PA RT

3
Equations

H V A C E Q U AT I O N S , D ATA , A N D R U L E S O F T H U M B
20 PA RT 3

3.01 Airside System Equations and Derivations

A. Equations
HS  1.08 rCFM r$T
HS  1.1 rCFM r$T
HL 0.68 rCFM r$WGR.
HL  4840 rCFM r $WLB.
HT  4.5 rCFM r $h
HT  HS  HL
HS HS
SHR  
HT H S  H L
HS Sensible Heat (Btu/hr.)
HL Latent Heat (Btu/hr.)
HT Total Heat (Btu/hr.)
$T Temperature Difference (F)
$WGR. Humidity Ratio Difference (Gr.H2O/lbs.DA)
$WLB. Humidity Ratio Difference (lbs.H2O/lbs.DA)
$h Enthalpy Difference (Btu/lbs.DA)
CFM Air Flow Rate (Cubic Feet per Minute)
SHR Sensible Heat Ratio
m Mass flow (lbs.DA/hr.)
ca Specific Heat of Air (0.24 Btu/lbs.DA F)
DA Dry Air

B. Derivations
1. Standard air conditions:
a. Temperature: 60F
b. Pressure: 14.7 psia (sea level)
c. Specific volume: 13.33 ft.3/lbs.DA
d. Density: 0.075 lbs./ft.3
e. LV  Latent heat of water @60F: 1060 Btu/lbs.
2. Sensible heat equation:
HS  m rca r$T
cP  0.24 (Btu/lbs.DA . F) r 0.075 lbs.DA/ft.3 r 60 min./hr.
 1.08 Btu min./hr. ft.3 F
HS  1.08 (Btu min./hr. ft.3 F) r CFM (ft.3/min.) r $T (F)
HS  1.08 r CFM r $T
3. Latent heat equation:
HL  m r LV r $WGR
LV  1060 Btu/lbs.H2O r 0.075 lbs.DA/ft.3 r 60 min./hr. r 1.0 lbs.H2O/7,000 Gr.H2O
 0.68 Btu lbs.DA min./hr.ft.3 Gr.H2O
HL  0.68 (Btu lbs.DA min./hr.ft.3 Gr.H2O) r CFM (ft.3/min.) r $WGR (Gr.H2O/lbs.DA)
HL  0.68 r CFM r $WGR
4. Total heat equation:
HT  m r $h
Factor  0.075 lbs.DA/ft.3 r 60 min./hr.  4.5 lbs.DA min./hr.ft.3
HT  4.5 (lbs.DA min./hr.ft.3) r CFM (ft.3/min.) r $h (Btu/lbs.DA)
HT  4.5 r CFM r $h
Equations 21

3.02 Waterside System Equations and Derivations

A. Equations
H 500 rGPM r$T
TONS r 24
GPM EVAP. 
$T
TONS r 30
GPM COND. 
$T
H  Total Heat (Btu/hr.)
GPM Water Flow Rate (Gallons per Minute)
$T  Temperature Difference (F)
TONS  Air Conditioning Load (Tons)
GPM EVAP.  Evaporator Water Flow Rate (Gallons per Minute)
GPM COND.  Condenser Water Flow Rate (Gallons per Minute)
cw  Specific Heat of Water (1.0 Btu/lbs.H2O)

B. Derivations
1. Standard water conditions:
a. Temperature: 60F
b. Pressure: 14.7 psia (sea level)
c. Density: 62.4 lbs./ft.3
2. Water equation
H  m r cw r $T
cw  1.0 Btu/Lb H2O F r 62.4 lbs.H2O/ft3 r 1.0 ft3 / 7.48052 gal. r 60 min./hr.
 500 Btu min./hr. F gal.
H  500 Btu min./hr. F gal. r GPM (gal./min.) r $T (F)
H  500 r GPM r $T
3. Evaporator equation:
GPMEVAP  H/(500 r $T)
Factor  12,000 Btu/hr./1.0 tons  500 Btu min./hr. F gal.
 24F gal./tons min.
GPMEVAP  tons (tons) r 24 (F gal./tons min.) / $T (F)
GPMEVAP  tons r 24 / $T
4. Condenser equation:
GPMCOND  1.25 r GPMEVAP = 1.25 r tons r 24 / $T
GPMCOND  tons r 30 / $T

3.03 Air Change Rate Equations

AC CFM r 60

HR VOLUME

AC
r VOLUME
CFM  HR
60

AC/HR. Air Change Rate per Hour

CFM Air Flow Rate (Cubic Feet per Minute)
VOLUME Space Volume (Cubic Feet)
22 PA RT 3

3.04 English/Metric Airside System Equations Comparison

A. Sensible Heat Equations

Btu min.
H S  1.08 r CFM r $T
Hr ft 3 F F

kJ min.
H SM  72.42 r CMM r $TM
hr . m3 FC

B. Latent Heat Equations

Btu min. Lb DA
H L  0.68 r CFM r $W
hr . ft 3 Gr H 2O

kJ min. kg DA
H LM  177 , 734.8 r CMM r $WM
hr . m3kg H 2O

C. Total Heat Equations

lb min.
H T  4.5 r CFM r $h
hr. ft.3

kg min.
H TM  72.09 r CMM r $hM
hr. m3

HT  HS  HL
HTM HSM HLM

HS Sensible Heat (Btu/hr.)

