, bone, connective tissue
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Nutrient Requirements for Maintenance, Growth,
and Production
production
fattening/finishing
reproduction
lactation
egg laying
work
wool
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Digestion in the Ruminant
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Digestion in the Ruminant
Largest of herbivores
Main fxn of complex stomach of ruminant
Utilize the largest CHO source in the world as an
energy source
Produce food and other products
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Anatomy
Large Intestine
Esophagus
Cecum
Rumen
Mouth
Reticulum
Abomasum
Small Intestine
Omasum
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Digestion in the Ruminant
Mouth
No upper teeth
Dental pad
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Digestion in the Ruminant
Mouth
No upper teeth
Dental pad
Particle size reduction by teeth grinding against
dental pad
Saliva
Moistens food
More importantly provides buffer for rumen
Rumen microorganisms produce
Volatile Fatty ACIDS
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Digestion in the Ruminant
Esophagus
Same general fxn as in monogastric
Complex stomach comprised of four compartments
Rumen
Contents 20 BW of animal
Volume
5 60 gallons liquid
5 50 lb dry material
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Digestion in the Ruminant
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Digestion in the Ruminant
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Digestion in the Ruminant
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Digestion in the Ruminant
Rumen - Anatomy/Function
Main fxn act as site of anaerobic bacterial
fermentation
Anaerobic microorganisms live and reproduce
No oxygen anaerobic
Undeveloped at birth sterile
Partially developed at 4-6 weeks of age
1st place food goes in adult
Some nutrients bypass anaerobic fermentation
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Digestion in the Ruminant
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Digestion in the Ruminant
VFAs
Acetate/acetic acid (2 carbons)
Propionate/propionic acid (3 carbons)
Butyrate/butyric acid (4 carbons)
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Digestion in the Ruminant
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Digestion in the Ruminant
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Digestion in the Ruminant
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Digestion in the Ruminant - 2
Anatomy continued
Reticulum Honey Comb
Fxn Site of microbial action absorption of
VFAs
Fxn Pacemaker for rumen contractions
Contractions start in reticulum spread to rumen
Mixes rumen contents
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Digestion in the Ruminant - 2
Anatomy continued
Reticulum Honey Comb
Heavy particles move to bottom, lighter ones
float
Lighter particles subject to rumination Ruminatio
n regurgitation, remastication, resalivation,
reglutition
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Digestion in the Ruminant - 2
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Digestion in the Ruminant - 2
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Rumination Process
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Rumination Process
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Eructation
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Eructation
Problem Bloat
Primarily caused by inability to eructate
Froth
Foam
Secondarily caused by something anatomically
wrong
Commonly seen distention of left side
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Bloat
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Eructation
Problem Bloat
Primarily caused by inability to eructate
Froth
Foam
Secondarily caused by something anatomically
wrong
Commonly seen distention of left side
Legumes (soluble protein) primary cause
Barn door left open wheat pasture, lush grass
Treatment/prevention
Trochar
Ionphores