GEED 10053:

Mathematics
in the Modern
World
2

Cynthia P. Equiza
Professor
 Patterns and Numbers
in Nature

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TOPIC Fibonacci Sequence
OUTLINE

Mathematics for Our

World
4
What is
Mathematics?
 Mathematics is a It involves Mathematics helps us
branch of science, calculations, to organize and 5
which deals with computation, solving systemize our ideas
numbers and their of problems, etc. about patterns, in so
operations. doing, not only can
we admire and enjoy
these patterns, we
can also use them to
infer some of the
underlying principles
that govern the world
of nature.
 Patterns and
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Numbers in
Nature
“Mathematics is a study of patterns and relationship, a
way of thinking, an art, a language, and a tool. It is
about patterns and relationships. Numbers are just a
way to express those patterns and relationships.”

— National Council of Teachers of

Mathematics (1991)

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PATTERN

A pattern is an A pattern also shows what

arrangement which helps may have come before.
observers anticipate what
they might see or what
happens next.

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Natural patterns include symmetries, fractals, spirals, meanders, waves, foams,
tessellations, cracks, and spots & stripes. Studying patterns allows one to watch,
guess, create, and discover. The present mathematics is considerably more than
arithmetic, algebra, and geometry.

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A. SYMMETRY

Symmetry can be found Symmetry occurs when

everywhere. It can be there is congruence in
seen from different dimensions, due
viewpoints namely; nature, proportions and
the arts and architecture, arrangement. It provides a
mathematics; especially sense of harmony and
geometry and science. balance.

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TYPES OF SYMMETRY
1. Bilateral or reflection symmetry is the simplest kind of symmetry. It can also be
called mirror symmetry because an object with this symmetry looks unchanged if
a mirror passes through its middle.

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TYPES OF SYMMETRY
2. Radial symmetry is rotational symmetry around a fixed point known as the
center. Images with more than one lines of symmetry meeting at a common point
exhibits a radial symmetry.

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OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS OF SYMMETRIC
PATTERNS
Rosette patterns consist of taking motif or an element and rotating and/or
reflecting that element. There are two types of rosette patterns namely cyclic and
dihedral.

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OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS OF SYMMETRIC PATTERNS
Frieze pattern is a pattern in which a basic motif repeats itself over and over in one
direction. It extends to the left and right in a way that the pattern can be mapped
onto itself by a horizontal translation.
7 TYPES:

1. Hop - only admits a translational symmetry.

2. Step - only admits a translational and glide symmetries.

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OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS OF SYMMETRIC PATTERNS
3. Sidle - only admits translations and vertical reflections.

4. Spinning Hop - only admits translations and 180◦ rotations

(half-turns).

5.Spinning Sidle - only admits translations, vertical

reflections, rotations, and glide reflections.

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OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS OF SYMMETRIC PATTERNS
6. Jump - only admits translations, a horizontal reflection, and
glide reflection.

7. Spinning Jump - admits translations, vertical reflections,

horizontal reflections, rotations, and glide reflections.

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OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS OF SYMMETRIC PATTERNS
Wallpaper pattern is a pattern with translation symmetry in two directions. It is,
therefore, essentially an arrangement of friezes stacked upon one another to fill
the entire plane.

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Symmetry in everyday language refers to a sense of harmonious and beautiful

proportion and balance. In mathematics, "symmetry" has a more precise
definition, and is usually used to refer to an object that is invariant under some
transformations; including translation, reflection, rotation or scaling. Although these
two meanings of "symmetry" can sometimes be told apart, they are intricately
related.
B. TESSELLATION
A tessellation is a pattern of one or more shapes where the shapes do not overlap
or have no space between them.

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C. WAVES
As waves in water or wind pass over sand, they create patterns of ripples. When
winds blow over large bodies of sand, they create dunes, sometimes in extensive
...

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D. FRACTALS
Fractals are never-ending patterns. The beauty of fractals is that their infinite complexity is formed through the
repetition of simple equations. These repeating patterns are displayed at every scale.

A fractal is a kind of pattern that we observe often in nature and in art. As Ben Weiss explains, “whenever you
observe a series of patterns repeating over and over again, at many different scales, and where any small
part resembles the whole, that’s a fractal.

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E. SPIRAL
A spiral is a curved pattern that focuses on a center point and a series of circular shapes that revolve around
it. Examples of spirals are pine cones, pineapples, hurricanes. The reason for why plants use a spiral form like
the leaf picture below is because they are constantly trying to grow but stay secure.

