MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
What is Mathematics in the Modern World?
 Mathematics as a system of knowing
or understanding our surroundings.
 It provides glimpses into the nature
of mathematics and how it is used to
understand our world.
 To explore those facets of
mathematics that will strengthen the
quantitative understandings of our
environs.
 It is specifically designed to connect
mathematics to the real world.
MATHEMATICS
 It is the science of pattern and
relationship.
THE USE OF MATHEMATICS
 It makes our life orderly and
systematic, and it prevents chaos; it
is used to express, solve, and
interpret the puzzles observed in
nature.
THE ROLE OF MATHEMATICS
 It expounds the power of reasoning,
creativity,abstract or spatial thinking,
critical thinking, problem-solving
ability, and even effective
communication skills.
MATHEMATICS IN NATURE
 It is evident in the natural world,
specifically in how the patterns that
we observe in nature follow logical
and mathematical structures.
MATHEMATICS IN THE NATURAL
WORLD
Mathematics For Organization
 Using mathematical tools to make
sense of all existing data in
generating analysis, interpretations
and better decisions.
Mathematics For Prediction
 Applying the concept of probability to
calculate the chance of an event
occurring like weather forecasts,
meteor showers and eclipses.
Mathematics For Control
 Through its usage, man is able to
exert control over himself and the
effects of nature such as threat of
climate change and global warming.
Mathematics As Indispensable
 Logical reasoning and critical
thinking are crucial skills that are
needed in any human endeavor
(doctor, engineer, chef, entrepreneur,
farmer, nurse, fisherman, teacher,
etc.)
PATTERNS
 Regular, repeated, recurring forms or
designs
Examples
o Man-made patterns
o Nature patterns
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
MATHEMATICAL PATTERN
 an expression of mathematics which
are sequences that repeat and
following rules as a way to calculate
or solve a problem.
SEQUENCE
 an ordered list of numbers called
terms, that may have repeated
values of which arrangement of
these terms is set by a definite rule.
PATTERN FORMATION IN NATURE
The zebras and tigers that are covered in
patterns of stripes, the number of petals in
different layers of a flower, the rainbow
mosaic of a butterfly’s wings and the
number of ridges on the leaves of a fern
plant
 The pineapple cone, the sunflower
seeds and the snail’s shell exhibit
logarithmic spiral pattern called
Fibonacci
SYMMETRY & ORDER OF ROTATION
SYMMETRICAL PATTERNS
 are designs or patterns that are
identical on both halves when folded.
BILATERAL SYMMETRY
 are evident in most animals and
humans. Snowflakes and
Honeycombs contain Fractal
Patterns.
FRACTALS
 are geometric figures that are self-
similar across different scales.
ORDER OF ROTATION
A figure has a rotational symmetry of order
n (n-fold rotational symmetry) if 1/n of a
complete turn leaves the figure unchanged.
The formula to compute the angle of
rotation:
Angle of rotation = 360° / n
PACKING PROBLEMS
 Involves finding the optimum method
of filling up a given space such as a
cubic or spherical container.
Suppose the circles have:
 Radius (r) = 1 cm
 Area of circle (Ac) = πr2 = πcm2
 Area of square(As) = S2 = 4cm2
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
 It is a series of numbers or a
sequence that begins with zero or
one with each subsequent number is
found by getting the sum of the two
preceding numbers.
FIBONACCI NUMBERS
 are series of numbers that often
occur in nature or can be observed
everywhere in the world around us.
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

1, -1/2, 1/3, -1/4

FIBONACCI SPIRAL SERIES
 Is the most prominent geometric  is the sum or difference of the
application of Fibonacci numbers in sequence separated by a plus (+)
our nature. sign or a minus (-) sign
 The spirals in the waves, eye of the  example:
storm, human face, ears, hair etc. 1 - 1/2 + 1/3 – 1/ 4 = 7/12
 The sunflower has a Golden Spiral
seed arrangement. The pineapple
has a double set of spirals (clockwise 2 CATEGORIES OF SEQUENCE AND
direction & the opposite). The SERIES
seashell or snail depicts Fibonacci
spiral.
GOLDEN RATIO (φ or ɸ) is an irrational Finite Sequence Finite Series
number with a value of:
1 + √5 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 = 35

