HOLY INFANT JESUS OF PRAGUE

St. Francis 7, San Antonio, City of Biñan, Laguna

S.Y 2019 - 2020

CHAPTER 2

POLYNOMIALS

2.1 Polynomials

2.2 Factoring and Solving Polynomial Equations

2.3 Polynomial Theorems

2.4 Zeros of Polynomial Functions

2.5 Graphs of Polynomial Functions

Submitted by:

Madrigal, Joven Dave P.

Martinez, Arvin Josh S.

Laserna, Bryan Russel M.

Santos, Maddux Pierce L.

Submitted to:

Mr. Angelo A. Alonzo

Date Submitted:

March 2020
 Preface

This project will serve as a guide to us and will help us have a view on the basic
parts of a thesis. As our last requirement in mathematics, this mini - thesis will help you
understand the advance topics about polynomials and provide you with a more simplified
approach to understand the concept easily.

Every member within the process contributed and helped in this project. The aim
of this thesis is to be a tool or a guidebook to allow readers to have an idea on how to
start a thesis. As well as provide you with basic learnings and additional informations
about Polynomials with the help of research.

Our goal in this thesis is to be able to understand, to be able to be clear, simple

and straightforward for our readers. And have knowledge on the topics and subtopics of
Polynomials with little effort.
 Acknowledgement

With boundless love and appreciation, we would like to extend our heartfelt gratitude to
the people who helped us bring this study into reality.

We could not make this project without them.so we are very thankful for the following:

Our Almighty God, who is the source of our life and strength of knowledge and wisdom.

To our adviser, Mr.Angelo Alonzo, for his genuine apprehension,encouragement,patient

and knowledge that were generously shared. For giving us an opportunity to make this
thesis as a step on the next level.

To our fellow classmates, for sharing their ideas in helping us in the construction of the
project.

To our beloved parents and guardians for untiring love and support.

Thank you Lord and our Savior Jesus Christ, this piece of work was heartily offered.
 Introduction

In this mini thesis, you will get to know how Polynomial functions play an
important role in mathematics, business, science, engineering, and other fields.
Polynomial comes from poly- (meaning "many") and -nomial (in this case meaning
"term") ... so it says "many terms. Polynomials are used to model sales products for a
given period of time.

In business polynomials are used to reduce revenue, cost, and profit. In geometry
and comstruction polynomial functions are used to attain the dimensions of tools used.
Engineers use polynomial functions to represent and model buildings and structures. In
mathematics, a polynomial is an expression consisting of variables (also called
indeterminates) and coefficients, that involves only the operations of addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and non-negative integer exponents of variables.

Also, they can measure complicated figures with the use of polynomial functions.
In this mini thesis we will focus on polynomials and their degree, zeros, graph, and
application im other fields. Take a look at the next pages and you will learn about
polynomials furthermore.
2.1 Polynomials

The word polynomials

A polynomial is an algebraic expression consisting of
comes from poly which
constant, variables, and coefficients. It involves operations of
means "many", and
addition, subtraction, and multiplication, and raising a variable to
nomial , which means
a nonnegative integer exponents of integer.
"terms".

Quadratic Equation

Degree Variable

10x2 + 8x -4

Numerical Numerical Constant

variable coefficient

Polynomials Example Degree

Constant 4 0
Linear 2x+2 1
Quadratic 5x2+2x+4 2
Cubic 3x3+5x2+2x+1 3
4 3 2
Quartic 8x +3x +6x +2x+2 4

 When two polynomials are divided it is called a rational expression.

constants (like 3, −20, or ½)

variables (like x and y)
exponents (like the 2 in y2), but only 0, 1, 2, 3

Polynomials or not?

( a ) -5x = Polynomials ( monomial )

( b ) 4𝑥 + 2−1 = Polynomials ( Binomial = 2 terms )
1 1
( c ) 𝑥 + 𝑥 = Not Polynomials ( negative exponent written as x-1 + x-2 )
( d ) 𝑥 24 − 5𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 − 5 = Polynomials ( Quadrinomial = 4 terms )
1
( e ) √𝑥 = 𝑥 2 = Not Polynomials ( Exponent of the variable is a fraction)
 Monomial 1 Term
Binomial 2 Terms
Trinomial 3 Terms
Quadrinomial 4 Terms
Quintinomial 5 Terms

3xy2 4x -2 2x +2y2 -4

Monomial ( 1 term ) Binomial ( 2 terms ) Trinomial ( 3 terms )

Operation of Polynomials

I. Addition

1.

5x4 + 2x3 + 4x2 + 3x + 4

(+) 4x4 + 5x3 + 4x2 + 4x + 1

9x4 + 7x3 + 8x2 + 7x + 5

2.

4x4 + 5x2 + 4
(+) 6x3 + 8x + 4

4x4 + 0x3 + 5x2 + 0x + 4

(+) 0x4 + 6x3 + 0x2 + 8x + 4

4x4 + 6x3 + 5x2 + 8x + 8

II. Subtraction

1.

