MATM PRELIM

TESSELLATION
Nature of Mathematics: ➢ A repeating pattern using regular
polygons
➢ No gaps or overlaps
1.1 Patterns and Numbers in Nature
➢ Each vertex is the same
and in World ➢ M. C. Escher - famous artist that
used tessellations in his works
Patterns in nature are visible
regularities of form found in the natural
world and can also be seen in the universe.

Nature patterns which are not just to

be admired, they are vital clues to the rules
that govern natural processes.

Mathematical patterns can take

many different forms. Including numerical
patterns, visual patterns, logic patterns,
word patterns, and more., the number Tessellation in nature
pattern is the most frequently utilized one.

Some common synonyms of pattern are:

➢ example, exemplar, ideal, and
model.
➢ Someone or something set before
one for guidance or imitation, pattern
suggests a clear and detailed
archetype or prototype.
- Merriam Webster dictionary
Image ● Regular
Pattern ● Repeated
● Recurring forms or
designs
TRANSFORMATIONS
● In geometry, a transformation also
means to change.
● When a figure moves from one place
to another on a coordinate plane a
transformation has occurred.
● The original figure has changed
positions.

Logic ● Finding logical

Pattern connections to form
generalizations

Number ● Arithmetic Pattern

Pattern ● Geometric Pattern
● Fibonacci Pattern
 ➢ A reflection flips a figure over a line
It is common It is common
practice to name called a line of reflection.
practice to name
transformed shapes ➢ A figure and its reflection have the
shapes using
using the same same shape and size, but the figures
capital letters:
letters with a face in opposite directions-like a
“prime symbol” mirror image.

There are 4 basic types of

transformations.
➢ Three of the transformations change
the position of a shape
➢ One of the transformations changes
the size of a shape
➢ → line of reflection “It’s the mirror”
1. Translation “Position”
➢ Translation = Slide 3. Rotation “Position” Turn
➢ A translation slides each point (or ➢ Rotation = Turn
vertex) of a figure the same distance ➢ A rotation is a transformation that
and in the same direction. turns a figure about a fixed point
called the center of rotation.

➢ An object and its rotation are the

➢ Nothing changes about the figure
same shape and size, but the figures
except for its position on the
are turned in different directions.
coordinate plane. The image is the
same size, the same shape and it’s
4. Dilation “Size”
pointing in the same direction as the
➢ Dilation = Size change
original.
➢ A dilation is a transformation that
produces an image that is the same
2. Reflection “Position”
shape as the original, but is a
➢ Reflection = Flip
different size.
 ➢ A good real-life illustration of dilation Diagrammatic Reasoning
would be our pupils and how they Which does the Figure belong to?
react to sunlight.
- our pupils reduce in size (get
smaller) when we are in sunlight.
- our pupils enlarge in size (get
bigger) when it’s dark.
➢ A dilation used to create an image
larger than the original is called an
enlargement. A dilation used to
create an image smaller than the
original is called a reduction.
● The answer is Set B
Set B: Each box contains exactly one
shaded star and one star behind the lines.

Inductive Reasoning
Which of the five A-E figures is next
in the sequence?

A fractal is a never-ending pattern, infinitely

complex patterns that are self-similar across
different scales. They are created by
repeating a simple process over and over in
an ongoing feedback loop.

