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BUILDING PROTECTION SYSTEMS:
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1
BUILDING PROTECTION
SYSTEMS
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• Rat proofing –a method of protecting rooms against the
intrusion of rats and other small destructive animals from
gnawing the wooden parts of the house and habitating the under-
ceilings and under-floors of houses and buildings.
• Floor protection –a method of protecting finish floor surfaces
from wear and tear or from chemical abrasions due to heavy use.
• Rust proofing–a method of protecting the steel and other
ferrous materials from corrosion.
• Thermal insulation –method of installing thermal barriers in
surfaces of structures to keep the heat or cold away from the
interior spaces.
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The various methods of waterproofing
concrete may be classified as follows :
a. Impermeability through a Dense
Concrete
Accurate grading and proportioning of the
concrete materials in order to secure a
concrete so dense as to be waterproof.
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• WATER PROFING – method of protecting surfaces against the
destructive elements of water
• DAMP-PROFING – protection from outside by water repellant
materials which turn water aside and force it to return to the
earth.
• CLEAR PROTECTIVE TREATMENTS FOR MASONRY AND CONCRETE
– clear, invisible silicone water repellant applied by brush or spray
to concrete, masonry or brick that seep much water.
• ANAY PROOFING – termite proofing by soil poisoning.
• WOOD PRESERVATIVE – chemical liquid paint applied to lumber to
protect wood against powder post beatles (bukbok) and decay
causing fungi
• FIRE PROOFING – protect materials against fire, weather, decay,
insects, and warping.
1. WATER PROOFING CONCRETE:
• A mortar or concrete is considered impermeable when it
does not permit passage or flow of water through its pores
or voids.
• The absorption of a mortar or concrete is the property of
drawing in or engrossing water into its pores or voids
by capillary action or otherwise.
• If the pores or voids between particles are sufficiently
large and connected from surface to surface of the wall,
the concrete will be permeable to water.
• If the pores or voids are very minute, but connect with one
another, theoretically they may act as capillary tubes, but
the capillary forces will tend to hold the water and prevent
the passage of water.
A. Impermeability through a Dense Concrete
Portland cement mortar and concrete can be made practically waterproof
or impermeable without the use of any integral waterproofing materials;
but in order to obtain such impermeable concrete or mortar
considerable care should be exercised in selecting good materials :
• Well-graded sands containing considerable graded fine
material are preferable for making impermeable concrete, or
fine material in the form of hydrated lime, finely ground clay, or
an additional quantity of cement will be of value.
• The consistency of the concrete mixture should be wet enough
so that it can be puddled, mixture should be well spaded
against the forms to avoid the formation of pockets on the
surface.
• Care should be taken not to over trowel which may cause
erasing the coating.
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Permeable concrete results from :

• Defective workmanship, resulting from improper
proportioning, lack of thorough mixing, separation of the
coarse aggregate from fine aggregate in transporting
and placing the mixed concrete, lack of density through
insufficient tamping or spading, improper bonding of
work joints .
• The use of imperfectly sized and graded aggregates.
• The use of excessive water, causing shrinkage cracks
and formation of laitance-seams .
B. CEMENTITIOUS Waterproofing Compounds
•Cementitious type –powder form waterproofing
compound mixed with water and applied by brush to
the surface to be waterproofed.
Examples from WR Grace are MORTASEAL and
HYDRATITE for concrete gutters, ledges

• The lack of proper provision to take care of expansion

and contraction, causing subsequent cracking .

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D. Integral Waterproofing Compounds

C. FLUID Waterproofing Compounds
•Integral type–powder form waterproofing
compound mixed with the cement-aggregate
•Fluid type–a fluid applied elastomeric coating
mixture. For example one bag of integral
formulated to waterproof and preserve the
waterproofing compound, such as SAHARA
substrate of concrete, wood, and steel. The wide
or SAKURA is added to98 kilos off Portland cement.
temperature range, withstands extreme
thermal movement, settling and cracking; resists
The addition of the integral waterproofing
puncture and tearing; and can be applied by roller,
compounds will not, however, compensate for
brush, spray or squeegee. Examples of exposed type
lean mixtures, nor for poor materials, nor for
liquid membrane waterproofing from WR Grace are
poor workmanship in the fabrication of
NEWFLEX and NEWFLEX R100 for ledges.
concrete

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E. Membrane Waterproofing
•Membrane type –a hot or cold membrane applied
to the surface; for example asphalt paper laid
with hot asphalt or self sealing asphalt paper.
Examples from WR Grace Co. are BITUTHENE CP
for toilet slabs and BITUTHENE 3000 for roof
decks; and ICE AND WATERSHIELD self-sealing
and self-adhering rubberized membrane for main
entrance canopies made of metal.