HSM Sensible Heat (kJ/hr.)
HL Latent Heat (Btu/hr.)
HLM Latent Heat (kJ/hr.)
HT Total Heat (Btu/hr.)
HTM Total Heat (kJ/hr.)
$T Temperature Difference (F)
$TM Temperature Difference (C)
$W Humidity Ratio Difference (Gr.H2O/lbs.DA)
$WM Humidity Ratio Difference (kg.H2O/kg.DA)
$h Enthalpy Difference (Btu/lbs.DA)
$hM Enthalpy Difference (kJ/lbs.DA)
CFM Air Flow Rate (Cubic Feet per Minute)
CMM Air Flow Rate (Cubic Meters per Minute)

3.05 English/Metric Waterside System Equation Comparison

Btu min.
H  500 r GPM r $T
hr. gal. F
kJ min.
H M  250.8 r LPM r $TM
hr. Liters C
Equations 23

H Total Heat (Btu/hr.)

HM Total Heat (kJ/hr.)
$T Temperature Difference (F)
$TM Temperature Difference (C)
GPM Water Flow Rate (Gallons per Minute)
LPM Water Flow Rate (Liters per Minute)

3.06 English/Metric Air Change Rate Equation Comparison

min.
CFM r 60
AC hr.

HR VOLUME

min.
CMM r 60
AC hr.

HRM VOLUME M

AC/HR. Air Change Rate per Hour – English

AC/HR.M Air Change Rate per Hour – Metric
AC/HR. AC/HR.M
VOLUME Space Volume (Cubic Feet)
VOLUMEM Space Volume (Cubic Meters)
CFM Air Flow Rate (Cubic Feet per Minute)
CMM Air Flow Rate (Cubic Meters per Minute)

3.07 English/Metric Temperature and Other Conversions

F  1.8 C  32
 F 32
C 
1.8

F degrees Fahrenheit
C degrees Celsius
kJ/hr. Btu/hr. r 1.055
CMM CFM r 0.02832
LPM GPM r 3.785
kJ/kg Btu/lbs. r 2.326
meters ft. r 0.3048
sq. meters sq. ft. r 0.0929
cu. meters cu. ft. r 0.02832
kg lbs. r 0.4536
1.0 GPM 500 lbs. steam/hr.
1.0 lb. stm. / hr. 0.002 GPM
1.0 lb. H2O / hr. 1.0 lbs. steam/hr.
kg / cu. meter lbs. / cu. ft. r 16.017 (Density)
cu. meters / kg cu. ft. / lbs. r 0.0624 (Specific Volume)
kg H2O / kg DA Gr.H2O / lbs.DA / 7,000 lbs.H2O/lbs.DA
24 PA RT 3

3.08 Steam and Condensate Equations

A. General
BTU / HR BTU / HR
LBS.STM. / HR  
H FG 960
EDR
LBS.STM.COND. / HR 
4
BTU / HR
EDR 
240
GPM r 500 r SP.GR. r Cw r $T
LBS.STM.COND. / HR 
H FG
CFM r 60 r D r Ca r $T
LBS.STM.COND. / HR 
H FG

B. Approximating Condensate Loads

GPM WATER r $T
LBS.STM.COND. / HR 
2
GPM FUEL OIL r $T
LBS.STM.COND. / HR 
4
CFM AIR r $T
LBS.STM.COND. / HR 
900

stm.  Steam
GPM  Quantity of Liquid in Gallons per Minute
CFM  Quantity of Gas or Air in Cubic Feet per Minute
SP.GR.  Specific Gravity
D  Density in lbs./cubic feet
Ca  Specific Heat of Air (0.24 Btu/lb.)
Cw  Specific Heat of Water (1.00 Btu/lb.)
HFG  Latent Heat of Steam in Btu/lbs. at Steam Design Pressure (ASHRAE Fundamen-
tals or Part 45)
$T  Final Temperature minus Initial Temperature
EDR  Equivalent Direct Radiation

3.09 Building Envelope Heating Equation

and R-Values/U-Values

H  U r A r $T
1 1
R  r Thickness
C K
1
U
£R

$T  Temperature Difference (F)

A  Area (sq.ft.)
U  U-Value (Btu./hr. sq.ft. F): See Part 35 for Definitions.
R  R-Value (hr. sq.ft. F/Btu.): See Part 35 for Definitions.
Equations 25

C  Conductance (Btu./hr. sq.ft. F): See Part 35 for Definitions.