● The answer is C
1st Rule: each step, the shaded square
moves 3 squares clockwise round the edge
of the figure.
2nd Rule: each step, the cross-hatching
NON-VERBAL REASONING TESTS moves 1 square anticlockwise round the
● Are often used to assess ability to edge of the figure, disappearing behind the
problem solve & to think analytically shading when the two coincide.
● Do not require prior knowledge 3rd Rule: the circle (which starts behind the
● Examples include: shaded square in figure 1) moves 1 square
- Diagrammatic left to right, starting again at the left of the
reasoning figure when it drops down a row.
- Logical reasoning
- Inductive reasoning Logical Reasoning
Which of the figures A-L replaces
the question mark?
 ● The answer is E
1st Rule: From the top to bottom, the
missing edge of the hexagon moves one
place counter clockwise each time. This
pattern continues onto the next column.
2nd Rule: From left to right, the shaded
segment of the hexagon moves one place
counter clockwise each time. This pattern
continues onto the next row.
SEQUENCE
➢ A particular order in which related
events, movements, or things follow
each other. It can be both finite or
infinite.
➢ A sequence is a set of things
(usually numbers) that are in order.
In Mathematics:
➢ A chain of numbers (or other
objects) that usually follow a
particular pattern. The individual
elements in a sequence are called
terms.
(“term”, “element” or “member” mean the
same thing)
Arithmetic sequence
❖ Finding the Nth term of an arithmetic
sequence.
The nth term of an arithmetic sequence is
given by:
Example: Find the 14th term of the
arithmetic sequence 4, 7, 10, 13, …
tₙ = a + (n - 1) d
t₁₄ = 4 + (14 - 1) 3
= 4 + (13) 3
= 4 + 39
= 43
The 14th term in this sequence is the
number 43!
1.2 Fibonacci Sequence
➢ His real name was Leonardo Pisano
Bogollo, and he lived between 1170
and 1250 in Italy.
➢ “Fibonacci” was his nickname which
roughly means “Son of Bonacci”.
➢ As well as being famous for the
Fibonacci Sequence, he helped
spread Hindu-Arabic Numerals (like
our present numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9) through Europe in place of
Roman Numerals (I, II, III, IV, V, etc).
That has saved us all a lot of
trouble!.
➢ Fibonacci number is an integer in
the infinite sequence 1, 1,2 ,3 ,5 ,8,
13, … of which the first two terms
are 1 and 1 and each succeeding…
➢ It displays unique mathematical
properties that make it useful in
fields as diverse as astronomy
(distances between planets and the
sun, and the shape of galactic
spirals), botany (growth patterns of
plants and trees), and financial
 markets (price movements of Golden Ratio in Nature
securities).

Origin of Fibonacci Sequence

➢ The Fibonacci sequence was
discovered after an investigation on
the reproduction of rabbits.
➢ Fibonacci sequence in Nature.

Fibonacci Numbers

Fibonacci Sequence Formula

● The fibonacci sequence can be

written as a “Rule”
● First, the terms are numbered from 0
onwards like this:

● So term number 6 is called x₆ (which

equals 8).
The “Vitruvian Man”
● Simple Rule: Add the last two
● Leonardo did an entire exploration of
terms to get the next.
the human body and the ratios of the
lengths of the various body parts.
1.3 The Golden Ratio
“Vituvian Man” illustrates that the
human body is proportioned
according to the Golden Ratio.

➢ The golden ratio can be expressed

as the ratio between two numbers.
2.1 Language of Mathematics (simplify,
rationalize)

Language, a system of conventional What is in a Verbs Equality,

sentence inequality,
spoken, manual (signed), or written symbols membership in a
by means of which human beings, as set

members of a social group and participants

in its culture, express themselves. Difficulties in the Math Language
1. Different meaning or use of words in
Symbols commonly used in Math and English
Mathematics are: “And” is equivalent to plus
“Is” may have different meaning
2. The different uses of numbers:
cardinal, ordinal, or nominal.
“Cardinal numbers” ones used for counting
“Ordinal numbers” ones used for telling
positions
“Nominal numbers” used only as a name
to identify something

Translation: English to Math Language

and vis a vis
1. English to Math
Six less than twice a number is 2x - 6 = 45
forty-five

A number minus seven yields ten x - 7 = 10

A total of six and some number 6+x

Twelve added to a number x + 12

Eight times a number is forty-eight 8x = 48

The product of fourteen and a 14x

number
ENGLISH Language vs. MATHEMATICS Language
English Mathematics
2. English to Math
SYMBOLS English Alphabet English Twice a number minus eight 2x - 8
and punctuation Alphabet,
Numerals, Greek
letters, Grouping The quotient of a number and x/7 = 2
Symbols, Special seven is two
Symbols
Three-fourths of a number 3
x
4
Name Noun Expressions
The product of a number and ten is 10x = 80
Complete Sentence Equation eighty
Thought
Eight less than a number is five X-8=5
Action Verbs Operations and
other actions
 How many times does five go into 20/5 = x the most fundamental concepts in
twenty mathematics.
➢ It is usually represented by capital
Remember these keywords! letters.
➢ The objects of a set are separated
by commas.
➢ The objects that belong in a set are
the elements, or members of the
set.
➢ It can be represented by listing its
element between braces.
➢ A set is said to be well-defined if
the elements in a set are specifically
listed.
Examples:
A = ❴a, e, i, o, u❵
B = ❴set of plane figures❵
C = ❴Ca, Au, Ag❵

One-to-one Correspondence
Students can connect one number with one
object and then count them, with
understanding.

