Malunggay Prelimenary

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE
WATER FILTRATION USING PLANT BASED MATERIAL

(MALUNGGAY SEED AND BANANA PEEL).
An Research Paper
Submitted to the Faculty of the International School
Lyceum of the Philippines University-Cavite
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the

International School, Senior High School Program
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
ARQUERO, KEITH MARK JOHN Q.

BACATAN, EISEN B.
FLORES, GENE LEONARD N.
GREPO, ROBERT STALIN E.
ILAGAN, LORENZO MIGUEL D.
May 2019
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

APPROVAL SHEET
This research paper entitled WATER FILTRATION USING PLANT BASED

MATERIAL (MALUNGGAY SEED AND BANANA PEEL) submitted by KEITH
MARK JOHN Q. ARQUERO, EISEN B. BACATAN, GENE LEONARD N.
FLORES, ROBERT STALIN E. GREPO, and LORENZO MIGUEL D. ILAGAN has
been reviewed and recommended as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Science,
Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Strand of the Academic Track of the Senior
High School Program
CHRISTOPHER A. MALAY, MSc., LPT EUNICE E. LAUDATO, LPT

Research Adviser Technical Critic
Accepted and approved by the panel of examiners following a successful Oral Defense on
May 16, 2019.
CIREL JAN PERITO DAVID JOHN GUMBA

Panelist Panelist
ENGR. CREESELLE D. DADIVAS ENGR. PATRICIA C. NOVENO

Panelist Panelist
MS. MICHELLE-CHUNG WU-CRUCIDO

Senior High School Coordinator
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Science,
Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Strand of the Academic Track of the Senior
High School Program
MR. MHAR ANGELO A. BAYOT

Headmaster, International School
ii

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY
We hereby declare that the research paper entitled:
WATER FILTRATION USING PLANT BASED MATERIAL

(MALUNGGAY SEED AND BANANA PEEL).
is our own work and that, to the best of our knowledge and belief, it contains no
material previously published or written by another person except where due
acknowledgement is made in the text.
We also declare that the intellectual content of this research is the product of our
own work, even though we may have received assistance from others on style, presentation
and language expression.
ARQUERO, KEITH MARK JOHN Q.

BACATAN, EISEN B.
FLORES, GENE LEONARD N.
GREPO, ROBERT STALIN E.
ILAGAN, LORENZO MIGUEL D.
Proponents
Date of completion: May 16, 2019
Attested by:
CHRISTOPHER A. MALAY , M.Sc., LPT Date of completion: May 16, 2019

Research Adviser
iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researchers would like to express their utmost gratitude and sincerest appreciation to
the following:
To our Creator, for all knowledge and wisdom come from Him.
Mr. Christopher A. Malay, our research adviser, for always giving the most
advantageous suggestions and for looking out for us throughout the whole process.
Ms. Eunice E. Laudato, our III teacher, for the continuous support, knowledge,
and useful critique for this research.
Ms. Luzvie Mae F. Manalaysay, our Class Adviser, for her continuous support,
motivating attitude, valuable advices and suggestions.
Ms. Vargas, laboratory coordinator of LPU-C, for her numerous assistances in

this study and her support for the studies of different students.
Our parents, for being the most supportive people in the success of this research
both financially and mentally.
We would never have finished this study without all of them. We are beyond
grateful.
KEITH MARK JOHN Q. ARQUERO

EISEN B. BACATAN
GENE LEONARD N. FLORES
ROBERT STALIN E. GREPO
LORENZO MIGUEL D. ILAGAN
iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE …...…………………………………………….…………….………….….i

APPROVAL SHEET ……………………………………………….. ……………...……ii
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY ………………………………………………..…...iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……………………………………..………….. ……………iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………..……………..…….…………...v
LIST OF TABLES …….…………………………………………...............……………vii
LIST OF FIGURES …...…………………………………………......……...………….viii
LIST OF APPENDICES …………………………………………......…………………...x
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………..…………...xii
INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………….……….1
Background of the Study ………………………………………………….……...1
Statement of the Problem ……………...………………………………….. ……..3
Hypothesis…………… …………………………………………………...............4
Significance of the Study …………………………………….. ………….............5
Scope and Limitations of the Study…………………………... …………….……6
Definition of Terms………………. …………………………..…………….…….7
LITERATURE REVIEW ….……………………………………………………………..8
METHODOLOGY ………...…………………………………………………………... 20

Research Design ………….……………………………..…………………….....20

Locale …………………….…………...……………………………..………......20
Sources of Data ...…………………….………..… …………….....…...………..21
Procedure ……………….………………………………………..……………...21
Research Instrument …………………………………………………………….26
Data Analysis ……………………………………………………..……………. 27
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ……………………………..………….……………... 30