K  Conductivity (Btu. in./hr. sq.ft. F): See Part 35 for Definitions.
3R  Sum of the Individual R-Values

3.10 Fan Laws

CFM 2 RPM 2

CFM1 RPM1
2 2
SP2 §CFM 2 ¶ § RPM 2 ¶
¨ · ¨ ·
SP1 © CFM1 ¸ © RPM1 ¸
3 3 1.5
BHP2 §CFM 2 ¶ § RPM 2 ¶ § SP2 ¶
  
BHP1 ¨© CFM1 ·¸ ¨© RPM1 ·¸ ¨© SP1 ·¸

CFM r SP r SP.GR.
BHP 
6356 r FAN EFF.
BHP
MHP 
M / DEFF .

CFM  Cubic Feet/Minute Air Density  Constant

RPM  Revolutions/Minute SP.GR.(Air)  1.0
SP  in. W.G. FANEFF  65–85%
BHP  Break Horsepower M/DEFF  80–95%
Fan Size  Constant M/D  Motor/Drive

3.11 Pump L.ws

GPM 2 RPM 2

GPM1 RPM1
2 2
HD2 §GPM 2 ¶ § RPM 2 ¶
 
HD1 ¨© GPM1 ·¸ ¨© RPM1 ·¸
3 3 1.5
BHP2 §GPM 2 ¶ § RPM 2 ¶ § HD2 ¶
  
BHP1 ¨© GPM1 ·¸ ¨© RPM1 ·¸ ¨© HD1 ·¸

GPM r HD r SP.GR.
BHP 
3960 r PUMPEFF.
BHP
MHP 
M / DEFF.

V2
VH 
2g
P r 2.31
HD 
SP.GR.

GPM  Gallons/Minute
RPM  Revolutions/Minute
HD  ft. H2O
BHP  Break Horsepower
26 PA RT 3

Pump Size  Constant

Water Density  Constant
SP.GR.  Specific Gravity of Liquid with respect to Water
SP.GR.(Water)  1.0
PUMPEFF  60–80%
M/DEFF  85–95%
M/D  Motor/Drive
P  Pressure in psi
VH  Velocity Head in ft.
V  Velocity in ft./sec.
g  Acceleration due to Gravity (32.16 ft./sec.2)

3.12 Pump Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) Calculations

NPSHAVAIL  NPSHREQ’D
NPSHAVAIL  HA  HS  HF  HVP

NPSH AVAIL  Net Positive Suction Available at Pump (feet)

NPSH REQ’D  Net Positive Suction Required at Pump (feet)
HA  Pressure at Liquid Surface (Feet – 34 feet for Water at Atmospheric Pressure)
HS  Height of Liquid Surface Above () or Below (–) Pump (feet)
HF  Friction Loss between Pump and Source (feet)
HVP  Absolute Pressure of Water Vapor at Liquid Temperature (feet – ASHRAE
Fundamentals or Part 45)

Note: Calculations may also be performed in psig, provided that all values are in psig.

3.13 Mixed Air Temperature

¤ CFM RA ³ ¤ CFM OA ³
TMA  ¥TROOM r  T r
¦ CFM SA ´µ ¥¦ OA CFM SA ´µ

¤ CFM RA ³ ¤ CFM OA ³
TMA  ¥TRA r ´  ¥TOA r
¦ CFM SA µ ¦ CFM SA ´µ

CFMSA  Supply Air CFM

CFMRA  Return Air CFM
CFMOA  Outside Air CFM
TMA  Mixed Air Temperature (F)
TROOM  Room Design Temperature (F)
TRA  Return Air Temperature (F)
TOA  Outside Air Temperature (F)

3.14 Psychrometric Equations

PW
W  0.622 r
P PW

WACTUAL
RH r 100%
WSAT
Equations 27

PW
RH  r 100%
PSAT

HS  m r cP r $T

HL  Lv r m r $W

HT  m r $h

W
2501 2.381 T W T T
WB SAT WB DB WB

2501  1..805 T 4.186 T

DB WB

W
1093 0.556 T W 0.240 T T
WB SAT WB DB WB

1093  0.444 T T DB WB

W Specific Humidity, lbs.H2O/lbs.DA or Gr.H2O/lbs.DA

WACTUAL Actual Specific Humidity, lbs.H2O/lbs.DA or Gr.H2O/lbs.DA
WSAT Saturation Specific Humidity at the Dry Bulb Temperature
WSAT WB Saturation Specific Humidity at the Wet Bulb Temperature
PW Partial Pressure of Water Vapor, lb./sq.ft.
P Total Absolute Pressure of Air/Water Vapor Mixture, lb./sq.ft.
PSAT Saturation Partial Pressure of Water Vapor at the Dry Bulb Temperature,
lb./sq.ft.
RH Relative Humidity, %
HS Sensible Heat, Btu/hr.
HL Latent Heat, Btu/hr.
HT Total Heat, Btu/hr.
m Mass Flow Rate, lbs.DA/hr. or lbs.H2O/hr.
cP Specific Heat, Air––0.24 Btu/lbs.DA, Water––1.0 Btu/lbs.H2O
TDB Dry Bulb Temperature, F
TWB Wet Bulb Temperature, F
$T Temperature Difference, F
$W Specific Humidity Difference, lbs.H2O/lbs.DA or Gr.H2O/lbs.DA
$h Enthalpy Difference, Btu/lbs.DA
LV Latent Heat of Vaporization, Btu/lbs.H2O

