DIVISION

Steps in long division:

1.Divide the first digit. Work from left to right, and
determine how many times the divisor can go into
the first digit of the dividend without exceeding it.
2.Multiply the divisor by the quotient
3.Subtract the product from the divisor.
4.Bring down the next digit in the and repeat the
process.
DIVISION
1. 1 288 4 = 322
322 Quotient
Divisor 4 1288 Dividend
−1 2
Steps 08
a. Divide
− 8
b. Multiply 08
c. Subtract − 8
d. Bring down 0
 DIVISION
2. 4 163 522 r.3
522 Quotient
Divisor 8 4 163 Dividend
−4 0
Steps
16
a. Divide − 16
b. Multiply
c. Subtract
03 Remainder

d. Bring down
  Arithmetic Sequence

FIRST  Geometric Sequences

QUARTER  Division of Polynomials

 Remainder Theorem and
TOPICS Factor Theorem
 Polynomial Equations
Polynomials in One Variable
Polynomials in one variable are those expressions in which
there is only one variable present.
In mathematics, a polynomial is an expression that consists
of variables and coefficients, involving the operations of
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and exponentiation of
variables.
The word "polynomial" contains two words, namely, “poly"
and “nomials”. "Poly" means many, and "nomials" means
terms. Hence an expression containing many terms is called
polynomials, having variables and coefficients.
Polynomials in One Variable
"Polynomials in one variable are algebraic expressions that
are of the form axn where is a non-negative (i.e. positive or
zero) integer and is a real number, called the coefficient of
the term. The degree of a polynomial in one variable is the
largest exponent in the polynomial."
Polynomials in One Variable

Find the leading coefficient and degree of each polynomial.

Leading Coefficient Degree
1. 2 5
2. 1 11

3. -5 8
Polynomials in One Variable
Find the leading coefficient and degree of each polynomial.
Leading Coefficient Degree
4.
-3 9

5.
8 6 4 6 8
6 𝑥 − 6 𝑥 +12 𝑥 − 𝑥

6. -15 12
DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS
1. ¿3 𝑥−4
3 𝑥− 4 Quotient
2
Divisor 2 𝑥 +5 6 𝑥 +7 𝑥 − 20 Dividend
−6 𝑥 +15 𝑥
2
Steps
a. Divide −8 𝑥 −20
b. Multiply
− −8 𝑥 −20
c. Subtract 0
d. Bring down
 DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS
2.
𝑥 +3 𝑥 +4
2 Quotient
2 4 3 2 Dividend
2 𝑥 + 𝑥 −1 2 𝑥 +7 𝑥 +10 𝑥 +0 𝑥+8
−2 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥
4 3 2

3
6 𝑥 3+11 𝑥2 +0 𝑥
2

Divisor
− 6 𝑥 +3 𝑥 −3 𝑥
8 𝑥 2 +3 𝑥 +8
2

− 8 𝑥 +4 𝑥 − 4
− 𝑥 +12 Remainder
DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS
2.
2 − 𝑥 +12
¿ 𝑥 +3 𝑥+ 4+
2 𝑥2 + 𝑥 −1

𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
¿ 𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡+
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟
DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS
2
3. ¿ 2 𝑥 + 𝑥 −5
2 𝑥 + 𝑥 −5
2 Quotient
3 2 Dividend
𝑥 − 3 2 𝑥 − 5 𝑥 − 8 𝑥 +15
−2 𝑥 −6 𝑥
3 2

𝑥 −8 𝑥
2

Divisor
− 𝑥 2 −3 𝑥

−5 𝑥 +15
− −5 𝑥 +15
Remainder
0
Synthetic Division
Synthetic division is a shorthand method of dividing
polynomials for the special case of dividing by a linear
factor whose leading coefficient is 1
Synthetic division is another way to divide a polynomial
by the binomial (x - c) , where c is a constant.
div
isor
Example:
Synthetic Division
To do the problem using synthetic division, follow this procedure:
1. Write the polynomial being divided in descending order. Then write
only its coefficients and constant, using 0 for any missing terms.
ex.

2. Write the constant, a, of the divisor, x – a, to the left. In this

problem, a = 3 because you use the additive inverse of the
constant. (Remember, the additive inverse of –3 is 3.)

3
Synthetic Division
To do the problem using synthetic division, follow this procedure:
3. Bring down the first coefficient as shown.
3

2
4. Multiply the first coefficient by the divisor, 3. Then write this
product under the second coefficient.
3
(2*3) = 6 6
2
Synthetic Division
To do the problem using synthetic division, follow this procedure:
5. Add the second coefficient with the product and write the sum as
shown.
3
(2*3) = 6 + 6
2 1
6. Continue this process of multiplying and adding until there is a sum
for the last column.
3
(2*3) = 6
(-5*3) = -15 + 6 3 −15
(1*3) = 3
2 1 −5 0
Synthetic Division
7. The numbers along the bottom row are the coefficients of the
quotient with the powers of x in descending order. The last
coefficient is the remainder. The first power is one less than the
highest power of the polynomial that was being divided.

