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POLYNOMIAL

Vocabulary
monomial quadratic
degree of a monomial cubic
polynomial binomial
degree of a polynomial trinomial
standard form of a polynomial
leading coefficient
A monomial is a number, a variable, or a
product of numbers and variables with
whole-number exponents.

The degree of a monomial is the sum of


the exponents of the variables. A
constant has degree 0.
The Degree of a Monomial
Find the degree of each monomial.

1. 9p4q3
The degree is 7. Add the exponents of the
variables: 4 + 3 = 7.
2. 7ed
Add the exponents of
The degree is 2.
the variables: 1+ 1 = 2.
3. 5
The degree is 0. Add the exponents of
the variables: 0 = 0.
A polynomial is a monomial or a sum or
difference of monomials.

The degree of a polynomial is the degree of


the term with the greatest degree.
The Degree of a Polynomial
1. 11x 7 + 3x 3
11x 7: degree 7 3x 3: degree 3
The degree of the polynomial
is the greatest degree, 7.

2.

:degree 3 :degree 4 –5: degree 0

The degree of the polynomial is the greatest degree, 4.


Find the degree of each polynomial.

a. 5x – 6
The degree of the polynomial is the
greatest degree, 1.

b. x3y2 + x2y3 – x4 + 2
The degree of the polynomial is the
greatest degree, 5.
Writing Polynomials in Standard Form
1. 6x – 7x5 + 4x2 + 9
Find the degree of each term. Then arrange them
in descending order:

6x – 7x5 + 4x2 + 9 –7x5 + 4x2 + 6x + 9


Degree 1 5 2 5 2 1
0 0

The standard form is –7x 5 + 4x 2 + 6x + 9.


The leading coefficient is –7.
2. y2 + y6 – 3y
Find the degree of each term. Then arrange
them in descending order:
y2 + y6 – 3y y6 + y2 – 3y

Degree 2 6 1 6 2 1

The standard form is y6 + y2 – 3y.


The leading coefficient is 1.
3. 16 – 4x2 + x5 + 9x3 x5 + 9x3 – 4x2 + 16
4. 18y5 – 3y8 + 14y –3y8 + 18y5 + 14y
Some polynomials have special names based on
their degree and the number of terms they have.

Degree Name Terms Name


0 Constant 1 Monomial
1 Linear 2 Binomial
2 Quadratic 3 Trinomial
4 or Polynomial
3 Cubic more
4 Quartic
5 Quintic
6 or more 6 ,7 ,degree and
th th
so on
Classify each polynomial according to its
degree and number of terms.
A. 5n3 + 4n 5n3 + 4n is a cubic
Degree 3 Terms 2 binomial.
B. 4y6 – 5y3 + 2y – 9 4y6 – 5y3 + 2y – 9 is a
Degree 6 Terms 4 6th-degree polynomial.
C. –2x –2x is a linear monomial
Degree 1 Terms 1
Dividing
Polynomials
Dividing a polynomial by a monomial

6r s  3rs  9r s
2 2 2 2
1.
3rs
2 2 2 2
6r s 3rs 9r s
  
3rs 3rs 3rs
 2rs  s  3r
3a b  6a b  18ab
2 3 2
2.
3ab
2 3 2
3a b 6a b 18ab
  
3ab 3ab 3ab
2
 a  2a b  6
12 x y  3 x
2
3.
3x
2
12x y 3x
 
3x 3x

 4xy  1
Divide 6x – 19x + 16x – 4
3 2

by x – 2, and use the result


to factor the polynomial
completely.
x  5 x  24
2
4.
x3
x- 8
 2
x  3 x  5x  24
-(x2 + 3x)
2
x /x = x - 8x - 24
-(- 8x - 24)
-8x/x = -8 0
5. h3
 11h  28  h  4 
48
1

2
h + 4h + 5 
h4
 3 2
h  4 h  0h 11h  28
2
-(h3 - 4h )
3
h /h = h2
4h 2 - 11h
2
-(4h - 16h)
2
4h /h = 4h 5h + 28
-(5h - 20 )
5h/h = 5 48
Synthetic Division -
Divide a polynomial by a polynomial
Remember:
1. There must be a coefficient for
every possible power of the
variable.
2. The divisor must have a
leading coefficient of 1.
Ex6 : 5x 4

 4 x  x  6  ( x  3)
2
1.  5 x  4 x  x  6   ( x  3)
4 2

Step 1: Write the terms of the


polynomial so the degrees are in
descending order.
4 3 2
5x  0x  4x  x  6
Since the numerator does not
contain all the powers of x, you
3
must include a 0 for the x .
5x 4

 4 x  x  6  ( x  3)
2

Step 2: Write the constant r of the


divisor x-r to the left and write
down the coefficients.
4 3 2
5x  0x  4x  x  6

3 5 0 -4 1 6
Since the divisor is x-3, r=3
5x 4

 4 x  x  6  ( x  3)
2

Step 3: Bring down the first


coefficient, 5.

