REDEVELOPMENT OF ABANDONED

QUARRIES

SYNOPSIS

“The concept of the landscape as architecture has become an act of imagination. I remember looking at buildings made of stone, and
thinking, there has to be an interesting landscape somewhere out there because these stones have been taken out of the quarry one block at
a time. I had never seen a dimensional quarry, but I envisioned an inverted cubed architecture on the side of the hill” ----- Edward
Burtynsky (Yang,2016)

INTRODUCTION

The physical needs of man are met by the products of two basic resources - those of agriculture and of mining. An adequate
supply of minerals and other products is therefore essential for the maintenance and improvement of man’s standard of living.
Economic activities like mining and manufacturing are often considered to be the main activities in the process of modern
economic changes and development. The establishment of mining in any country, irrespective of its economic return will have
important ramification on certain criteria like pollution and contamination leading to health hazard of both plants and animals.
The industrial revolution provided us with the engineering and power necessary to make profound economic and social
change. However, with this unprecedented growth and new -found prosperity, an abuse of natural resources and our
environment initiated a trajectory of unforeseeable consequences. Today, we are leaving our historically wasteful and turbulent
manufacturing economy in favor of a seemingly more stable and mainstream digitally driven era. With this, we are seeing the
massive areas of disrupted land that once stood to represent the height of innovation and success appearing as abandoned
wastelands or pit- mines all over the world.

Open-pit mines are a distinguished type of mine or spatial void in the earth as they are the results of excavated mineral
deposits close enough to the surface that underground mining is not needed. Encompassed within this typology of mines
includes quarries, which are open-pit mines used to extract building materials and dimension stone. Although useful in the
production stage of a mine’s lifecycle, these massive manmade holes in the earth are often abandoned and left with no
purpose. A quarry can be simply defined as the expanse where different types of rocks including limestone, marble and granite
are obtained to be used in various fields of industry and manufacturing. As soon as the needed resources in the quarry are
drained and consumed, they usually become deserted and neglected. (Gandha, Atiyat, 2016). Quarries that are left untreated
after closure cause extensive land disturbances and have negative safety and environmental impacts. The original ecosystems
have been removed, the original topography has been significantly changed, the fundamental ecological relations are
irreversibly disrupted, and the biodiversity is greatly reduced. This research focuses on the environmental aspects of
rehabilitating abandoned quarries and their future designation land use, emphasizing the theme of abandoned quarries in India.
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Despite the importance of quarrying and mining in the modern age to get the raw materials we need to build our society,
abandoned quarries pose a great threat to the environment and the livelihood of the people that live around it. The excavation
resultant holes and openings are either filled with water creating hazardous and unsafe quarry lakes, or they can become an
unattractive and repulsive dumping ground. Having quarries within a close distance to urban districts and regions can cause
residents to be exposed to various types of pollution, in addition to the inconvenience of being near a deserted quarry, which
can be beyond doubt an incontestable and obvious deformity that last for a long time even if the quarrying processes are
finished (Gandha, Atiyat, 2016). The negative effects on these leftover holes in the surface have devasting effects on the planet
which can sometimes out- weigh the initial benefits these quarries offered. Some of the negative impacts of abandoned
quarries are-

 Air pollution: The dust resulting from working in quarries or from heavy equipment vehicles and trucks’ movement
on dirt roads is considered the primary polluter of air, the concentration of dust is too high compared to the
international standards of acceptable levels, the maximum dust concentration is 15 mg/m3 . Dust basically is
comprised of Calcium carbonate, in addition to a rather not small amount of Silicon dioxide, a carcinogen when
inhaled. The dust causes the pores of the soil to be closed, and reduces the soil’s fertility, it can also impact the bio
metabolism of tree leaves.
 Habitat/Biodiversity Loss: Mining activities in the pits or quarries require the removal of almost all natural
vegetation, topsoil and subsoil to reach the aggregate underneath. It not only leads to a loss of existing animal wildlife
but also results in a massive loss of biodiversity as plants and aquatic habitats have been destroyed.
 Natural Drainage destruction: Pits and quarries disrupt the existing movement of surface water and groundwater.
 Water pollution: The interruption of natural water recharge can lead to reduced quantity and quality of drinking
water for residents and wildlife near or downstream from a quarry site. Also, the hazardous substances most likely to
be present at quarry sites are “fuels for heavy equipment, detonators, explosive charges, detonation cord, various
metals, and nitrate fertilizers used for large fragmentation charges”.
 Soil pollution: On the long run dust resulting from quarries affects the chemical and physical characteristics of the
soil, which is basicity soil in our countries, in addition to altering the soil texture, where the small particles move due
to the runoff of stormwater and accumulate in low agricultural lands.

