 Arithmetic Sequence

First Quarter  Geometric and Other

sequences
Week 1&2
 Division of Polynomials
MATHEMATICS 10  Remainder & Factor
Theorem
 Polynomial Equations

MS. MARY GRACE M. CENTENO

 Geometric Sequence
Geometric Sequence is a sequence where each term
after the first is obtained by multiplying the preceding
term by a nonzero constant called the common ratio.
The common ratio , can be determined by dividing any
term in the sequence by the term that precedes it.
Example: 32,16,8,4,2
The common ratio is ½ since 16/32 = 1/2
 State whether each of the following sequences is geometric or
not.

State whether each of the following sequences is

geometric or not.
1. 5, 20, 80, 320 Geometric

2. 7, 5, 3, 2 Not Geometric
3. 5,-10,20,-40 Geometric
4. 1, 0.6, 0.36, 0.216 Not Geometric
5. 4,0,0,0,0,0,… Geometric
Finite & Infinite Geometric Sequence
A sequence is finite if it has a limited number of
terms and infinite if it does not.
Since the sequence has a last term, it is a finite
sequence. Infinite sequence: {4,8,12,16,20,24,…} The
first term of the sequence is 4 . The "..." at the end
indicates that the sequence goes on forever; it does not
have a last term.
EXAMPLE:
State whether each of the following sequences is a
finite or infinite

1.5, 20, 80, 320,… infinite

2.6,18,54,62 finite
3.5,-10,20,-40,… infinite
4. 625,125,25,…, finite
5. 4,0,0,0,0,0,… infinite
 Finding the nth term of a Geometric Sequence

Given the first term and the common ratio of a geometric

sequence, the nth term of a geometric sequence is

Example: What is the 10th term of the geometric sequence

8,4,2,1,…
Solution:

Since r = ½ then = = 1/64

Given the first term and the common ratio of a
geometric sequence, the nth term of a geometric
sequence is
Example: Find the missing terms in each geometric
sequence
, ___,,_____
Solution:

Since r =then = =
Find the missing terms in each geometric sequence
___,___,32, 64, 128,
Solution:

r= r=

8=
 Geometric Means
The terms between two given terms of a geometric
sequence is called geometric means.
Example 1: Insert 3 geometric means between 5 and 3125
Solution:
Let and . We will insert and
Since , then
Solving for the value of r, we get = or r
Example 2: Insert 2 geometric means between 2 and
1024
Solution:
16
Example 4: Insert 3 geometric means between 4
and324
Solution:
42 294 2 058

𝑟 =7
Deriving the formula to get the sum of the terms of a
geometric sequence

Considering the sum of the first terms of a

geometric sequence
+ (eq.1)
(eq.2)
Deriving the formula to get the sum of the terms of a
geometric sequence

Subtract equation 2 from equation 1

+
Deriving the formula to get the sum of the terms of a
geometric sequence
Factoring both sides

Divide both sides by

= = where r1
Deriving the formula to get the sum of the terms of a
geometric sequence

Note that since if we multiply both sides by r we get

Since
, where r 1
What if r = 1, then
Example 1. What if the sum of the first 10 terms of
2 + 2 + 2 + …?
Solution: 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 10(2) = 20
Example 2. What if the sum of the first 8 terms of
7 + 7 + 7 + …?
Solution:
What if r = - 1 ?
If r = -1 and n is even, then
What if r = - 1 ?
If r = -1 and n odd then
To summarize,

In particular, if r = -1 , then the simplifies to

Example 1. What if the sum of the first 10 terms of
2 – 2 + 2 – 2 + …?
Solution: Since r = -1 and n is even , then the sum is 0
Example 2. What if the sum of the first 11 terms of
7 + 7 + 7 + …?
Solution: Since r = -1 and n is odd , then the sum is 7
Example 3. What if the sum of the first five terms of
3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, …?
Solution: Since , r = 2 and n = 5, then the sum i