Oil Sorption Capacity ………………………………………….……..……..…. 30
Oil Sorption Capacity and Particle Size ………………………...…………….....36
Particle Size and Type ………………………………..……………..…………..38
Oil Sorption Capacity and Type ……………………………..…………..……...40
Commercial Feasibility ……………………………………………………...…..42
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ………………..........….44

Summary of Findings ……………………………………………….………...…44
Conclusion ………………………………………………….…………………...46
Recommendations …………………………………………………..………..….47
BIBLIOGRAPHY …...……………………………………………………..……………48
APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………….……….55
vi

LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Oil Spill and Cleanup Methods ……………...……………..…….…..….14

2 Oil Sorbents ...…………………….…………………..……....…………15
3 Composition of Sugarcane Bagasse ……….…….……………...……….17
4 Chemical Composition of Sugarcane Bagasse…................……………..18
5 Specific Gravity of Liquids ………………….….……………………….22
6 Data Table ……………………………………………………..................26
7 Oil Sorption Capacity ………………………………….……………..…..30
8 Water Sorption Capacity ………………………...……………………….32
9 Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient of Water Sorption Capacity
and Particle Size ……..……………………………………………..…………..…35
10 Comparison of Oil Sorption Capacity in Relation to Particle
Size and Type of Sugarcane Bagasse in Light Oil ………………………………..38
11 Comparison of Oil Sorption Capacity in Relation to Particle
Size and Type of Sugarcane Bagasse in Heavy Oil ………………..……………..39
vii

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 Number of Oil Spills ……………………….....………………..………..10

2 Cause of Oil Spills ………….……………..…………………………….12
3 Oil-Layer System …………….……….……………….…..…………….24
4 Experimental and Control Groups………….……………....……………25
5 Flowchart of Procedure and Experimentation …….…………….………26
6 Comparison of Oil Sorption Capacity and Particle Size in Light
Oil …………………………………………………………................……………36
7 Comparison of Oil Sorption Capacity and Particle Size in
Heavy Oil ………………………………………….…………………………...…37
8 Comparison of Oil Sorption Capacity between Control Group
and Experimental Groups …………………………………………………………40
9 Comparison of Positive Control and Optimized Sorbent
Pillow ……………………………………………..……………………………….42
10 Collection of Sea Water ………………………..……….………………..74
11 Collection of Chemicals ………………………………….………...........74
12 Collection of Sugarcane Bagasse …………………….………………….75
13 Collection of Oil ………………………………....……………………….75
14 Measuring of Specific Gravity Through Hydrometer ……...…………….76
15 Oven drying of Sugarcane Bagasse …………………………….…………76
16 Weighing of Sugarcane Bagasse ……………………………....………..…77
17 Grinding of Sugarcane Bagasse ………………………...…….…………...77
18 Different Particle Sizes of Sugarcane Bagasse …..………………………..78
19 Soaking of Sugarcane Bagasse with Acetic Acid . ………………..............78
viii

20 Washing of Sugarcane Bagasse with Deionized Water ……………..........79

21 Oven drying of Chemically Treated Sugarcane Bagasse ………………..79
22 Preparation of the Mixture of Activated Carbon and Sugarcane
Bagasse …………………………………………………………………………....80
23 Preparation of Sorbent Pillows …………………………………..……....80
24 Experimental Sorbent Pillows …………………………………………...81
25 Control Groups …………………………………………………...……...81
26 Light Oil Spill Simulation …………………………………………….…82
27 Heavy Oil Spill Simulation ……………………………….………….…82
28 A Treatment in Light Oil Spill Simulation …………………………...…83
29 Control Groups in Heavy Oil Spill Simulation ….……………..…..........83
30 Data Gathering Using Separatory Funnel ………………………..……...84
31 Immiscibility of Oil and Water in a Separatory Funnel …………..…….84
32 Separation of Oil and Water ……………………………….……............85
ix

LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Page
A Validation of Lab Sheet ………………………...………..…..………….56

