Dewalt-Hvacr-Professional-Reference-Master-Edition - Formula & Design PDF

GRBQ121-2580G-C01[1-64].
qxd 9/15/06 4:22 PM Page 1-1 Tech Books-Arts:GRBQ1
CHAPTER 1
Formulas and Design Data
HEAT TRANSFER
This equation is used to determine the amount of

heat required to heat or cool a given amount of any
specific substance.
BTU Specific heat lbs. T
BTU British Thermal Unit

T Temperature Difference (F)
The specific heat of a substance is the amount of

heat in BTU that it takes to change the temperature
of one pound of that substance by one degree
Fahrenheit.
For example, the specific heat of water is 1.0 BTU/
lb.F. Therefore, to raise the temperature of 1 pound
of water by 1 degree F takes 1 BTU. Specific heats
of other materials vary.
HEATING AND COOLING CAPACITY
BTU/h 1.08 CFM T
BTU/h BTU per hour, a quantity of heat

CFM Cubic feet per minute of air flow
(for sensible heat only)
1-1
GRBQ121-2580G-C01[1-64].qxd 9/15/06 4:22 PM Page 1-2 Tech Books-Arts:GRBQ1
TOTAL HEAT CAPACITY
BTU/h 4.5 CFM H
H Difference between return & supply air, in

BTU/lb.
(all systems, including both sensible & latent heats)
COOLING AND HEATING
Sensible heat 1.08 CFM T

Sensible heat 1.1 CFM T
Latent heat 0.68 CFM WGR.
Latent heat 4840 CFM WLB.
Total heat 4.5 CFM H
Total heat HS HL
Total heat U A T
HS HS
SHR
HT HS HL
HS Sensible heat (BTU/h)

HL Latent heat (BTU/h)
HT Total heat (BTU/h)
T Temperature difference (F)
WGR. Humidity ratio difference (Gr.H2O/Lb.DA)
WLB. Humidity ratio difference (Lb.H2O/Lb.DA)
H Enthalpy difference (BTU/Lb.DA)
CFM Air flow rate (cubic feet per minute)
U U-value (BTU/h/sq. ft./F)
A Area (sq. ft.)
SHR Sensible heat ratio
HFG Latent heat of vaporization at design pressure
1-2
R-VALUES/U-VALUES
1 1
R Thickness
C K
1
U
gR
R R-value (hr. sq. ft. F/BTU)

U U-value (BTU/h sq. ft. F)
C Conductance (BTU/h sq. ft.F)
K Conductivity (BTU in./hr. sq. ft. F)
aR Sum of the individual R-values
OBTAINING CFM FROM CAPACITY
BTU/h
CFM
1.08 ¢T
CFM OF AN ELECTRIC FURNACE
Watts 3.42 (BTU/Watt)

CFM
1.08 ¢T
CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE
BTU/h
¢T
1.08 CFM
OBTAINING RPM OF EXISTING BLOWER
Motor pulley diameter RPM of motor

Blower RPM
Diameter of blower pulley
1-3
CHANGE IN PULLEY, NEW BELT LENGTH
(D d)2
Belt length 2 C 1.57 D d
(4 C)
C Distance, center to center, between pulleys
D Larger pulley diameter
d Smaller pulley diameter
PULLEY LAWS
Diameter of driver RPM
RPM of driven
Diameter of driven
Diameter of driven RPM

RPM of driver
Diameter of driver
Diameter of driver RPM

Diameter of driven
RPM of driven
Diameter of driven RPM

Diameter of the driver
RPM of driver
COMPRESSION RATIO
Absolute head pressure in psia

Compression ratio
Absolute suction pressure in psia
1-4
CONDENSER TONNAGE
GPM 1.25 ¢T conditioned water

Condenser tons
24
GPM Gallons per minute of flow
CHILLER TONNAGE
GPM ¢T chiller water

Chiller tons
30
GPM Gallons per minute of flow
WATER SYSTEM
H 500 GPM T
Tons 24
GPMEVAP.
¢T
Tons 30
GPMCOND.
¢T
H Total heat (BTU/h)
GPM Water flow rate (gallons per minute)
T Temperature difference (F)
Tons Air conditioning load (tons)
GPMEVAP. Evaporator water flow rate
(gallons per minute)
GPMCOND. Condenser water flow rate
(gallons per minute)
1-5
COOLING TOWERS AND HEAT EXCHANGERS
APPROACHCT LWT AWB

