Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 2016, 4, 561-570

Published Online March 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/jamp

http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2016.43061

About the Riemann Hypothesis

Jinhua Fei
Changling Company of Electronic Technology, Baoji, China

Received 1 February 2016; accepted 27 March 2016; published 30 March 2016

Copyright © 2016 by author and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Abstract
The Riemann hypothesis is part of Hilbert’s eighth problem in David Hilbert’s list of 23 unsolved
problems. It is also one of the Clay Mathematics Institute’s Millennium Prize Problems. Some ma-
thematicians consider it the most important unresolved problem in pure mathematics. Many ma-
thematicians made a lot of efforts; they don’t have to prove the Riemann hypothesis. In this paper,
I use the analytic methods to deny the Riemann Hypothesis; if there’s something wrong, please
criticize and correct me.

Keywords
Riemann Hypothesis, Disavowal

1. Introduction
Riemann Hypothesis was posed by Riemann in early 50’s of the 19th century in his thesis titled “The Number of
Primes Less than a Given Number”. It is one of the unsolved “super” problems of mathematics. The Riemann
Hypothesis is closely related to the well-known Prime Number Theorem. The Riemann Hypothesis states
 1
that all the nontrivial zeros of the zeta-function lie on the “critical line”  s : Re s =  . In this paper, we use the
 2
analytical methods, and refute the Riemann Hypothesis. For convenience, we will abbreviate the Riemann Hy-
pothesis as RH.

2. Some Theorems in the Classic Theory

In this paper, Γ ( s ) is the Euler gamma function, ζ ( s ) is the Riemann zeta function.
Lemma 2.1. If Re w > 0 , then
1
Γ ( s ) w− s ds =
exp ( − w )
2πi (∫2 )

How to cite this paper: Fei, J.H. (2016) About the Riemann Hypothesis. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 4,
561-570. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2016.43061
J. H. Fei

where Re w is the real part of complex number w.

Let η > 0 be given, when s ≥ η and arg s ≤ π − η , then

Γ′ 1
=( s ) log s + O   .
Γ s
If −4 ≤ σ ≤ 4, t ≥ 1 , then
 π π 1   σ −3  π 
exp  − t + it ( log t − 1) + iλ  σ −   + O  t 2 exp  −
1
Γ (σ + it )
σ−
= 2π t 2 t 
 2 2 2    2 
where λ = 1 if t ≥ 1 , λ = −1 if t ≤ −1 .
See [1] page 523, page 525.
Lemma 2.2. If Re s > 1 , then
ζ′ ( )
∞ Λ n
( s ) = −∑ s
ζ n=2 n

where Λ ( n ) is the Mangoldt function.

Let s is any complex number, we have
ζ′ 1  1 1  1 Γ′  1 
( s ) =− + c1 + ∑  + −  s + 1
ζ s −1 ρ s−ρ ρ 2 Γ 2 
where ρ be the nontrivial zeros of ζ ( s ) , c1 be the positive constant.
We write s= σ + it. If −1 ≤ σ ≤ 2, − π < Im {log ( s − 1)} ≤ π, − π < Im {log ( s − ρ )} ≤ π, then

log ζ ( s ) =− log ( s − 1) + ∑
γ −t ≤1
(
log ( s − ρ ) + O log ( t + 2 ) )
where Im s is the imaginary part of complex number s.
See [2] page 4, page 31, page 218.
Lemma 2.3. Let N (T ) is the number of zeros of ζ ( s ) in the rectangle 0 < σ < 1, 0 < t < T . then
T T T 7 1
N (T )
= log − + + S (T ) + O  
2π 2π 2π 8 T 
1 1 
=
where S (T ) arg ζ  + iT  .
π 2 
See [3] page 98.
Lemma 2.4. Assume that RH, If x ≥ 2 , then
ψ ( x ) =∑ Λ ( n ) =x + R ( x )
2≤ n ≤ x
1
where R ( x )  x log x .
2 2

See [3] page 113.