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F. MEANDERS,FLOW,CHAOS
The relationship between chaos and fractals is that strange attractors in chaotic systems have a fractal
dimension. ... Meanders are bends in a sinuous form that appears as rivers or other channels, which form as a
fluid, most often water, flows around bends. Chaos is the study of how simple patterns can be generated from
complicated underlying behavior.
Many events were considered to be chaotic, unpredictable and random. The dripping of a tap, the weather,
the formation of clouds, the fibrillation of the human heart, the turbulence of fluid flows or the movement of a
simple pendulum under the influence of a number of magnets are a few examples.

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G. SPOTS, STRIPES
Leopards and ladybirds are spotted; angelfish and zebras are striped.
These patterns have an evolutionary explanation: they have functions which increase the chances that the
offspring of the patterned animal will survive to reproduce.
One function of animal patterns is camouflage; for instance, a leopard that is harder to see catches more
prey.

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H. CRACKS
Cracks are linear openings that form in materials to relieve stress. When a material fails in all directions it results
in cracks. The patterns created reveal if the material is elastic or not.
Cracks are overlooked because they are so common. It is often a pattern engineers want to avoid, for
example a crack in a bridge or a road or a glass. Engineers spend a lot of time trying to determine when a
crack can become a catastrophe.

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I. FOAM & BUBBLES
Foam is a mass of bubbles; foams of different materials occur in nature
- A foam is a substance made by trapping air or gas bubbles inside a solid or liquid. Typically, the volume of
gas is much larger than that of the liquid or solid, with thin films separating gas pockets.
- bubble is a spherically contained volume of air or other gas, especially one made from soapy liquid while
foam is a substance composed of a large collection of bubbles or their solidified remains.

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27
Fibonacci
Sequence
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
The Fibonacci sequence was invented by the Italian Leonardo Pisano
Bigollo (1180-1250), who is known in mathematical history by several
names: Leonardo of Pisa (Pisano means “from Pisa”) and Fibonacci
(which means “son of Bonacci”).

To formally, define the Fibonacci sequence, we start by defining F 1 = 1

and F2 = 1. For n > 2, we define
Fn = Fn−1 + Fn−2

The sequence F1, F2, F3,… is then the Fibonacci sequence. Such a
definition is called a recursive definition because it starts by defining
some initial values and defines the next term as a function of the
previous terms.

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One of the exercises in Fibonacci’s book :
“A man put a pair of rabbits in a place surrounded on all sides by a wall. How
many pairs of rabbits are produced from that pair in a year, if it is supposed that
every month each pair produces a new pair, which from the second month
onwards becomes productive?”

RABBIT HABIT

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GROWTH OF RABBIT COLONY
The Fibonacci sequence is the sequence f1, f2,
f3, f4, … which has its first two terms f1 and f2
both equal to 1 and satisfies thereafter the
recursion formula fn = fn–1 + fn–2.

The sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89,

144, 233, 377, … is called the Fibonacci
sequence and its terms the Fibonacci numbers.

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Fibonacci numbers appear in nature in various places.
Pinecones, Speed Heads, Flowers and Branches Honeybees
Vegetables and Fruits Spiral
Most flowers express the The family tree of a
patterns curving from left and
Fibonacci sequence if you honeybee perfectly
right can be seen at the array
count the number of resembles the Fibonacci
of seeds in the center of a
petals on these flowers. sequence. A honeybee
sunflower.
Some plants also exhibit colony consists of a
the Fibonacci sequence in queen, a few drones and
their growth points, on lots of workers.
the places where tree
branches form or split.

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Luca Pacioli found the relationship between Fibonacci
sequence and the golden ratio.

The golden ratio was first called as the Divine Proportion

in the early 1500s in Leonardo da Vinci’s work was
explored by Luca Pacioli (Italian mathematician) entitled
“De Devina Proportione” in 1509.

Luca Pacioli

Da Vinci’s drawings of the five platonic

solids and it was probably da Vinci who first
called it the “section aurea” Latin for Golden
Section

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Two quantities are in the Golden ratio if their ratio is the same of their sum to the larger of
the two quantities.

The Golden Ratio is the relationship between numbers on the Fibonacci sequence where
plotting the relationships on scales results in a spiral shape

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The Fibonacci numbers can be applied to the proportions of a rectangle, called the Golden
rectangle.
Golden Rectangle is known as one of the most visually satisfying of all geometric forms – hence, the
appearance of the Golden ratio in art.
The Golden rectangle is also related to the Golden spiral, which is created by making adjacent
squares of Fibonacci dimensions.
A Fibonacci spiral which approximates the golden spiral, using Fibonacci sequence square sizes up to
34.

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 GOLDEN RECTANGLE
A golden rectangle can be broken into squares the size of the next
Fibonacci number down and below.

Fibonacci spiral – Take a golden rectangle, break it down into smaller

squares based from Fibonacci sequence and divide each with an arc.