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Surface Preparation for Waterproofing

Surface must be structurally sound
Cracking or movement of the substrate after a membrane
has been installed is likely to cause the membrane to fracture.
Treat cracks and movement joints
Cracks, construction joints, expansion joints and other
mobile joints should be treated in accordance with the membrane
manufacturers recommendations.
Clean and free from any contaminant materials
A membranes bond will fail at its weakest point so if
applied over dust, loose materials or poorly bonded contaminants
it will fail prematurely.
Repair any holes/voids in the substrate
A uniform thickness membrane is very difficult to achieve
over holes/voids.
Remove any protrusions and sharp edges
A uniform thickness membrane is very difficult to
achieve over protrusions or sharp edges.
Concrete should be aged for 28 days and screeds should be
aged for 7 days
Cementitious surfaces can develop plastic shrinkage
cracks during initial curing which must be totally formed before
the membrane is applied. Time must also be allowed for the
development of efflorescence which must be removed before
the membrane application.
Ensure substrate is dry (5% moisture or less)
High substrate moisture content will form blisters in the
membrane during curing.

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CRITICAL AREAS OF WATERPROOFING

Other than the main treatments of waterproofing the
following are the most critical areas which needs
to be addressed before the main waterproofing CRITICAL AREAS OF WATERPROOFING
treatment Cracks & Construction Joints

• Cracks & Construction Joints Surface cracks

• Rain Outlets / Bore Packing
•Surface Crack
• Dissimilar Construction Joints / Corner treatment
• Surface Moisture
• Corners
• Protection of Waterproofing Treatment

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CRITICAL AREAS OF WATERPROOFING CRITICAL AREAS OF WATERPROOFING

Rain Outlets/ Bore Packing Dissimilar Construction Joints / Corner treatment

Dissimilar joints
Pipe Fixing
• Dissimilar
joints

• Core cutting
• Cleaning
• Pipe fixing

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WET AREA (BATHROOM, TOILET, BALCONY) WATERPROOFING

WT1 - WPM 002 – Two component Acrylic Co polymer modified waterproofing System
CRITICAL AREAS OF WATERPROOFING
Surface Moisture • Surface preparation
• Crack treatment
• Wall consolidation
• Bond breakers/cove
Moisture raising in the installation
surface • Priming with WPM 300
• 1st coat of WPM 002
• Moisture raising in the surface
• Reinforcement
installation in the
corners using WPM deck
web over wet coat of
WPM 002
• 2nd coat of WPM 002
• Protection plaster

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ROOFS & DECKS – LANDSCAPE WATERPROOFING WATERPROOFING

RL1 - WPM 320 – Liquid Applied Root Inhibiting Latex Emulsion Waterproofing System Application Locations:
LANDSCAPE •Top of roof decks
WPM 320 WPM 320 WPM 300 Concrete, Timber or •Top of concrete terraces, balconies, ledges and canopies
F/C Substrate •Under-sheathing for wood shingle and tile roofing
•Interior surfaces of water tanks
•Exterior surfaces of concrete roof gutters
•Inside surfaces of plant boxes
•Kitchen floor
•Toilets
•Basement floor and walls
•Elevator pits
•Swimming pools and fish ponds
•Machine, mechanical and pump rooms
•Refrigeration and cold storage rooms

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2. DAMP PROOFING (VAPOR INSULATION)

Damp-proofing–applying a water-impervious material or a
Vapor barrier to a surface, usually slab-on-fill, to prevent the
penetration of moisture, from the ground or the exterior or to
prevent the penetration of condensate to the surface
material. Example is BARRAFILM vapor barrier, one layer
at six mils (0.006) thick, with 300 mm overlapping.
Caused by penetration of moisture from the outside or by
condensation of water vapor generated on the inside. The
moisture vapor will condense into water when its
temperature is reduced by contact with a cool surface or cool
air. High humidity in building may also result in condensation
of water not only on the inside of walls and windows but also
on the outside or within the exterior walls, ceiling or roof.
a. POLYETHYLENE FILM – material used as vapor barrier made
of chemically inert plastic produced in rolls of 3-20 ft. wide.
Can be applied vertically in 36 in. wide strips to studding on
16 in. centers with a full overlap on alternate studs. They are
stapled to studs with 6” overlap and extentions to floors and
walls.
b. ALUMINUM FOIL – can be used as single sheet or as thin
layer of foil laminated to a heavy backing of asphalt-
impregnated Kraft paper.