3. Some Preparation Work

1
Lemma 3.1. Assume that RH, and 0 < δ ≤ , then
50
1 −δ
2 2

∫ log ζ (σ + iγ 0 ) d σ  1 and ∫ log ζ (σ + iγ 0 ) d σ  1

1 +δ −1
2

where γ 0 is the ordinate of nontrivial first zero of ζ ( s ) , γ 0 ≈ 14.134725.

Proof. By Lemma 2.2 and RH, we have

562
 J. H. Fei

 1 
log ζ (σ + iγ 0 )  ∑ log  σ − + iγ 0 − iγ  + O ( log γ 0 )
γ −γ 0 ≤1  2 
because

 1  1  1
2
2  1 
log  σ − + iγ 0=
− iγ  log   σ −  + ( γ 0 − γ )  + i Arg  σ − + iγ 0 − iγ 
   
2 2  2    2 

 1   1
2
2
log  σ − + iγ 0 − iγ   log   σ −  + ( γ 0 − γ )  + 1
   
2  2 
and

 1
2
 1
2
2 9 
log  σ −  ≤ log   σ −  + ( γ 0 − γ )  ≤ log  + 1
 2  2   4 
 
 1
2
2  1
2

log   σ −  + ( γ 0 − γ )   log  σ −  + 1
 2   2
 
therefore
2
 1   1
log  σ − + iγ 0 − iγ   log  σ −  + 1.
 2   2
And because
3
2 2 2
 1  1  1
2 2 2

1
∫ log  σ −  dσ=
 2 ∫ log  σ −  dσ + ∫ log  σ −  dσ
 2 3  2
+δ 1 +δ 2
2 2
3
 1  1
2 2
−2 ∫ log  σ −  dσ + 2 ∫ log  σ −  dσ
=
1 +δ  2 3  2
2 2
3
1 2
−2 ∫ log σ dσ + 2 ∫ log σ dσ
=
δ 1
1
= 2δ log δ + 2 ∫ dσ + O (1=
) O (1)
δ

therefore
 
2 2
1
∫ log ζ (σ + iγ 0 ) dσ  ∑ ∫ log  σ − + iγ 0 − iγ  dσ + 1
1 +δ γ −γ 0 ≤1 1 +δ  2 
2 2
2
 1
2

1 +δ
∫ log  σ −  dσ + 1  1.
 2
2

Similarly, we have
1 −δ
2

∫ log ζ (σ + iγ 0 ) d σ  1.
−1

This completes the proof of Lemma 3.1.

Throughout the paper, we write
1
z=
a + i b, a = , T ≥ 50, b =
2π.
T

563
J. H. Fei

It is easy to see that

b π ∞
a 2 k +1 1 1
= − h, h= ∑ ( −1) ( 2k + 1) b2k +1 , ≤h≤
k
arctg .
a 2 k =0 4πT πT
Lemma 3.2. We calculate the three complex numbers.
Because
 b  π 
(a ) (a )
1 1
a + ib = 2
+b 2 2
exp  i arctg  = 2
+b 2 2
exp  i − ih 
 a  2 
therefore when t is the real number, we have
 3π π  π 
( )
3 −i t
3 −it 3
z4 = a 2 +b 2 8 2
exp  i − i h + t − th   exp  t − th 
 8 4 2  2 
 π h π  π 
(a )
− 1 −it − 1 −i t
z 2
= 2
+b 2 4 2
exp  −i + i + t − th   exp  t − th 
 4 2 2  2 
 π h π   π 
( )
− 1 +i t
= ( a + ib )
− 1 +it − 1 +it
z 2 2 = a 2 +b 2 4 2
exp  −i + i − t + th   exp  − t + th 
 4 2 2   2 
the three complex numbers required below.
Lemma 3.3.
ζ ′
∫3 Γ ( s ) ζ ( s )( a + ib ) ds  1
−s

(− 4 )
Proof. By Lemma 2.1 and Lemma 3.2, we have
+∞
ζ′ ζ′ 3
( s )( a + ib ) ds = i ∫ Γ  − + it   − + it  ( a + ib ) 4 dt
3 3 − it
Γ (s)
−s
∫ ζ ζ  4
−∞  
( − 34 ) 4
+∞
 3 ζ ′ 3  3 − it
 ∫ Γ  − + it   − + it  ( a + ib ) 4 dt
−∞  4 ζ  4 
+∞

∫ ( t + 2) log ( t + 2 ) exp ( −th ) dt

−5
 4

−∞
+∞

∫ ( t + 2) log ( t + 2 ) dt  1.
−5
 4

−∞

This completes the proof of Lemma 3.3.