 Influencing the strategic reserves: Using dynamite to blow up weak rock layers lead to the crumbling of the bottom
and adjacent rocks in addition to an unfavorable impact on the individuals’ health (Revel, pemberton,2005)

In spite of these harmful after effects quarrying has, it generates greater chances of employment and business
opportunities and in turn revenue earnings for a country. A comprehensive study needs to be done for not the sustainable
ways of quarrying but also on the after effects of these quarries once the minerals have been extracted so that these
quarries don’t pose a threat to the environment but rather serve as something which is beneficial to the society and the
environment.

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This thesis takes a critical eye to previous and current design strategies of abandoned quarries and identifies new typologies
relevant within this construct. Using an abandoned quarry as its site, this thesis proposes a master plan to reclaim, redefine and
reuse the quarry as a space which benefits the surrounding community and environment.

NEED/ CAUSE FOR THE PROJECT

Although quarrying is considered to be an unfavorable industry that can affect the environment and the community, its
importance is unquestionable. To be able to preserve the human culture and civilization the way it was during the industrial
revolution, it is necessary to recover the resources obtained from quarrying processes so that houses’ groundwork can be
created (Benedetti, Cecchi, 2004), the substructure of transportation using cement, asphalt, crushed stone and concrete in
addition to various manufacturing utilizations including roofing, binders, additives and abrasives. Globally a huge number of
individuals make their living by working in the quarrying industry; hence attempting to eliminate this particular industry can
cost innumerable households their livelihoods (Larson, Mathes, Tomlinson, Richardson, 2006). Consequently, to rectify the
unfavorable outcomes accompanying quarrying, it is essential to make use of the drained expanses in different conducts when
the quarries are no longer functional. The possible alterations of quarrying locations to different supportable and sustainable
utilizations can contribute in rectifying the unfavorable outcomes of quarrying as well as producing locations with better
societal and ecological conditions (Larson, Mathes, Tomlinson, Richardson, 2006). The abandoned quarries have a negative
influence on the environment, which includes air, water, soil and noise pollution in addition to their impact on land use,
biodiversity and the shape of the land. Studies regarding the environmental impact assessment and its importance to quarries
indicated the significance of adopting policies that attempt to better and develop the economic and the environmental
situation, in order to spare the environment any more deterioration and ensure the environmental quality. This necessitates an
effective and influential public participation in addition to the government’s collaboration with the public, investors, local
authorities and environmental organizations. Thus, there is great need for a sustainable development policy that can accentuate
on the favorable connections and relationships between development and the environment. Sustainable development can be
defined as the development that matches the present’s demands and requirements without impairing the future generations’
ability to meet their needs (Richardson, Douglas, 2009).

However currently there is neither clear law or legislation regarding the reuse and redevelopment of these abandoned quarries
nor a will amongst the large companies that carry out these quarrying activities to take care of the after effects of their
operation so that they don’t cause any harm to the environment or the society. Presently, the exhausted quarries are left as it as
without any management for long periods of time. These abandoned quarries fill up with rainwater or sewer water overtime or
become sites for garbage dumping. These water- filled quarries pose a great threat to the environment and the surrounding
people. They become a major cause for water pollution and water related diseases. According to an article in The Times of
India,” These water- filled quarries are considered death traps since drowning in them is a major concern. Many youngsters
venture into these abandoned quarries with having little to no knowledge about the depths of these quarries. This has led to
loss of a lot of lives.” (TNN, 2015). Garbage dumping in these quarries is another major issue which causes serious harms to

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environment and well – being of the community surrounding the quarry. India generates more than 1.50 lakh metric ton (MT)
of solid waste every day. Out of this, approximately 90 per cent (1,35,000 MT per day) is the total amount of waste that is
officially collected.