Alternative solution
Exercise1
For each given geometric sequence, find the sum of the
first:
a. 5 terms of 4, 12, 36, 108, …
b. 6 terms of 3, -6, 12, -24, …
c. 6 terms of -3, 3, -3, 3, …
d. 7 terms of -3, 3, -3, 3, …
e. 8 terms of …
Exercise2
For each given geometric sequence, find the sum of the
first:
a. 10 terms of 4, 12, 36, 108, …
b. 11 terms of 4, -8, 16, -32, …
c. 21 terms of -6, 6, -6, 6, …
d. 8 terms of 8, -8, 8, -8, …
e. 12 terms of …
Exercise2
For each given geometric sequence, find the sum of the
first:
a. 8 terms of 8, -24, 72, …
b. 10 terms of 6, 36, 216, …
c. 7 terms of -10, 10, -10, 10, …
d. 16 terms of 15, -15, 15, -15, …
e. 18 terms of …
Exercise2
For each given geometric sequence, find the sum of the
first:
1. 4 terms of 4, 4, 4, 4, …
2. 11 terms of -12, -12, -12, -12 …
3. 9 terms of 7, 14, 28, …
4 6 terms of 3, -3, 3, -3, …
5. 10 terms of …
Exercise2
For each given geometric sequence, find the sum of the
first
6. 4 terms of 4, 4, 4, 4, …
7. 11 terms of -12, -12, -12, -12 …
8. 9 terms of 7, 14, 28, …
9 6 terms of 3, -3, 3, -3, …
10. 10 terms of …
PAIR QUIZ

1. What formula is use to get the sum of

the terms of a geometric sequence
having -1 as the common ratio?
PAIR QUIZ

2. What will be the geometric series of

the first 10 terms when the common
ratio is equal to -1?

𝑆10 =0
PAIR QUIZ

3. What will be the geometric series of

the first 15 terms of -8,8,-8,8, … ?

𝑆15 =− 8
PAIR QUIZ

4. What will be the geometric series of

the first 20 terms of -9,-9,-9, … ?

𝑆 20 =− 180
PAIR QUIZ

5. Find the sum of the first 5 terms of

-3, 6, -12, 24, -48 ?

𝑆5 =− 33
PAIR QUIZ

6. Find the sum of the first 8 terms of

-10, -10, -10, -10, -10 ?

𝑆 8=− 80
PAIR QUIZ

7. Find the sum of the first 7 terms of

2, -2, 2, … ?

𝑆7 =2
PAIR QUIZ

8. Find the sum of the first 8 terms of

-3, 12, -48?

𝑆 8=39,321
PAIR QUIZ

9. Find the sum of the first 8 terms of

21, 21, 21?

𝑆 8=168
PAIR QUIZ

10. Find the sum of the first 8 terms

of -5, 15, -45?

𝑆 8= 8,200
SUM TO INFINITY
where

Example 1. What is the sum to infinity of , …?

Solution: Since and , then
Example 2. What is the sum to infinity of …?
Solution: Since and , then

Note that if , the values of are not guaranteed to

approach a finite number. Therefore, whenever that is,
or , the sum of the terms of an infinite geometric
sequence does not exist.
Determine whether each sequence is arithmetic, geometric, or
neither. If the sequence is arithmetic, give the common difference;
if geometric, give the common ratio.

GS r =3
AS d =6

Neither

GS r =

1. Neither
Determine whether each sequence is arithmetic, geometric, or
neither. If the sequence is arithmetic, give the common difference;
if geometric, give the common ratio.

6. Neither

7. GS r =

8. AS d =

9. Neither
10.
AS d = - 9
Harmonic Sequence is a sequence such that the reciprocals of
the terms form an arithmetic sequence.
If we take reciprocals of the terms of the harmonic sequence , …
then the sequence becomes 2,4,6,8 … which is an arithmetic
sequence
Example1: Given the arithmetic sequence -20, -26, -32, -38, …
Find the first 8 terms of the corresponding harmonic sequence.
Solution: Completing the 8 terms of the given sequence we have
-20, -26, -32, -38, -44, -50, -56, -62. Therefore, the first 8 terms
of harmonic sequence are
,
Example: Given the arithmetic sequence
Find the 10th term of the corresponding harmonic sequence.
Solution: Getting the 10th term of the given sequence which is 5,
Then the 10th term of the harmonic sequence is .
Example: Given the arithmetic sequence 6,12,18,…
Find the first 8 terms corresponding harmonic sequence.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
, , , , , , ,
6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48
Fibonacci Sequence is a sequence where its two terms are
either both 1, or 0 and 1; each term, thereafter, is obtained by
adding the two preceding terms.
What is the next term in the Fibonacci sequence 0, 1,1,2,3,5,…?