Lemma 3.4.
+∞
1  t
∫ Γ  2 + it  ( a + ib ) 2
− 1 −it
log dt  log 2 T
γ0 2π
Proof. By Lemma 2.1 and Lemma 3.2, we have
+∞
1  t
∫ Γ  2 + it  ( a + ib ) 2
− 1 −it
log dt
γ0 2π
 π h  +∞  t 
( ) ( )
−1 −i t
= 2π a 2 +b 2 4
exp  −i + i  ∫ exp ( −th + it ( log t − 1) ) a 2 +b 2 2
log   dt
 4 2  γ0  2π 
 ∞ 
( )
−1
+ O  a 2 +b 2 4 ∫ t −1 exp ( −th ) log tdt 
 
 γ0 
  π  
( )
−1 h
= I1  2π a 2 +b 2 4 exp  −i + i   + I 2
  4 2 

564
 J. H. Fei

we write

(a )
1
r= 2
+ b2 2
, 2π ≤ r ≤ 2π + 1
+∞
 t 
=
I1 ∫ exp ( −th + it ( log t − log r − 1) ) log  2π  dt
γ0
+∞
exp ( −th )  t 
= ∫ i log t − i log r log  2π  d exp ( it ( log t − log r − 1) )
γ0
+∞
exp ( −th )
( log t − log 2π ) d exp  it log 
t
−i ∫
=
γ0 log t − log r  re 
+∞
 exp ( −th ) 
( log t − log 2π )  d exp  it log 
t
−i ∫  exp ( −th ) +
=
γ0  log t − log r   re 
+∞   exp ( −th ) exp ( −th )  r 
 exp  it log  dt
t
= O (1) + i ∫  −h exp ( −th ) +  −h −  log
  log t − log r t ( log t − log r ) 
2
2π   re 
γ0    
+∞   exp ( −th ) exp ( −th )  r   t 
= O (1) + i ∫  −h exp ( −th ) +  −h −  log  exp  it log  dt
  log t − log r t ( log t − log r ) 
2
 2π   re 
γ0   
+∞  1 
 ∫  h exp ( −th ) + t ( log t − log r )2  dt  1
γ0  
−2
h ∞
I2  ∫ t −1 exp ( −th ) log tdt + ∫t
−1
exp ( −th ) log tdt
γ0 −2
h

h −2 ∞

∫t ∫ exp ( −th ) dt  ( log h )

−1
log tdt + h 2 log h −1
2
  log 2 T
γ0 h −2

This completes the proof of Lemma 3.4.

Lemma 3.5.
+∞
1  − 1 −it 1  − 1 −it
∫ Γ′  + it  z 2 − Γ  + it  z 2 log z t −1dt  log 2 T
2  2 
γ0

Proof. When t ≥ γ 0 , by Lemma 2.1, we have

1  1  1  1  1 
Γ′  + it   Γ  + it  log  + it  + Γ  + it   + it 
2  2  2  2  2 
 π   π   π 
 exp  − t  log t + t −1 exp  − t   exp  − t  log t.
 2   2   2 
By Lemma 2.1 and Lemma 3.2, we have
+∞
1  − 1 −it 1  − 1 −it
∫ Γ′  + it  z 2 − Γ  + it  z 2 log z t −1dt
2  2 
γ0

+∞ h −2 +∞
 ∫ t −1 exp ( −th ) log tdt  ∫t
−1
exp ( −th ) log tdt + ∫t
−1
exp ( −th ) log tdt
γ0 γ0 h −2
h −2 +∞
 ∫ t −1 log tdt + h 2 log h −2 ∫ exp ( −th ) dt  log
2
T.
γ0 −2
h

565
J. H. Fei

This completes the proof of Lemma 3.5.