3.15 Ductwork Equations

TP SP VP
2
§ V ¶
VP  ¨
2
V
4005 ·  2
© ¸ 4005

Q Q r 144
V 
A W rH
0.625
1.3 r A r B
DEQ  0.25
A  B
28 PA RT 3

TP  Total Pressure
SP  Static Pressure, Friction Losses
VP  Velocity Pressure, Dynamic Losses
V  Velocity, ft./min.
Q  Flow through Duct, CFM
A  Area of Duct, sq.ft.
W  Width of Duct, in.
H  Height of Duct, in.
DEQ  Equivalent Round Duct Size for Rectangular Duct, in.
A  One Dimension of Rectangular Duct, in.
B  Adjacent Side of Rectangular Duct, in.

3.16 Equations for Flat Oval Ductwork





 


 


FS  MAJOR  MINOR

FS r MINOR 
P r MINOR
2

A 4
144

P
P r MINOR  2 r FS
12
0.625
1.55 r A
DEQ  0.25
P
FS  Flat Span Dimension in Inches
MAJOR  Major Axis Dimension in Inches (Larger Dimension)
MINOR  Minor Axis Dimension in Inches (Smaller Dimension)
A  Cross-sectional Area in Square Feet
P  Perimeter or Surface Area in Square Feet per Lineal Feet
DEQ  Equivalent Round Duct Diameter

3.17 Steel Pipe Equations

A  0.785 r ID 2
WP  10.6802 r T r (OD  T)
Equations 29

WW  0.3405 r ID 2
OSA  0.2618 r OD
ISA  0.2618 r ID
AM  0.785 r (OD 2  ID 2)

A  Cross Sectional Area (sq.in.)

WP  Weight of Pipe per Foot (lbs.)
WW  Weight of Water per Foot (lbs.)
T  Pipe Wall Thickness (in.)
ID  Inside Diameter (in.)
OD  Outside Diameter (in.)
OSA  Outside Surface Area per Foot (sq.ft.)
ISA  Inside Surface Area per Foot (sq.ft.)
AM  Area of the Metal (sq.in.)

3.18 Steam and Steam Condensate Pipe Sizing Equations

A. Steam Pipe Sizing Equations

0.01306 r W 2 r ¤¥¦1  3ID.6³´µ

$P 
3600 r D r ID5
$P r D r ID5
W  60 r
¤ 3.6³
0.01306 r ¥1  ´
¦ ID µ
W  0.41667 r V r AINCHES r D 60 r V r AFEET r D
2.4 r W W
V 
AINCHES r D 60 r AFEET r D

$P  Pressure Drop per 100 ft. of Pipe, psig/100 ft.

W  Steam Flow Rate, lbs./hr.
ID  Actual Inside Diameter of Pipe, in.
D  Average Density of Steam at System Pressure, lbs./cu.ft.
V  Velocity of Steam in Pipe, ft./min.
AINCHES  Actual Cross Sectional Area of Pipe, sq.in.
AFEET  Actual Cross Sectional Area of Pipe, sq.ft.

B. Steam Condensate Pipe Sizing Equations

HS HS
SS CR
FS  r 100
HL
CR

FS
WCR  rW
100

FS  Flash Steam, Percentage %

HSSS  Sensible Heat at Steam Supply Pressure, Btu/lbs.
HSCR  Sensible Heat at Condensate Return Pressure, Btu/lbs.
HLCR  Latent Heat at Condensate Return Pressure, Btu/lbs.
30 PA RT 3

W  Steam Flow Rate, lbs./hr.

WCR  Condensate Flow based on percentage of Flash Steam created during condensing
process, lbs/hr. Use this flow rate in the preceding steam equations to determine
the condensate return pipe size.

3.19 Air Conditioning Condensate

CFM r $WLB.
GPM AC COND 
SpV r 8.33
CFM r $WGR.
GPM AC COND 
SpV r 8.33 r 7000

GPMAC COND  Air Conditioning Condensate Flow (gal./min.)

CFM  Air Flow Rate (cu.ft./min.)
SpV  Specific Volume of Air (cu.ft./lbs.DA)
$WLB.  Specific Humidity (lbs.H2O/lbs.DA)
$WGR.  Specific Humidity (Gr.H2O/lbs.DA)

3.20 Humidification

¤W ³ ¤W ³
GRAINSREQ'D  ¥ GR. ´ ¥ GR. ´
¦ SpV µROOM AIR ¦ SpV µSUPPLY AIR
¤W ³ ¤W ³
POUNDSREQ'D  ¥ LB. ´ ¥ LB. ´
¦ SpV µROOM AIR ¦ SpV µSUPPLY AIR
CFM r GRAINSREQ ' D r 60
LBS.STM . / HR   CFM r POUNDSREQ ' D r 60
7000

GRAINSREQ’D  Grains of Moisture Required (Gr.H2O/cu.ft.)