The rest nearly 15,000 MT of garbage remain exposed every day, resulting in almost 55 lakh MT of solid waste disposed in
open areas each year, which leads to "severe" pollution and un-hygienic levels. Of the total collected waste, only 20 per cent
(27,000 MT per day) is processed and the remaining 80 per cent (1,08,000 MT per day) is dumped in landfill(mostly
abandoned quarries) sites. The solid waste in landfill sites and the uncollected trash - of the total 5.4 crore MT of solid waste
generated annually - 4.5 crore MT are unprocessed. The Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC)
provided the details of the ever-growing garbage citing a 2016-17 report by the Ministry of Housing and Urban
Affairs(Shrivatava,2019).

This is waste includes hazardous waste, e- waste, solid waste, plastic waste, construction and demolition waste, and bio-medical
waste.

Over 377 million urban people live in 7,935 towns and cities generating tonnes of municipal solid waste per annum, there is a
great and dire need for effective and sustainable disposal and recycling of this waste. Solid Waste Management (SWM) is one
among the basic essential services provided by municipal authorities in the country to keep urban centres clean. However,
almost all municipal authorities deposit solid waste at a dumpyard within or outside the city haphazardly. The system of waste
disposal and management is greatly flawed in our country. With the overall population of the country growing at 1% per year
coupled with the ever- increasing migration into the urban centers, the problem is only going to get worse (Abbamonte, 2019).
This unsystematic and unplanned dumping of waste in these abandoned sites is matter of utmost importance.

Thus, this thesis aims to address these problems by developing and synthesizing a structure from an abandoned quarry. It also
aims to cater to the sustainable disposal and recycle of waste by building an efficient and visually pleasing, interactive garbage
disposal plant. It will address the issue of people’s perception of industrial building and break the notion that ‘industrial is
ugly’. The project will also act as an information center for the society on efficient and sustainable waste management systems.
It expounds on the endless possibilities that can metamorphose a garbage disposal plant built in an abandoned space into
something interactive, profitable and appealing to peoples and societies.

AIM & VISION

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the challenges, threats and opportunities to transform the use of an abandoned quarry site
and its role in solving the waste disposal problem faced by cities. By pairing the unique and varying physical conditions of
these quarries with the contextual situations and issues that surround them, these often abandoned and overlooked gaps in the
earth can be rethought and more efficiently used a way of waste disposal for creating future infrastructures that uniquely
address issues that are likely to increasingly effect our world in the future. This thesis project aims to rethink and restore
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purpose to these numerous vacant gaps left in the earth to determine how their unique conditions can provide a greater
benefit to society through adaptive reuse.

MOTIVATION (STUDENT’S END)

When considering the term “adaptive reuse” in architecture, most think of repurposing or bringing life back to an old building
or more traditional forms of built structures. However, the uniqueness of the spatial typology of an abandoned quarry lends
itself a different question, i.e., how can this structure be reused to solve some sort of problem facing our economy,
environment, and/or society? By rethinking these large and often abandoned manmade voids in the earth as structures that
can be reused or built within to return purposes of value to them, we can begin to see how their distinct conditions might act
as a framework in which infrastructures can be built to uniquely address issues facing our nation and world in new and
innovative ways.

METHODOLOGY

Introduction

• Definition and evolution of quarrying and its after effects

• Current situation of the abandoned quarries

• Analysing the current garbage disposal crisis faced by cities

• Need and scope of these abandoned quarries in solving these issues

Literature Study

• Understand the various types abandoned structures

• Understand the impact of these structures on the environment and the people

• Understanding the impact of unplanned and unsustainable method of garbage disposal

• Identify the key advantages/ disadvantages in readapting these abandoned quarries

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Literature Study- 2

• Identifying and analysing advanced technological methods which can assist in making the proposed structure
more efficient and sustainable

• Analysing the different building codes and regulatory norms for building in these abandoned structures

Case Study

• Comprehensive analysis of various vase studies of around the globe in terms of their effectiveness, need,
environmental impact etc.

Site Study and Design Development

• Identifying and analysing a suitable site for the project.