Example: Given the Fibonacci sequence 5,8,13,21,34, …

Find the next 6 terms.
Solution: Since each new term in a Fibonacci sequence can be
obtained by adding its two preceding terms, then the next 6
terms are 55, 89, 144, 233, 377 and 610
Activity
State whether the given sequence is arithmetic, geometric,
harmonic, or part of a Fibonacci. Then give the next 2 terms of
the sequence.
1. 8, 16, 24, 32, …
2.
3. 1296, 216, 36, 6, …
4. 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, …
Activity
State whether the given sequence is arithmetic, geometric,
harmonic, or part of a Fibonacci. Then give the next 2 terms of
the sequence.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. 40, 8 ,
Activity
State whether the given sequence is arithmetic, geometric,
harmonic, or part of a Fibonacci. Then give the next 2 terms of
the sequence.
AS ; 40, 48
1. 8, 16, 24, 32, …
2. GS ;
3. 1296, 216, 36, 6, … GS ; 1,
4. 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, …
FS ; 89, 144
AS ;
Activity
State whether the given sequence is arithmetic, geometric,
harmonic, or part of a Fibonacci. Then give the next 2 terms of
the sequence.
6. HS ;
7. AS ;
8. HS ;
9.
10. 40, 8 , GS ; 486, -1458
GS ;
Activity 1: Spot the Difference
Look at each pair expression below. Identify the expression
that is not a polynomial from each. Give reasons for you
answer.
A B
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Polynomial

A polynomial P(x) is an expression of the form

,
Where the nonnegative integer is called the degree of the
polynomial and coefficients ,… are real numbers.
Activity 2: Divide and write
Divide the following and write an equivalent equation by
following the given example.

4
5+
5 29=5 ( 5 ) +4
6
4+
7 3 4=4 ( 7 ) +6
2
1 3+
11 1 45=13 ( 11 ) +2
3
17 +
7 122=17 (7 ) +3
9
1 4+
15 219=14 ( 15 ) +9
Let us divide () by
Ans.
or

In general, if and are polynomials with ,

We can write or
Where is either 0 or its degree is less than the degree of is a
factor .
Example:
Solution:
First, write the dividend in standard form and insert zeros
as coefficients of any missing term to obtain . Both dividend
and divisor should be in standard form.
Polynomial long division is a method for dividing a
polynomial by another polynomials of a lower degree. It is
very similar to dividing numbers.
Example 1: Using Long Division to Divide a Polynomial
Divide using long division.
(–y2 + 2y3 + 25) ÷ (y – 3)
Step 1 Write the dividend in standard form, including
terms with a coefficient of 0.
2y3 – y2 + 0y + 25
Step 2 Write division in the same way you would
when dividing numbers.

y – 3 2y3 – y2 + 0y + 25
Example 1 Continued

Step 3 Divide.
2y2+ 5y + 15
y – 3 2y3 – y2 + 0y + 25
–(2y3 – 6y2)
5y2 + 0y
–(5y2 – 15y)
15y + 25
–(15y – 45)

70
Example 1 Continued

Step 4 Write the final answer.

–y + 2y + 25 70
2 3
= 2y + 5y + 15 +y – 3
2

y–3

or
–y2 + 2y3 + 25 = (2y2 + 5y + 15)(y – 3) + 70
Divide using long division.

(15x2 + 8x – 12) ÷ (3x + 1)

-13
15x + 8x – 12
2
= 5x+1 +
3x + 1 3x + 1

15x2 + 8x – 12 = (5x+1)(3x + 1) + (-13)

(x2 + 5x – 28) ÷ (x – 3)
-4
(x + 5x – 28)
2
= x+8 +
x-3 x–3

(x2 + 5x – 28) = ( x+8)(x – 3) + (-4)

