Graubaum and Shephard - motif is any non-empty plane set ✓ translation and glide reflection but along a one

n but along a one line

Pattern - repetition of motif in the plane

● Numerical - Fibonacci Sequence
● Logical - IQ Test
● Geometric Conway’s Frieze Group Pattern
● Hop - translation
Transformation
● Rotation
turns a figure at a certain point
in a plane ● Step (glide reflection) - translation and reflection

● Translation
slides figure in any particular
direction or distance
● Sidle - translation, vertical reflection
● Reflection
mirrors figure in any particular
direction or distance
● Spinning hop - translation, rotation
● Dilation
shrinks or expands figure with
the same scale

● Glide Reflection
● Spinning Sidle - translation, glide reflection, rotation
combination of translation and
reflection

Isometry
● Jump - translation and horizontal reflection
● The original figure and the resulting figure after a
transformation are congruent
● Rotation of a motif in a fixed angle about a fixed point
● Reflection, rotation and transformation but not dilation
● Can be formed by three operations: glide reflection
followed by rotation ● Spinning Jump - translation, rotation, reflection (H V)
● Combination of translation - reflection and
reflection - rotation

Symmetry
● Mapping a pattern in the plane back into itself
● Dihedral - symmetric group of rotation and reflection
● Symmetric - group of rotations and reflections
● Pattern - Rosette, Frieze, Wallpaper
Rosette Patterns
✓ reflections and rotations
☓ translation or glide reflections
Wallpaper Patterns
● Translation added in a second, independent direction
● 17 different discrete groups
● Smallest rotational symmetry: 180, 120, 60, 90
● M - reflection symmetry, G - glide reflection symmetry
✓ reflections, rotations and glide reflections
✓ translation in two linearly independent directions

Tessellations
● Pattern covering a plane by fitting together replicas of
the same basic shape
● Geometric - pattern resulting from the arrangement of
Frieze Patterns regular polygons to cover a plane without any gap or
overlap and continuously repeated
✓ reflections and rotations
● Created by nature and man by accident or design
 ● Tessea - square tablet or die used in gambling a large number of calculations of a simple formula
● Maurits Cornelis Escher - Father of Tessellations
● Ex. Honeycomb, snake skin, tiles Recursion
● Properties ● Special kind of iteration
- Must tile a floor that goes on forever with no ● Their is a given starting information and rules for how
overlaps to use and get new information (Ex. Fibonacci)
- Tiles must be the same regular polygons
- All vertices must look the same Scaling Factor
● Not all shapes can tessellate ● It is a fraction, with a value less than 1.0
- Pentagon ● Used to specify the distance from one plotted point to
- Heptagon the next plotted point relative to the distance from the
- Octagon original plotted point to one of the fixed points
● Governs how diffused or focused the resulting frata
Regular Tessellation pattern will be
● Made up of congruent regular polygons
Canto Set
● Is a fractal that can be formed using an IFS
● Set formed
- Begin with the set (o1,)
- Divide the existing segments into thirds
- Remove the middle third
Semi Regular Tessellation - Go to Step 2
● Archimedian Tessellation
● Regular tessellation of two or more different polygons
around a vertex and each vertex has the same
arrangement of polygons
Dimensions
● Euclidean Geometry
- 1 dimensional line segment has only length
- 2 dimensional triangle covers area in a plane
- 3 dimensional pyramid occupy volume in a
space
● Something to do with the number of distance
measurements needed to specify the size of a
Demi-Regular Tessellation Euclidean world
● Edge-to-edge tessellation, but the order of polygons 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑛
at each vertex is not the same ● Formula 𝑑 = 1
𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑟
- R: ratio of the length of the new object to the
length of the new one
- N: number of new objects

Sierpinski Triangle orr Sierpinski Gasket

● Classical example of self-similarity
● Constructed as follows
Fractals
- Begin with an equilateral triangle
● Iterates a figure to make it smaller and smaller or
- Find the midpoint of each side
bigger and bigger using a scaling factor
- Connect the midpoints by a straight line
● Mathematical construct characterized by self-similarity
- Observe that you created three more
● A geometric pattern that is repeated at smaller scales
triangles one on top and two at the bottom.
to produce irregular shapes and surfaces that cannot
The middle triangle is hollow
be represented by classical geometry
- Repeat the process with all three triangles
● Fractals is a geometric shape which
- Self-similar
- Has a fractional dimension
● Fractals about things
- Fractions
- Functions
- Graph
- Imaginary numbers Voting
● Benoit Mandelbrot - popularized and disciplined ● Sacred right and power that a citizens in a democratic
Self-Similarity country exercise to select their leaders
● The magnified area is seen to be similar to the
original but is not identical to it. Plurality Method
● Turned into a same shape by either stretching or ● Each voter votes for one candidate and the candidate
shrinking and sometimes rotating with the most votes wins
● The winning candidate does not need to have a
Iteration majority votes. Majority vote means over 50% of the
● Repeating a process over and over people voting must vote for the candidate
● Iterative Function System - generating fractals involve
 ● In case of a tie, a specific runoff election may be held.
If votes are ranked, the candidate with the greatest
number of first-place votes is declared as winner
● Alternative choices are not considered in this method:
hence its extent is somewhat limited