• Developing a concept and narrative for the project

• Implementation of all the study to reach the final design

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CASE STUDIES

In order to understand the challenges and opportunities of redeveloping an abandoned quarry, a few case studies have been
taken up. Redevelopment of the quarry is the primary output of the project, therefore, the terrain, surrounding conditions,
placement of functions, areas, circulation, requirements, etc needs to be understood. As far as the reimagining of a garbage
treatment plant is concerned, the studies chosen are from a different perspective. The first study is that of a hotel built inside
an abandoned quarry. The second case study pertains to the use of a quarry in a more open manner where the line between the
built and open is very blur. Whereas, the third case study of the Touyaon sewage treatment plant. It shows how an
infrastructure building can be made beautiful and pleasing to the eye and the public.

CASE STUDY - 1
Name: Shimao wonderland intercontinental
Location: Songjiang , shanghai, china
Developer: Shimao Group
Architect: Martin Jochman dip arch RIBA – studio JADE+QA
Opened: November 15, 2018
Building area: 62,171.9 sqm / 669,213 sqf.
Number of floors: 2 above ground level, 16 below ground level, 2 under water

DESIGN BRIEF

 This area of Songjiang is of particular natural beauty and the proposed structure needed to harmonise with a very high
quality environment close to Shanghai.
 The client's brief called for a unique solution to a problem of siting the hotel in such a way that only 2 levels projected
above the rock face of the 90m deep quarry.
 Particular request for underwater public areas and guestrooms was to be accommodated in the design.

CONCEPT
He decided to distill these natural elements into the basis of his design:

 The concept adopted the image of a green hill cascading down the rock face as a series of terraced landscaped hanging
gardens. The central vertical circulation atrium connecting the quarry base with the ground level is in the form of a
transparent glass 'waterfall'.
 The location of the hotel within the site, for instance, was chosen to provide the most sunlight, not only for guest rooms
but also for the hotel’s solar panels.
 The hotel also uses the natural air shaft between its structure and the cliff wall for insulation in the winter and cooling in the
summer
 The cliff became the body of the hotel, where the guest rooms are located,
 The water became the faux waterfall down the center of the building that houses the elevators,
 The hills are represented by the green roof of the structure, which was designed not only to blend into the landscape but
also to provide energy-efficient temperature regulation

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BEFORE AFTER

PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION

 The building concept retains its original ' ground scraper' character with only 2 of the building's levels above the ground and
16 levels, cascading down the rugged quarry cliff face.
 Curved wings of the main body of the guest rooms enclose internal atria which utilises the existing rugged rock face as a
feature. This spectacular 90m high cliff is overlooked by the guest room access balconies and contains restaurants and cafes
at the base.
 Above the ground level is be the main entrance lobby, conference facility for 1000 people, banqueting centre and a series of
restaurants with views of the quarry, the extensively landscaped surrounding areas and waterfalls.
 The lowest level of the hotel contains a water sports and leisure and spa complex with a swimming pool.
 An underwater level houses a restaurant and guest rooms facing a themed aquarium.
 Externally, there are extensively landscaped visitor facilities, such as a outdoor themed entertainment park and cantilevered
glass floor overlook walkway.

Program distribution

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Surface level floor plan

SUSTAINABLE FEATURES

 Sustainability is high on the agenda in our design, ranging from

utilising green roof for the structures above the ground level to
minimize the impact of this building on the local environment
to proposed geothermal energy extraction.
 It also features photovoltaic solar panels and utilises the solar
heat energy within the tall 'waterfall' atrium.
 The unique microclimate caused by the thermal properties of
the quarry rock mass and the quarry lake, cools the structure in
the summer and heats it in the winter.

Building Section

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CASE STUDY- 2

Name: Chapadao Quarry

Location: San Paulo, Brazil
Architect: Decio Tozzi
Completion Stage: Design proposal

DESIGN BRIEF

 This area of San Paulo is of particular natural beauty and the proposed structure needed to blend in with the environment
without damaging its original beauty.
 The project needed to comply with a cultural program which was proposed for this singular area of the city of Campinas.
The project was expected to become the new civic hub of San Paulo.

CONCEPT
The architect decided to take inspiration from the natural shape and form of the quarry into his design.

 The structure was to be carved the hillside of the mountain, shattering, in an utilitarian way, the big rock and generating an
impressive sinuous space of monumental character and scale.
 The steel frame design of the main concert hall allowed it to blend in the quarry and look like an original part of it,
rather than a solid concrete block.
 The bigger excavated area formed a multiple use space, an open area for the development of cultural, recreational and
sports activities.
 The smaller excavated area, with three stone walls, configured a new concert hall for the city through the simple
intervention resulting from the construction of a transparent steel roof and concrete balconies and ramps.

