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2007 11 RCP Basic Hydraulics - Updatedlinks
2007 11 RCP Basic Hydraulics - Updatedlinks
2007 11 RCP Basic Hydraulics - Updatedlinks
www.concretepipe.org © 2007
June 2007
Overview
Open Channel Flow
Manning Equation
Basic Culvert Design
Sanitary Sewer
Design Flow, Velocity
Stormwater Sewer
Design Flow, Velocity
2
Open Channel Flow
3
Open Channel Flow
4
Parameters Used in Open Channel
Flow
Q = Flow Quantity/Volume
A = Cross-sectional Area of Flow
v = Velocity (mean velocity)
R = Hydraulic Radius
P = Wetted Perimeter
S = Slope
n = Manning Roughness Coefficient
5
Mean Velocity
Q = Av
6
Hydraulic Radius
A
R=
P P
P
7
Hydraulic Radius
For a circular pipe flowing full or
half full:
D
R=
4
8
Governing Equations
Continuity Equation
Av = A v
1 1 2 2
Chezy Equation - 1768
8g
v = C RS C=
f
Manning Equation – 1888
⎛ 1 . 49 ⎞ 61
C=⎜ ⎟R
⎝ n ⎠
9
Governing Equations
Continuity Equation
Av = A v
1 1 2 2
Chezy Equation - 1768
8g
v = C RS C=
f
Manning Equation – 1888
⎛ 1 . 49 ⎞ 61
C=⎜ ⎟R
⎝ n ⎠
10
The Manning Equation
⎛ 1.49 ⎞ 2
Q = vA = ⎜ ⎟A R 3
S
⎝ n ⎠
⎛ 1.49 ⎞ 32
v=⎜ ⎟R S
⎝ n ⎠
11
Velocity Profile Full Pipe
Laminar Flow
Velocity Profile
D A
12
Velocity Profile Full Pipe
Turbulent Flow
Velocity Profile
D A
13
Velocity Profile “Open Channel”
Velocity Profile
D
A
d
14
Manning Coefficient (n)
15
Manning Equation
Manning Coefficient (n)
Circular Channel Ratios
d Q v
D Qfull vfull
0.1 0.02 0.31
0.2 0.07 0.48
0.3 0.14 0.61
0.4 0.26 0.71
0.5 0.41 0.80
0.6 0.56 0.88
0.7 0.72 0.95
0.8 0.87 1.01
0.9 0.99 1.04
0.95 1.02 1.03
1.00 1.00 1.00
16
Manning Coefficient (n)
17
Manning Coefficient (n)
Recommended n values:
18
Hazen-Williams 1920s
v = 1.318 ⋅ CR 0.63
S 0.54
19
Examples
20
Manning Equation, Ex.1
Example No. 1
48-inch Diameter RCP
pipe invert out = 6932.37 ft
pipe invert in = 6937.84 ft
length = 781.41 ft
Use n = 0.012
Find Qfull
21
Manning Equation, Ex.1
⎛ 1.49 ⎞ 2
Q full = ⎝⎜ n ⎟⎠ A R 3
S
n=0.012
48” Dia = 12.57 ft2
22
Manning Equation, Ex.1
For a circular pipe flowing full or half full:
D
R=
4
4 ft.
R= = 1.0 ft.
4
23
Manning Equation, Ex.1
Calculate S
rise
→
(6937.84 − 6932.37 )
run 781.41
S = 0.007
24
Manning Equation, Ex.1
Result:
⎛ 1.49 ⎞ 2
Qfull = ⎜⎝ 0.012 ⎠⎟ ⋅ (12.57)⋅ (1.0)3 ⋅ ( 0.007 )
= 130.6 cfs
25
Flow for Circular Pipe Flowing Full Based
on Manning’s Equation n=0.012
26
Manning Equation, Ex.2
27
Manning Equation, Ex.2
Example No. 2
54-inch Diameter RCP
length = 781.41 ft
n = 0.012
S = 0.007
R = (4.5/4) = 1.13 ft
A = 15.90 ft2
Find Qfull
28
Manning Equation, Ex.2
⎛ 1.49 ⎞ 2
Q full = ⎝⎜ n ⎟⎠ A R 3
S
⎛ 1.49 ⎞ 2
Qfull = ⎜⎝ 0.012 ⎠⎟ ⋅ (15.90)⋅ (1.13)3 ⋅ ( 0.007 )
= 179.2 cfs
29
Manning Equation, Ex.2
Circular Channel Ratios
d Q v
D Qfull vfull
0.1 0.02 0.31
0.2 0.07 0.48
0.3 0.14 0.61
0.4 0.26 0.71
0.5 0.41 0.80
0.6 0.56 0.88
0.7 0.72 0.95
0.8 0.87 1.01
0.9 0.99 1.04
0.95 1.02 1.03
1.00 1.00 1.00
30
Manning Equation, Ex.2
d d
=
D 4.5 ft.