Plurality with Elimination Method (Without Ranking)

● Each person votes for a candidate
● If a candidate receives a majority of votes, that
candidate is declared the winner
● If no candidate receives a majority of votes, then the
candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated and a
new election is held
● This process continues until a candidate receives a
majority of votes
● Limitation: holding several elections is expensive and
time consuming

Plurality with Elimination Method (With Ranking)

● First, Eliminate the candidate with the fewest number
of votes in the first place votes
● If two or more of these alternatives have the same
number of first place votes, all are eliminated unless
that would eliminate all alternatives. In that case, a
different method of voting must be used
● Adjust the voters rankings of the remaining
candidates
● Repeat the same process of elimination and
adjustment until only two candidates are left
● The candidate with the majority of votes wins election

Borda Count Method

● If there are n candidates or issues in an election, each
voter rank candidates or issues by giving
- n points to the voter’s first choice
- N-1 point to the voter’s second choice, and
so on, with the voter’s least choice receiving
1 point
● The candidate or issue that receives the greatest total
points is the winner

Pairwise Comparison Voting Method

● Each Candidate is compared one-on-one with each of
the other candidates (Head to Head Method)
● Candidate receives 1 point for win, 0.5 points for a tie
and 0 points for a lose
● The candidate with the greatest number of points wins

Shape Area Perimeter Volume

Circle

Square
 Rhombus

Rectangle

Trapezoid

Triangle

Parallelogram

Cylinder

Sphere

Pyramid

Codes
● Symbolic way to represent information
● Qualitative inquiry
● It is not a precise science
Security I notice that the grand majority of homes
have chain links in front of them. There
are many dogs with the sign of fences
that say “Beware of Dog.”

Teacher’s When Barry was growing up young in

Set school he was a people-pleaser and his
teachers loved him to death
Hieroglyphics (or Sacred Writings) - Each block represents a digit and the 10th
● Codes used by Ancient Egyptians in writing system block is used as an error correction
● Examples
- Roman Numeral (I,II,III,IV,V,VI,VII,VIII,IX,X)
- Egyptian Counting System
- Attribute Code (Label in the shirt)
- Musical Scores, DNA, Genetic Codes

Identification Numbers
● Recognition and detection of materials and for
Cryptography
tracking and inventory of products or documents
● Use to study methods to write and solve secret codes
● Numeric Identification Number
● Encryption - process of encoding messages through
- Single positive number or a string of digits,
secret messages
sometimes separated by spaces or dashes
● Plaintext - Sender composes a message or
● Alphanumeric Identification Number
information which intends to transmit to a receiver,
- Has a string of digits, letters, other symbols
● Ciphertext - The result of encryption performed on
● Example
plaintext using an algorithm is called
- Vehicle Plate Number
● Decryption Message is converted back to plaintext
- 13 digit International Standard Book Number
● Determined first-hand communicated through
electronic transactions
Check Digits (or Check Sum)
● Used by Stewart, President Bill Clinton and Ireland’s
● Used to verify errors on identification numbers
Prime Minister Bertie Ahern
● Single number that is generated using the other
characters from the identification number
Caesar Cipher (Caesar Code)
Universal Product Code
● Check digit is usually indicated in the far right
● It is the barcode which is the identification number of
a retail item such as grocery product
● Consist of 12 digits
- First 11 specify the source item and product
number
- 12th digit is a check digit and a modulo 10
Decrimation Cypher

Product Tags
● Are descriptors assigned to specific products to
organize, document and track their progress.
● contains keywords or key phrases for each respective Linear Cypher
product, which are stored in a computer.

US Postal Money Order

● Us Post office use to identify number system
● Identification number is 11 digits long
- 1 to 10 digits are document number
- 11th digit is a check digit that uses modula 9

Barcode
● Set of vertical bars (long or short) and spaces which
provide an indispensable tool for tracking a variety of
data from pricing to inventory
● Uses a scanner to convert code into specific data
● Used for automated data collection
● Example
- Postnet Code x by the US Postal Service is
considered the simplest barcode
- ZIP+4 code which use the ZIP code of US
Postal Service which started in 1983
● The long bar contained 52 lines
- First and Last serve as guide bars
- 50 remaining are divided into 5 that contains
2 long bars and 3 short bars