View from the Lawn Concert Hall Entrance

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Top View

 The placement of each function is such that it responds to the natural terrain of the quarry.
 The entrance leads to a huge lawn space which connects to the outdoor stage cum amphitheater.
 The outdoor stage acts as a connecting bridge between the informal lawn space and the more formal concert hall. The
natural terrain of the quarry is such that it shades the outdoor stage and the connecting bridge.
 The concert hall is placed at the deepest point of the quarry and is supported by the rock of the quarry.

SUSTAINABLE FEATURES

 Sustainability and preservation of the natural form and ecosystem was

of top priority in the design.
 The main structure was designed with a huge central open skylight,
which allowed natural sunlight to penetrate inside and give a sense of
connection to the outside and rocky nature of the quarry.

Skylight in Concert Hall

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CASE STUDY- 3

Name: Taoyuan Sewage Treatment Project

Location: Taipei, Taiwan
Architect: Peichin Hsu, Habitech Architects
Completion Stage: Design proposal

DESIGN BRIEF

 In pursuit of purity in lifestyle, the ancient Chinese poet and literati Yuan Ming Tao had written a fable known as The
Peach Blossom Spring to describe his ideal world of Utopia. The mountains surrounded and protected the hidden path
leading to the dreamland of Utopia in the story and kept it from being discovered.

CONCEPT
The architect decided to take inspiration from the natural shape and form of the quarry into his design.

 Like the spirit behind The Peach Blossom Spring, the proposed sewage treatment center is a cleansing plant that purifies
and cleanses water; hence we took the image of mountains portraited in the fable of The Peach Blossom Spring as our main
theme and concept for this project.
 The purification pond featuring the treated wastewater is designed to be the focal point of the Ecological
Education Center, while the curved louvered facade forms a mountain dome space that accommodates flower,
birds, sunshine, water, breeze, and rain to interact with each other, making it a perfect environment for an
ecological educational experience.
 The double skin structures that imitate the form of mountain chains were made of modular steel frames and
aluminum louvers covering for each of the functional buildings.
 The gaps between the louvers were specially designed to accommodate the hot climate in Taoyuan; it not only
provides shelter from the sun, but also brings in the breeze for cooling effects, and at the same time forms an
interesting medium interacting with light and shadow between the sun and nature.

View from the Lake View of the timber structure

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SITE ANALYSIS
SITE SELECTION
Since most the quarrying activities take place on the outskirts of the city, the site will most likely be away from dense settle
settlements. However, the site should not be very far away from the main city because that will increase the transportation cost
of the garbage as well as hamper the number of people that will visit it. Therefore, there were several factors which were
considered during the selection of the site. These factors can be tangible, intangible or project specific. Proximity to major
transport nodes will be beneficial to the project. Since the project has to be built in an abandoned quarry, the depth of the
quarry had to be the taken into considered since a very deep quarry will increase the construction costs. The strength of the
rock and earth at the bottom of the quarry should also be strong enough to hold the weight of the structure. The site should
also have enough open space to accommodate all the heavy machinery and tools that are required in a garbage treatment plant.
The selected site is located in Sonnappalahalli district in Bangalore, Karnataka. Bangalore is one of the cities which severely
lacks waste disposal means. Being a large metropolitan city, the amount of waste that is generated every day is humongous.
However, most of this waste ends up being untreated and carelessly dumped in quarries and landfills. This leads to large
amounts toxic and harmful gases being released into the atmosphere every single. The city’s current systems of waste disposal
are highly inefficient and un-sustainable. The city’s current largest landfill, Bellahalli Quarry, has reached its capacity. Thus,
there is great need and urgency to find a new and long -term solution for this issue.
The site selected has been nominated by the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) as a potential site for dumping
garbage in the future. However, the project will aim to make sure that the site does not become dumpyard, rather a site where
there is efficient and sustainable management of waste.

SITE LOCATION

 The site is located in Sonnappalahalli district in

Bangalore, Karnataka
 The site is an abandoned stone quarry.
 The area of the site is 9.25 acres.
 The depth of the quarry varies from 25ft to
100ft (approx.)