B Lab Sheet for Light Oil ……………………………………..…….….….59
C Lab Sheet for Heavy Oil ……..…………………..….…………………..60
D Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation of Raw Sugarcane
Bagasse ……………….…………………………………….………………..……61
E Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation of Chemically
Treated Sugarcane Bagasse ……………………..………….…………….……….61
F Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation of the Mixture of
Activated Carbon and Sugarcane Bagasse ……………………………….……….62
G One-Way ANOVA of Oil Sorption Capacity and Particle Size
of Raw Sugarcane Bagasse ……………………………………………………..…62
H Post Hoc Test for Oil Sorption Capacity and Particle Size of
Raw Sugarcane Bagasse …………………………………………………………..63
I One-Way ANOVA of Oil Sorption Capacity and Particle Size
of Chemically Treated Sugarcane Bagasse ……………………..……………...…63
J Post Hoc Test for Oil Sorption Capacity and Particle Size of
Chemically Treated Sugarcane Bagasse ……………………….………………….64
K One-Way ANOVA of Oil Sorption Capacity and Particle Size
of Sugarcane Bagasse Mixed with Activated Carbon ………………..…………...65
L Post Hoc Test for Oil Sorption Capacity and Particle Size of
Sugarcane Bagasse with Activated Carbon …………………………..………..….65
M One-Way ANOVA of Oil Sorption Capacity and Type of
Sugarcane Bagasse of 5cm Particle Size …………………………………..…...…66
x

N Post Hoc Test of Oil Sorption Capacity and Type of

Sugarcane Bagasse of 5cm Particle Size ………………………………...………..66
O One-Way ANOVA of Oil Sorption Capacity and Type of
Sugarcane Bagasse of 1cm Particle Size ………………………...……..…………67
P Post Hoc Test of Oil Sorption Capacity and Type of
Sugarcane Bagasse of 1cm Particle Size …………………… ..……..……………68
Q One-Way ANOVA of Oil Sorption Capacity and Type of
Sugarcane Bagasse of 1mm to Micro Particle Size ………………..……...………68
R Post Hoc Test of Oil Sorption Capacity and Type of
Sugarcane Bagasse of 1mm to Micro Particle Size ……....…...…………………..69
S One-Way ANOVA of Oil Sorption Capacity and
Experimental and Control Groups ………………………………….……………..70
T Post Hoc Test of Oil Sorption Capacity and Experimental
and Control Groups …………………………………………………….…………70
U Independent Samples T-test of Positive Control and
Optimized Sorbent Pillow ……………………………………………...…………72
V Documentation …………………………………………………..……73
W Researcher’s Profile …………………………………………………….86
xi

Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite International School

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Strand
Abstract
WATER PURIFICATION USING PLANT BASED MATERIAL

(MORINGA OLEIFERA AND BANANA PEEL).
Keith Mark John Q. Arquero1, Eisen B. Bacatan1, Gene Leonard N. Flores1, Robert
Stalin E. Grepo1, Lorenzo Miguel D. Ilagan1 and Christopher A. Malay2
Proponents1 and Research Adviser2
This research is about water filtration using a plant based material such as moringa
oleifera seed, musa acuminata peel, and the mixture of the both said plants. The objective
of the study is to used the Morianga oleifera, Musa acuminata and mixture of both plants
to clean a sample water and use it for daily usage, that it can be used as a filter, so the
researchers put one teaspoon (5g) of the treatment per cup to the waste water sample then
observe it with time of 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours.the result show that Banana peel
2hours have the best result in terms of pH level with average score of 5.96 while in TDS
banana peel 3hours have the best result with average score if 0.01, and in TSS banana 1
hour have the best result with average score of 1.However in an over all result malunggay
seeds 3hours have the best result in all categories in terms of lowering the alkalinity, low
TSS and TDS value. The researchers found out that the plants can clean the water. For
every hour the sample water shows different result in terms of pH level, TSS, and TDS.
After it takes some test in the laboratory the researchers found out that the water becomes
acidic.
Key words: Morianga oleifera, Musa acuminata, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Suspended
Solids , pH Level, river water
xii

CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Background of the Study
Nowadays the supply of usable water is running low because of the increasing
pollution in the water resource. As stated by Frankel T.(2015) New NASA data show how
the world is running out of water. More than half of Earth’s 37 largest aquifers are being
depleted, according to gravitational data from the GRACE satellite system. As stated by
Brown M. (2019) 50 million gallons of polluted water pours daily from mine sites across
the U.S., including Colorado. Everyday gallons of water with a metal substance such as
arsenic, lead, and other toxic metals flows from mining sites that connect to surrounding
water streams and ponds without being treated, they found out that this substance poisons
aquatic life and taint the water supplies. The contaminant is found in solution, such as
chemicals, and synthetic substance like pesticides. These impurities can harm our health
and can cause some minor or/and major diseases thus, the quality of water resources should
be evaluated based on their quality because usable water should not be used unless their
quality is appropriate for the specific use. Usable water is essential for an organism to
survive, especially us humans who have been using water every day to clean, to cook, for
energy supply. The availability of clean usable water is having a problem in terms of
harmful effects on human health. In rural areas, people use water from deep wells and
sometimes in the river, not knowing the effects of the bacteria to the health of the human
body such as skin rashes, dizziness, and even death.

