MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

GEED 034 | FIRST SEMESTER | BSBA MM 1-2D

TOPIC OUTLINE OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS OF SYMMETRIC

PATTERNS
I. Patterns and Numbers in Nature
a. Symmetry 1. Rosette Pattern
b. Natural Patterns
▪ consist of taking motif or an element and rotating
II. Fibonacci Sequence
a. Golden Rectangle / Fibonnaci Spiral and/or reflecting that element. There are two types
III. Mathematics for Our World of rosette patterns namely cyclic and dihedral.

What is Mathematics?
▪ Mathematics is a branch of science, which deals
with numbers and their operations.
▪ Mathematics helps us to organize and systemize our
ideas about patterns, in so doing, not only can we
admire and enjoy these patterns, we can also use 2. Frieze Pattern
them to infer some of the underlying principles that
govern the world of nature. ▪ is a pattern in which a basic motif repeats itself over
and over in one direction. It extends to the left and
I. PATTERNS AND NUMBERS IN NATURE right in a way that the pattern can be mapped onto
Pattern itself by a horizontal translation.
▪ A pattern is an arrangement which helps observers 7 Types of Frieze Pattern:
anticipate what they might see or what happens
1. Hop - only admits a translational symmetry.
next.
Note: translation means relating to movement of a body in a
A. SYMMETRY straight line.
Symmetry occurs when there is congruence in
dimensions, due proportions and arrangement. It
provides a sense of harmony and balance.
TYPES OF SYMMETRY
2. Step - only admits a translational and glide
1. Bilateral or Reflection Symmetry
symmetries.
▪ is the simplest kind of symmetry. It can also be Note: a glide reflection is a symmetry operation that consists of
called mirror symmetry because an object with this a reflection over a line and then translation along that line.
symmetry looks unchanged if a mirror passes
through its middle.

3. Sidle - only admits translations and vertical

reflections.
Note: vertical reflection is a reflection in which a plane figure
2. Radial Symmetry flips over vertically.

▪ is rotational symmetry around a fixed point known as

the center. Images with more than one lines of
symmetry meeting at a common point exhibits a
radial symmetry.
4. Spinning Hop - only admits translations and 180°
rotations. (half-turns)

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
GEED 034 | FIRST SEMESTER | BSBA MM 1-2D

5. Spinning Sidle - only admits translations, vertical 2. WAVES

reflections, rotations, and glide reflections.
▪ Wind waves are created as wind passes over a
large body of water, creating patterns or ripples.
When wind passes over land, it creates dunes.
Dunes may form a range of patterns as well.

6. Jump - only admits translations, a horizontal

reflection, and glide reflection.

7. Spinning Jump - admits translations, vertical

reflections, horizontal reflections, rotations, and glide
reflections.
3. Wallpaper Pattern
▪ is a pattern with translation symmetry in two
directions. It is, therefore, essentially on
arrangement of friezes stacked upon one another to
fill the entire plane.
3. FRACTALS
▪ Fractals are never-ending patterns. The beauty of
fractals is that their infinite complexity is formed
through the repetition of simple equations. These
repeating patterns are displayed at every scale.
▪ A fractal is a kind of pattern that we observe often in
nature and in art. As Ben Weiss explains, “whenever
you observe a series of patterns repeating over and
over again, at many different scales, and where any
small part resembles the whole, that’s a fractal.

4. SPIRAL
B. NATURAL PATTERNS ▪ A spiral is a curved pattern that focuses on a center
point and a series of circular shapes that revolve
Natural Pattern include symmetries, tessellations,
around it.
fractals, spirals, meanders, waves, foams and bubbles,
stripes & spotted, and cracks.
1. TESSALATION
▪ a pattern of one or more shapes where the shapes
do not overlap or no have space between them.

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
GEED 034 | FIRST SEMESTER | BSBA MM 1-2D

5. CHAOS, FLOW, MEANDERS 7. FOAM

▪ Chaos is the study of how simple patterns can be  A foam is a substance made by trapping air or gas
generated from complicated underlying behavior. bubbles inside a solid or liquid. Typically, the volume
of gas is much larger than that of the liquid or solid,
▪ Meanders are bends in a sinuous form that appears
with thin films separating gas pockets.
as rivers or other channels, which form as a fluid,
most often water, flows around bends..
▪ Flow is a repeating pattern of swirling vortices
caused by a process known as vortex shedding.