Lemma 3.6. Assume that RH, then
+∞ +∞
1  − 1 −it 1  − 1 −it
∫ Γ′  2 + it  z 2 S ( t ) dt  1 and ∫ Γ  2 + it  z 2 S ( t ) dt  1
γ0 γ0

1 1 
=
where S (t ) arg ζ  + it  .
π 2 
Proof. By Lemma 3.2, it is easy to see that
1  − 1 −it 1   π h π 
( )
− 1 −i t
Γ′  + it  z 2 = Γ′  + it  a 2 + b 2 4 2
exp  −i + i + t − th 
 2   2   4 2 2 
   π    π h  π h 
( )
1 − 1 −i t
=Γ′  + it  a 2 + b 2 4 2
exp  t − th   cos  − +  + i sin  − +   .
2  2   4 2  4 2 
We write

( )
−s
H (s) =
Γ′ ( s ) a 2 + b 2 2

  π    π  
G1 ( s ) H ( s )  exp   −i + ih  s  + exp   −i + ih  ( s − 1)  
=
  2    2  

  π    π  
G2 ( s ) H ( s )  exp   −i + ih  s  − exp   −i + ih  ( s − 1)  
=
  2    2  

  π    π  
G3 ( s )= H (1 − s )  exp   −i + ih  s  + exp   −i + ih  ( s − 1)  
  2    2  

  π    π  
G4 ( s )= H (1 − s )  exp   −i + ih  s  − exp   −i + ih  ( s − 1)   .
  2    2  
It is easy to see that
1  1  π   π h
( )
− 1 −i t
G1  + it  =2Γ′  + it  a 2 + b 2 4 2
exp  t − ht  cos  − + 
2  2  2   4 2
1  1  π   π h
( )
− 1 −i t
G2  + it  = 2iΓ′  + it  a 2 + b 2 4 2
exp  t − ht  sin  − + 
2  2  2   4 2
1  1  π   π h
( )
− 1 +i t
G3  + it  =2Γ′  − it  a 2 + b 2 4 2
exp  t − ht  cos  − + 
2  2  2   4 2
1  1  π   π h
( )
− 1 +i t
G4  + it  = 2iΓ′  − it  a 2 + b 2 4 2
exp  t − ht  sin  − +  .
 2   2   2   4 2
1
Assume that RH and 0 < δ ≤ , by the contour integration method, we have
50
1 −δ +i∞ 1 −δ +iγ
2 −1+iγ 0 2 0

∫ G1 ( s ) log ζ ( s ) ds + ∫ G1 ( s ) log ζ ( s ) ds + ∫ G1 ( s ) log ζ ( s ) ds =

0
1 −δ +iγ
0
−1+i∞ −1+iγ 0
2

1 −δ + i ∞ 1 −δ + iγ
2 −1+ iγ 0 2 0

∫ G1 ( s ) log ζ ( s ) ds =
− ∫ G1 ( s ) log ζ ( s ) ds − ∫ G1 ( s ) log ζ ( s ) ds =
J1 + J 2 .
1 −δ + iγ −1+ i∞ −1+ iγ 0
2 0

566
 J. H. Fei

By Lemma 2.1 and Lemma 3.2,

−1+ iγ 0 ∞
J1 =− ∫ G1 ( s ) log ζ ( s ) ds  ∫ G1 ( −1 + it ) log ζ ( −1 + it ) dt
−1+ i∞ γ0
∞ ∞
π  −3
∫ Γ′ ( −1 + it ) exp  t − th  ( log t ) dt  ∫ t 2 ( log t ) exp ( −th ) dt
2

γ0 2  γ0
∞
−3
 ∫t ( log t )
2
2 dt  1.
γ0

By Lemma 2.1, Lemma 3.1 and Lemma 3.2, we have

1 −δ + iγ 1 −δ
2 0 2 0
− ∫ G1 ( s ) log ζ ( s ) ds 
J2 = ∫ G1 (σ + iγ 0 ) log ζ (σ + iγ 0 ) dσ
−1+ iγ 0 −1
1 −δ
2 0
 ∫ log ζ (σ + iγ 0 ) dσ  1.
−1