Locals have a difficulty for purifying water because it is expensive and it is not
available in those rural areas, so in this situation there is a need for the researchers to find
alternative supply of water purifier which are malunggay seed powder (Moringa olifera)
that are less expensive and less toxic than aluminum sulfate that can clean the water and it
is always available in rural areas, banana peel can be used for removing impurities and
bacteria from the water because there are substances in banana peels, that can stick to any
toxic materials and remove them from water. Thereby making it safe and clean.
According to Ceniza and Clapanoc(2013). “Moringa oleifera is a pan-tropical
species that is native in the Philippines were all parts are edible and usable and also known
to be a miracle plant because of its many uses, this includes water purification using
powdered seeds”. Other researchers found that using malunggay seeds as a filter showed a
significant difference in chemical and microbiological analysis. According to Ceniza and
Clapano (2017)." In chemical analysis, hardness, total dissolved solids, turbidity, and
acidity increases except for pH and alkalinity. In the microbiological analysis, malunggay
seeds reduced the total number of coliform and heterotrophic bacteria as the concentration
of the powdered seeds increases. In conclusion that malunggay seed is effective in reducing
the number of bacteria presented in the water". Furthermore the study of Subashree R.,
Surya Praba N., Anusha G. (2017). Carbonization method is used to remove the organic
substance from wastewater using lemons and banana peels, the carbonization the method
is found to be more efficient for lemons and banana peels in terms of effects on pH level,
time, adsorbent dosage and particle size. The researchers found that there is no research

about the mixing of malunggay (Moringa oleifera) seeds and banana peel used as a material
for a water filter. So the researchers decided to mix malunggay and banana peel. Therefore
the purpose of the study is to discover how much can plant cleanse the water. It could
contribute information that there are ways to clean dirty water and turn it into clean tap
water for the community. Future researchers can use this study as a basis of information
and further improve the whole research. In addition, Wijeyaratne stated that using
powdered leaves of Moringa oleifera could drastically reduce the pollutants in the
contaminated river water, thus cleansing the water. However, the researchers will be using
powdered seeds of Moringa oleifera because it is more likely to clean the substances,
especially the river water.

Statement of the Problem
The researcher aims to solve the problem of clean water supply in the area of Mataas
na Burol Malabag, Silang Cavite due to the lack of water in that area. The researchers need
to find an alternative water supply that can solve the lack of water in that area
1. What will be the effect of the plant-based material to the water sample in terms of
pH level, TSS (Total Suspended Solids), TDS (Total Dissolved Solids)
2. What is the difference between the first two treatment which is the treatment of
malunggay seed, and the banana, then the mixture of banana and malunggay seed
through the pH level, TSS, and TDS .
Hypothesis
1.) There is no significant difference between the three treatments that is used to clean
the wastewater in terms of TSS, TDS, and pH level test.
2.) There is a significant difference between the three treatment that is used to clean
the wastewater.

Scope and Limitation of the Study
The scope of this study is to clean a sample of contaminated river water to be used
as a substitute for tap water when there is a short outcome of tap water. The limit of this
study is to help the locals to use the river in Mataas na Burol, Silang Cavite by gathering a
pail of water and filtering it to be used in a daily usage such as for gardening and laundry.
Significance of the Study
This study will give importance to nature itself, it will potentially give the people
an idea to reuse/relive the polluted river into a natural source of tap water.
 Locals of Mataas na Burol Silang Cavite - the locals will benefit from this
because they can use their own river water again. It can reduce the locals who get
easily sick because of contaminated water.
 The future researches – this can be a ready reference for them when they conduct
a related or similar study.

Definition of Terms
1. Musa acuminata- The scientific name of banana that can be found in southeast Asia.
2. Moringa oleifera- Scientific name of malunggay.
3. Zeta potentials- The potential difference existing between the surface of a solid particle
immersed in a conducting liquid.
4. pH level- the level of acidity or alkalinity of a substance
5. TSS- Total Suspended Solids- A type of test to identify the dry-weight of suspended
particles, that are not dissolved.
6. TDS- Total Dissolved solids – A type of test to measure of the dissolved combined
content of all inorganic and organic substances present in a liquid in molecular, ionized, or
micro-granular (colloidal sol) suspended form.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter will show you the review of related literatures significant to the study.
The following scriptures gathered by the researchers will make you understand the study
more.
Related Literature of Moringa oleifera
As stated by Amagloh Z., Benay A. (2009) that the matured dried Moringa Olifera
seeds can use an absorbent of bacteria in contaminated water and the result of that can use
drinking water. The Moringa Oleifera is abundant in the place of Mataas na Burol, Malabag
Silang Cavite so it makes the people around there to find an easy way for an alternative
water filter. Likewise, the study of Nand V., Maata N., Koshy K., Sotheeswaran S. (2012)
That the local seeds of Moringa Olifera can clean heavy metals like chromium, copper,
lead, and zinc. It is a great way to purify the contaminated water to make it safe because it
can remove the heavy metal in the contaminated river. Furthermore based on Jodi M. L.,
Birnin-Yauri U. A., Yahaya Y. and Sokoto M. A. (2012) This study was intended at finding
the effectiveness of powdered seeds of M. olifeira, H. Sabdariffa and C. Tidens as a normal
water treatment agents alternative to use of synthetic chemicals. The obtained results, when
each plant was mixed with alum were much better and it makes the study to find another
way or a more effective way to improve the purification of water in moringa olifera.