APPROACHHE EWTHS LWTCS
RANGE EWT LWT
EWT Entering water temperature (F)

LWT Leaving water temperature (F)
AWB Ambient wet bulb temperature (design WB,F)
CT Cooling Tower
HE Heat Exchange
HS Hot side
CS Cold side
PUMP NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH)
NPSHAVAIL NPSHREQD
NPSHAVAIL HA ; HS HF HVP
NPSHAVAIL Net positive suction available at pump (ft.)

NPSHREQD Net positive suction required at pump (ft.)
HA Pressure at liquid surface (ft.—34 ft. for water
at atmospheric pressure)
HS Height of liquid surface above () or below
() pump (ft.)
HF Friction loss between pump and source (ft.)
HVP Absolute pressure of water vapor at liquid
temperature
1-6
PUMP LAWS
GPM2 RPM2

GPM1 RPM1
c d c d
HD2 GPM2 2 RPM2 2
HD1 GPM1 RPM1
a b a b a b
BHP2 GPM2 3 RPM2 3 HD2 1.5
BHP1 GPM1 RPM1 HD1
GPM Gallons per minute
RPM Revolutions per minute
HD Feet of water
BHP Break horsepower
Pump size Constant
Water density Constant
1-7
PUMP LAWS (cont.)

GPM HD SP.GR.
BHP
3960 PUMPEFF
BHP
MHP
M/DEFF
V2
VH
2g
P 2.31
HD
SP.GR.
SP.GR. Specific gravity of liquid with

respect to water
SP.GR. (water) 1.0
PUMPEFF 60–80%
M/DEFF 85–95%
M/D Motor/drive
MHP Motor horsepower
P Pressure in psi
VH Velocity head in ft.
V Velocity in ft./sec.
g Acceleration due to gravity
(32.16 ft./sec.2)
1-8
REFRIGERATION FORMULAS
Enthalpy of Enthalpy of
Net refrigerating vapor leaving liquid entering
effect (BTU/lb.) evaporator (BTU/lb.) evaporator (BTU/lb.)
Compression work Heat of compression Refrigerant circulated

(BTU min.) (BTU/lb.) (lb./min.)
Compression HP Compression work (BTU/min.)/42.4
1-9
Compression HP Capacity (BTU/min.)/42.4 COP
Compression HP 4.715/COP
(per ton)
REFRIGERATION FORMULAS (cont.)
Power (Watts) Compression HP per ton 745.7
Net refrigerating effect (BTU/lb.)

COP
Heat of compression (BTU/lb.)
Capacity (BTU/min.) Refrigerant circulated Net refrigerating

(lb./min.) effect (BTU/lb.)
1-10
Capacity Volume of gas entering
(BTU/min.) compressor (ft.3/lb.)
Compressor displacement
(ft.3/min.) Net refrigerating effect (BTU/lb.)
Enthalpy of Enthalpy of
Heat of compression vapor leaving vapor entering
(BTU/lb.) compressor (BTU/lb.) compressor (BTU/lb.)
GRBQ121-2580G-C01[1-64].qxd 9/15/06 4:22 PM Page 1-10 Tech Books-Arts:GRBQ
REFRIGERATION FORMULAS (cont.)
Actual weight of refrigerant

Volumetric efficiency 100 a b
Theoretical weight of refrigerant
Head pressure, psia (absolute)

Compression ratio
Suction pressure, psia (absolute)
1-11
200
Refrigerant circulated,
lb. (min.) (ton) Refrigerating effect
42.4 heat flow, BTU/(min.) (hp); 200 BTU/(min.) (ton); COP coefficient of performance
AIR FLOW
CFM FPM area (ft.2)

Q CFM
FPM CFM/area (ft.2) A V ft.2 FPM
Area CFM/FPM
AIR CHANGE RATE
CFM 60
AC/HR
VOLUME
AC/HR VOLUME
CFM
60
AC/HR Air change rate per hour

