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BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

S.Y. 2020 – 2021
1ST QUARTER

Subject: Pre-Calculus Module No.: 4

Topic: Ellipses Module Duration: Week 4

Vision
A globally competitive institution, faithful to the teachings and tradition of the Catholic
Church working together towards the total development of the person following the examples of
St. Arnold Janssen and St. Joseph Freinademetz.

Mission
To develop and enhance the capabilities of the person to become Witness to the Word
and responsive to the demands of the society.

Goal
• Global Competence
• Cultural Preservation
• Academic Excellence
• SVD Spirituality

I. CONTENT STANDARD
The learners demonstrate an understanding of key concepts of conic sections and
systems of nonlinear equations.

II. PROFESIONAL STANDARD

The learners shall be able to model situations appropriately and solve problems
accurately using conic sections and systems of nonlinear equations.

III. LEARNING COMPETENCIES

1. Define a hyperbola. (STEM_PC11AG-Id-1)
2. Determine the standard form of equation of a hyperbola. (STEM_PC11AG-Id-2)
3. Graph a hyperbola in a rectangular coordinate system (STEM_PC11AG-Id-3)

IV. LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able to:
1. Write the general and standard forms of a hyperbola given any conditions.
2. Draw the graphical representation of a hyperbola and its parts.
3. Apply the concepts of a hyperbola to solve situational problems.

V. LEARNING MATERIALS
• Laptop/Mobile Gadgets

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 • Module
• Graphing Paper
• Black pen and one colored-pen
• Calculator

VI. LEARNING PROCEDURE

A. Routinary Activities
1. Prayer
“Heavenly Father, You hold each of us in your loving hands. Come fill our hearts, minds and
bodies afresh with hope. Help us to cast our worries upon you, so that we can embrace our
learning today. Bless us as we study and grow together. Come and anoint those who teach and
tutor us to be bringers of insight and knowledge. Lord, watch over us all, keep us safe within your
Almighty hand. Amen.”

2. Checking of Attendance
The subject teacher checks the attendance on their meeting day through the DWCC LMS
MOODLE. The students who chose online/ blended learning are encouraged to be online.

B. Review of Previous Lesson

A quick recap about ellipse.

C. Motivation

This activity is called “Paper Art Folding”.

Materials: Regular copier paper, tracing paper or patty paper works well. Compass and ruler.
Instructions.
1. Each student should use a compass to draw a circle with a radius of about 6 cm on a sheet
of paper.
2. Mark the center of the circle and mark it as B.
3. Next each student should draw one point outside the circle and label it A. Students should
pick a point approx. 10 cm away from the center of the circle.
4. Now the students should fold the paper so that points on the circumference of the circle fall
on the point marked A and make a sharp crease.
5. Then unfold the paper and fold it again in a different direction so that the point on the
circumference again falls on the point A.
6. Repeat this many times so that points all around the edge have been folded onto the point.

A. What shape of the object have you drawn on your paper?

_______________________________
B. Can you view other objects related to the figure you’ve drawn? What are those?
______________________________________________________________________

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 D. Presentation of the New Lesson

Just like ellipse, a hyperbola is one of the conic

sections that most students have not encountered
formally before. Its graph consists of two unbounded
branches which extend in opposite directions. It is a
misconception that each branch is a parabola. This is
not true, as parabolas and hyperbolas have very
different features.

The figure at the right shows a cylindrical

lampshade casting two shadows on a wall. These
shadows indicate the distinguishing feature of
hyperbolas: Their graphs contain two disjoint parts,
called branches. Although each branch might look like
a parabola, its shape is actually quite different.

E. Lesson Proper/Discussion

HYPERBOLAS

Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Write the general and standard equation of the hyperbola.
2. Sketch the graph of a hyperbola.
3. Solve problems with geometric conditions.

I. DEFINITIONS
A hyperbola is the set of points in a plane the difference of whose distances
from two fixed points, called foci, is constant.