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SITE PICTURES

MACRO- ANALYSIS

ACCESS

13.4 KM
Primary Road

Secondary Road 1.8 KM

Road

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 The NH-7 highway or the Bellary road is the primary road that runs along the site.
 The nearest to the site is the Kempegowda international airport.
 The nearest railway station to the site is Bettahalasur railway station.

CONTEXT

 Site has close proximity to the Bettahalasur railway station and Kempegowda international airport.
 The site is majorly surrounded by various institutes and famous temples.
 Since, the site is located on the outskirts of Bangalore, the level of development and infrastructure is not high.

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Water Bodies Green Spaces

Barren
Land
Green
Spaces

 The site is surrounded by large number of  The site is surrounded by large tracts of
abandoned quarries which have filled with barren land with few small green spaces in
water over time. However, the water is very between.
dirty and leads to ground water pollution.  Site surroundings are very under-developed.

SWOT ANALYSIS
STRENGTH

 Located along the NH-7, thus, movement of trucks and other commercial vehicles is easy
 The site is already being considered by the Bengaluru authorities for dumping garbage, thus regulatory issues will be
minimized.
 The since the quarry has been abandoned for some time, thus the land price of acquiring it will also be less.
 Proximity to the will encourage many students to visit the project and learn more about the sustainable disposal of
garbage.

WEAKNESS

 Under developed surroundings.

 Noise and dust pollution due to quarrying the surroundings
 Limited pedestrian circulation

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OPPORTUNITY

 Due to proximity to the railway station and airport, the project can attract large number of people.
 The site is surrounded by many other abandoned quarries, which later be incorporated into the design.
 The project will reduce the illegal dumping of garbage on the streets and other areas leading to proper sanitation and
hygiene of the surroundings. This will also help in future development of the surroundings

THREAT

 Proximity to many institutes and hospitals can lead to delays in construction

 The local farmers and landlords of the area can object to the construction of the project

PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION

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Schematic working of a STP

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BIBLIOGRAHY

 Firas Gandha, Diala Atiyat, (2016), Re-Use of Abandoned Quarries; Case Study of Eco-Tourism and Ranger Academy
– Ajloun – Jordan
Available on- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305280847_Re-
Use_of_Abandoned_Quarries_Case_Study_of_Eco-Tourism_and_Rangers_Academy_-_Ajloun_-Jordan
 Brad Lee Herr, (2017), The New SUB Urban
Available on- https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5962&context=utk_gradthes
 Xiao Yang, (2016), MATERIALSCAPE: The Transformation and Revitalization of an abandoned limestone quarry
into an educational and recreational public park.
Available on- file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/YangX_2016-2_BODY%20 (1).pdf
 Pemberton J, Revel M , (2005), Abandoned mines rehabilitation in Tasmania: A partnership between the community,
industry and government, Mineral Resources Tasmania Department of Infrastructure, Energy and Resources.
 L Benedetti, Cecchi, (2004), Increasing accuracy of causal inference in experimental analyses of biodiversity Increasing
accuracy of causal inference in experimental analyses of biodiversity
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 Larson DW, Mathes U, Tomlinson S, Richardson P (2006) , The quarry to Alvar initiative: Final report to the Ontario
Aggregate Resources Corporation. Burlington, ON.
 P Richardson, W Larson Douglas, (2009) Diversity and resistance to simulated climate change prepared for The
Ontario Aggregate Resources Corporation.
 TNN, 2015, ‘Abandoned quarries are death traps in disguise’, The Times of India Apr 24,
Available on- https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Abandoned-quarries-are-death-traps-in-
disguise/articleshow/47031832.cms

 Rahul Shrivatava, (2019), ‘India's Trash Bomb: 80% of 1.5 lakh metric tonne daily garbage remains exposed,
untreated’, The Times of India July 21
Available on- https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-s-trash-bomb-80-of-1-5-lakh-metric-tonne-daily-garbage-
remains-exposed-untreated-1571769-2019-07-21
 Jonathon Abbamonte, (2019), ‘Modi warned about a population explosion – but demographic data show declining
trend’, Scroll Sep 12

Available on - https://scroll.in/article/936158/modi-warned-about-a-population-explosion-but-demographic-data-show-
declining-trend

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