CFM Air flow rate (cubic feet per minute)
VOLUME Space volume (cubic feet)
AIR BALANCE EQUATIONS
SA RA OA RA EA RFA
If minimum OA (ventilation air) is greater than EA,
OA EA RFA
If EA is greater than minimum OA (ventilation air),
OA EA RFA 0
For economizer cycle: OA SA EA RFA RA 0
SA Supply air
RA Return air
OA Outside air
EA Exhaust air
RFA Relief air
1-12
FAN LAWS
CFM2 RPM2

CFM1 RPM1
RPM2
CFM2 CFM1
RPM1
CFM2
RPM2 RPM1
CFM1
a b a b
SP2 CFM2 2 RPM2 2
SP1 CFM1 RPM1
SP2 SP1 a b
RPM2 2
RPM1
CFM Cubic feet per minute
SP In. W.G.
Fan size Constant
Air density Constant
1-13
FAN LAWS (cont.)
a b a b a b
BHP2 CFM2 3 RPM2 3 SP2 1.5
BHP1 CFM1 RPM1 SP1
BHP2 BHP1 a b
RPM2 3
RPM1
CFM SP SP.GR.
BHP
6356 FANEFF
BHP
MHP
M/DEFF
CFM Cubic feet per minute
SP In. W.G.
Fan size Constant
Air density Constant
SP.GR. (air) 1.0
FANEFF 65–85%
M/DEFF 80–95%
M/D Motor/drive
MHP Motor horsepower
1-14
MIXED AIR TEMPERATURE
TMA a TROOM b a TOA b

CFMRA CFMOA
CFMSA CFMSA
TMA a TRA b a TOA b

CFMRA CFMOA
CFMSA CFMSA
CFMSA Supply air (CFM)

CFMRA Return air (CFM)
CFMOA Outside air (CFM)
TMA Mixed air temperature (F)
TROOM Room design temperature (F)
TRA Return air temperature (F)
TOA Outside air temperature (F)
AIR CONDITIONING CONDENSATE
CFM ¢WLB.
GPMAC COND
SpV 8.33
CFM ¢WGR.
GPMAC COND
SpV 8.33 7000
GPMAC COND Air conditioning condensate flow

(gallons/min.)
CFM Air flow rate (cu. ft./min.)
SpV Specific volume of air (cu. ft./lb.DA)
¢WLB. Specific humidity (lb.H2O/lb.DA)
¢WGR. Specific humidity (gr.H2O/lb.DA)
1-15
MOISTURE CONDENSATION ON GLASS
TGLASS TROOM c (TROOM TOA ) d

RIA
RGLASS
TGLASS TROOM c (TROOM TOA ) d

UGLASS
UIA
(if TGLASS
DPROOM condensation occurs)
T Temperature (F)
R R-value (hr. sq. ft. F/BTU)
U U-value (BTUH sq. ft. F)
IA Inside airfilm
OA Design outside air temperature
DP Dew point
HUMIDIFIER SENSIBLE HEAT GAIN
HS (0.244 Q T ) (L 380)
HS Sensible heat gain (BTUH)

Q Steam flow (lb. steam/hr.)
T Steam temperature – supply air temperature (F)
L Length of humidifier manifold (ft.)
1-16
HUMIDIFICATION
GRAINSREQD a b a b
WGR. WGR.
SpV ROOM AIR SpV SUPPLY AIR
POUNDSREQD a b a b
WGR. WGR.
SpV ROOM AIR SpV SUPPLY AIR
CFM GRAINSREQD 60
Lb. STM/hr.
7000
CFM POUNDSREQD 60
GRAINSREQD Grains of moisture required (gr.H2O/cu. ft.)
POUNDSREQD Pounds of moisture required (lb.H2O/ cu. ft.)
CFM Air flow rate (cu. ft./min.)
SpV Specific volume of air (cu. ft./lb.DA)
WGR. Specific humidity (gr.H2O/lb.DA)
WLB. Specific humidity (lb.H2O/lb.DA)
1-17
EXPANSION TANKS
[(v2>v1) 1 ] 3¢T
Closed VT VS
[(PA>P1) (PA>P2)]
Open VT 2 5(VS [(v2>v1) 1]) 3¢T 6
[(v2>v1) 1] 3¢T
Diaphragm VT VS
1 (P1>P2)
VT Volume of expansion tank (gal.)
VS Volume of water in piping system (gal.)
T T2 – T1 (F)
T1 Lower system temperature (F)
Heating water T1 45–50F tempera-
ture at fill condition
Chilled water T1 Supply water
temperature
Dual temperature T1 Chilled water supply
temperature
T2 Higher system temperature (F)
Heating water T2 Supply water
temperature
Chilled water T2 95F ambient
temperature (design
weather data)
Dual temperature T2 Heating water
supply temperature
1-18
EXPANSION TANKS (cont.)
PA Atmospheric pressure (14.7 psia)
P1 System fill pressure/minimum system pressure

