SCIENCE 9 2nd Quarterly Exams

The Periodic Table of Elements

 A TABULAR ARRANGEMENT of CHEMICAL ELEMENTS ordered by their atomic number, electron configuration
and recurring chemical properties.
Groups of the Periodic Table
I A - Alkali Metals
II A – Boron Groups
IV A – Carbon Groups
V A – Nitrogen Groups
VII A – Halogens
VI A – Oxygen Groups
VIII A – Noble / Inert Gases

 Derivation of the names and symbols of the elements are:

a) Name of the discoverer
b) Place of discovery
c) Characteristic properties of the elements
 Some symbols of the elements are based on Latin forms: Fe (Ferrum; Copper); Au (Aurum; Gold)
 The periodic table is composed of 18 vertical blocks and each partition is called as Group # or Family # a d it has 7
horizontal blocks representing the Periodic Number.
Atom
 TINIEST particle of matter
Subatomic Particles
a) Electrons – NEGATIVELY charged particles of an atom / Least Massive
b) Protons – POSITIVELY charged particles of an atom. / Massive
c) NEUTRONS – NEUTRAL or ZERO charged particles of an atom / Most
massive

 John Dalton – the proponent of the ATOMIC THEORY

 Sir Joseph John Thompson – led to the DISCOVERY OF ELECTRONS.
 Niels Bohr – proposed that the electrons MOVED IN ORBITS AROUND THE NUCLUES but only orbits in a certain
raddi.
 Sir James Chadwick – led to the DISCOVERY OF NEUTRONS

 Atomic Number – the number of Electrons which is equal to the number of protons.
 Mass Number – is the number of Neutrons PLUS Protons.
Atomic Models
A. Plum – Pudding Model
 It was proposed by JOSEPH JOHN THOMPSON in 1904.
 In this model the atoms composed of ELECTRONS(Negatively Charged) is surrounded by a soup or a cloud
of PROTONS (Positively Charged)
 This model is otherwise known as the RAISIN BREAD MODEL – it is also known as the BLUEBERRY MUFFIN
model.
 This model was disapproved in 1909 by the use of the Alpha Particles gold foil experiment.

B. Rutherford Atomic Model

 Also called NUCLEAR ATOM or the PLANETARY MODEL OF AN ATOM.
 The model described the atom as a tiny, dense, positively charged core called a nucleus, in which nearly
all the mass is concentrated, around which the light, negative constituents, called electrons, circulate at
some distance, much like planets revolving around the Sun.

C. Bohr’s Atomic Model

 The Bohr Model has an atom consisting of a small, positively-charged nucleus orbited by negatively-
charged electrons. Here's a closer look at the Bohr Model, which is sometimes called the Rutherford-Bohr
Model.
Valence Code:

The electron configuration of an atom is the particular distribution of electrons among available shells. It is described by a
notation that lists the subshell symbols, one after another. Each symbol has a subscript on the right giving the number of
electrons in that subshell. For example, a configuration of the lithium atom (atomic number 3) with two electrons in the 1s
subshell and one electron in the 2s subshell is written 1s 22s1.

sublevel orbital maximum # of electrons

s 1 2
p 3 6
d 5 10
f 7 14

The notation for electron configuration gives the number of electrons in each subshell. The number of electrons in an
atom of an element is given by the atomic number of that element.

On the left we have a diagram to show how the orbitals of a subshell are occupied by electrons. On the right there is a
diagram for the filling order of electrons in a subshell.

Here are some examples that show how to use the filling order diagram to complete the electron configuration for a
certain substance.

Element # of Electrons in Element Electron Configuration

He 2 1s2
Li 3 1s22s1
Be 4 1s22s2
O 8 1s22s22p4
Cl 17 1s22s22p63s23p5
K 19 1s22s22p63s23p64s1

Formation of ions
 Ions are atoms or molecules which have gained or lost one or more valence electrons giving the ion a net
positive or negative charge

Cations – are electrons with a net positive charge

Anions – are electrons with net negative charge
Chemical Bonding

Ionic bonding

An ion is a charged atom – i.e. an atom which has lost or gained electrons

If an atom loses an electron then it becomes a positive ion.

If an atom gains an electron then it becomes a negative ion.

In ionic bonding positive ions are attracted to negative ions.

An ionic bond is a bond formed by the force of attraction between two oppositely charged ions

An example of an ionic bond is sodium chloride

The bonds in sodium chloride are formed by sodium atoms losing electrons and chlorine atoms gaining
electrons.

Examples of ionic bonding: (i) Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

The atomic number of sodium is 11.
It has an electronic configuration of 2, 8, 1. This means that it needs to lose the one electron which it has in its
outer shell in order to have a complete outer shell.
The atomic number of chlorine is 17.
Chlorine has an electronic configuration of 2, 8, 7. This
means it needs to gain one electron in order to have a
complete outer shell.