Q 150.0 cfs
= = 0.84
Qfull 179.2 cfs
31
Manning Equation, Ex.2
Circular Channel Ratios
d Q v
D Qfull vfull
0.1 0.02 0.31
0.2 0.07 0.48
0.3 0.14 0.61
0.4 0.26 0.71
0.5 0.41 0.80
0.6 0.56 0.88
0.7 0.72 0.95
0.8 0.87 1.01
0.9 0.99 1.04
0.95 1.02 1.03
1.00 1.00 1.00
32
Manning Equation, Ex.2
y − y0 x − x0
=
y1 − y0 x1 − x0
⎛d⎞
⎜ ⎟ − 0.7
⎝D⎠ 0.84 − 0.72
=
0.8 − 0.7 0.87 − 0.72
d
= 0.78 ; D = 4.5 ft. → d = 3.51 ft.
D
33
Manning Equation, Ex.2
Q 150.0 cfs
= = 0.84
Qfull 179.2 cfs
34
Manning Equation, Ex.2
Circular Channel Ratios
d Q v
D Qfull vfull
0.1 0.02 0.31
0.2 0.07 0.48
0.3 0.14 0.61
0.4 0.26 0.71
0.5 0.41 0.80
0.6 0.56 0.88
0.7 0.72 0.95
0.8 0.87 1.01
0.9 0.99 1.04
0.95 1.02 1.03
1.00 1.00 1.00
35
Manning Equation, Ex.2
y − y0 x − x0
=
y1 − y0 x1 − x0
⎛ v ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 0.95
⎝ vfull ⎠ 0.84 − 0.72
=
1.01 − 0.95 0.87 − 0.72
v
= 0.998 ; vfull = 11.27 ft/s → v = 11.25 ft/s
vfull
36
Basic Culvert Hydraulics
37
Basic Culvert Hydraulics
38
Basic Culvert Hydraulics
Submerged Entrance
39
Basic Culvert Hydraulics
Free Entrance
40
Parameters Used in Culvert
Design
41
Basic Culvert Hydraulics
Characteristics of Flow
Inlet Control - click here
Outlet Control - click here
Outlet Velocity
42
Basic Culvert Hydraulics
Inlet Control
Barrel hydraulic capacity is higher than that of the inlet.
Typical flow condition is critical depth near the inlet and
supercritical flow in the culvert barrel.
Due to constriction at entrance, the inlet configuration
has a significant effect on hydraulic performance.
Additional Design Data – click here
Outlet Control
Barrel hydraulic capacity has a smaller hydraulic than
the inlet does.
Typical flow condition is that the full or partially full
culvert barrel for all or part of its length.
Flow regime is always subcritical, so the control of flow
is either at the downstream end of the culvert or further
downstream of the culvert outlet.
43
Basic Culvert Hydraulics
Inlet Control
Submerged Condition (orifice)
2
⎡ HWi ⎤ ⎡ Q ⎤ ⎡ Q ⎤
⎢⎣ D ⎥⎦ = c ⎢⎣ AD 0.5 ⎥⎦ + Y + Z → for ⎢⎣ AD0.5 ⎥⎦ ≥ 4.0
M
⎡ HWi ⎤ ⎡ Q ⎤ ⎡ Q ⎤
⎢⎣ D ⎥⎦ = ⎢⎣ AD 0.5 ⎥⎦ → for ⎢⎣ AD0.5 ⎥⎦ ≤ 3.5
44
Basic Culvert Hydraulics
M
⎡ HWi ⎤ ⎡ H c ⎤ ⎡ Q ⎤ ⎡ Q ⎤
⎢⎣ D ⎥⎦ = ⎢⎣ D ⎥⎦ + K ⎢⎣ AD 0.5 ⎥⎦ + Z → for ⎢⎣ AD0.5 ⎥⎦ ≤ 3.5
45
Basic Culvert Hydraulics
Outlet Control
ho = max[TW , ( d c + D ) / 2]
2
q
dc = 3
g
46
Basic Culvert Hydraulics
Outlet Control
Losses hex+he+hf
⎛ 29n L ⎞ ⎛ V ⎞
2 2
H = ⎜⎜1 + ke + 1.33 ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ R ⎠ ⎝ 2g ⎠
HWout = H + ho − So L
47
Basic Culvert Hydraulics
Once the inlet control headwater, HWi and
the outlet control headwater, HWout are
computed, the controlling headwater is
determined by comparing HWi and HWout
48
Basic Culvert Design
49
Basic Culvert Design Example
50
Basic Culvert Design Example
51
Basic Culvert Design Example
Step 4: Determine inlet control
headwater – HWi
⎡ Q ⎤ ⎡ 400 ⎤
⎢⎣ AD0.5 ⎥⎦ = ⎢ (35) 50.5 ⎥ = 5.11 ≥ 4.0
( )
⎣ ⎦
2
⎡ HWi ⎤ ⎡ Q ⎤
⎢⎣ D ⎥⎦ = c ⎢⎣ AD 0.5 ⎥⎦ + Y + Z
2
⎡ HWi ⎤ ⎡ 400 ⎤
⎢ 5.0 ⎥ = 0.0385⎢ (35)(5)0.5 ⎥ + 0.81 − 0.5(0.015)
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
HWi = 9.04 ft
52
Culverts
53
Basic Culvert Design Example
2 2
q ( 400 / 7)
dc = 3 = 3 = 4.7 ft.