Also according to Kulkarni (2017). Humans use water for several purposes but the
purity level of the water being consumed is very critical since it has a direct effect on health.
In the existing study effectiveness, Moringa Oleifera seed extract as a natural water
treatment coagulant was investigated. Highly impure water was collected from a river.
Water samples that were collected were treated with varying concentrations of Moringa.
Water safety is very important in every place so the locals in the Mataas na Burol, Malabag
Silang Cavite use Moringa Olifera to purify the contaminated riverbank water. In addition
Oleifera seed extract: 50 mg/l, 100 mg/l, 150 mg/l, 200 mg/l and 250 mg/l. The water
samples that were collected from the river were analyzed before and after the treatment
with Moringa oleifera seed extracts at the varying concentration for different parameters.
– pH, turbidity, conductivity and total solids – to evaluate the appropriateness and the
efficiency of Moringa Oleifera seed extract in treating highly impure water. Therefore,
Moringa Oleifera seed extract was concluded to act as a natural coagulant for treating
highly impure water. This should be an encouragement for developing countries.

Related Literature of Musa acuminata
As stated by Subashree R., Surya Praba N., Anusha G. (2017). Lemon peels are
more effective than the banana peels in terms of removing impurities from the wastewater.
The carbonization method is found to be more efficient in terms of effects on pH level,
time, adsorbent dosage and particle size. But in this case, the researchers will be using
bananas because it is less expensive for the community and bananas are abundant in the
community besides bananas are still effective for removing pollutants in the contaminated
Water river. Bananas are very abundant in every place that is why the bananas are
another source of purifying the river water. In addition Yin, CY. (2010).The study of plant-
based coagulant sources, procedure, efficiency and related coagulating mechanisms for the
treatment of water and wastewater is shown. These coagulants, overall, the use of point-
of-use technology in less-developed communities since they are comparatively cost-
effective compared to chemical coagulants, can be processed easily in a usable form and
biodegradable. The use of banana as a water filter is safe and it is biodegradable and easy
to make.

Related Literature for Water Borne Diseases
As studied by Chan L., Chan M. and Wang J. (2009) The citizens in third world
countries battle waterborne illness every day. Therefore, to have access to safe drinking
water is a luxury. Yet, it is very difficult to devote to a water filter with a low annual
income. An inexpensive water filter can serve as a substitute such that every household can
take advantage of this luxury. The locals in the place of Mataas na Burol, Malabag Silang
Cavite needs an alternate way to purify water because water disease is very common in the
most area with contaminated water. Furthermore the study of Nwabor Oziona Forstinus,
Nnamonuem Manuel Ikechukwu, Martins Paul Emenike and Ani Ogona Christiana (2015)
is that the effort of the government and other agencies in water and its safety, Waterborne
diseases is still a major environmental concern, even though it is worth spending but it has
not shown any expected results and it continues to infect the country and Africa and Asia
is the most affected. The major causes of the water born are the lack of hygienic practices
of the residence and the unavailability of pipe borne water are often contaminated. This
review is focused on waterborne diseases and the different methods of in the bacterial
analysis of water. Water safety is most important in every local that have a water problem
because some locals can't find an alternate way to find water resources or some may not
prevent the water diseases in the contaminated water
10

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research design and methodology, including the sampling
technique, materials, data gathering procedure, and other mediums.
Research Design
This study will be using an experimental design. It will require the researchers to
perform tests to gather the data that are needed for the research. Once the data is collected,
it would provide a clear result for the experiment. It also various materials such as the filter
itself, Moringa Oleifera seeds, banana peel, and the contaminated river water sample in
order to measure the data that are needed. And for the tools, the researchers will be using
measuring cups and weighing scale to measure the amount of the materials that would be
used for the research. The t-test will be used for the research because the research will be
used to test the pH level, TSS(total suspended solids), and TSD(total dissolved solids)
11