3 5 0 -4 1 6

5
5x 4 2
 4x  x  6   ( x  3)
Step 4: Multiply the first
coefficient by r, so 3  5  15
and place under the second
coefficient then add.
3 5 0 -4 1 6
15
5 15
 5x 4 2
 4x  x  6   ( x  3)
Step 5: Repeat process multiplying
the sum, 15, by r; 15  3  45
and place this number under
the next coefficient, then add.
3 5 0 -4 1 6
15 45
5 15 41
5x 4 2
 4x  x  6   ( x  3)
Step 5 cont.: Repeat the same procedure.
Where did 123 and 372 come from?

3 5 0 -4 1 6
15 45 123 372
5 15 41 124 378
5x 4 2
 4x  x  6   ( x  3)
Step 6: Write the quotient.
The numbers along the bottom are
coefficients of the power of x in descending
order, starting with the power that is one
less than that of the dividend.
3 5 0 -4 1 6
15 45 123 372
5 15 41 124 378
5x 4 2
 4x  x  6   ( x  3)
The quotient is:
3 2 378
5x 15x  41x 124 
x3
Remember to place the remainder
over the divisor.
2. 5x  21x  3x  4x  2x  2  x  4
5 4 3 2

4 5  21 3 4  2 2
20 4 -4 0 8
-5 -1 1 0 -2 10
10
5 x  x  x  2 
4 3 2

x4
 
3. 6x  2x  4  2x  3
2

Notice the leading coefficient of


the divisor is 2 not 1.
We must divide everything by 2 to
change the coefficient to a 1.
6x 2
2x 4  2x 3 
       
 2 2 2  2 2
 3 
 3x  x  2 x  
2

2
6x 2

 2 x  4   2 x  3

3
2
3 1  

2

2
2 
8

9 21
2 4
3 7 29
2 4
29
7 4 7 29 1
3x    3x   
2 3 2 4 3
x x
2 Remember we 2
7 29 cannot have
 3x   complex fractions
2  3
4 x  
- we must simplify.
 2 7 29
 3x  
2 4x  6
 
4. x  x  2x  7  2x  1
3 2

x x 3
2x 7   2x 1 
2

      
 2 2 2 2  2 2

1 1 1  7
 Coefficients
2 2 2
1 3 1 2 7  1
 x  x  x   x 
2 2 2  2
1
2
1
2

1
2
 

2

4
1 
8

8

7
2
 

56

16

1 1 7

4 8 16
1 1 7  49

2 4 8 16
5.
6.
1

3
4

6
1. Show that (x – 2) and (x + 3) are factors of
f(x) = 2x 4 + 7x 3 – 4x 2 – 27x – 18. Then find
the remaining factors of f(x).
Take the result of this division and perform
synthetic division again using the factor
(x + 3)
Because the resulting quadratic
expression factors as
2x 2 + 5x + 3 = (2x + 3)(x + 1) the
complete factorization of
f(x) is…
f(x) = (x – 2)(x + 3)(2x + 3)(x + 1).
2. Solve the equation 2x3-3x2-11x+6=0
given that 3 is a zero of
f(x)=2x3-3x2-11x+6.
Hint: Since 3 is a zero of the equation
therefore one of the factors is x – 3. We
can use either synthetic division or long
division
3. Solve the equation 5x2 + 9x – 2=0
given that -2 is a zero of
f(x)= 5x + 9x - 2
2

4. Solve the equation


x3- 5x2 + 9x - 45 = 0 given that 5 is a
zero of f(x)= x3- 5x2 + 9x – 45.
Consider all complex number
solutions.
Because the resulting quadratic expression
factors as 2x 2 + 5x + 3 = (2x + 3)(x + 1) the
complete factorization of
f(x) is f(x) = (x – 2)(x + 3)(2x + 3)(x + 1).
The Remainder and Factor Theorems

Use the Remainder Theorem to evaluate the


following function at x = –2.
f(x) = 3x 3 + 8x 2 + 5x – 7
f(–2) = 3(–2) 3 + 8(–2) 2 + 5(–2) – 7 =
3(–8) + 8(4) – 10 – 7 = –9
Quadratic Equation
Determine the real root(s) of
each equation
1. x – 2 = 0 2. x + 3 = 0
3. x(x – 4) = 0
4. (x + 1)(x – 3) = 0
Quadratic Surd Roots
Theorem
Take note :
If the quadratic surd a  b is a root
of a polynomial, where a and b are
rational numbers and b is an
irrational number, then a  b is also a
root of a polynomial equation.
Quadratic Surd Roots
Theorem
Try:
1. x4 -2x3 -2x2 +6x - 3
2. x4 + x3 -12x2 - 28x -16
3. One of the zeroes of
x5 + 10x4 +26x3 +10x2 +x is - 2  3
What are the other zeroes
Polynomial Equation