φ= 2
= 1.618
Infinite Sequence Infinite Series
It is typically represented by the Greek
letter Phi “φ or ɸ”. 3, 5, 7, 9, 11,… 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + …

The Golden Ratio 3 consecutive dots is called ELLIPSIS

 is a special number also known as
the Golden Section, Golden Mean,
Divine Proportion, or Greek letter
Phi, which exists when a line is
divided into two parts, and the longer
part (a) divided by the smaller part
(b) is equal to the sum of (a) + (b)
divided by (a), which both equal to
1.618.
SEQUENCE
 is the list of numbers separated by a
comma
 example:
which connotes that some elements of a
set are to follow but not listed
ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
 every term differ by a certain amount
called the COMMON DIFFERENCE
which is denoted by small letter D (d)
o Example
2, 5, 8, 11, 14
 The difference between 2&5 is
3 so as between 5 & 8, 8 & 11,
11 & 14
 an = a1 + (n-1) d
 Sn = n/2 (a1 + an)
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
 Every succeeding term has the same
quotient when divided which is called
the COMMON RATION and denoted
by a small letter R (r)
o Example
3,1.5,0.75, 0.375,…
 Is we divide the 2nd term by the
first term (1.5/3) the quotient is
0.5 or 1/2 . the same result can
be obtained when dividing the
3rd by the 2nd term and so on.
 an = a1 rn-1
 Sn = a1 / 1-r (Infinite sequence)
 Sn = a1 (1-rn) / 1-r (Finite Sequence)
HARMONIC SEQUENCE
 The reciprocal of every term depicts
an arithmetic progression
o Example
1/2 , 1/5, 1/8, 1/11, …..
 If we will get the reciprocal of
each terms, it will become 2,5,
8, 11 which formed an
arithmetic progression with a
COMMON DIFFERENCE of 3.
 Therefore, the given sequence
is really a harmonic sequence
as proven by the reciprocal of
every term.
 an = a1 + (n – 1) d
 Sn = n/2 (2a + n -1) d
 d = 2nd term – 1st term
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
 the next term is calculated by adding
the sum of the two previous terms
 it was developed by Leonardo
fobonacci, a famous Italian
mathematician. But his real name is
Leaonardo Pisano Bigollo. The name
“Fibonacci” was made up in 1838 by
the franco – Italian historian
Guillaume Libri and is short for “filius
bonnacci” (son of the bonacci).
 Fibonacci sequence was used as a
mean to solve the population growth
of rabbits and was belived to exist on
many things in the natural world like
the resemblance of Fibonacci spirals
on the seashells, flower pistils, trees,
flower petals, leaves, storms and
even YOU.
The Language of SETS
SET
 is a well-defined collection or
aggregate of definite, distinct objects.
 members are called elements So, If 3
is an element of Set A, then: 3 ∈ A”,
 Read as: “3 is an element of Set A”
 The number of elements of a set is
called its Cardinal Number
D= {1,3,5} , then , n(D) = 3
TWO WAYS OF WRITING A SET
Roster Or Tabular
Rule
Method
the elements are the elements are
described listed or enumerated
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