Locale
This study will be conducted in the house of Mr. Bacatan at Mataas na Burol,
Malabag Silang Cavite. based on the source of the water river and plant material that will
be used in this research can be gathered near their house.
Sources of Data
The researchers will be using primary data in the study which will be composed of
the results of the experiment. In addition, secondary data source which will be composed
of journals, articles and other studies that are related to this study.
Data Gathering Procedure
The procedure is divided into two parts. the first step taken is to utilize sample water
from the river of Mataas na Burol, Silang Cavite. the result of the water will be based in
the study. The materials that use by the researchers are the Moringa oleifera seeds and
banana peel. the first thing that needs to do is to get a full grown Moringa oleifera fruit and
get the seed of it that will dry out for 14 days under the sun. for the banana peel, the
researchers will go to the nearest market or houses to get a banana peel.
The second step of the procedure is the experiment itself. after getting all the
materials that in need the researchers will follow the procedure on how to filter using a
plant based material. Each water sample will get a one teaspoon per cup of the dried
12

malunggay seeds, banana peel, and the mixture of the two, with the time of 1 hour, 2 hours,
and 3 hours. The outcome of this experiment will be compared to the first water sample
that was taken from the river. After gathering all the data, the researcher will analyze and
validate the data.
13

Chapter 4
Results and discussion
This chapter is part of the study where the results and the analyzed data of the
experiments. The data are interpreted according to the tables, after the interpretation of the
data the researchers discuss and answer the research questions using the results and table
that are supported by other related studies and articles.
Results and Discussion for Malunggay seeds
Time (hour) / Average Score

Test
1 hr 2 hrs 3 hrs
pH Test 5.57 5.14 5.06
Total Dissolved Solids 0.07 0.05 0.05
Total Suspended
1.13 1.1 1.03
Solids
Table 1. pH level, TDS, and TSS average score; Malunggay seeds
Table 1 shows that the pH level of Malunggay shows a significant difference when
it comes to time. Shows that due to time the average score of the pH level decreases or it
becomes more acidic, this is also supported by the Hanna instrument were During
fermentation, the pH should be lower to accommodate the yeast and also to ensure
microbial stability and consistent flavoring of the beer. For the best results, an optimal pH
range during fermentation is between pH 4.1 and 4.3. In the end, fresh beer has a pH of
about 4, dropping as oxidation occurs that shows that the malunggay needs to ferment for
the treatment to be effective to lower the alkalinity of the water samples. Table 1 also shows
that the average score of the Total Dissolved Solids(TDS) that it decreases the weight it
14

has in terms of time this is also supported by Mr. Brian Oram, PG (2014) Dissolved solids"
refer to any minerals, salts, metals, cations or anions dissolved in water. Total dissolved
solids (TDS) comprise inorganic salts (principally calcium, magnesium, potassium,
sodium, bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates) and some small amounts of organic matter
that are dissolved in water. That shows that the malunggay contains one or more of
inorganic salts, namely calcium yet the ratio of the calcium are lessen due to time and also,
table 1 shows that the Total Suspended Solids(TSS) that due to time it decreases the
suspended solids that it contains this can be supported by Rossi, L., Fankhauser R., and
Chevre N. (2012) major potentially harmful substances such as heavy metals, PAHs and
organic matter are adsorbed onto TSS and later settle on sediment. in this study cover the
short-term impact of TSS on fish (acute quality criteria AQC), taking into account the
duration of their exposure in the receiving water.
The concentration-exposure duration-effect curve proposed here thus predicts "ill
effects" on fish for different exposure times and TSS concentrations. Therefore, malunggay
does not contain any heavy metal and due to time in decreases the suspended time of the
malunggay seeds.
15

Results and Discussion for Banana peels

Test
1 hr 2 hrs 3 hrs
pH Test 4.32 5.96 9.88
Total Suspended
1 1.133 1.339
Solids
Table 2. pH level, TDS, and TSS average score; Banana peels
Table 2 shows that the average score of pH level increases or it becomes more
alkaline due to time this is also supported by Annadural G., Lee D., Juang R.(2013). The
time of adsorption increases, increasing pH and reached a plateau at pH > 7, which was
confirmed by the variations of zeta potentials. It shows that due to time, the water becomes
more alkaline and also table 2 shows that the average score of Total Dissolved Solids(TDS)
decreases in terms of time this is also supported by Mr. Brian Oram, PG (2014) Dissolved
solids" refer to any minerals, salts, metals, cations or anions dissolved in water. Total
dissolved solids (TDS) comprise inorganic salts (principally calcium, magnesium,
potassium, sodium, bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates) and some small amounts of
organic matter that are dissolved in water. That shows that banana peels contain one or
more of inorganic salts namely potassium yet the ratio of the potassium are lessen due to
time that it spent, and also table 2 shows that the average score of Total Suspended
Solids(TSS) increases due to time this is also supported by Rossi, L., Fankhauser R., and
Chevre N. (2012) major potentially harmful substances such as heavy metals, PAHs and
organic matter are adsorbed onto TSS and later settle on sediment. in this study cover the
16