POUNDSREQ’D  Pounds of Moisture Required (lbs.H2O/cu.ft.)
CFM  Air Flow Rate (cu.ft./min.)
SpV  Specific Volume of Air (cu.ft./lbs.DA)
WGR.  Specific Humidity (Gr.H2O/lbs.DA)
WLB.  Specific Humidity (lbs.H2O/lbs.DA)

3.21 Humidifier Sensible Heat Gain

HS  (0.244 r Q r $T)  (L r380)

HS  Sensible Heat Gain (Btu/hr.)

Q  Steam Flow (lbs. steam/hr.)
$T  Steam Temperature – Supply Air Temperature (F)
L  Length of Humidifier Manifold (ft.)
Equations 31

3.22 Expansion Tanks

§¤ v 2 ³ ¶
¨¥ ´ 1· 3A$T
¨¦ v1 µ ·¸
CLOSED VT  VS r ©
§ PA PA ¶
¨P P ·
© 1 2 ¸

ª­¤ §¤ v ³ ¶³ ¹­
OPEN VT  2 r «¥VS r ¨¥ 2 ´ 1·´ 3A$T
Tº
­¬¦ ¨©¦ v1 µ ·¸µ ­»

§¤ v 2 ³ ¶
¨¥ ´ 1· 3A$T
¨¦ v1 µ ·¸
DIAPHRAGM VT  VS r ©
¤P ³
1 ¥ 1´
¦ P2 µ

VT  Volume of Expansion Tank (Gallons)

VS  Volume of Water in Piping System (Gallons)
$T  T2  T1 (F)
T1  Lower System Temperature (F)
Heating Water T1  45–50F Temperature at Fill Condition
Chilled Water T1  Supply Water Temperature
Dual Temperature T1  Chilled Water Supply Temperature
T2  Higher System Temperature (F)
Heating Water T2  Supply Water Temperature
Chilled Water T2  95F Ambient Temperature (Design Weather Data)
Dual Temperature T2  Heating Water Supply Temperature
PA  Atmospheric Pressure (14.7 psia)
P1  System Fill Pressure/Minimum System Pressure (psia)
P2  System Operating Pressure/Maximum Operating Pressure (psia)
v1  SpV of H2O at T1 (cu.ft./lbs.H2O) ASHRAE Fundamentals or Part 45
v2  SpV of H2O at T2 (cu.ft./lbs.H2O) ASHRAE Fundamentals or Part 45
A  Linear Coefficient of Expansion
ASTEEL  6.5 r 106
ACOPPER  9.5 r 106
System Volume Estimate:
12 gal./ton
35 gal./BHP
System Fill Pressure/Minimum System Pressure Estimate:
Height of System  5 to 10 psi OR 5–10 psi, whichever is greater.
System Operating Pressure/Maximum Operating Pressure Estimate:
150 lbs. Systems 45–125 psi
250 lbs. Systems 125–225 psi

3.23 Air Balance Equations

SA  Supply Air
RA  Return Air
OA  Outside Air
EA  Exhaust Air
RFA  Relief Air
SA  RA  OA  RA  EA  RFA
32 PA RT 3

If minimum OA (ventilation air) is greater than EA, then

OA  EA  RFA
If EA is greater than minimum OA (ventilation air), then

OA  EA RFA  0
For Economizer Cycle:

OA  SA  EA  RFA RA  0

3.24 Efficiencies

BTU OUTPUT EER

COP  
BTU INPUT 3.413
BTU OUTPUT
EER 
WATTS INPUT
12,000 BTU / HR TON
KW / TON 
COP r 3, 517 BTU / HR KW

Turndown Ratio = Maximum Firing Rate: Minimum Firing Rate (e.g., 5:1, 10:1, 25:1)

GROSS BTU OUTPUT

OVERALL THERMAL EFF .  r 100%
GROSS BTU INPUT

BTU INPUT BTU STACK LOSS

COMBUSTION EFF .  r 100%
BTU INPUT
Overall Thermal Efficiency Range 75–90%
Combustion Efficiency Range 85–95%

3.25 Cooling Towers and Heat Exchangers

APPROACHCT'S  LWT  AWB

APPROACHHE'S  EWTHS  LWTCS
RANGE  EWT  LWT

EWT  Entering Water Temperature (F)

LWT  Leaving Water Temperature (F)
AWB  Ambient Wet Bulb Temperature (Design WB – F)
HS  Hot Side
CS  Cold Side