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Human body has many elements that show the Fibonacci
numbers and the golden ratio. Most of your body parts
follow the Fibonacci sequence and the proportions and
measurements of the human body can also be divided up in
terms of the golden ratio.

Geography, Weather and Galaxies Fibonacci numbers and

the relationships between these numbers are evident in
spiral galaxies, sea wave curves and in the patterns of
stream and drainages.

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The Golden Ratio and/or the Golden Spiral can also be observed in music, art, and designs. Appearing in many
architectural structures, the presence of the golden ratio provided a sense of balance and equilibrium.

Architecture
The Great Pyramid of Giza: The Great
Pyramid of Giza built around 2560 BC
is one of the earliest examples of
the use of the golden ratio.

The Greek sculptor Phidias sculpted

many things including the bands of
sculpture that run above the columns
of the Parthenon.

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Arts
Mona-Lisa by Leonardo Da Vinci: It
is believed that Leonardo, as a
mathematician tried to incorporate
of mathematics into art.

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 MATHEMATICS FOR OUR WORLD

“Neglect of mathematics works injury to all knowledge,

since he who is ignorant of it cannot know the other
sciences or the things of the world..”

— Roger Bacon
(1214-1294)

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 Mathematics is everywhere; whether it is on
land, sea or air, online or on the front line,
mathematics underpins every nook and
cranny of modern life.

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Math helps us understand or make sense of

the world - and we use the world to
understand math. It is therefore important
that we learn math contents needed to
solve complex problems in a complex world
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Applications of Mathematics in our
world

Mathematics helps Mathematics helps

Mathematics helps Mathematics has
predict the control nature and
organize patterns applications in
behavior of nature occurrences in the
and regularities in many human
and many world for our own
the world; endeavors.
phenomena; good;
 Arithmetic Sequences

Sequence is a list of numbers typically with a

pattern.

Each number in the list called a term.

43 ADDITIONAL
TOPICS: 2, 4, 6, 8, …
Arithmetic
Sequences a1, a2, a3, a4, …
and Series
The first term in a sequence is denoted as a1, the
second term is a2, and so on up to the nth term an.
Sequence – a set of numbers in a specific order.
Terms – the numbers in the sequence
Arithmetic sequence – if the difference between successive terms is constant.
Common difference – the difference between the terms

Identify Arithmetic Sequences:

Ex. 1) 7, 12, 17, 22, 27 Ex.2) 1, 2, 4, 8, . . .

+1 +2 +4
+5 +5 +5 +5
This is not an arithmetic sequence
Since this sequence has a common because the difference between
difference it is an arithmetic terms is not constant
sequence.
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An arithmetic sequence can be found as follows
a1, a1+d, a2+d, a3+d,…

Ex. 3) 74 67 60 53 ? ? ?
-7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7
The common difference is -7

Add -7 to the last term of the sequence to find the next three terms.
(a4+d)=53+(-7)= 46
(a5+d)=46+(-7)= 39
(a6+d)=39+(-7)= 32
Ans: 46, 39, 32

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How do you find any term in a sequence?

To find any term in an

where d is the
arithmetic sequence, an = a1 + (n – 1)d
common difference.
use the formula

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Ex. 4) Find the 14th term in the arithmetic Write an equation/formula for a sequence
sequence
Ex. 5) Write an equation for the nth term of the
9, 17, 25, 33,… sequence, 12, 23, 34, 45, …
Sol.
First step: get the common difference (d) an = a1 + (n – 1)d a1 = 12, d = 11
d= (a2 – a1 )= 17-9 = 8 an = 12 + (n -1)11
(a3 – a2 )= 25-17= 8 an = 12 + 11n – 11 Distributive property
(a4 – a3 )= 33-25= 8 an = 11n + 1
The common difference is +8
Given: a1 = 9, n = 14, d = 8 Use the equation to solve for the 10th term
an = 11n + 1 n = 10
Use the formula for the nth term a10 = 11(10) + 1 󰗏 replace n with 10
an = a1 + (n – 1)d
a14 = 9 + (14– 1)8 a10 = 111 ans.
a14 = 9 + 104
a14 = 113 ans.
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Writing Terms of Sequences
Ex. 6) Write the first five terms of the sequence an = 2n + 3.

SOLUTION

a1 = 2(1) + 3 = 5 1st term

a2 = 2(2) + 3 = 7 2nd term
a3 = 2(3) + 3 = 9 3rd term
a4 = 2(4) + 3 = 11 4th term
a5 = 2(5) + 3 = 13 5th term

Ans: 5, 7, 9, 11, 13

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Writing Terms of Sequences
Ex. 7) Write the first five terms of the sequence f(n) = (–2)n – 1 .

