MATHEMATICS IN CHAPTER 1

OUR WORLD
PATTERNS IN NATURE AND THE REGULARITIES
IN THE WORLD
Patterns in nature are visible regularities of forms found in the natural
world. These patterns recur in different contexts and can sometimes be
modelled mathematically. Natural patterns include symmetries, spirals,
meanders, waves, foams, tessellations, cracks, stripes, fractals, and affine
transformations.
SYMMETRIES

Symmetry means agreement in dimensions, due proportion and

arrangement.
In everyday language, it refers to a sense of harmonious and beautiful
proportion and balance.
In Mathematics, "symmetry" has a more precise definition, and is usually
used to refer to an object that is invariant under some transformations;
including translation, reflection, rotation or scaling.
SPIRAL
In mathematics, a spiral is a curve which emanates from a point, moving
farther away as it revolves around the point.
MEANDER

A Meander is one of a series of regular sinuous curves in the

channel of a river or other watercourse. It is produced as a
watercourse erodes the sediments of an outer, concave bank (cut
bank) and deposits sediments on an inner, convex bank which is
typically a point bar. The result of this coupled erosion and
sedimentation is the formation of a sinuous course as the channel
migrates back and forth across the axis of a floodplain.
A stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-
valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which
lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.
WAVE
A Wave is a propagating dynamic disturbance (change from equilibrium)
of one or more quantities. Waves can be periodic, in which case those
quantities oscillate repeatedly about an equilibrium (resting) value at
some frequency.

Surface waves in water showing water ripples.

FOAMS
Foams are materials formed by trapping
pockets of gas in a liquid or solid.

In this example, it is a soap foam bubbles.

TESSELLATION
A Tessellation or tiling is the
covering of a surface, often a plane,
using one or more geometric shapes,
called tiles, with no overlaps and no
gaps. In mathematics, tessellation can
be generalized to higher dimensions
and a variety of geometries.
FRACTURE OR CRACKS
Fracture is the separation of an
object or material into two or more
pieces under the action of stress. The
fracture of a solid usually occurs due
to the development of certain
displacement discontinuity surfaces
within the solid. If a displacement
develops perpendicular to the
surface, it is called a normal tensile
crack or simply a crack; if a
displacement develops tangentially, it
is called a shear crack, slip band or
dislocation.
Brittle cleavage fracture surface from a scanning electron
microscope.
STRIPES
A Stripe is a line or band that differs in color or tone from an
adjacent area. Stripes are a group of such lines.
FRACTAL
A Fractal is a never-ending pattern. Fractals are infinitely complex
patterns that are self-similar across different scales. They are
created by repeating a simple process over and over in an
ongoing feedback loop. Driven by recursion, fractals are images of
dynamic systems – the pictures of Chaos. Geometrically, they exist
in between our familiar dimensions. Fractal patterns are extremely
familiar, since nature is full of fractals. For instance: trees, rivers,
coastlines, mountains, clouds, seashells, hurricanes, etc.
A simple fractal tree. The Mandelbrot set: its boundary is
a fractal curve.
 AFFINE TRANSFORMATIONS
These are the processes of rotation,
reflection and scaling. Many plant forms
utilize these processes to generate their
structure. In the case of Broccoli and
Cauliflower heads, it can readily be
seen that there is a type of pattern,
which also shows some spiraling in the
case of Broccoli.
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
In mathematics, the Fibonacci numbers, commonly denoted Fn ,
form a sequence, the Fibonacci sequence, in which each number is
the sum of the two preceding ones. The sequence commonly starts
from 0 and 1, although some authors omit the initial terms and start
the sequence from 1 and 1 or from 1 and 2. Starting from 0 and
1, the next few values in the sequence are:
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, ...
In Mathematical Fomula:
Fn = Fn-1 + Fn-2 , Where: n = #nth term for the Sequence
SHORT QUIZ
GET 1 WHOLE SHEET OF PAPER

A. Give a 1 sample object for each patterns. And illustrate or draw the
pattern.
1. Symmetry
2. Spiral
3. Meander
4. Wave
5. Foam
ASSIGNMENT
1. List 10 Samples for Importance of Mathematics in Life, and
Explain. (10 Points)
2. What are the 6 Nature of Mathematics? And discuss your
answers. (12 Points)
3. Write an Essay on how can you use mathematics on your
profession as Computer Science professionals. (28 Points)