5. x2 + x – 2 = 0 6. x2(x – 9)(2x + 1)=0


7. (x + 4)(x2 – x + 3) = 0
8. 2x (x2 – 36) = 0
9. (x + 8)(x – 7)(x2 – 2x + 5) = 0
10. (3x + 1)2(x + 7)(x – 2)4 = 0
Polynomial Equation
Find the roots of the following polynomial
equations by applying the Zero- Product
Property.
1. (x + 3)(x – 2)(x + 1)(x – 1) = 0
2. (x + 5)(x – 5)(x + 5)(x – 1) = 0
3. (x + 4)2(x – 3)3 = 0
Polynomial Equation

Find the roots of the following polynomial


equations by applying the Zero- Product
Property.
4. x (x – 3)4 (x + 6)2 = 0
5. x2(x – 9) = 0
Polynomial Equation
Polynomial Equation Degree Real Roots of Number of
an Equation Real Roots
1. x + 5 = 0 1 -5 1
2. (x-7)(x+3)=0
3. (x-5)2 (x+3) = 0
4. x(x – 4)(x + 5)(x – 1) = 0
5. (x-4) 3(x+2)2 (x+1)=0
6.
x - 3  x  3  x
5 5 2
0
Polynomial Equation
Polynomial Equation Degree Real Roots of Number of
an Equation Real Roots
1. x + 5 = 0 1 -5 1
2. (x-7)(x+3)=0 2 7; -3 2
3. (x-5)2 (x+3) 3 5 (2 times); -3 3
4. x(x – 4)(x + 5)(x – 1) = 0 4 0; 4; -5; 1 4
4(3 times);
5. (x-4) 3(x+2)2 (x+1)=0 6 -2(2 times); -1
6
6.x - 3  x  3  x
5 5 2
0 12 3 (5 times); 12
 3(5 times);
0 (2 times)
Remember
If a root occurs twice (such as 5 in
In the table), the root is
called a root of multiplicity 2. In
general, if a root occurs n times, it
is called a root of multiplicity n.
Remember

Fundamental Theorem of Algebra If


P(x) is a polynomial equation of
degree n and with real coefficients,
then it has at most n real roots.
Polynomial Equation
1. x3 – 2x2 – x + 2 = 0
2. x3 + 9x2 + 23x + 15 = 0
3. x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6 = 0
4. x4 – x3 – 3x2 + x + 2
5. x5 + 4x4 + 4x3 - x2 -4x -4
6. 2x3 – 9x2 + 7x + 6
7. 2x3 – 9x2 + x + 12
Polynomial Equation
1.x +
4 2x -
3 2x -
26x – 3 = 0
2. Find the other roots of
the equation
x – 2x -12x + 10x + 3 = 0
4 3 2

if one of the roots is 2  5


TRY
1. x - 7x + 6 = 0
3

2. x -2x -3x +4x +4x=0


5 4 3 2

3. Find the other roots of


x – 7x + 6x + 10x - 4 = 0
4 3 2

if one of the roots is 3  7


Rational Zero Test
n n 1
f ( x)  an x  an 1x      a0
If a’s are integers, every rational zero of f has
𝒑 𝒂𝟎
the form rational zero = 𝒒 or 𝒂 , in reduced
𝒏
form, and p and q are factors of a0 and an,
respectively.
Example 3: Rational Zero Test
f(x) = 4x3 - 5x2 + 6
p  {1, 2, 3, 6}
q  {1, 2, 4}
p/q  {1, 2, 3, 6,
1/2, 1/4, 3/2, 3/4}
represents all possible rational
roots of f(x) = 4x3 - 5x2 + 6 .
Polynomial Equation
1. 2x4 - 3x3 - 7x2 + 12x – 4 = 0
2. 3x3 + 5x2 – 11x + 3 = 0
3. 2x3 – 9x2 + x + 12 = 0
4. 2x3 – 9x2 + 7x + 6 = 0
POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION
A polynomial function is a function in
the formn n -1 n -2
P(x) = a n x + a n -1x 2
+ a n -2 x + ... + a 2 x + a 0 , a n ≠ 0
where n is a nonegativeinteger
a 0 , a1 , a 2 are real numbers
A polynomial function can be represented by a set P of
ordered pairs (x, y).
n n -1 n -2 2
y = a n x + a n -1x + a n -2 x + ... + a 2 x + ax + a 0 , a n
POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION
n 1 n 2
if a n x  a n 1x
n
 a n 2 x  ...  a 2 x  a1x  a 0  0
2