3.26 Cooling Tower/Evaporative Cooler Blowdown Equations

C
E  D  B
D  B
E §©C 1 r D¶¸
B
C 1
Equations 33

E  GPMCOND. r R r 0.0008
D  GPMCOND. r 0.0002
R  EWT  LWT

B  Blowdown, GPM
C  Cycles of Concentration
D  Drift, GPM
E  Evaporation, GPM
EWT  Entering Water Temperature, F
LWT  Leaving Water Temperature, F
R  Range, F

3.27 Electricity

A. General
KVA  KW  KVAR

B. Single-Phase Power
V r A r PF
KW1F 
1000
VrA
KVA1F 
1000
V r A r PF r DEVICE EFF.
BHP1F 
746
BHP1F
MHP1F 
M / DEFF.

C. Three-Phase Power

3 r V r A r PF
KW3F 
1000
3 rV r A
KVA3F 
1000

3 r V r A r PF r DEVICE EFF.
BHP3F 
746
BHP3F
MHP3F 
M / DEFF.

KVA  Total Power (Kilovolt Amps)

KW  Real Power, Electrical Energy (Kilowatts)
KVAR  Reactive Power or “Imaginary” Power (Kilovolt Amps Reactive)
V  Voltage (Volts)
A  Current (Amps)
PF  Power Factor (0.75–0.95)
BHP  Break Horsepower
MHP  Motor Horsepower
34 PA RT 3

EFF  Efficiency
M/D  Motor Drive

3.28 Moisture Condensation on Glass

§ R ¶
TGLASS  TROOM ¨ IA r (TROOM TOA )·
© RGLASS ¸

§U ¶
TGLASS  TROOM ¨ GLASS r (TROOM TOA )·
© U IA ¸

If TGLASS  DPROOM condensation occurs

T  Temperature (F)
R  R-Value (hr. sq.ft. F/Btu)
U  U-Value (Btu./hr. sq.ft. F)
IA  Inside Airfilm
OA  Design Outside Air Temperature
DP  Dewpoint

3.29 Calculating Heating Loads for Loading Docks,

Heavily Used Vestibules and Similar Spaces

A. Find volume of space to be heated (cu.ft.).

B. Determine acceptable warm-up time for space (min.).

C. Divide volume by time (CFM).

D. Determine inside and outside design temperatures––assume inside space tem-

perature has dropped to the outside design temperature because doors have
been open for an extended period of time.

E. Use sensible heat equation to determine heating requirement using CFM and
inside and outside design temperatures determined earlier in this Part.

3.30 Ventilation of Mechanical Rooms with

Refrigeration Equipment

A. For a more detailed description of ventilation requirements for mechanical rooms

with refrigeration equipment, see ASHRAE Standard 15 and Part 8.

B. Completely Enclosed Equipment Rooms

CFM  100 r G 0.5
CFM  Exhaust Air Flow Rate Required (cu.ft./minute)
G  Mass of Refrigerant of Largest System (pounds)

C. Partially Enclosed Equipment Rooms

FA  G 0.5
FA  Ventilation Free Opening Area (sq.ft.)
G  Mass of Refrigerant of Largest System (Pounds)
Equations 35

3.31 Pipe Expansion Equations

A. L-Bends

L  6.225 r $D
F  500 LB. / PIPE DIA. r PIPE DIA.

L  Length of Leg Required to Accommodate Thermal Expansion or Contraction, Feet

$  Thermal Expansion or Contraction of Long Leg, Inches
D  Pipe Outside Diameter, Inches
F  Force Exerted by Pipe Expansion or Contraction on Anchors and Supports, lbs. See Tables
in Part 18 for solved equations.

B. Z-Bends

L  4 r $D
F  200  500 LB. / PIPE DIA. r PIPE DIA.

L  Length of Offset Leg Required to Accommodate Thermal Expansion or Contraction, Feet

$  Anchor to Anchor Expansion or Contraction, Inches
D  Pipe Outside Diameter, Inches
F  Force Exerted by Pipe Expansion or Contraction on Anchors and Supports, lbs. See Tables
in Part 18 for solved equations.
C. U-Bends or Expansion Loops
36 PA RT 3

L  6.225 r $D
F  200 LB. / PIPE DIA. r PIPE DIA.
L  2H  W
H  2W
L  5W

L  Length of Loop Required to Accommodate Thermal Expansion or Contraction, ft.

$  Anchor to Anchor Expansion or Contraction, in.
D  Pipe Outside Diameter, in.
F  Force Exerted by Pipe Expansion or Contraction on Anchors and Supports, lbs.

3.32 Relief Valve Vent Line Maximum Length

9 r P 12 r D5 9 r P 22 r D5
L 
C2 16 r C 2

P1  0.25 r §©PRESSURE SETTING r 1.1  14.7¶¸

P2  §©PRESSURE SETTING r 1.1  14.7¶¸

L  Maximum Length of Relief Vent Line in Feet

D  Inside Diameter of Pipe in Inches
C  Minimum Discharge of Air in lbs./min.

