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When dividing two polynomials, the result is a quotient and the remainder. If the remainder is zero 0,
then the divisor is a factor of the dividend.
Example 1:
To show you how to divide polynomials using long division, we will use the polynomials x^3-9x-
〖3x〗^2+27 divided by x+3. Follow the steps below:
Arrange the polynomials descending powers of x and write the dividend in the standard form
and insert zero as the coefficient if there is a missing term.
Divide the 1st term of the dividend by the 1st term of the divisor to get the first term of the
quotient.
x^2 x^3/x=x^2
x+3⟌(x^3-3x^2-9x+27) ̅
x^2
x+3⟌(x^3-3x^2-9x+27) ̅
x^3+〖3x〗^2 (x+3)(x^2)
Subtract the product from the dividend then bring down the next term.
Repeat steps 2 to 4. This time, the difference and the next term will be the new dividend.
x^2-6x
x+3⟌(x^3-3x^2-9x+27) ̅ 〖-6x〗^2/x=-6x
-(x^3+〖3x〗^2)
-〖6x〗^2-9x
-(-〖6x〗^2-18x) (x+3)(-6x)=-〖6x〗^2-18x
9x+27
Continue the process until a remainder is obtained. The remainder can be zero or a polynomial
whose exponent is lower than the divisor.
Example 2:
There is a more efficient way of dividing polynomials if the divisor is a linear binomial in the form 𝑥 − 𝑎,.
This method is called synthetic division. A detailed discussion on how this synthetic division will be done
is given below. Just like long division, arrange the polynomials first in descending powers of 𝑥 and write
0 as coefficient of any missing term.
REMAINDER THEOREM
Solution: by the remainder theorem, P(3) is the remainder when P(x) is divided by x-3.
P(3)=〖(3)〗^4-〖3(3)〗^2-2(3)+5
=81-27-6+5
Example 1. Determine the whether x+2 is a factor of P(x) without actually dividing P(x)=〖3x〗^4+〖5x〗^3-
x^2+x-2
Solution: Using the factor theorem, you only need to show that P(-2)=0
P(-2)=〖3(-2)〗^4+〖5(-2)〗^3-(-2)^2+(-2)-2
=48-40-4-2-2
=0
〖P(-3)=(-3)〗^3-〖2(-3)〗^2-k(-3)+12
Solving for k, =-27-18+3k+12=0
3k-33=0
3k=33
Solution: The possible divisors of 10, the constant term, are c = -10, -5, -2, 1, 1,2,5, or 10.
The possible divisors of 1, the coefficient of 𝑥3, are d =-1, or 1. Hence, the possible
rational roots of the equation are C/d= -10,-5,-2,-1,1,2,5,or 10
Check these values for a zero of P(x) = 𝑥3- 6𝑥2 +3x + 10.
Since P(-1) is a zero, (x+1) is a factor of the polynomial. Divide the polynomial by (x+1).
1 -7 10 0
The other factor is 𝑥2- 7𝑥 + 10, we obtain the complete factors of P(x).
Using the principle Zero Products, we obtain the roots of the polynomial equation.
The roots of P(x) = 𝑥3- 6𝑥2 +3x + 10= 0 are x = -1, 5 and 2.
Solution: The possible divisors of 6, the constant term c, and 1, the coefficient of the lending term d, are
as follows:
1: 1, -1
Thus, we need only to check -1, -2, -3, and -6 as possible roots.
The roots are -1, -2, and -3. Thus, 𝑥3+ 6𝑥2+ 11x+6= (x + 1)(x +2)(x+3).
Part 1
I. Determine whether the following numbers are roots of the polynomial equation P(x)=0.
A. P(x)=x^3+x^2-16x-6
1. 4 2. 2 3. -1
B. P(x)=〖3x〗^3+10x^2-x-12
4. -2 5. -3
II. Determine whether the following numbers are zeros of the polynomial functions.
P(x)=x^3+x^2-16x-6
6. 2 7. 2i
P(x)=x^3+〖5x〗^2+4x-4
8. -2 9. 2 10. i
III. Find the quotient of the following polynomial using long division.
11. (〖2x〗^2+7x-39)÷(2x-7)
12. x^3-〖4x〗^2-2x+5÷(x-1)
IV. Find the quotient of the following polynomial using synthetic division.
15. 〖(6x〗^2+4x+x^3-7)÷(x+5)
V. Let P(x)=x^3-〖6x〗^2+5x+12
VI. Solve and identify the possible rational roots of the following polynomial using rational root theorem.
Gladys C. Nireva, Ph.D. et. al.2018 Grade 10 Mathematics Patterns and Practicalities revised
edition, Antonio Rnaiz cor. Chino Roces Avenues, Makati, City, Salesiana Books by Don Bosco Press Inc.
https://www.thoughtco.com/how-to-calculate-the-mean-or-average-609546#:~:text=The
%20average%20is%20simply%20the,the%20average%20or%20arithmetic%20mean.
Haydee C. Hitosis et. al.,Mathtek10 Volume1, 101 V. Luna Ave.,Sikatuna Village, Diliman, Quezon, City,
Techfactors INC.