(psia)
P2 System operating pressure/maximum operating
pressure (psia)
V1 SpV of H2O at T1 (cu. ft./lb.H2O)

V2 SpV of H2O at T2 (cu. ft./lb.H2O)
Linear coefficient of expansion

STEEL 6.5 106
COPPER 9.5 106
System volume estimate:

12 gal./ton
35 gal./BHP
System fill pressure/minimum system pressure

estimate:
To height of system add 5 to 10 psi
System operating pressure/maximum operating

pressure estimate:
150-lb. systems 45–125 psi
250-lb. systems 125–225 psi
1-19
EFFICIENCIES
EER Energy efficiency ratio
BTU output
EER
Watts input
COP = Coefficient of Performance
BTU output EER

COP
BTU input 3.413
or
BTU output
COP
Input watts 3.413 (BTU per watt)
Turndown ratio Maximum firing rate: Minimum firing

rate (5:1, etc.)
Gross BTU output

Overall thermal eff. 100%
Gross BTU input
BTU input BTU stack loss

Combustion eff. 100%
BTU input
Overall thermal efficiency range 75%–90%
Combustion efficiency range 85%–95%
1-20
DUCTWORK HVAC CONVERSIONS
Unit of
Measure Multiply By To Obtain Symbol
Ductwork CFM 0.0004719 cubic meters/sec. m3/s
air flow FPM 0.00508 meters/sec. m/s
FPM 0.508 centimeters/sec. cm/s
FPS 0.3048 meters/sec. m/s
MPH 0.447 meters/sec. m/s
1-21
Ductwork In. H2O 0.25 kilopascals kPa
pressure In. H2O 249 (use 250) pascals Pa
In. H2O/100° 8.176 pascals (N/m2) Pa
In. Hg 3.386 kilopascals (kN/m2) kPa
Ductwork In. 25.4 millimeters mm

length & In. 2.54 centimeters cm
area In. 0.0254 meters m
FAN AND PUMP DUTY HVAC CONVERSIONS
Unit of
Measure Multiply By To Obtain Symbol
2
Ductwork In. 6.452 centimeters squared cm2
length & Ft. 0.3048 meters m
area Ft.2 0.0929 meters squared m2
Ft.3 0.02832 meters cubed m3
Fan CFM 0.4719 liters/sec. l/s
1-22
duty In. H2O 249 (use 250) pascals Pa
HP 0.7460 kilowatts kW
RPM 0.10472 radians/sec. rad/s
RPM 60 revolutions/sec. rev/s
Pump Psf 47.88 (use 50) pascals (N/m2) Pa

duty Psi 6895 (use 7000) pascals (N/m2) Pa
Psi 6.895 kilopascals (kN/m2) kPa
OFFICE DESIGN CRITERIA
General
Total heat 300–400 sq. ft./ton (range 230–520)
Total heat 30–40 BTU/h/sq. ft.(range 23–52)
Room sens. heat 25–28 BTU/h/sq. ft.(range 19–37)
SHR 0.75–0.93
Perimeter spaces 1.0–3.0 CFM/sq. ft.
Interior spaces 0.5–1.5 CFM/sq. ft.
Building block CFM 1.0–1.5 CFM/sq. ft.
Air change rate 4–10 AC/hr.
Large, Perimeter
Total heat 225–275 sq. ft./ton
Total heat 43–53 BTU/h/sq. ft.
Large, Interior
Small
1-23
GENERAL DESIGN VALUES
Room Air
Total Heat Total Heat Sens. Heat Change
(Ton) BTUh/sq. ft. BTUh/sq. ft. SHR Spaces Air Flow Rate
Banks, Court 200–250 48–60 28–38 0.75–0.90 4–10 AC/hr.
Houses, sq. ft./ton BTUh/sq. ft. BTUh/sq. ft.
— —
Municipal (range 160–340) (range 35–75) (range 21–48)
Buildings
Police Stations, 250–350 34–48 25–35 0.75–0.90 4–10 AC/hr.