When δ → 0 , we have
∞
1  1 
∫ G1  2 + it  log ζ  2 + it  dt  1.
γ0

Similarly,
∞
1  1 
∫ G2  2 + it  log ζ  2 + it  dt  1.
γ0

1
Assume that RH and 0 < δ ≤ , by the contour integration method, we have
50
1 +δ +iγ
2+i∞ 2 0 2+iγ 0

∫ G3 ( s ) log ζ ( s ) ds + ∫ G3 ( s ) log ζ ( s ) ds + ∫ G3 ( s ) log ζ ( s ) ds =

0
2+iγ 0 1 +δ +i∞ 1 +δ +iγ
0
2 2

1 +δ + iγ
2 0

∫ G3 ( s ) log ζ ( s ) ds
1 + δ + i∞
2
2 + i∞ 2 + iγ 0
− ∫ G3 ( s ) log ζ ( s ) ds −
= ∫ G3 ( s ) log ζ ( s ) ds
2 + iγ 0 1 +δ + iγ
2 0

same as above
1 + δ + i∞
2

∫ G3 ( s ) log ζ ( s ) ds  1.
1 +δ + iγ
2 0

When δ → 0 , we have
∞
1  1 
∫ G3  2 + it  log ζ  2 + it  dt  1.
γ0

Similarly,
∞
1  1 
∫ G4  2 + it  log ζ  2 + it  dt  1.
γ0

567
J. H. Fei

Synthesize the above conclusion, we have

∞
 1  1  1 
∫  G1  2 + it  + G3  2 + it   log ζ  2 + it  dt
γ0
∞
 1  1  π   π h  1 
= 2 ∫  H  + it  + H  − it    exp  t − ht  cos  − +   log ζ  + it  dt
γ0   2   2    2   4 2    2 
 π h  
∞
 1  π  1  1
= 4 ∫  Re H  + it    exp  t − ht  cos  − +    log ζ  + it  + i arg ζ  + it   dt
γ0   2   2   4 2   2   2 
therefore
∞
 1   π   π h 
 exp  t − ht  cos  − +   S ( t ) dt  1.
∫  Re H  2 + it  
γ0 2   4 2 
Similarly,
∞
 1  1  1 
∫  G1  2 + it  − G3  2 + it   log ζ  2 + it  dt
γ0

 π h  
∞
 1  π  1  1
= 4i ∫  Im H  + it    exp  t − ht  cos  − +    log ζ  + it  + i arg ζ  + it   dt
γ0  2  2   4 2  2  2 
therefore
∞
 1   π   π h 
 exp  t − ht  cos  − +   S ( t ) dt  1.
∫  Im H  2 + it  
γ0 2   4 2 
Similarly,
∞
 1  π   π h 
∫  Re H  2 + it    exp  2 t − ht  sin  − 4 + 2   S ( t ) dt  1
γ0

∞
 1   π   π h 
∫  Im H  2 + it   exp  t − ht  sin  − +   S ( t ) dt  1.
γ0  2   4 2 
Therefore
+∞
1  − 1 − it
∫ Γ′  2 + it  z 2
S ( t ) dt  1.
γ0

We use the same process, we can get

+∞
1  − 12 −it
∫  2  z S ( t ) dt  1.
Γ + it
γ0

This completes the proof of Lemma 3.6.

Lemma 3.7. Assume that RH, we have
1 
Γ  + iγ  ( a + ib ) 2  log 2 T
− 1 −iγ
∑
−∞<γ <+∞  2 
where γ be the ordinates of the nontrivial zeros of ζ ( s ) .
Proof.
1 
Γ  + iγ  ( a + ib ) 2
− 1 − iγ
∑
−∞<γ <+∞  2 
1  1 
= ∑ Γ  + iγ  ( a + ib ) 2 + ∑ Γ  − iγ  ( a + ib ) 2 = A1 + A2
− 1 − iγ − 1 + iγ