3
+ 6 3 −15
2 1 −5 0
𝟐
(2 𝑥 ¿ ¿ 3 −5 𝑥 − 8 𝑥+15)÷ (𝑥 −3)=¿
2
¿
𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒙 −𝟓
Synthetic Division
Find the quotient of

3
+ 9 27 87
3 9 29 76

𝟐 𝟕𝟔
= 𝟑 𝒙 +𝟗 𝒙 +𝟐𝟗+
( 𝒙 −𝟑)
Activity 1: It’s Long!

Activity 2: Synthetically Made!

  Arithmetic Sequence

FIRST  Geometric Sequences

 Division of Polynomials
QUARTER  Remainder Theorem and
TOPICS Factor Theorem
 Polynomial Equations
Remainder Theorem
If a polynomial P(x) is divided by (x – a),
the remainder is the constant P(a), and

P(x) = q(x) ∙ (x – a) + f(a)

where q(x) is a polynomial with degree

one less than the degree of P(x).

Dividend equals quotient times divisor plus remainder.

Remainder Theorem
Example 1: Find the remainder when the expression
by divided by
2
𝑃 ( − 2 )=5 (−2) − 4 (−2)+3
𝑃 ( − 2 )=5 ( 4 )+ 8+3
𝑃 ( − 2 )=20+8+3
𝑃 ( − 2 )=31
Remainder Theorem Synthetic Division
divided by divided by

2
𝑃 ( − 2 )=5 (−2) − 4 (−2)+3
𝑃 ( − 2 )=5 ( 4 )+ 8+3 −2
+ −10 2 8
𝑃 ( − 2 )=20+8+3
5 −14 3 1
𝑃 ( − 2 )=31
Remainder
Quotient:
Dividend equal quotient times divisor plus remainder.
Remainder Theorem
Example 2: Find the remainder when the expression
by divided by
5 3
𝑃 ( 1 ) =4(1) − 5 ( 1 ) +3(1)+1
𝑃 ( 1 ) =4 ( 1 ) − 5+3+1
𝑃 ( 1 ) =4 −5+3 +1
𝑃 ( 1 ) =3
Remainder Theorem Synthetic Division
by divided by by divided by

1
5 3
𝑃 ( 1 ) =4(1) − 5 ( 1 ) +3(1)+1
𝑃 ( 1 ) =4 ( 1 ) − 5+3+1 + 4 4 −1 −1 2
𝑃 ( 1 ) =4 −5+3 +1 4 4 −1 −1 2 3
𝑃 ( 1 ) =3
Remainder
Quotient:
Remainder Theorem
Example 3: Find the value of if the remainder is when by
divided by
𝑃 ( 𝑥 )=𝑘 𝑥3 + 8 𝑥 2 − 4 𝑥 +10
3 2
𝑃 ( − 1 )=𝑘(−1) +8 (−1) − 4 (−1)+10
3 2
−3=𝑘 ( −1 ) +8 ( − 1 ) − 4 (−1)+10
−3=𝑘(−1)+8(1)− 4 (−1)+10
−3=− 𝑘+ 8+4 +10
−3=− 𝑘+22 − 25 −𝑘
=
−3 − 22=− 𝑘 −1 −1
−25=− 𝑘 2 5=𝑘
Remainder Theorem
Example 3: Find the value of if the remainder is when by
divided by
Checking: 𝑘=25
𝑃 ( − 1 )=𝑘(−1)3 +8 (−1)2 − 4 (−1)+10
𝑃 ( − 1 )=25 (−1)3 +8(− 1)2 − 4(− 1)+10
−3=25 (−1)+ 8(1)− 4 (−1)+10
−3=− 25+8+ 4+10
−3=− 25+2 2
−3=− 3
Activity 1: It’s Hidden!

Activity 2: What’s Remain?

Activity 3: Brain Strainers!

  Arithmetic Sequence
 Geometric Sequences
FIRST  Division of Polynomials
QUARTER  Remainder Theorem and

TOPICS Factor Theorem

 Polynomial Equations
Factor
Factor, in mathematics, a number or algebraic
expression that divides another number or
expression evenly—i.e., with no remainder.

For example, 3 and 6 are factors of 12 because

12 ÷ 3 = 4 exactly and 12 ÷ 6 = 2 exactly.
Factor Theorem
Factor Theorem is a special case of Remainder
Theorem. Remainder Theorem states that if
polynomial ƒ(x) is divided by a linear binomial of
the for (x - a) then the remainder will be ƒ(a).
Factor Theorem states that if ƒ(a) = 0 in this case,
then the binomial (x - a) is a factor of polynomial
ƒ(x).
 Factor Theorem
Example 1:
Examine whether is a factor of
𝑝 ( 𝑥 )=𝑥 3 +3 𝑥 2+5 𝑥 +6
𝑝 ( − 2 )=(−2) 3+3(− 2) 2+5(− 2)+6
𝑝 ( − 2 )=− 8+3 (4 )+5 (−2)+ 6
𝑝 ( − 2 )=− 8+12 −10+6
𝑝 ( − 2 )=0
Therefore, is a factor of
 Factor Theorem
is a factor of
To find the other factor/s of we can use the synthetic
division

−2
+ −2 −2 −6
1 1 3 0
Therefore, is the other factor of
Activity 1: Let’s factor

Activity 2: Am I a Factor (Yes or Not)

Activity 3:Other Factors