g 32.2
54
Basic Culvert Design Example
(4.7+5)/2=4.85 ft.
55
Basic Culvert Design Example
Find H
A=(7)(5)=35 ft2
V=400/35=11.4 ft/s
R=A/P=35/(7+7+5+5)=1.46 ft
⎛ 29n 2 L ⎞ ⎛ V 2 ⎞
H = ⎜⎜1 + ke + 1.33 ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ R ⎠ ⎝ 2g ⎠
56
Basic Culvert Design Example
HWout = H + ho − So L
HWout = 3.44 + 4.85 − (0.015)(200) = 5.29 ft
HWi = 9.04 ft
HWi controls, so culvert is inlet control
57
Basic Culvert Design Example
58
Basic Culvert Design Example
59
Basic Culvert Design Example
⎛ 1.49 ⎞ ⎛ 7d n ⎞ 3
400 = ⎜ ⎟ 7d n ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 0.015
⎝ (7 + 2d n ) ⎠
⎝ 0.012 ⎠
d n = 2.8 ft
60
Basic Culvert Design Example
400
Vo = = 20.4 ft/s
(7)( 2.8)
61
Sanitary Sewer
62
Sanitary Sewer
Minimum Flow
Is the self cleaning velocity of 2 ft/s
maintained?
63
Sanitary Sewer
Average Flow
Needs to include I & I
Different for wet and dry months
64
Sanitary Sewer
Peaking Factor
3:1 for large sewers serving stable
populations
20:1 for small sewers serving
growing populations where
domestic wastewater is major
component of the total flow.
65
Sanitary Sewer
Example
10.5 acre site for retail space
Floor Area Ratio (FAR) of 0.25
What is the wastewater flow that
could be expected to be produced?
66
Sanitary Sewer
67
68
Storm Sewer
69
Storm Sewer
70
Storm Sewer Rational Method
Q=CiA
C is the ratio of the average rate of rainfall on an
area to the maximum rate of run off.
i is the amount of rainfall measured in inches/hr
that would be expected in a storm event of a
certain duration and frequency.
A is drainage area in acres contributing to
watershed
Time of Concentration – time required for a drop
of water to fall at the most remote part of the
drainage area and flow to a point in the system
71
Storm Sewer Rational Method
72
Storm Sewer Rational Method
73
Storm Sewer Rational Method
1
A1 =2ac A2 =4ac
2 C1 = 0.35 C2 = 0.65
T1 = 15 min T2 = 10 min
collector
Total Area: A = 2 ac + 4 ac = 6 ac
www.concretepipe.org © 2007
June 2007
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78
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80
Exam (cont.)
Which control has the smaller Barrel hydraulic capacity?
Inlet
Outlet
What range of numbers is used by engineers as the manning
coefficient, n, for smooth wall pipes?
0.005 or 0.008
0.009 or 0.010
0.012 or 0.013
0.015 or 0.025
What is the time required for a drop of water to fall at the most
remote part of the drainage area and flow to a point in the system
called?
Time of Concentration
Time of Flow
Average Flow
Design Flow
How is Average Flow calculated?
Rational Method
Product of the manning coefficient and Peak Flow
Based on existing data or specified
Product of the Peaking Factor and Inlet Headwater
81
For more information:
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/hydraulics/
www.concretepipe.org
82