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3. TERMITE “ANAY” PROOFING – SOIL POISONING •Termite shields–installing a

•Soil poisoning –treating the soil surrounding the structure in touch
with the ground (footing bed and slab on fill) with a chemical. shield of non-corroding metal or
Usually applied by brush or spray. inorganic material, used as
Example is LENTREK TC Termicide Concentrate; dilution rating: 1 part protection against the
LENTREK TC to 50 parts water.
•Factory-applied wood preservative –factory pressure-applied wood infiltration of termites in a
preservatives; such as boliden salts, WOLMAN preservative building; so placed as to prevent
or SOLIGNUM preservative of MATIMCO Wood
(Manila Timber Company). their passage, usually as a
•Site-applied wood preservative –application of a chemical liquid on projecting shield on a masonry
the wood surface (Solignum) to protect it against pest intrusion, foundation or pier (or under a
such as termites and powder post beetles (bukbok), and decay-
causing fungi, such as sap stain and rot. wood sill or beam which it
supports), or around pipes
Powder Post –A condition of wood which has decayed to powder, or has been
eaten by worms which leave holes full of powder. which enter the building.
Rot–Decomposition in wood by fungi and other microorganisms; reduces its
strength, density and hardness.

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Fire Insulation (Fireproofing)

4. Fire proofing – application of cover materials to
structural steel components or systems to provide increased fire
refers to the act of
resistance. Also called sprayed fireproofing.
making materials or structures more
resistant to fire, or to those materials
Example is FLAMESHIELD FIREPROOFING, Filipino invented, non-
themselves, or the act of applying
asbestos fiber mix on non-organic binder; 1”thk for 2-hour fire
such materials.
rating, 2”thk for 3 hour fire rating and 3”thk for 4-hour fire rating.

Another example is, MONOKOTE MK-6, a gypsum-based,

Example of spray fireproofing, using
cementitious spray applied fireproofing product, from
a gypsum based plaster in a low-rise
industrial building. The plaster provides Grace Construction Products.
a layer of insulation to retard heat flow
into structural steel elements, that
would otherwise lose their strength and
collapse in an accidental fire.

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FIRE RETARDANTS 5. THERMAL INSULATION

A fire retardant is a material or substance other
Insulation in construction involves materials that do
than water that reduces flammability of fuels or not readily transmit energy in the form of heat,
delays their combustion (burn slowly) . electricity or sound. Insulators are made from many
materials, including cellulose, rock wool, a glassy lava
• Gypsum called perlite, gypsum, certain plastics, fiberglass,
• CO2Paints asbestos, foam, insulating concrete, loose fills, quilt,
insulating plasters, mica and refractory materials.
• Fibre wall boards
• rock wool 1.Application Locations of heat insulators:
• asbestos cement
•Top or bottom of roof decks
•Below roofing sheets
• perlite boards • Above suspended ceiling
• calcium silicate boards

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IMPORTANCE OF INSULATION
The standard comfortable temperature of
insulation required to keep a resting person • Insulation helps to:
warm in a windless room is at 70 °F (21.1 °C). i. Hold down energy cost
ii. Control the temperature of the building
In addition to environmental conditions, thermal comfort
depends on the clothing and activity level of a person. iii. Keep heat from entering the building

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2. Types of Thermal Insulators Blanket Insulation

•Loose Fill –fibrous type and granular type
•Blanket Insulation –is made from fibrous materials such
as mineral wool, wood fiber, cotton fiber or animal hair
and made into batt or boards.
Example is PARSECThermo Brite II for underneath metal
roofing insulation.
– made from fibrous materials like mineral wool, wood fiber,
cotton fiber or animal hair and manufactured to form a mat
with thickness of ½” – 4 “ .
Some installed with vinyl cardboard or wire mesh and is stapled
to sides and edges of studs and joists.