where a n , a n 1 , a n  2 ,...a 2 , a1 , a 0 are all integers,then


P is a factor of a 0 and Q is a factor of a n .
Polynomial Equation
n 1 n 2
if a n x  a n 1x
n
 a n 2 x  ...  a 2 x  a1x  a 0  0
2

where a n , a n 1 , a n  2 ,...a 2 , a1 , a 0 are all integers,then


P is a factor of a 0 and Q is a factor of a n .
P
It means that a rational number
Q
in lowest term is a root of the
polynomial equation
Roots, Zeros, Solutions
The following statements are equivalent for
real number a and polynomial function f :
1. x = a is root or zero of f.
2. x = a is solution of f (x) = 0.
3. (x - a) is factor of f (x).
4. (a, 0) is x-intercept of graph of f (x).
Repeated Roots (Zeros)
1. If a polynomial function contains a factor (x -
a)k, then x = a is a repeated root of multiplicity
k.
2. If k is even, the graph touches (not crosses) the
x-axis at x = a.
3. If k is odd, the graph crosses the x-axis at x = a.
QUIZ
1. x - 7x + 6 = 0
3

2. x -2x -3x +4x +4x=0


5 4 3 2

3. Find the other roots of


x – 7x + 6x + 10x - 4 = 0
4 3 2

if one of the roots is 3  7


Answer each of the following completely.
Answer each of the following completely.
Polynomial Function
A polynomial function of degree n is
n n 1
f ( x)  an x  an 1x      a0

where the a’s are real numbers


and
the n’s are nonnegative integers
and an  0.
Characteristics
The graph of a polynomial function…
1. Is continuous.
2. Has smooth, rounded turns.
3. For n even, both sides go same way.
4. For n odd, sides go opposite way.
5. For a > 0, right side goes up.
6. For a < 0, right side goes down.
Leading Coefficient Test: n odd
n n 1
f ( x)  an x  an 1x      a0
graphs of a polynomial function for n
odd:
.

f ( x)   f ( x)  
an > 0 as x   an < 0
as x  

f ( x)   f ( x)  
as x   as x  
Leading Coefficient Test: n even
n n 1
f ( x)  an x  an 1x      a0
graphs of a polynomial function for n
even:
.

an > 0 an < 0

f ( x)   f ( x)  
as x   as x  

f ( x)   f ( x)  
as x   as x  
Intermediate Value Theorem
If a < b are two real numbers and f (x)is a
polynomial function with f (a)  f (b), then f (x)
takes on every real number value between
f (a) and f (b) for a  x  b.
NOTE to Intermediate Value
Let f (x) be a polynomial function and a < b be
two real numbers.
If f (a) and f (b)
have opposite signs
(one positive and one negative),
then f (x) = 0 for a < x < b.
Descartes’s Rule of Signs
n n 1
f ( x)  an x  an 1x      a0
a’s are real numbers, an  0, and a0  0.
1. Number of positive real zeros of f equals
number of variations in sign of f(x), or less than
that number by an even integer.
2. Number of negative real zeros of f equals
number of variations in sign of f(-x), or less
than that number by an even integer.
Example 1: Descartes’s Rule of Signs

3 2
f ( x)  4 x  5x  6
a’s are real numbers, an  0, and a  0.
0

1. f(x) has two change-of-signs; thus,


f(x) has two or zero positive real
roots.
2. f(-x) = -4x3 - 5x2 + 6 has one change-
of-signs; thus, f(x) has one negative
real root.
Example 2: Descartes’s Rule of Signs

3 2
f ( x)  4 x  5x  6 x
Factor out x; f(x) = x(4x2 - 5x + 6) = xg(x)
1. g(x) has two change-of-signs; thus, g(x)
has two or zero positive real roots.
2. g(-x) = 4x2 + 5x + 6 has zero change-of-
signs; thus, g(x) has no negative real
root.
Upper and Lower Bound
f(x) is a polynomial with real coefficients and an
> 0 with
f(x)  (x - c), using synthetic division:
1. If c > 0 and each # in last row is either positive
or zero, c is an upper bound.
2. If c < 0 and the #’s in the last row alternate
positive and negative, c is an lower bound.
* c must be greater than the largest zero
* c must be lesser than the smallest zero
Example 4: Upper and Lower Bound

2x3 - 3x2- 12x + 8 divided by x + 3


-3 2 -3 -12 8
-6 27 -45

2 -9 15 -37
c = -3 < 0 and #’s in last row alternate
positive/negative. Thus, x = -3 is a
lower bound to real roots.

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