short-term impact of TSS on fish (acute quality criteria AQC), taking into account the
duration of their exposure in the receiving water. The concentration-exposure duration-
effect curve proposed here thus predicts "ill effects" on fish for different exposure times
and TSS concentrations. That shows that the banana peel increases the average score due
to time and can do harm.
17

Results and Discussion for Mixture of Malunggay seeds and Banana peels

Test
1 hr 2 hrs 3 hrs
pH Test 5.64 5.6 5.37
Total Suspended
1.1 1.2 1.233
Solids
Table 2. pH level, TDS, and TSS average score; Malunggay seeds and Banana peels
Table 3 shows that the average pH level of the mixed formula of malunggay seeds
and banana peels shows a significant difference when it comes to time. This shows that the
pH level of the water will decrease or makes it more acidic when the formula is soaked
longer in the water. This is also supported by the Hanna instrument were during
fermentation, the pH should be lower to accommodate the yeast and also to ensure
microbial stability and consistent flavoring of the beer. For the best results, an optimal pH
range during fermentation is between pH 4.1 and 4.3. In the end, fresh beer has a pH of
about 4, dropping as oxidation occurs that shows that the mixture of the malunggay and
banana needs to ferment for it to lower the pH level of the water sample and Table 3 also
shows the average score the Total Dissolved Solids(TDS) decreases in terms of time this
is also supported by Mr. Brian Oram, PG (2014) Dissolved solids" refer to any minerals,
salts, metals, cations or anions dissolved in water. Total dissolved solids (TDS) comprise
inorganic salts (principally calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, bicarbonates,
chlorides, and sulfates) and some small amounts of organic matter that are dissolved in
water. That shows that the mixture of banana peel and malunggay seeds contains one or
18

more of inorganic salt namely potassium and calcium however the ratio of the inorganic
salt are lessen due to the time that it spent, and also table 3 shows the average score of the
Total Suspended Solids(TSS) increases due to time this is also supported by Rossi, L.,
Fankhauser R., and Chevre N. (2012) major potentially harmful substances such as heavy
metals, PAHs and organic matter are adsorbed onto TSS and later settle on sediment. in
this study cover the short-term impact of TSS on fish (acute quality criteria AQC), taking
into account the duration of their exposure in the receiving water. The concentration-
exposure duration-effect curve proposed here thus predicts "ill effects" on fish for different
exposure times and TSS concentrations. That shows that the mixture of the malunggay
seeds and banana peels increases the average score due to time and can do harm.
19

Chapter 5
Summary
The main purpose of this study is to know if moringa oleifera and banana peel can
be an alternative water filter. The study will answer the following question: What could be
the significant difference between the filtered water with malunggay seeds, banana peel
and mix in terms of their microbiological content. What could be the significant difference
between the filtered water with malunggay seeds, banana peel and mix in terms of their
physical attributes (suspended solids and dissolved solids). The effectiveness of the water
filter in terms of the pH level of the sample water. This study used an experimental design
that has a procedure of 2 parts where the first part is were the researchers collect the sample
water and plant materials for the filter and the second part were the researchers conduct the
experiment and test, during the experiment were they have 1 hour, 2 hours and 3 hours per
solutions and tests with 3 samples per experiment then the data were gathered and
interpreted and discussed by the researchers.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the use of Malunggay Seeds in wastewater can decrease the pH
Level, TSS, TDS. while the Banana Peel cannot decrease the in terms of pH Level, TSS,
TDS, and the mixture of the malunggay seed and banana peel the pH level of wastewater
but the TDS and TSS did not decrease. This result of the study is based on the data gathered
by the researchers in the experiment, the water became acidic.
20

The main findings of this research are that the malunggay seed, banana peel and
mixture of banana and malunggay shows a significant difference when it comes to time.
the result shows that the water sample cannot be used for daily usage for the household.
the result came up with the significance of (p>0.05).
Recommendation
The researchers recommend that the locals should use the water as much as possible
when it was filtered. It is also recommended that when filtering the water, it should not be
soaked for a long period of time or else it would produce a foul odor. Since the water is
acidic and has a very bad TDS and TSS it should only be used for household and it should
never come to any contact in the skin. Other researchers can use this data to make a
different study that is related to time when it comes to the difference between TDS and
TSS and pH Level. Also, the researchers recommend that the future researchers to test the
metal content of the water to prove furthermore the effectiveness of the plant materials to
clean the water.
21