Batt Insulation –A flexible blanket- type thermal insulation, commonly used

as insulation between studs or joints in frame construction; also used as an
acoustical material or a component in sound-insulating construction. Usually
made from rock, slag, or glass fibers. Sometimes has a vapor barrier on one side
or is entirely enclosed in paper with a vapor barrier on one side.

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Batt Insulation
Batts are precut, whereas
blankets are available in
continuous rolls.
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•Sprayed-on Insulation –materials used are
polyurethane foam asbestos fiber mixed with inorganic
binders; vermiculite aggregate with a binder such as
Portland cement or gypsum and perlite aggregate using
gypsum as a binder. Machines are used for blowing
these insulations into place and as a result, the shape
and irregularity of the surface being insulated is of little
consequence.
Example is MBA SPRAYED
ONPOLYURETHANEINSULATION; 25 mm thick x 1.5 pcf
density for accessible roof decks.
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Rigid panels/Insulation
Rigid panel insulation is made from fibrous materials
(fiberglass, rock and slag wool) or from plastic foam. They
are sometimes sold in sections designed to fit tightly in
standard wall cavities.
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Spray Polyurethane Foam (SPF) Insulation
A two component mixture comes together at the tip of a
gun, and forms an expanding foam that is sprayed onto
concrete slabs, into wall cavities of an unfinished wall,
against the interior side of sheathing, or through holes
drilled in sheathing or drywall into the wall cavity of a
finished wall.
sometimes also called
Foamed-In-Place Insulation
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•Foamed-in Place Insulation –a polyurethane product
made by combining a polyisocyanate and a polyester
resin. This type of insulation can be applied either by
pouring or by spraying. The basic ingredients for both are
drawn from their containers, measured and mixed by
machine.
•Block or Rigid Slab Insulation –stiff and inelastic such
as foamed plastic, cellular glass, foamed concrete, etc.
Example is STYROFOAM ROOFMATE SL extruded
polysterene board as manufactured by DOW Chemicals,
for inaccessible roof decks.
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Reflective Insulation
Consists of 2 layers of 99% aluminum foil laminated to the
outsides of 2 sheets of heavy-duty polyethylene air-bubble
cushioning.
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Corrugated Insulation 6. Sound Insulation (Soundproofing)

from paper formed into shapes that produced enclosed air is any means of reducing
pockets into small regular semi – circular corrugations and the intensity of sound with
covering both sides with sheet of flat paper to give strength
respect to a specified
and produce the air pockets.
source and receptor.

Soundproofing affects sound in

two different ways:
noise reduction and noise
absorption.

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PLASTIC AND SYNTHETIC MATERIALS

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What is a plastic? The Importance of Plastic

• Materials composed of large
Plastics are modern, synthetic materials. Plastics are oil and gas based, and
molecules which are consumes less than four per cent of our oil and gas reserves. The superior
synthetically made or modified properties of plastics such as hygienic (clean or free from disease causing
microorganisms) barrier properties, light weight, and durability contribute
– Most are made from oil significantly to our health and quality of life.
– DuPont has a non-petroleum
source for all its plastics The tremendous growth of the plastics industry is expected to continue. The
factors that have contributed to this growth include the energy efficiency of
plastic. All studies show that it takes less energy to make a product from plastics
than just about any other material. As plastics continue to demonstrate that
they are a safe and reliable alternative to traditional materials, new applications
will emerge.

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PLASTICS Plastics Compared to Metals and Ceramics

PROPERTIES OF PLASTICS
Characteristic Advantage Disadvantage
• Lightweight • Good electrical Low melting point Ease of processing Lower useful thermal range
• Rustproof insulators High elongation Low brittleness High creep
Low density Lightweight products Low structural strength
• Strong • Good thermal Low thermal conductivity Good thermal insulation Low heat dissipation
• Can revert to their insulators Electrical resistance Good electric insulation Poor conductivity

natural state Optical clarity (some) Utility as clear material UV degradation

• Good resistance to Easily colored Use without painting Hard to color match
• Pliable Solvent sensitivity Can be dissolved (some) Affected by solvents
chemicals
• Waterproof Flammable Waste can be burned May cause fumes/fire
hazard
• Non-conductor

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USES OF PLASTICS IN CONSTRUCTION

• Electrical Conduits
• Water Seals
• Roofing Tiles
• Decorative Skirting
• Electrical Insulation
• Flooring tiles/finishes
• Water pipes
• Drainage pipes

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