SOLUTION

f(1) = (–2)1–1 = 1 1st term

f(2) = (–2)2–1 = –2 2nd term
f(3) = (–2)3–1 = 4 3rd term
f(4) = (–2)4–1 = – 8 4th term
f(5) = (–2)5–1 = 16 5th term

Answers: 1, -2, 4, -8, 16

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ADDITIONAL TOPICS: Geometric Sequence

A sequence is geometric if the ratios of consecutive terms are the same.

r - is the common ratio.

Finding the nth term of a Geometric Sequence

Formula: an = a1r(n – 1)

r ➤ is the common ratio an ➤ nth term

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Are these geometric?

Ex 1) 2, 4, 8, 16, … Ex 3) 1, 4, 9, 16, …
4, 2.25, 1.78
4/2, 8/4, 16/8, This is not a geometric sequence because
Yes, r =2 the ratio between terms is not constant

Ex 2) 12, 36, 108, 324

36/12, 108/36, 324/108,
Yes r =3

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Ex. 9) Find the 15th term of the geometric sequence whose first term is 20 and whose
common ratio is 1.05

r = 1.05, a1=20, a15=?

an = a1r(n – 1)
a15 = (20)(1.05)(15 – 1)
a15 = (20)(1.05)14
a15 = (20)(1.979931...)
a15 = 39.599 or 39.60 ans.

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Ex. 10) Find a formula for the nth term 5, 15, 45, …

Sol. compute r=? and What is the 9th term?

15/5=3 a9 = 5(3)9–1
45/15=3 a9 = 5(3)8
r=3 a9 = 5(6,561)
a9 = 32,805 ans.
Given: a1 = 5, r=3
an = a1rn – 1
an = 5(3)n – 1 formula

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Ex. 11) Find the common ratio and the seventh term Given the five terms, so the sixth
of the following sequence: 2/9, 2/3, 2, 6, 18,.. term is the very next term, the
To find the common ratio, divide a successive pair seventh will be the term after
of terms. that.
Sol. a6 = (18)(3)=54 (54/18=3, r=3)
(2/3)/(2/9)=(2/3) x ( 9/2)= 3/1 or 3
2/(2/3)=(2/1) x (3/2)=6/2 or 3
a7 = (54)(3)=162 (162/54=3, r=3)
6/2 = 3
18/6 =3
The ratio is, r = 3. Answers:
common ratio: r = 3
Note: A geometric sequence goes from one term seventh term: 162
to the next by always multiplying (or dividing) by
the same value.

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Additional topic: Difference table
A difference table shows the differences between successive terms of the sequence. The differences in rows
maybe first, second and third differences. Each number in the first row of the table is the differences between
the closest numbers just above it. If the first differences are not the same, compute the successive differences
of the first differences .

The following examples will show how to predict the next term of a sequence and we look for a pattern in a
row differences.

Ex. : Construct the difference table to predict the next term of each sequence.
a. 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, ?
b. 2, 4, 9, 17, 28, ?
c. 6, 9, 14, 26, 50, 91, ?

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 Solutions
b. 2, 4, 9, 17, 28, ?
a. 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, ?
Sequence 2 4 9 17 28 ?
Sequence 3 7 11 15 19 ?
V V V V
V V V V
First differences 2 5 8 11
First differences 4 4 4 4
V V V
Second differences 3 3 3
Add 4+19= 23
The next term is 23 ans.
add all the last digits, 3+11+28= 42

The next term is 42 ans.

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Solutions
c. 6, 9, 14, 26, 50, 91, ?
Sequence 6 9 14 26 50 91 ?
V V V V V

First differences 3 5 12 24 41
V V V V
Second differences 2 7 12 17
V V V
Third differences 5 5 5

add all the last digits, 5+17+41+91=154

The next term is 154 ans.

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ASSESSMENT 1:
Part 1.
1. Look for patterns Inside or outside of your house then take pictures of the patterns explored using
smart phones or digital camera. Explore, take photos, make list and identify what patterns can be seen in
nature inside your house, at the garden or park nearby or any part of the neighborhood.

Answer the ff. questions

2. How do you find the golden ratio of your face?

3. In relation to golden ratio, give 3 examples of Celebrities with almost perfect faces, explain why?

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ASSESSMENT 1:
Part 2:
A) Construct a difference table to predict the next term of each sequence.
1) 6, 9, 14, 26, 50, 91, ?
2) 4, 8, 14, 22, 32, 44, ?

B) Use the given nth-term formula to compute the first three terms of the given sequence.
1) an= 2n3-n2
2) an= 5n2-3n

C) Geometric sequence, using an=a1r(n-1) compute the next term.

1) 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, ?
2) 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, ?
D) Essay
a) Will the universe exist without mathematics or vice versa?
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 “The essence of mathematics is not to make simple
things complicated, but to make complicated things
simple.”

— S. Gudder

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