γ 0 <γ <+∞  2  γ 0 <γ <+∞  2 

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 J. H. Fei

+∞
1  1  − 1 −it
Γ  + iγ  ( a + ib ) 2 = ∫ Γ  + it  z 2 dN ( t )
− 1 −iγ
A1 = ∑
γ 0 ≤γ <+∞  2  γ0 2 
by Lemma 2.3, the above formula
+∞
1   t t t 7 1
+ + S (t ) + O   
− 12 − it
= ∫ Γ  2 + it  z d  log
 2π
−
2π 2π 8  t 
γ0

1 +∞  1  − 12 −it  t  +∞
1  − 12 −it  1
= ∫ Γ  + it  z  log  dt + ∫ Γ  + it z d  S (t ) + O    .
2π γ 0  2   2π  γ0 2    t 
By Lemma 3.4, the above formula
+∞
 1  − 1 −it 1  − 1 −it 
=− ∫  i Γ′  + it  z 2 − i Γ  + it  z 2 log z  S ( t ) dt
γ0   2   2  
 +∞  1  − 1 −it 1  − 1 −it 1 
+O  ∫ Γ′  + it  z 2 + Γ  + it  z 2 log z   dt  + O log 2 T
γ  t  
( )
 0 2  2 

by Lemma 3.5 and Lemma 3.6, above formulas  log 2 T .

By Lemma 2.1 and Lemma 3.2, we have
1 
Γ  − iγ  ( a + ib ) 2  ∑ exp ( − πγ + γ h )  1.
− 1 + iγ
A=
2 ∑
γ 0 ≤γ <+∞  2  γ 0 ≤γ <+∞

This completes the proof of Lemma 3.7.

Lemma 3.8. Assume that RH, if T ≥ 2 , then
∞
 n  1

∑ Λ ( n ) exp  − T  =T + O  T 2 log 2 T  .
n=2    
Proof. By Lemma 2.4, we have
∞ ∞ ∞
 n  x  x
∑ Λ ( n ) exp  − T =
n=2  
∫ exp  − T  dψ ( x=) ∫ exp  − T  d ( x + R ( x ) )
2 2
∞
 x 1∞  x
= ∫ exp  −  dx + ∫ exp  −  R ( x ) dx + O (1)
2  T T 2  T
 2 1∞ 1  x 
= T exp  −  + O  ∫ x 2 ( log x ) exp  −  dx  + O (1)
2

 T T 2  T 
 1∞ 1 
=T + O  T 2 ∫ x 2 ( log x + log T ) exp ( − x ) dx  + O (1)
2

 0 
 12 
= T + O  T log 2 T  .
 
This completes the proof of Lemma 3.8.

4. Conclusions
1
When a = , T ≥ 50, b = 2π , n is the positive integer; by Lemma 2.1, we have
T
1  n
Γ ( s )( a + ib ) n − s ds= exp ( −an − ibn )= exp  −  .
−s
∫
2πi ( 2 )  T
By Lemma 2.2, we have

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J. H. Fei

∞
 n 1 ζ′
− ∑ Λ ( n ) exp  − = Γ ( s ) ( s )( a + ib ) ds.
−s

n=2
 ∫
 T  2πi ( 2 ) ζ
By Lemma 2.2 and RH, the above formula is
1  ζ′ 1 ζ′
− ( a + ib ) + Γ  + iγ  ( a + ib ) 2 + ( 0 ) +
− 1 − iγ
∑ ∫ Γ ( s ) ζ ( s )( a + ib ) ds.
−1 −s
=
−∞<γ <+∞  2  ζ 2πi
( − 43 )
By Lemma 3.3 and Lemma 3.7, the above formula is  log 2 T .
By Lemma 3.8, we get a contradiction; therefore the RH is incorrect.

References
[1] Montgomery, H.L. and Vaughan, R.C. (2006) Multiplicative Number Theory I. Classical Theory. Cambridge Univer-
sity Press, Cambridge. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511618314
[2] Titchmarsh, E.C. (1988) The Theory of the Riemann Zeta Function. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
[3] Davenport, H. (1967) Multiplicative Number Theory. Springer Verlag, Berlin.

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