Figure 5.1 illustrates the two branches of a hyperbola. The line through the foci
intersects the hyperbola at two points, called the vertices. The line segment
that joins the vertices is the transverse axis. The midpoint of the transverse
axis is the center of the hyperbola. Note: The center lies midway between the
vertices, as well as midway between the foci.

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 Figure 5.1. Two Branches of Hyperbola

II. GENEREL EQUATION

±𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥𝑦 ∓ 𝐶𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0

III. CENTERED AT THE ORIGIN

A. STANDARD EQUATION

𝑥2 𝑦2
1. 2
− =1 Transverse axis lies on the x – axis.
𝑎 𝑏2
𝑦2 𝑥2
2. − =1 Transverse axis lies on the y – axis.
𝑎2 𝑏2

Figure 3.2.(a) Transverse axis lies Figure 3.2.(b) Transverse axis lies
on the x – axis. On the y – axis.

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 Figure 3.2(a) illustrates that for the equation on the left, the transverse axis lies
on the x – axis. Figure 3.2(b) illustrates that for the equation on the right, the
transverse axis lies on the y – axis. The vertices are units from the center and
the foci are units from the center. For both equations,𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 .
Equivalently, 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 . Note that a2 is always the denominator of the
variable preceeded by the plus sign.

Study Tip: When the 𝑥 2 − 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 is preceded by a plus sign, the transverse axis is
horizontal. When the 𝑦 2 − 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 is preceded by a plus sign, the transverse axis is vertical.
B. THE ASYMPTOTES
As x and y get larger, the two branches of the graph of a hyperbola approach
a pair of intersecting straight lines, called asymptotes. The asymptotes pass
through the center of the hyperbola and are helpful in graphing hyperbolas.

Figure 3.3. Asymptotes of Hyperbola Centered at (h,k)

Figure 9.20 shows the asymptotes for the graphs of hyperbolas centered at the
origin.The asymptotes pass through the corners of a rectangle. Note that the
dimensions of this rectangle are 2a by 2b. The line segment of length is the
conjugate axis of the hyperbola and is perpendicular to the transverse axis
through the center of the hyperbola.
Summary of the Equations of Asymptotes
𝑥2 𝑦2
1. The hyperbola 2
− = 1 has a horizontal transverse axis and two
𝑎 𝑏2
asymptotes

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 𝑏 𝑏
𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = − 𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
𝑦2 𝑥2
2. The hyperbola − = 1 has a vertical transverse axis and two
𝑎2 𝑏2
asymptotes
𝑎 𝑎
𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = − 𝑥
𝑏 𝑏

IV. CENTERED AT (h, k)

A. STANDARD EQUATION
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
1. − =1 Horizontal Transverse axis
𝑎2 𝑏2
Note: Foci are c units right and c units left from the center, where
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 .

Figure 3.4. Hyperbola with Horizontal Transverse Axis

(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
2. − =1 Vertical Transverse axis
𝑎2 𝑏2
Note: Foci are c units below and c units above the center, where 𝑐 2 =
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 .

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 Figure 3.5. Hyperbola with Vertical Transverse Axis

B. THE ASYMPTOTES
𝑏
1. 𝑦 − 𝑘 = ± (𝑥 − ℎ) Horizontal Tranverse Axis
𝑎
𝑎
2. 𝑦 − 𝑘 = ± 𝑏 (𝑥 − ℎ) Vertical Transverse Axis

V. SUMMARY

TRANVERSE AXIS HORIZONTAL VERTICAL

2 2
EQUATION 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦2 𝑥2
− =1 − =1
𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑎2 𝑏 2
VERTICES (a, 0), (-a, 0) (0, a), (0, -a)
CO – VERTICES (0, b), (0, -b) (b, 0), (-b, 0)
FOCI (c, 0), (0, -c) (0, c), (0, -c)
AYMPTOTES 𝑏 𝑎
𝑦=± 𝑥 𝑦=± 𝑥
𝑎 𝑏
TABLE 5.1 Hyperbola Centered at the Origin (0, 0)