II. FIBONACCI SEQUENCE

6. SPOTS, STRIPES
 One function of animal patterns is camouflage; for
instance, a leopard that is harder to see catches
more prey.
7. CRACKS
 Cracks are linear openings that form in materials to
relieve stress. When a material fails in all directions
it results in cracks. The patterns created reveal if the
material is elastic or not.
The Fibonacci sequence was invented by the Italian
Leonardo Pisano Bigollo (1180-
1250).
 To formally, define the
Fibonacci sequence, we
start by defining F1 = 1 and
F2 = 1. For n > 2, we
define:
 Fn = Fn−1 + Fn−2
The sequence F1, F2, F3,… is then the Fibonacci
sequence. Such a definition is called a recursive
definition because it starts by defining some initial
values and defines the next term as a function of
the previous terms.
Luca Pacioli found the
relationship between Fibonacci
sequence and the golden ratio.
 The golden ratio was first called
as the Divine Proportion in the
early 1500s in Leonardo da Vinci’s
work was explored by Luca Pacioli
(Italian mathematician) entitled
“De Devina Proportione” in 1509.

Da Vinci’s drawings of the

five platonic solids and it
was probably da Vinci who
first called it the “section
aurea” Latin for Golden
Section.

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
GEED 034 | FIRST SEMESTER | BSBA MM 1-2D

If we take the ratio of Fn to Fn−1 for n ≥ 1, GOLDEN RECTANGLE

The Fibonacci numbers can be applied to the
n Fn Fn=Fn−1 n Fn Fn=Fn−1 proportions of a rectangle, called the Golden rectangle.
1 1 - 8 21 1:61538 : : : Golden Rectangle is known as one of the most visually
2 1 1 9 34 1:61904 : : : satisfying of all geometric forms – hence, the
appearance of the Golden ratio in art.
3 2 2 10 55 1:61764 : : :
The Golden rectangle is also related to the Golden
4 3 1.5 11 89 1:61818 : : : spiral, which is created by making adjacent squares of
5 5 1:666 : : : 12 144 1:61797 : : : Fibonacci dimensions.

6 8 1.6 13 233 1:61805 : : : A Fibonacci spiral which approximates the golden

spiral, using Fibonacci sequence square sizes up to 34.
7 13 1.625 14 377 1:618025 : : :

we see that as n gets larger and larger, the ratio gets

closer and closer to a value denoted by φ (PHI). The
number φ is called as the golden ratio and can be
formally defined as:

III. MATHEMATICS FOR OUR WORLD

Fibonacci numbers appear in nature in various
places.
The symbol means “the limit as n approaches
infinity” which is usually studied in a calculus course. It  Pinecones, Speed
can be calculated that the exact value of φ is: Heads, Vegetables and
Fruits Spiral patterns
curving from left and
right can be seen at the
array of seeds in the
center of a sunflower.

 Most flowers express

If we denote by , we can write the nth
the Fibonacci sequence if you
Fibonacci number explicitly using the formula:
count the number of petals on
these flowers. Some plants
also exhibit the Fibonacci
sequence in their growth
This is known as the Binet Formula. points, on the places where
tree branches form or split.
_____________________________________________
Two quantities are in the Golden ratio if their ratio is the
same of their sum to the larger of the two quantities.  The family tree of a
honeybee perfectly
resembles the
Fibonacci sequence. A
honeybee colony
consists of a queen, a
few drones and lots of
The Golden Ratio is the relationship between numbers workers.
on the Fibonacci sequence where plotting the
relationships on scales results in a spiral shape.

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
GEED 034 | FIRST SEMESTER | BSBA MM 1-2D

 Human body has

many elements that show  Mona-Lisa by
the Fibonacci numbers Leonardo Da
and the golden ratio. Vinci: It is
Most of your body parts believed that
follow the Fibonacci Leonardo, as a
sequence and the mathematician
proportions and tried to
measurements of the incorporate of
human body can also be divided up in terms of mathematics
the golden ratio. into art.

 Geography, Weather and Galaxies

Fibonacci numbers and
the relationships between Applications of Mathematics in our World
these numbers are
 Mathematics helps organize patterns and
evident in spiral galaxies,
regularities in the world;
sea wave curves and in
the patterns of stream and  Mathematics helps predict the behavior of nature
drainages. and many phenomena;
 Mathematics helps control nature and occurrences
in the world for our own good;
_____________________________________________
 Mathematics has applications in many human
The Golden Ratio and/or the Golden Spiral can also be
endeavors.
observed in music, art, and designs. Appearing in many
architectural structures, the presence of the golden ratio Math helps us understand or make sense of the world -
provided a sense of balance and equilibrium. and we use the world to understand math. It is therefore
important that we learn math contents needed to solve
complex problems in a complex world.
 The Great Pyramid of
Giza: The Great Pyramid
of Giza built around 2560 -------------------------------- END -----------------------------------
BC is one of the
earliest examples of the
use of the golden ratio. “Neglect of mathematics works injury to all
knowledge, since he who is ignorant of it cannot
know the other sciences or the things of the world..”
— Roger Bacon (1214-1294)

 The Greek sculptor

Phidias sculpted
many things
including the bands
of sculpture that run
above the columns
of the Parthenon.

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