NATURE OF 2.

Logic Pattern

MATHEMATICS
Patterns and Numbers in Nature

The world around us is made up of

several distinct patterns that evolve from simple
to complex formations, and from bright colors
to dull ones. Mathematicians, artists, chemists,
physicists and many others study and
appreciate patters. Let us take a look at some of
the different types of patterns to help you
appreciate them as well.

PATTERNS
o Are regular, repeated or recurring
forms or designs.
o It is an arrangement that helps
observers anticipate what might be seen
or what will happen next.

3. Number Patterns
Examples:
3, 6, 9, 12, ….      Find the 9th term.

8, 13, 18, 23, ….    Find the 50th term.

Find the values of the last two numbers in the

sequence 448, 224, 112, 56, 28, _______,
________.

4. Word Pattern
Examples:
Knife: Knives Life: Lives
Wife: _______

1. Geometric Patterns SEQUENCE

 Arithmetic Sequence
o The difference between one term
and the next is constant
o Example:     2, 5, 8, 11, 14, . . . 
 Geometric Sequence
o Each term is found by multiplying
the previous term by a constant
o Example:    27, 9, 3, 1, 1/3, . . .

FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
A sequence is an ordered list of numbers, Practical Uses of Fibonacci
called terms, that may have repeated values.
The arrangement of these terms is set by a  Nature
definite rule.  Astronomy
 Medicine
a b b/a
1 2 2.0
2 3 1.5 THE GOLDEN RATIO
3 5 1.6666666…  Also known as the Divine Proportion
5 8 1.6  It is the ratio of two consecutive
8 13 1.625 Fibonacci numbers
… … …  The quotient of these two consecutive
144 233 1.618055556 numbers are approaching to the value
of 1.61803398… as n becomes larger.
The fibonacci sequence was invented by
There are also numerous examples of the
Leonardo of Pisa. It started from the question
Golden Ratio in nature, which you can observe
that he posed:
all around you. For example, flowers, seashells,
If a pair of rabbits is placed in an pineapples and even honeycombs.
enclosed area, how many rabbits will be born
there if we assume that every month a pair of
rabbits produces another pair, and that rabbits
begin to bear young two months after their
birth? APPLICATION OF GOLDEN RATIO

A Fibonacci number is an integer in the  Human body Proportions

infinite sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, … of  Center of pupil: bottom of teeth:
which the first two terms are 1 and 1 and each bottom of chin
succeeding term is the sum of the two
immediately preceding.

 Forearm
and the
hand

F n=F(n−1) + F(n−2)

The numbers are named after Fibonacci, also

known as Leonardo of Pisa or Leonardo Pisano
Bogollo.
If we make squares with those numbers in the
Fibonacci sequence as widths, we get a nice
spiral figure.
  Precise - able to make very fine
distinctions or definitions.
 Concise - able to say things briefly.
 Powerful - able to express complex
thought with relative ease.

Mathematics is a symbolic language. The

following are some symbols commonly used in
mathematics.
 
R Set of Real numbers
∈ Element of (or member of)
N Set of Natural numbers
LANGUAGE OF ⊆ Subset of
MATHEMATICS Z Set of Integers
⊂ Proper subset
Definition of language Z+ Set of Positive Integers
 Language is a systematic way of → If - then
communicating with other people by the Z- Set of Negative Integers
use of sounds or conventional symbols. ↔ If and only if
 It is a system of word used in a particular Q Set of Rational Numbers
discipline. Σ The sum of
 It is also a system of abstract codes which  For every (for any)
represent antecedent events and concepts ∞ Infinity
and arare ranged in ordered sequence to ∃ There exists
form words, with rules. Comparison: English vs Mathematics
Importance of language Languages

 Language is important to understand and

express one’s ideas, feelings or opinions
 Language serves as the transmitter of
information and knowledge.
 It helps to construct social identity.
 Misunderstanding of one’s language leads
to confusion and misconceptions.
Like any language, mathematics has its
own symbols, syntax and rules. Mathematics
grammar and syntax, like vocabulary, are
universal.
No matter what country you’re from or
what language you speak, the structure of the
mathematical language is the same.

Characteristics of the Language of

Mathematics
 of number w
Elements of English Language Mathematics Languageand 8
a Language

Noun Noun: Expression:

Noun is used to name
things we want to talk
about
A variable is a letter or a symbol that Ex. Carol loves
represents unknown quantity or unspecified Mathematics.
An expression refers to the object
of interest
Ex. 5, 1.2 + 6, 3x – 3

number. It may take various values. A Pronoun: Variable:

Pronoun Pronouns are another
constant is a number or sometimes a letter, way of calling a noun.
such as a, b, c that stand for a fixed value. Ex. She loves
Mathematics.
** She is the pronoun
An expression is defined as a mathematical that replaces the noun
Carol.
phrase that comprises numbers with at least
one arithmetic operation. An algebraic
expression is defined as an expression that Verb Verb:
comprises variables and/or constants that A verb is any action
word  indicate actions, such as plus (+),
appear alone or in combination with operators. Ex. Leslie computes
for the value of x.
An expression does not contain equal to or any  ** The word
inequalities signs. ‘computes’ is the verb
that indicates action.
Example. 7 + 2 is an expression, which can be
written in words as “two more than seven”
A variable is any symbol that
represents any constant value.
Ex. x – 2
** x is the variable that represents
any quantity. The value of the
variable varies depending on its
context.
Verb:
Verbs are words or symbols that
minus (-), simplify, rationalize.
Ex. 2x + 5, the symbol ‘+’ is the
verb.
Simplify the expression (2x + 5) –
5(x – 4). The word simplify is the
verb as it indicates what needs to
be done.