TRANVERSE AXIS HORIZONTAL VERTICAL

EQUATION (𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
− =1 − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2
VERTICES (h + a, k), (h – a, k) (h, k + a), (h, k – a)
CO – VERTICES (h, k + b), (h, k – b) (h + b, k), (h – b, k)
FOCI (h + c, k), (h – c, k) (h, k + c), (h, k – c)

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 AYMPTOTES 𝑏 𝑎
𝑦 − 𝑘 = ± (𝑥 − ℎ) 𝑦 − 𝑘 = ± (𝑥 − ℎ)
𝑎 𝑏
TABLE 5.2 Hyperbola Centered at (h, k)

Example No. 1. Given 36𝑦 2 − 25𝑥 2 = 900, find the vertices, co – vertices, foci,
and asymptotes. Then, sketch the graph.
Solution:
A. We must convert into standard equation.
36𝑦 2 − 25𝑥 2 = 900
𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝟐
− =𝟏 Divide both sides by 900.
𝟐𝟓 𝟑𝟔
B. The hyperbola has vertical transverse axis and centered at the origin (0, 0).
C. Since a2 = 25, so a = 5. Using the summary presented, we can locate the
vertices at points (0, 5) and (0, -5).
D. Since b2 = 36, so b = 6. Using the summary presented, we can locate the
vertices at points (6, 0) and (-6, 0).
E. To find the coordinates of foci, we must get the value of c.
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑐 = √25 + 36
𝑐 = √61 𝑜𝑟 7.8 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Using the summary presented, the foci are located at (√𝟔𝟏, 𝟎) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (−√𝟔𝟏, 𝟎).
F. Using the given formula, the asymptotes have the equations
𝟓
𝒚 = ± 𝟔 𝒙.
G. The graph.
Step 1. Locate the center, vertices, co – vertices and foci.
Step 2. Connect the vertices and co – vertices by drawing a rectangle.
Step 3. Locate the ends of latus recta but we must get first the length of latus
rectum using the formula below.
2𝑏 2
𝐿𝑅 =
𝑎
2(36) 𝟕𝟐
𝐿𝑅 = = 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟒. 𝟒 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
5 𝟓
With this, we will count 7.2 units (half of the LR) to the left and to the
right of foci. So, the ends of latus recta are at points (7.8, 7.4), (7.8, -7.4), (-7.8,
7.4), and (-7.8, -7.4).
Step 5. Draw the asymptote by connecting the 2 opposite corners of the box
and passing through the center. Then extend the line segment.

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 Step 4. Draw the two branches of the hyperbola by connecting the vertex,
and ends of latus rectum. Make sure that the branches are approaching the
asymptotes.

Example No. 2. Given 4𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 − 25𝑦 2 + 250𝑦 − 489 = 0, find the vertices, co –
vertices, foci, and asymptotes. Then, sketch the graph.
Solutions:
A. First, we must get the standard equation by the following steps.

4𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 − 25𝑦 2 + 250𝑦 − 489 = 0

4𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 − 25𝑦 2 + 250𝑦 = 489 Transpose -489 to the right side.
2 2
(4𝑥 − 24𝑥) + (−25𝑦 + 250𝑦) = 489 Group the x – related terms and y
– related terms.
4(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + __) − 25(𝑦 2 − 10𝑦+__ ) = 489 + __ + __ Factor out the coefficient of
the squared variables and get
ready to create perfect squares.
2 2
4(𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 9) − 25(𝑦 − 10𝑦 + 25) = 489 + 36 − 625 Take “half” of the middle
term of the trinomial and square it.
In the right side, add the resulting
product multiply the coefficients of
the squared variables.
2 2
.4(𝑥 − 3) − 25(𝑦 − 5) = −100 Factor the trinomial and perform the
indicated operation.
(𝑥−3)2 (𝑦−5)2
+ =1 Divide both sides by -100.
−25 4
(𝒚−𝟓)𝟐 (𝒙−𝟑)𝟐
− =𝟏 Rearrange.
𝟒 𝟐𝟓

