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Sample Lecture Notes PDF
Sample Lecture Notes PDF
f ( x ) lim f ( x)
The limit of a quotient is equal to
5 lim
x→a
= x→a
g ( x ) lim g ( x)
(if lim g ( x) ≠ 0)
x→a the quotient of the limits.
x→a
ex#1 Given lim f ( x) = 2 , lim g ( x) = −1 , lim h( x) = 3 use the Limit Laws find lim f ( x )h( x ) − x 2 g ( x)
x →3 x →3 x →3 x →3
2
ex#2 Evaluate lim 22 x + 1 , if it exists, by using the Limit Laws.
x→2 x + 6x − 4
1 − (1 − x) 2
ex#4 Evaluate: lim
x→0 x
h+4 −2
ex#5 Evaluate: lim
h →0 h
Math131 Calculus I Notes 2.3 page 3
Definition: x = x if x ≥ 0
− x if x < 0
Geometrically: The absolute value of a number indicates its distance from another number.
x − c = a means the number x is exactly _____ units away from the number _____.
x − c < a means: The number x is within _____ units of the number _____.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2. The Greatest Integer Function
Definition: [[x]] = the largest integer that is
less than or equal to x.
ex 6 [[ 5 ]] =
ex 7 [[ 5.999 ]] =
ex 8 [[ 3 ]] =
ex 9 [[ -2.6 ]] =
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Theorem 2: If f ( x) ≤ g ( x) when x is near a (except possibly at a) and the limits of f and g both
exist as x approaches a then lim f ( x ) ≤ lim g ( x ) .
x→a x→ a
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1
ex12 Find lim x 2 sin . To find this limit, let’s start by graphing it. Use your graphing calculator.
x →0 x
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The Squeeze Theorem: If f ( x) ≤ g ( x) ≤ h( x) when x is near a (except possibly at a) and
lim f ( x) = lim h( x) = L then lim g ( x) = L
x→a x →a x→a
Math131 Calculus I Limits at Infinity & Horizontal Asymptotes Notes 2.6
x→∞
x→∞
be made arbitrarily close to L by taking x sufficiently corresponding number N such that if x > N then
large in a positive direction. f ( x) − L < ε
Let f be a function defined on some interval Let f be a function defined on some interval
NEGATIVE
x → −∞
x → −∞
values of f(x) can be made arbitrarily close to L by is a corresponding number N such that if x < N then
taking x sufficiently large in a negative direction. f ( x) − L < ε
The line y = L is a
horizontal asymptote
of the curve y = f(x) if
either is true:
1. lim f ( x) = L
x→∞
or
2. lim f ( x) = L
x → −∞
The line x = a is a
vertical asymptote
of the curve y = f(x)
if at least one of the
Vertical Asymptote
following is true:
1. lim f ( x) = ∞
x→a
2. lim− f ( x) = ∞
x→ a
3. lim+ f ( x) = ∞
x→ a
4. lim f ( x) = −∞
x→a
5. lim− f ( x) = −∞
x→ a
6. lim+ f ( x) = −∞
x→ a
Theorem
1
• If r > 0 is a rational number then lim =0
x→∞ x r
1
• If r > 0 is a rational number such that x r is defined for all x then lim =0
x → −∞ x r
Math131 Calculus I Notes 2.6 page 2
3
ex#1 Find the limit: lim
x→∞ x 5
x3 + 2x
ex#2 Find the limit: lim
x→ ∞ 5 x 3 − x 2 + 4
2x 2 + 1
ex#5 Find the vertical and horizontal asymptotes of the graph of the function: f ( x) =
3x − 5
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