x + 4 is an algebraic expression, Sentence Sentence: Equation:

also expressed as “four more than x” A sentence expresses a In mathematical language, a
complete thought. It mathematical sentence also
contains both the noun expresses complete thought. It also
TRANSLATING ENGLISH and the verb. contains both the expression and
Ex. Carol loves the verb, together with equality or
STATEMENTS TO MATHEMATICAL Mathematics. inequality symbols.
EXPRESSIONS **The above example
expresses a complete
Ex. 1.2 + 6 = 7.2
thought with Carol and
Each mathematical symbol has equivalent Mathematics as the 5x – 4 < 15
nouns and loves as the
words or phrases. It is therefore important for verb.
us to learn the different words or phrases
equivalent for each mathematical symbol. Next
slide is a table that shows the different words  In the given examples, the phrase “a number”
for the four fundamental operations. indicates that it is an unknown number. There
was no specific value given to it. So, the
Operation Symbol Words Algebraic Word
expression Equivalent
phrase “a number” is replaced with the
variable, such as x, z, k and w.
Addition + Plus, sum,   * two more
more than,
increased
x+2 than a number
x
To write an English phrase into an
by, add to, * x increased algebraic expression, first look for the words or
total by 2
phrase that refer to a mathematical operation.
Subtraction - Subtracted   * z minus 5
Then, let a variable represent any number that
from, z-5 * a number z is unknown. Lastly, put everything together.
minus, a subtracted
difference by 5
of, less Examples:
than,
decreased
by, less Write the phrase as an algebraic expression:
Multiplication •, ( ) Times,   * 7 times a
product, 7(k) or 7•k number 1. Eight less than the product of three and a
multiply, or simply k
twice, of 7k * the product number x.
of 7
and k
Solution:
Division ÷, / Divided   * w divided
by, w ÷ 8, w/8 by 8
quotient, * the quotient Step 1. The product of three and a number x
into, ratio of a
can be written as 3x.
Step 2. Eight less than something means that Write the sentence as an equation. Let v
we subtract 8 from it. represents the unknown number.
1
Step 3. If we subtract 8 from 3x, we have 3x – The quotient of 3 and a number is .
3
8. Solution:
2. Five times the sum of a number and four. Remember that the word ‘quotient’ translates
into division. The phrase ‘a number’ will be
Solution: replaced by v and the word ‘is’ will be replaced
by the equality symbol =. Hence, putting them
Step 1. The sum of a number and four can be together, we have
written as x + 4. 3 1
=
Step 2. Fives times something means that we v 3
can multiply 5 to it. Take note that we are not evaluating an
expression, thus we will not solve for the
Step 3. If we multiply 5 to x + 4, we have 5(x + value of the unknown.
4).
2. The sum of a number and 28 is 45.
3. the sum of a number and 7  n + 28 = 45
n+7 3. 7 less than 3 times a number is the same as 5.
4. v decreased by three  5 - 3n = 5
v-3 4. The sum of 10 and 4 times a number is equal
5. the sum of seven and the product of one and to 18.
a number b  10 + 4(n) = 18
7 + (1 • b) 5. One-half of a number less two is five.
6. nine minus the quotient of four and a  ½(n) - 2 = 5
number z TRANSLATING ENGLISH STATEMENTS
9 - (4/z) TO MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS
7. three more than the product of two and a
number w Exercise:
3 + (2 • w) Translate each of the following phrases into a
mathematical expression.
TRANSLATING AN ENGLISH 1. The sum of a number and 10
SENTENCE INTO A MATHEMATICAL 2. The product of two numbers
EQUATION 3. The product of -1 and a number
A statement of equality of two 4. One-half times the sum of two numbers
algebraic expressions which involves one or 5. Twice a number
more literals (variables) is called an equation. Answer:
1. x + 10
x + 3 = 7 is an equation 2. x • y or xy
5x – 3(y + 1) = 10 is an equation. 3. (a) (-1) or a • (-1)
4. ½ (a + b)
Since an equation is two expressions 5. 2x
set equal to each other, the same mathematical
translations will be used. Only this time, we Exercise:
will have an equal sign between the two Translate each of the following phrases into
expressions. mathematical expression.
6. Five less than a number
The following are some words and phrases that 7. Six more than a number
translate into an equal sign (=). 8. A number plus 9
9. The square of a number
Equal sign (=) : equals, gives, is, yields, 10. Three less than twice a number
amounts to, is the same as Answer:
6. 5 - n
Example 1: 7. 6 + n
8. n + 9
9. x 2
10. 3 - 2x

Choose a quantity to be represented by a

variable, then write the mathematical
expression for each.  
1. Lota’s age in 5 years
Answer:
Let x be the present age of Lota
“in 5 years” means adding five
x+5

2. A three-digit numbers whose hundreds

digit is half the tens digit and the tens digit
is 2 more than the unit’s digit.
Answer:
Let x be the unit’s digit
x+2 be the tens digit
½ (x + 2)

TRANSLATING ENGLISH SENTENCES

TO MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS

1. The sum of a number and four is twelve.

2. The difference between twice a number
and eleven is fifty.
3. One-fourth of a number less than two is
five.
4. David is five years older than Tracey and
the sum of their ages is nineteen.
5. The sum of four consecutive integers is 106.
6. The sum of three consecutive even integers
is 252.

Answer:
1. n + 4 = 12
2. 2x - 11 = 50
3. -2=5
4. Let: x be the age of Tracey
x + 5 be the age of of David
x + x + 5 = 19

5. Let: x be the first integer

x + 1 be the second integer
x + 2 be the third integer
x + 3 be the fourth integer
x + x+1 + x+2 + x+3 = 106

6. Let: x be the 1st consecutive even integer

x+2 be the 2nd consecutive even integer
x+4 be the 3rd consecutive even integer
x + x+2 + x+4 = 252