Cardinality
Tells how many things are
in a set. When counting a
Equals (=) set of objects, the last
● is, are, was, were, will be, gives, word in the counting
yields, sold for, cost sequence names the
quantity for that set.
Keywords for Inequalities
Equivalent and Equal Sets
> ≥ < ≤
Equivalent sets: Two finite sets A and B are
Is more than Minimum Is smaller than Maximum at equivalent if their cardinal number is same,
Is greater than At least is less than most
Is larger than Is not less than below Not more than i.e. n(A) = n(B).
above Not smaller Is not greater
than than
Equal sets: Two sets A and B are said to be
equal if every element of A is a member of
2.2 Sets B, and every element of B is a member of A.

Using the numbers 0, 1, 2, … , 9 illustrate

Set in mathematics is a collection of
the sets: A = ❴4, 7, 9❵ B = ❴1, 2, 3, 4, 5❵
well defined and distinct objects, considered
as an object in its own right. Sets are one of
Intersection: Members of both set A and B

4 is in both sides
A⋂B = ❴4❵

Union: Members of set A or set B or both

A∪B = ❴1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9❵

Complementary: Members not in the set

❴6, 8❵
Universal: All members
❴1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9❵
Subset: All members of set A are in set B

A⊂B

Null set/Empty set: n(∅) = 0

A = ❴a, b, c❵
B = ❴1, 2, 3❵
A⋂B = ❴∅❵

Functions and Relations

Relation is any set of ordered pairs

Function is defined as a relation
between a set of inputs having one output
each.
 2.3 Elementary Logic
Conjunction of p and q
Logic serves as a set of rules that Let p and q be propositions.
govern the structure and presentation of The proposition “p and q,”
mathematical proofs. It allows us to denoted by pʌq is true when
determine the validity of arguments in and both p and q are true and is
out of mathematics. false otherwise. This is called
the conjunction of p and q.
A proposition is a statement that is,
by itself, true or false. They can be Example:
expressed in symbols P, Q, R or p, q, r. a. p: 2 is an even integer
a. Simple - means single idea q: 3 is an odd integer
statement The conjunction of these propositions is
b. Compound - conveys two or more “2 is an even integer and 3 is an odd
ideas integer”.

Proposition is a statement that is either Disjunction of p and q

true or false, but not both. Let p and q be propositions.
➢ Atlanta was the site of the 1996 The propositions “p or q”
Summer Olympics Games. true denoted by pvq, is the
➢ 1+1=2 true proposition that is false
➢ 3+1=5 false when p and q are both false
➢ What will my MATM grade be? ?? and true otherwise.

Logical Connectives Examples:

Statements Connectives Symbolic Type of p: 12 is prime False

Form statements

Not P Not ~P Negation

Given: q: 17 is prime True

P and Q And P⋀Q Conjunction r: 19 is composite False

P or Q Or P⋁Q Disjunction

If P, then Q If…Then P→Q Conditional 1. pvq 12 is prime or 17 True

is prime
P if and only if Q If and only if P↔Q Bi-conditional

2. pvr 12 is prime or 19 False

Negation of p is composite
Let p be a proposition. The statement “it is
3. qvr 17 is prime or 19 True
not the case that p” is also a proposition is composite
called the “negation of p” or ￢p (read “not
p”)
p = The sky is blue. p: students who have taken Algebra can
￢p = It is not the case take Discrete Mathematics.
that the sky is blue.￢p q: students who have taken computer
= The sky is not blue. science can take Discrete Mathematics.
 The disjunction of these propositions is q
“ Students who have taken Algebra or
Contrapositive ~q → ~p If not q, then not p
Computer science, but not both can take
Discrete mathematics”. Example:

Implication p→q
Let p and q be propositions. The implication
p→q is the proposition that is false when p
is true and q is false,
and true otherwise. In
this implication p is
called the hypothesis
(or antecedent or
premise) and q is
called the conclusion
(or consequence).