4x3 - 5x2 + 3x - 5
(-) (+) (-)
3 2
(-) 3x + 4x - 2x + 6

x3 - 9x2 + 5x - 11

2.

6x3 + 5x + 3
(-) 9x3 + 6x2 - 4x

6x3 + 0x2 + 5x + 3
(-) (+) (-)
3 2
(-) 9x + 6x - 4x + 0

3x3 - 6x2 + 9x + 3

III. Multiplication

1.1 ( Vertical Method )

x2 - 4x + 5
(x) 2x + 3

3x2 - 12x + 15
( + ) 2x3 - 8x2 + 10x

2x3 - 5x2 - 2x + 15
1.2 ( Horizontal Method )

( 2x + 3 ) ( x2 - 4x + 5 ) = 2x3 - 8x2 + 10x + 3x2 - 12x + 15

( combining like terms )
= 2x3 - 8x2 + 3x2 + 10x - 12x + 15

= 2x3 - 5x2 - 2x + 15

IV. Division

1. Find the quotient: ( 78x6 + 30x4 - 66x2 ) ÷ ( 6x2 )

STEP 1 Arrange the terms from highest to lowest degree.

6𝑥 2 √78𝑥 6 + 30𝑥 4 − 66𝑥 2

STEP 2 Divide the first term of the dividend by the first term of the divisor to get the
first term of quotient.
13x4
6𝑥 2 √78𝑥 6 + 30𝑥 4 − 66𝑥 2

STEP 3 Multiply the quotient by the divisor.

13x4
6𝑥 2 √78𝑥 6 + 30𝑥 4 − 66𝑥 2
78𝑥 6

STEP 4 Subtract the product from the partial part of the dividend. Then, bring down the
next term of the dividend.
13x4
6𝑥 2 √78𝑥 6 + 30𝑥 4 − 66𝑥 2
78𝑥 6
+ 30𝑥 4
STEP 5 Repeat steps 1 to 4 until the degree of the remainder is less than the degree of the
divisor.

13𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 2 − 11𝑥
6𝑥 2 √78𝑥 6 + 30𝑥 4 − 66𝑥 2
( - ) 78𝑥 6
+ 30𝑥 4
( - ) + 30𝑥 4
− 66𝑥 2
( - ) − 66𝑥 2
0

2. Find the quotient: ( 3x2 - 2x - 4 ) ÷ ( x - 3 )

3𝑥 + 7
𝑥 − 3 √3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 4
(-) (+)
17
3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 7 𝑥−3
0 + 7𝑥 − 4
(-) (+)
7𝑥 − 21

0 + 17 = Remainder

3. Find the quotient: ( 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 5 ) ÷ ( x + 2 )

 REMINDER : Arrange the terms from highest degree.

( 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 5 ) = ( 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 5 )

3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6
𝑥 + 2√3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 5
−7
(-) 3𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 = 3𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 + 6 𝑥+2

− 7𝑥 2 − 8𝑥
( - ) − 7𝑥 2 − 14𝑥
+ 6𝑥 + 5
( - ) 6𝑥 + 12
− 7
SYNTHETIC DIVISION METHOD ( 3x2 - 2x - 4 ) ÷ ( x - 3 )

STEP 1 Arrange the terms of the dividend from highest to lowest degree.

STEP 2 Write down the coefficient of each term in a row with 0 representing missing
term.

( 3x2 - 2x - 4 )

x2 x1 x0

3 -2 -4

STEP 3

x-3=0
x=+3

STEP 4 Bring down the leading coefficient of the dividend. Multiply it by x and add the
product to the second column.

x=3
3 -2 -4

+9

3 +7

STEP 5 Multiply the sun obtained in step 4 by x and add to the third column. repeat this
process until you reach the last column or coefficient.

x=3
3 -2 -4

+9 +21

3 +7 +17
STEP 6 Write the quotient as a polynomial expression using the numbers as the
coefficients. The third row of numbers are numerical coefficients of the quotient. The
degree of the first term is one less than of the dividend. The last term of the constant is
the remainder.

( 3x2 - 2x - 4 ) ÷ ( x - 3 )

x=3
3 -2 -4

+9 +21

3x +7 +17 Remainder

x-3
17
Answer = 3𝑥 + 7 𝑥−3

1. Find the quotient using synthetic division method: ( 5𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 5 ) ÷ ( x - 3 )

x=3 x2 x1 x0
5 -3 -5

+15 +36

5x +12 +31 Remainder

x-3
31
Answer = 5𝑥 + 12 𝑥−3

EVALUATE:
f ( x ) = 5𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 5
2
f ( 2 ) = 5(2) + 3(2) − 5
= 5(4) + 6 − 5
= 20 + 6 − 5
= 26 − 5
f ( 2 ) = 21
2.2