Fire Stations, sq. ft./ton BTUh/sq. ft. BTUh/sq. ft. — —
Post Offices (range 200–400) (range 30–60) (range 20–40)
1-24
Precision 50–300 40–240 32–228 0.80–0.95 10–50 AC/hr.
— —
Manufacturing sq. ft./ton BTUh/sq. ft. BTUh/sq. ft.
Computer 50–150 80–240 64–228 0.80–0.95 2.0–4.0 15–20 AC/hr.

—
Rooms sq. ft./ton BTUh/sq. ft. BTUh/sq. ft. CFM/sq. ft.
Restaurants 100–250 48–120 21–62 0.65–0.80 1.5–4.0 8–12 AC/hr.

sq. ft./ton BTUh/sq. ft. BTUh/sq. ft. — CFM/sq. ft.
(range 75–300) (range 40–155) (range 20–80)
Kitchens 150–350 34–80 20–56 0.60–0.70 1.5–2.5 12–15 AC/hr.

sq. ft./ton BTUh/sq. ft. BTUh/sq. ft. — CFM/sq. ft.
(at 85°F space) (at 85°F space) (at 85°F space)

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GRBQ121-2580G-C01[1-64].

qxd 9/15/06 4:22 PM Page 1-1 Tech Books-Arts:GRBQ1

This equation is used to determine the amount of

BTU Specific heat lbs. T

BTU British Thermal Unit

The specific heat of a substance is the amount of

HEATING AND COOLING CAPACITY

BTU/h 1.08 CFM T

BTU/h BTU per hour, a quantity of heat

TOTAL HEAT CAPACITY

BTU/h 4.5 CFM H

H Difference between return & supply air, in

COOLING AND HEATING

Sensible heat 1.08 CFM T

HS Sensible heat (BTU/h)

R R-value (hr. sq. ft. F/BTU)

OBTAINING CFM FROM CAPACITY

CFM OF AN ELECTRIC FURNACE

Watts 3.42 (BTU/Watt)

OBTAINING RPM OF EXISTING BLOWER

Motor pulley diameter RPM of motor

CHANGE IN PULLEY, NEW BELT LENGTH

D Larger pulley diameter

d Smaller pulley diameter

Diameter of driven RPM

Diameter of driver RPM

Diameter of driven RPM

Absolute head pressure in psia

GPM 1.25 ¢T conditioned water

GPM ¢T chiller water

COOLING TOWERS AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

APPROACHCT LWT  AWB

EWT Entering water temperature (F)

PUMP NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH)

NPSHAVAIL Net positive suction available at pump (ft.)

GPM Gallons per minute

RPM Revolutions per minute

BHP Break horsepower

Pump size Constant

Water density Constant

PUMP LAWS (cont.)

SP.GR. Specific gravity of liquid with

Compression work Heat of compression Refrigerant circulated

Compression HP Compression work (BTU/min.)/42.4

Power (Watts) Compression HP per ton 745.7

Net refrigerating effect (BTU/lb.)

Capacity (BTU/min.) Refrigerant circulated Net refrigerating

Actual weight of refrigerant

Head pressure, psia (absolute)

CFM FPM area (ft.2)

AIR CHANGE RATE

AC/HR Air change rate per hour

AIR BALANCE EQUATIONS

CFM Cubic feet per minute

RPM Revolutions per minute

BHP Break horsepower

Fan size Constant

Air density Constant

FAN LAWS (cont.)

CFM Cubic feet per minute

RPM Revolutions per minute

BHP Break horsepower

Fan size Constant

R R-value (hr. sq. ft. F/BTU)

APPROACHCT LWT AWB

EWT Entering water temperature (F)

TMA a TROOM b a TOA b

TMA a TRA b a TOA b

TGLASS TROOM c (TROOM TOA ) d

TGLASS TROOM c (TROOM TOA ) d

Open VT 2 5(VS [(v2>v1) 1]) 3¢T 6

BTU input BTU stack loss