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B. The hyperbola has vertical transverse axis and centered at the origin (3, 5).
C. Since a2 = 4, so a = 2. Using the summary presented, we can locate the vertices
at points (3, 3) and (3, 7).
D. Since b2 = 25, so b = 5. Using the summary presented, we can locate the
vertices at points (8, 5) and (-2, 5).
E. To find the coordinates of foci, we must get the value of c.
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑐 = √4 + 25
𝑐 = √29 𝑜𝑟 5.4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Using the summary presented, the foci are located at (𝟑, 𝟓 + √𝟐𝟗) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟑, 𝟓 −
√𝟐𝟗).
F. Using the given formula, the asymptotes have the equations
𝟐
𝒚 − 𝟓 = ± 𝟓 (𝒙 − 𝟑).
G. The graph.
Step 1. Locate the center, vertices, co – vertices and foci.
Step 2. Connect the vertices and co – vertices by drawing a rectangle.
Step 3. Locate the ends of latus recta but we must get first the length of latus
rectum using the formula below.
2𝑏 2
𝐿𝑅 =
𝑎
2(25) 𝟐𝟓
𝐿𝑅 = = 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
4 𝟓𝟐
With this, we will count 6.25 units (half of the LR) to the left and to
the right of foci. So, the ends of latus recta are at points (9.25, 𝟓 + √𝟐𝟗), (-3.25,
𝟓 + √𝟐𝟗), (9.25, 𝟓 − √𝟐𝟗), and (-3.25, 𝟓 − √𝟐𝟗).
Step 5. Draw the asymptote by connecting the 2 opposite corners of the box
and passing through the center. Then extend the line segment.
Step 4. Draw the two branches of the hyperbola by connecting the vertex,
and ends of latus rectum. Make sure that the branches are approaching the
asymptotes.

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Example No. 3. The foci of a hyperbola are (-5, -3) and (9, -3). For any point on the
hyperbola, the absolute value of the difference of its distances from the foci is 10. Find the
standard equation of the hyperbola.

Note that the Midpoint of two foci is the center of a hyperbola.

−5 + (9) −3 + (−3)
𝑀=𝐶=( , ) = (𝟐, −𝟑)
2 2
We will be assumed that the given hyperbola has horizontal transverse axis because its
foci are horizontally aligned.

Note that distance between the center and focus is the value of c.
2
𝐷 = 𝑐 = √(−5 − 2)2 + (−3 − (−3)) = 𝟕

From the given difference, 2a = 10 so a = 5 and a2 = 25. Therefore,

𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
𝑏 2 = 72 − 52
𝑏 2 = 24

(𝒙−𝟐)𝟐 (𝒚+𝟑)𝟐
So, the standard equation of the given ellipse is − = 𝟏.
𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟒
Then try to get the elements and graph.

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 Example No. 4. A hyperbola has vertices (−4, −5) and (−4,9), and one of its foci
is (−4, 2 − √65). Find its standard equation.

Solution:
Note that the Midpoint of two vertices is the center of a hyperbola.
−4 + (−4) −5 + 9
𝑀=𝐶=( , ) = (−𝟒, 𝟐)
2 2
We will be assumed that the given hyperbola has vertical transverse axis because its
vertices are vertically aligned.

Note that distance between the center and vertex is the value of a.
𝐷 = 𝑎 = √(−4 − (−4))2 + (2 − 9)2 = 𝟕

Note that distance between the center and focus is the value of c.
2
𝐷 = 𝑐 = √(−4 − (−4))2 + (2 − (2 − √65)) = √𝟔𝟓

From the derived values of a and c, we can get the value of b.

𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
𝑏 2 = 65 − 49
𝑏 2 = 16

(𝒚−𝟐)𝟐 (𝒙+𝟒)𝟐
So, the standard equation of the given ellipse is − = 𝟏.
𝟒𝟗 𝟏𝟔
Then try to get the elements and graph.

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