3.33 Relief Valve Sizing

A. Liquid System Relief Valves––Spring-Style Relief Valves

GPM r G
A
28.14 r KB r K V r $P

B. Liquid System Relief Valves––Pilot-Operated Relief Valves

GPM r G
A
36.81 r K V r $P

C. Steam System Relief Valves

W
A
51.5 r K r P r KSH r K N r KB

D. Gas and Vapor System Relief Valves––lbs./hr.

W r TZ
A
C r K r P r KB r M

E. Gas and Vapor System Relief Valves––SCFM

SCFM r TGZ
A
1.175 r C r K r P r K B
Equations 37

F. Relief Valve Equation Definitions

1. A  Minimum required effective relief valve discharge area (sq.in.)
2. GPM  Required relieving capacity at flow conditions (gal./min.)
3. W  Required relieving capacity at flow conditions (lbs./hr.)
4. SCFM  Required relieving capacity at flow conditions (standard cu.ft./min.)
5. G  Specific gravity of liquid, gas, or vapor at flow conditions
Water  1.0 for most HVAC applications
Air  1.0
6. C  Coefficient determined from expression of ratio of specific heats
C  315 if value is unknown
7. K  Effective coefficient of discharge
K  0.975
8. KB  Capacity correction factor due to back pressure
KB  1.0 for atmospheric discharge systems
9. KV  Flow correction factor due to viscosity
KV  0.9 to 1.0 for most HVAC applications with water
10. KN  Capacity correction factor for dry saturated steam at set pressures above
1500 psia and up to 3200 psia
KN  1.0 for most HVAC applications
11. KSH  Capacity correction factor due to the degree of superheat
KSH  1.0 for saturated steam
12. Z  Compressibility factor
Z  1.0 if value is unknown
13. P  Relieving pressure (psia)
P  Set pressure (psig)  over pressure (10% psig)  atmospheric pressure
(14.7 psia)
14. $P  Differential pressure (psig)
$P  Set pressure (psig)  over pressure (10% psig)  back pressure (psig)
15. T  Absolute temperature (R  F  460)
16. M  Molecular weight of the gas or vapor

G. Relief Valve Sizing Notes

1. When multiple relief valves are used, one valve shall be set at or below the maximum
allowable working pressure, and the remaining valves may be set up to 5 percent over the
maximum allowable working pressure.
2. When sizing multiple relief valves, the total area required is calculated on an over pres-
sure of 16 percent or 4 psi, whichever is greater.
3. For superheated steam, the following correction factor values may be used:
a. Superheat up to 400F: 0.97 (range 0.979–0.998)
b. Superheat up to 450F: 0.95 (range 0.957–0.977)
c. Superheat up to 500F: 0.93 (range 0.930–0.968)
d. Superheat up to 550F: 0.90 (range 0.905–0.974)
e. Superheat up to 600F: 0.88 (range 0.882–0.993)
f. Superheat up to 650F: 0.86 (range 0.861–0.988)
g. Superheat up to 700F: 0.84 (range 0.841–0.963)
h. Superheat up to 750F: 0.82 (range 0.823–0.903)
i. Superheat up to 800F: 0.80 (range 0.805–0.863)
j. Superheat up to 850F: 0.78 (range 0.786–0.836)
k. Superheat up to 900F: 0.75 (range 0.753–0.813)
l. Superheat up to 950F: 0.72 (range 0.726–0.792)
m. Superheat up to 1000F: 0.70 (range 0.704–0.774)
4. Gas and vapor properties:
38 PA RT 3

GAS AND VAPOR PROPERTIES

Molecular Ratio of Specific Coefficient Specific
Gas or Vapor
Weight Heats C Gravity
Acetylene 26.04 1.25 342 0.899
Air 28.97 1.40 356 1.000
Ammonia (R-717) 17.03 1.30 347 0.588
Argon 39.94 1.66 377 1.379
Benzene 78.11 1.12 329 2.696
N-Butane 58.12 1.18 335 2.006
Iso-Butane 58.12 1.19 336 2.006
Carbon Dioxide 44.01 1.29 346 1.519
Carbon Disulphide 76.13 1.21 338 2.628
Carbon Monoxide 28.01 1.40 356 0.967
Chlorine 70.90 1.35 352 2.447
Cyclohexane 84.16 1.08 325 2.905
Ethane 30.07 1.19 336 1.038
Ethyl Alcohol 46.07 1.13 330 1.590
Ethyl Chloride 64.52 1.19 336 2.227
Ethylene 28.03 1.24 341 0.968
Helium 4.02 1.66 377 0.139
N-Heptane 100.20 1.05 321 3.459
Hexane 86.17 1.06 322 2.974
Hydrochloric Acid 36.47 1.41 357 1.259
Hydrogen 2.02 1.41 357 0.070
Hydrogen Chloride 36.47 1.41 357 1.259
Hydrogen Sulphide 34.08 1.32 349 1.176
Methane 16.04 1.31 348 0.554
Methyl Alcohol 32.04 1.20 337 1.106
Methyl Butane 72.15 1.08 325 2.491
Methyl Chloride 50.49 1.20 337 1.743
Natural Gas 19.00 1.27 344 0.656
Nitric Oxide 30.00 1.40 356 1.036
Nitrogen 28.02 1.40 356 0.967
Nitrous Oxide 44.02 1.31 348 1.520
N-Octane 114.22 1.05 321 3.943
Oxygen 32.00 1.40 356 1.105
N-Pentane 72.15 1.08 325 2.491
Iso-Pentane 72.15 1.08 325 2.491
Propane 44.09 1.13 330 1.522
R-11 137.37 1.14 331 4.742
R-12 120.92 1.14 331 4.174
R-22 86.48 1.18 335 2.985
R-114 170.93 1.09 326 5.900
R-123 152.93 1.10 327 5.279
R-134a 102.03 1.20 337 3.522
Sulfur Dioxide 64.04 1.27 344 2.211
Toluene 92.13 1.09 326 3.180