 Dividing a Polynomial by a
EXAMPLE Polynomial
3 2
Divide 2 x  5 x  x  13
.
2x  3 21
x  x 4 
3 2
Solution: 2 x  3 2 x  x  5 x  13
2 x  3
2 x3  3x 2
2 x 2  5 x
2 1  2 x 2
 3x
x  x4
2x  3 8 x  13
8 x  12
1
remainder
Remember to include “  ” as part of the answer.
divisor
 EXAMPLE Dividing into a Polynomial with
Missing Terms
2
Divide x − 8 by x − 2.
3 x 2x 4
Solution: x  2 x3  0 x 2  0 x  8
x3  2 x 2
2x2  0x
2x2  4x
4x  8
4x  8
0
x2  2 x  4
 Dividing by a Polynomial with
EXAMPLE Missing Terms
2m5  m 4  6m3  3m2  18
Divide 2
.
m 3
3
2m  m 2
6
2 5 4 3 2
Solution: m  0 m  3 2 m  m  6 m  3m  0 m  18
2m5  0m 4  6m 3
m 4  0m3  3m 2
m 4  0m3  3m 2
6m 2  0m  18
2
6m  0m  18
2m 3  m 2  6 0
EXAMPLE Dividing a Polynomial when the Quotient
Has Fractional Coefficients
– Divide 3x3 + 7x2 + 7x + 11 by 3x + 6.
2 1 x 5 1
Solution: x 3 3

3x  6
3 x  6 3 x 3  7 x  7 x  11
2

3x3  6 x 2
x2  7 x
x2  2 x
5 x  11
2 1 5 1 5 x  10
x  x 
3 3 3x  6 1
Synthetic division
is a shorthand method of dividing a polynomial by a
linear binomial by using only the coefficients. For
synthetic division to work, the polynomial must be
written in standard form, using 0 and a coefficient for
any missing terms, and the divisor must be in the form
(x – a).
 Example 2: Using Synthetic Division to Divide
by a Linear Binomial
Divide using synthetic division.
(3x4 – x3 + 5x – 1) ÷ (x + 2)
Step 1 Find a.
a = –2 For (x + 2), a = –2.
Step 2 Write the coefficients and a in the synthetic division
format.
–2 3 – 1 0 5 –1
Use 0 for the coefficient of x2.
 Example 2 Continued
Step 3 Bring down the first coefficient. Then

multiply and add for each column.

–2 3 –1 0 5 –1 Draw a box around the
–6 14 –28 46 remainder, 45.
3 –7 14 –23 45
Step 4 Write the quotient.

3x3 – 7x2 + 14x – 23 + 45 Write the remainder over the

x+2
divisor.
Divide using synthetic division.

(6x2 – 5x – 6) ÷ (x + 3)

Step 1 Find a.

a = –3 For (x + 3), a = –3.

Step 2 Write the coefficients and a in the synthetic

division format.
–3 6 –5 –6 Write the coefficients of 6x2 – 5x – 6.
Step 3 Bring down the first coefficient. Then

multiply and add for each column.

–3 6 –5 –6 Draw a box around the

–18 69 remainder, 63.
6 –23 63

Step 4 Write the quotient.

63 Write the remainder over
6x – 23 +
x+3 the divisor.
Divide using synthetic division.

(x2 – 3x – 18) ÷ (x – 6)
You can use synthetic division to evaluate polynomials. This
process is called synthetic substitution. The process of synthetic
substitution is exactly the same as the process of synthetic
division, but the final answer is interpreted differently, as
described by the Remainder Theorem.
Example 3: Using Synthetic Substitution
Use synthetic substitution to evaluate the polynomial for the
given value.

P(x) = 2x3 + 5x2 – x + 7 for x = 2.

2 2 5 –1 7
Write the coefficients of the
4 18 34
dividend. Use a = 2.
2 9 17 41
P(2) = 41
Check Substitute 2 for x in P(x) = 2x3 + 5x2 – x + 7.
P(2) = 2(2)3 + 5(2)2 – (2) + 7
P(2) = 41 
Use synthetic substitution to evaluate the polynomial for
the given value.

P(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 4 for x = –3.

Use synthetic substitution to evaluate the
polynomial for the given value.

P(x) = 5x2 + 9x + 3 for x = -2 .

 Divisor with First Coefficient Other than 1
Use synthetic division to find (4y4 – 5y2 + 2y + 4) ÷ (2y – 1).

Use division to rewrite the divisor so it has a first coefficient of 1.

Divide numerator and

denominator by 2.

Simplify the numerator

and denominator.
 Lesson Quiz
1. Divide by using long division. 33
(8x + 6x + 7) ÷ (x + 2) 8x – 10x + 20 –
3 2 2
x+2

2. Divide by using synthetic division.

(x3 – 3x + 5) ÷ (x + 2)
3
x – 2x + 1 +
2
x+2

3. Use synthetic substitution to evaluate

P(x) = x3 + 3x2 – 6 for x = 5 and x = –1.
194; –4