Implications
➢ If p, then q
➢ p implies q
➢ if p,q
➢ p only if q
➢ p is sufficient for q
➢ q if p
➢ q whenever p
➢ q is necessary for p

Examples:
a. If all men are mortal then Mario is
mortal. (logical implication)
b. If this polygon is quadrilateral then it
has four sides. (definitional
implication)
c. If today is Thursday then tomorrow
is Friday. (sequential implication)
d. If sugar is placed in water, then it will
dissolve. (casual implication)
e. Material implication

Converse, Inverse, and Contrapositive

Conditional statement p→q If p, then q

Converse q→p If q, then p

Inverse ~p → ~q If not p, then not

III. Problem Solving and Reasoning 3.2 Deductive reasoning
Two Types of Reasoning Deductive reasoning is the
process of reaching a
Inductive reasoning: Deductive reasoning:
from a number of from a general premise, conclusion by applying
observations, a general specific results are general; assumptions,
conclusion is drawn. predicted. procedures, or principles.
Observations General premise
- Members of a species - Individuals most Key terms:
are not all the same. adapted to their
- Individuals compete environment are more
for resources. likely to survive and
- Species are generally pass their traits on to
adapted to their the next generation.
environment.

Conclusion Predicted results

- Individuals most - If the average
adapted to their temperature in an
environment are more ecosystem increases
likely to survive and due to climate change, Deductive vs. inductive reasoning
pass their traits to the individuals better
next generation. adapted to warmer ➢ 90% of humans are right handed.
temperatures will
Joe is human. Therefore, Joe is right
outcompete those that
are not. handed. Deductive
➢ You are a good student. You get all
A’s. Therefore your friends must get
3.1 Inductive Reasoning all A’s too. Inductive
➢ All oranges are fruits. All fruits grown
on trees. Therefore, all oranges
Inductive reasoning
grow on trees. Deductive
is the process of
➢ Mikhail came from Italy and Italians
reaching a general
are tall, therefore Mikhail is tall.
conclusion by
Inductive
examining specific
examples.
All arguments are either valid or invalid.

A statement is a true statement provided

that is true in all cases. If you can find one
case for which a statement is not true,
called a counterexample, then the
statement is a false statement.
➢ An argument is valid if and only if it
is not possible that all of its premises
are true and its conclusion is false
➢ An argument is invalid if only if it is
possible that all of its premises are
true and its conclusion is false
Every dog is a reptile. If Sue wins, then Ed will be happy. If Ed is
Every reptile is cold-blooded. happy, then George will be happy. So, if Sue
Therefore, every dog is cold-blooded. wins, then George will be happy.
Answer: Valid/Unsound Valid

All dogs are wolves. No wolves are insects.

So, no dogs are insects. 3.3 Polya’s Strategy
Answer: Valid Named after George Polya (1887-1985). It
is a four-step problem solving strategy that
Deductively invalid arguments: is deceptively simple.
generalizations (induction), abduction
Polya’s Four-step:
All rabbits in the hat are white I. Understand the Problem
These rabbits are from the hat II. Devise a plan
⇒ These rabbits are white III. Carry out the plan
Deduction, valid IV. Review the solution

These rabbits are from the hat. Example 1: The sum of two numbers is 30.
These rabbits are white. The first number is twice as large as the
⇒ (Probably) All rabbits in the hat are white. second one, what are the numbers?
- Generalization, induction, invalid

All rabbits in the hat are white.

These rabbits are white.
⇒ (Probably because) These rabbits are
from the hat
- Abduction, invalid

All beagles are dogs.

Snoopy is a beagle.
So, Snoopy is a dog.
Valid
Example 2: The sum of three numbers is
Being friendly is the easiest way to make 64. If the second number is two times the
friends quickly. first and the third is four more than the
Alana has a lot of friends. second, then find the numbers.
Therefore, Alana must be friendly.
Invalid

Ann and Bob both won’t be home.

So, Ann won’t be home.
Valid
Example 3: The sum of three consecutive
integers is 75. Find the numbers.
Age Problem
Example 4: Matt is 6 years more than three
times older than his sister. Four years ago,
he was 5 times older as his sister. How old
is his sister?
Example 5: Linda is thrice as old as MJ. Ten
years from now, the sum of their ages will
be 28, how old are they now?
Work Problem
Example 6: Mr. Y can paint a house in 10
days while Mr. Z can paint the house in 15
days. How many days will be required for
the painting of the house if they work
together?