3.34 Motor Drive Formulas

DFP r RPMFP = DMP r RPMMP

BL  [(DFP  DMP) r 1.5708]  (2 r L)

DFP  Fan Pulley Diameter

DMP  Motor Pulley Diameter
RPMFP  Fan Pulley RPM
RPMMP  Motor Pulley RPM
BL  Belt Length
L  Center to Center Distance of Fan and Motor Pulleys
Equations 39

3.35 Domestic Water Heater Sizing

H OUTPUT  GPH r 8.34 LBS. / GAL. r $T r 1.0

GPH r 8.34 LBS. / GAL. r $T
H INPUT 
%EFFICIENCY
H INPUT r %EFFICIENCY KW r 3413 BTU / KW
GPH  
$T r 8.34 LBS. / GAL. $T r 8.34 LBS. / GAL.
H INPUT r % EFFICIENCY KW r 3413 BTU / KW
$T  
GPH r 8.34 LBS. / GAL. GPH r 8.34 LBS. / GAL.
GPH r 8.34 LBS. / GAL. r $T r 1.0
KW 
3413 BTU / KW
THOT TMIX
%COLD WATER 
THOT TCOLD
TMIX TCOLD
%HOT WATER 
THOT TCOLD

HOUTPUT  Heating Capacity – Output

HINPUT  Heating Capacity – Input
GPH  Recovery Rate – Gallons per Hour
$T  Temperature Rise – F
kW  Kilowatts
TCOLD  Temperature – Cold Water – F
THOT  Temperature – Hot Water – F
TMIX  Temperature – Mixed Water – F

3.36 Domestic Hot Water Recirculation Pump/Supply Sizing

A. Determine the approximate total length of all hot water supply and return piping.

B. Multiply this total length by 30 Btu/ft. for insulated pipe and 60 Btu/ft. for uninsu-
lated pipe to obtain the approximate heat loss.

C. Divide the total heat loss by 10,000 to obtain the total pump capacity in GPM.

D. Select a circulating pump to provide the total required GPM and obtain the head
created at this flow.

E. Multiply the head by 100 and divide by the total length of the longest run of the hot
water return piping to determine the allowable friction loss per 100 feet of pipe.

F. Determine the required GPM in each circulating loop and size the hot water return
pipe based on this GPM and the allowable friction loss as determined earlier.

3.37 Swimming Pools

A. Sizing Outdoor Pool Heater

1. Determine pool capacity in gallons – obtain from Architect if available.
Length r Width r Depth r 7.5 gal./cu.ft. (If depth is not known, assume an average
depth of 5.5 feet.)
40 PA RT 3

2. Determine heat pick-up time in hours from Owner.

3. Determine pool water temperature in degrees F from the Owner. If Owner does not
specify temperature, assume 80F.
4. Determine the average air temperature on the coldest month in which the pool will
be used.
5. Determine the average wind velocity in miles per hour. For pools less than 900 square
feet and where the pool is sheltered by nearby buildings, fences, shrubs, etc. from the
prevailing wind, an average wind velocity of less than 3.5 mph may be assumed. The
surface heat loss factor of 5.5 Btuh/sq.ft. F in the following equation assumes a wind
velocity of 3.5 mph. If a wind velocity of less than 3.5 mph is used, multiply the equa-
tion by 0.75; for 5.0 mph, multiply the equation by 1.25; and for 10 mph, multiply the
equation by 2.0.
6. Pool heater equations:

H POOLHEATER  H HEAT UP  H SURFACE LOSS

GAL. r 8.34 LBS. / GAL. r $TWATER r 1.0 BTU / LBS.F
H HEAT UP 
HEAT PICK UP TIME
H SURFACE LOSS  5.5 BTU / HR SQ. FT. F r $TWATER/ AIR r POOL AREA
$TWATER  TFINAL TINITIAL
TFINAL  POOL WATER TEMPERATURE
TINITIAL  50 F

$TWATER / AIR  TFINAL TAVERAGE AIR

H  Heating capacity (Btu/hr.)

$T  Temperature difference (F)