A = {x/x is a counting A = {1,2,3,4}  Which have common elements,

number from 1 to 4} disjoint is they do not have
common elements.
Read as “Set A is the set of
all x such that x is a counting o Examples:
number from 1 to 4”  A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
KINDS OF SETS  B= {2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
 C= {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
1. FINITE SET
 Is a set with countable elements  A and B are joint sets because the
and these elements can be elements 2, 3, 4, and 5 are common
enumerated or listed completely to them.
o Examples:  A and C are disjoint sets because
 A= { the set of all planets they do not have common elements.
in our solar system }  B and C ae joint sets because 6 is
 B= { the set of all even common to them
numbers between 2 and
50 }
UNIVERSAL SET
2. INFINITE  A universal set, U, is the totality of
 Is a set whose elements can not elements under consideration.
be listed completely because it
has no end.
o Examples: EQUAL SETS
 A= { the set of all  Two sets are equal if they have
counting numbers } or {1. exactly the same elements.
2, 3, 4, 5, …)
 B= { the set of all odd
numbers} or {1, 3, 5, …} EQUIVALENT SETS
 Two sets are equivalent if they
3. NULL have the same number of
 Is a set without any element elements.
o Examples:
SUBSETS
 A= { the set of all even
numbers between 0 and  Is a set whose elements are
1} elements of another set
 B= { the set of all prime o Example 1:
numbers between 6 and E – { the set of even numbers}
7}  Is a subset of the set of
real numbers because all
JOINT AND DISCOUNT SETS even numbers are also
real numbers. If
R = {the set of all real numbers}
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

 then we write E  R  The complement of set A is the

whose elements are those not found
o Example 2: in A. It is denoted by A´ and it means
Let U = {m, n, o, o, q} A´= {x/x € U but x € A }
A = {m, n} B= {x}
 Then A  U o Example
 And B  U U= { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0}
A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,}
ALGEBRA OF SETS B= {9, 0}
UNION A´= {6, 7, 8, 9, 0}

 The union of two sets A and B set of BINARY OPERATION

elements that belong to A or B and is  A unary operation is for a single
denoted by A B. it means number and assigns another number
 A B = [x/x € A or x € B] to it.
 Addition, subtraction, multiplication,
o Example: and division are example of binary
A= [2, 3, 4, 5, 6] operations.
B= [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]  The word “binary” means
A B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} composition of two pieces. A binary
operation refers to joining two values
VENN DIAGRAM to create new one

 A diagram that illustrates the 1. CLOSURE PROPERTY

operations on sets.  ADDITION: the sum of any two real
numbers is also a real number.
INTERSECTION o Example: 12 + 34 = 36

 The intersection of A and B is the set

of all elements that belong to both A  MULTIPLICATION: The product of
and B and is denoted by A  B this any two real numbers is also a real
means A B = { x/x € A and B x € B } number
o Example: 7 x 20 = 140
o Example:
A= {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
B= {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A  B = {5, 6}
2. COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY
 ADDITION: For any two real number
COMPLEMENT OF SET x and y, x + y = y + x
o Example: 1.5 + 7.8 = 7.8 +1.5
9.3 = 9.3
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 MULTIPLICATION: The product of
any two real numbers is also a real
number
o Example: 8 x 5 = 5 x 8
40 = 40
3. ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY
 ADDITION: for the two real numbers
x, y and z, x+(y+z) = (x+y)+z
o Example:
3+ (10 + 9) = (3 + 10) + 9
3 + 19 = 13 + 9
22 = 22
 MULTIPLICATION: For any two real
number x, y & z, x . (y . z) = (x . y) . z
o Example:
3 x (9 x 6) = (3 x 9) x 6
3 (54) = (27) 6
162 = 162
4. IDENTITY PROPERTY
 ADDITION: For any real number x,
x + 0 = x . The number “0” is called
the additive identity.
o Example: 78 + 0 = 78
 MULTIPLICATION: For any real
number x, x . 1 = x . The number “1”
is called the multiplicative identity
o Example: write an equivalent
expression of 3c/5 by
multiplying 7/7 instead of 1
3c / 5 = 3c / 5 . 1
= 3c / 5 . 7 / 7
= 21c / 35
5. DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF
MULTIPLICATION OVER ADDITION
 For any two real numbers x, y and z,
x(y + z) = xy + xz
6. Inverse of Binary Operation
 ADDITION: For any real number x,
x + (-x) = 0
o Example: 100 + (-100) = 0
 MULTIPLICATION: For any real
number x, x . 1/x = 1
o Example: 98 . 1/98 = 1
ELEMENTARY LOGIC:
Connectives, Variables, Quantifiers, And
Negations
LOGIC
 is the study of the methods and
principles used to discriminate
correct from incorrect reasoning.
 In mathematics, it is concerned with
formal reasoning, proof of
mathematical statements statements,
nature of proofs and other aspects of
foundation of mathematics.
PROPOSITION
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