When a sodium atom bonds with a chlorine atom the

sodium atom loses its outer electron to form a positive ion
while the chlorine atom gains an electron to form a negative
ion.
The two atoms now have opposite charges and because
opposite charges attract both atoms move off together as a sodium-chloride (NaCl) molecule.

Examples of ionic bonding: (ii) Magnesium Oxide (MgO)

The atomic number of magnesium is 12.
It has an electronic configuration of 2, 8, 2. This means
that it needs to lose the two electrons which it has in its
outer shell in order to have a complete outer shell.
The atomic number of oxygen is 8.
Oxygen has an electronic configuration of 2, 6. This means
it needs to gain two electrons in order to have a complete
outer shell.

When a magnesium atom bonds with an oxygen atom the

sodium atom loses its two outer electrons to form a
positive ion while the oxygen atom gains two electrons to
form a negative ion.
The two atoms now have opposite charges and because
opposite charges attract both atoms move off together as
a magnesium-oxide (MgO) molecule.
 Covalent bonding
Covalent bonding

A covalent bond is a bond formed by different atoms sharing electrons in order to have a complete outer shell

Examples of covalent bonds are H2, O2, H2O and CH4 (methane) molecules.
The bonds in these molecules are formed by the atoms in the molecules sharing electrons with each other..

Examples of covalent bonding: (i) A hydrogen molecule (H2)

The atomic number of hydrogen is 1.
It needs to have two electrons in its outer shell, and so if it ‘bonds’ with
another hydrogen atom and they both ‘share’ their electron with each other,
it has the effect of allowing both atoms to have a complete outer shell.

Examples of covalent bonding: (ii) An oxygen molecule (O 2)

The atomic number of oxygen is 8.
It has an electronic configuration of 2, 6.
It needs to have 8 electrons in its outer shell, and so if it ‘bonds’ with another
oxygen atom and they both ‘share’ two of their electrons with each other, it
has the effect of allowing both atoms to have a complete outer shell.

Examples of covalent bonding: (iii) A water molecule (H2O)

The atomic number of hydrogen is 1 so it has 1 electron in its outer shell.
The atomic number of oxygen is 8 so it has 6 electrons in its outer shell.

Oxygen can share 1 electron with one hydrogen atom and a second electron
with a second hydrogen atom, which has the effect of allowing all atoms to
have a complete outer shell.

Examples of covalent bonding: (iv) A methane molecule (CH4)

The atomic number of hydrogen is 1 so it has 1 electron in its outer shell.
The atomic number of carbon is 6 so it has 4 electrons in its outer shell.

Carbon can share 1 electron with each of 4 different hydrogen atoms,

which has the effect of allowing all atoms to have a complete outer shell.
Writing Chemical Formula
Steps to follow for the Criss-Cross Method

Identify Oxidation Numbers for each

1)
element. Al+3 O-2
Write the two element symbols next to
2) each other. Remember that the cation Al+3 O-2
(positive ion) has to be written first.

Place the oxidation number for the cation

as a subscript after the anion. (Do not
3)
include the + and do not write the number
if it is a 1.) Al+3 O-23
Place the oxidation number for the anion as
a subscript after the cation. (Do not
4)
include the – and do not write the number
if it is a 1.) Al2O-23
Simplify if necessary (see example below).
5)
This is your final product. Al2O3

Drill:

Ions Symbols with Oxidation Numbers Formula

1) Sodium and bromine

2) Potassium and iodine

3) Hydrogen and bromine

4) Hydrogen and sulfur

5) Magnesium and fluorine

6) Calcium and chlorine

Naming Binary Compounds

Rules:
 Name metals as is (IA, IIA and IIIA groups)
 Name metals first
 Name none metals ending – IDE (V A -3, VI A -2, VII A -1)

Ternary Compounds
 Metals as is
 Polyatomic ion – ATE or ITE
CO3 Carbonate

N03 Nitrate
SiO4 Silicate
SO4 Sulfate

Naming Acids

Acids are named by the anion they form when dissolved in water. Depending on what anion the
hydrogen is attached to, acids will have different names.

Simple acids, known as binary acids, have only one anion and one hydrogen. These anions usually
have the ending “-ide.” As acids, these compounds are named starting with the prefix “hydro-,” then
adding the first syllable of the anion, then the suffix “-ic.” For example, HCl, which is hydrogen and
chlorine, is called hydrochloric acid.

Naming Base

 OH -1 ( Hydroxide)

Naming Compounds using stock and traditional method.

A. Stock Name
 A ROMAN NUMERAL indicates the oxidation number ( closed in parenthesis)
 Use the Latin names of the elements

B. Traditional Method
 Latin name – IC (higher oxidination/ change ending in IC)
 Latin name – OUS ( lower oxidation/ charge ending in OUS)