 The most basic part of a logic (3) All rhombus are not
statements is a proposition. quadrilaterals.
 A proposition is a declarative Quantitative Category of Proposition
sentence with truth value that is Category Example Explanation
either True (T) or False (F) but can The subject “mammal”
All marine
Universal has “ALL” as quantifier.
never be both. animals have
Proposition The subject is taken in
gills
 Hence, it is subjected to affirmation full extension.
The subject “country”
or denial. has “NOT
o EXAMPLE: Particular
Not all all” as a quantifier. The
countries have subject
(1) A square has four sides – Proposition
Presidents is taken only in
Proposition. Its truth value is particular
True extension.

(2) Skip this chapter – Not a Aljur Abrenica The subject “ALJUR
Singular
is an actor in ABRENICA” is only a
proposition Proposition
the Philippines single person or thing.

Proposition can be categorized according UNIVERSAL PROPOSITION

to quality. It can be affirmative or
 is a quantity of a proposition wherein
negative.
the subject is taken in full extension.

AFFIRMATIVE PROPOSITION
PARTICULAR PROPOSITION
 is a quality of proposition wherein the
 is a quantity of a proposition wherein
class designated by the subject is
the subject is taken in partial
within the class designated by its
extension.
predicate.
o Example:
(1) A right triangle is a triangle SINGULAR PROPOSITION
with a right angle
 is a quantity of a proposition wherein
(2) 2 + 2 = 6
the subject is only a single person or
(3) All whales are mammals
thing.

NEGATIVE PROPOSITION
The mood of the proposition is when the
 is a quality of proposition wherein the
two categories are combined. The moods
class designated by the subject is not of a proposition are as follows: AEIO
in the class designated by its
predicate. A – UNIVERSAL AFFIRMATIVE
o Example: o Using “ALL” – positive statement
(1) A trapezoid is not o Example: All State colleges and
parallelogram
universities are under the
(2) Barrack Obama is not the
president of the United States.
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Commission on Higher  is a word or symbol use to connect

Education two propositions to produce
grammatically valid compound
propositions.
E – UNIVERSAL NEGATIVE
o Using “ALL” – negative Connectives Symbols Read as
statement or using “NOT”
Conjunction pVq p or q
o Example: All triangles are not
quadrilaterals. Disjunction p ∧q p and q

Implication p  q if p, then
I – PARTICULAR AFFIRMATIVE
Biconditional pq p if and only if q
o Using “SOME” – positive 
statement Negation p Not p
o Example: Some cities in the
Philippines are prone to floods.
O – PARTICULAR NEGATIVE RELATION
o Using “SOME” – negative  Is any set of ordered pair (x, y)
statement or using “NOT” wherein the set of all the first
o Example: Some fruits are not coordinates is called the DOMAIN (x-
nutritious values) of the relation while the set of
all the second coordinates is called
the RANGE (y-values).
 The symbol A and I for affirmative  It is enclosed by a parenthesis.
proposition came from Latin word  Domain and Range values are listed
“AffIrmo” which means “to affirm”. increasingly.
The symbol E and O for negative  Repeated values should be listed
proposition came from Latin word only once.
“nEgO” which means “to deny”. o Ex. [ (1,3), (-4,2), (0,8), (9,3) ]
 Domain: [ -4, 0, 1, 9 ]
 Range : [ 2, 3, 8 ]
 Simple propositions just like the
previous statements are the atoms of FUNCTION
logic. They can be further
 is a relation by which there is no
decomposed. A combination of two
repeating x-values
or more simple proposition makes a
o Ex. {(2,3), (5,4), (0,3), (4,1)}
compound proposition by the use of
 Domain or X-Values: {2,
logical connectives.
5, 0, 4}
 Rewriting/Listing them
LOGICAL CONNECTIVE increasingly: 0, 2, 4, 5
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

 Range or Y-Values: 3,4,1

or 1, 3, 4 Just write the
repeated value 3 for only
once.