REFERENCES
Amagloh, F. K., &Benang, A. (2014). Effectiveness of Moringa oleifera seed as
coagulant for water purification, (February 2009).
Nand, V., Maata, M., &Sotheeswaran, S. (2012). Water Purification using Moringa
oleifera and Other Locally Available Seeds in Fiji for Heavy Metal Removal Water
Purification using Moringa oleifera and Other Locally Available Seeds in Fiji for Heavy
Metal Removal VikashniNand The University of the South Pacific, (June 2017).
Jodi, M. L., Yahaya, Y., & Sokoto, M. A. (2014). The use of some plants in water
purification.
Wang, J. (2009). Design of Water Filter for Third World Countries.
Forstinus, N. O., & Ikechukwu, N. E. (2016). Water and Waterborne Diseases : A Review
Water and Waterborne Diseases : A Review, (January).
https://doi.org/10.9734/IJTDH/2016/21895
Yin, C.-Y. (2010). water and wastewater treatment. Process Biochemistry, Emerging
usage of plant-based coagulants for water and wastewater treatment, 45, 1437–1444.
Gupta, P. (2019). Evaluation of Moringa oleifera seed as a coagulant for water treatment
Evaluation of Moringa oleifera seed as a coagulant for water treatment, (November
2017).
22

Subashree, R., Praba, N. S., & Anusha, G. (n.d.). Investigation of Coagulation Activity of
Lemon and Banana Peel Powder in Water Treatment, 852–855.
Wang, J. (2009). Design of Water Filter for Third World Countries
Forstinus, N. O., & Ikechukwu, N. E. (2016). Water and Waterborne Diseases : A Review
Water and Waterborne Diseases : A Review, (January).
https://doi.org/10.9734/IJTDH/2016/21895
23

APPENDICES
Water Filter
24

Moringa oleifera seed, Musa acuminate peel, a mixture of the malunggay and banana
peel TDS(Total Dissolved Solids) and data collection
Moringa oleifera seed, Musa acuminate peel, a mixture of the malunggay and banana
peel TSS(Total Suspended Solids) and data collection

25

Letter of Communication for laboratory usage
26

SPSS Table
27

Malunggay Prelimenary

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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE

WATER FILTRATION USING PLANT BASED MATERIAL

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the

ARQUERO, KEITH MARK JOHN Q.

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

This research paper entitled WATER FILTRATION USING PLANT BASED

CHRISTOPHER A. MALAY, MSc., LPT EUNICE E. LAUDATO, LPT

CIREL JAN PERITO DAVID JOHN GUMBA

ENGR. CREESELLE D. DADIVAS ENGR. PATRICIA C. NOVENO

MS. MICHELLE-CHUNG WU-CRUCIDO

MR. MHAR ANGELO A. BAYOT

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

We hereby declare that the research paper entitled:

WATER FILTRATION USING PLANT BASED MATERIAL

ARQUERO, KEITH MARK JOHN Q.

Date of completion: May 16, 2019

CHRISTOPHER A. MALAY , M.Sc., LPT Date of completion: May 16, 2019

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

Ms. Vargas, laboratory coordinator of LPU-C, for her numerous assistances in

KEITH MARK JOHN Q. ARQUERO

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

TITLE PAGE …...…………………………………………….…………….………….….i

LITERATURE REVIEW ….……………………………………………………………..8

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

Research Design ………….……………………………..…………………….....20

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ……………………………..………….……………... 30

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ………………..........….44

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

1 Oil Spill and Cleanup Methods ……………...……………..…….…..….14

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

1 Number of Oil Spills ……………………….....………………..………..10

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

20 Washing of Sugarcane Bagasse with Deionized Water ……………..........79

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

A Validation of Lab Sheet ………………………...………..…..………….56

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

N Post Hoc Test of Oil Sorption Capacity and Type of

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite International School

WATER PURIFICATION USING PLANT BASED MATERIAL

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

Background of the Study

body such as skin rashes, dizziness, and even death.

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

According to Ceniza and Clapanoc(2013). “Moringa oleifera is a pan-tropical

significant difference in chemical and microbiological analysis. According to Ceniza and

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

especially the river water.

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

Statement of the Problem

pH level, TSS (Total Suspended Solids), TDS (Total Dissolved Solids)

through the pH level, TSS, and TDS .

the wastewater in terms of TSS, TDS, and pH level test.

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

Scope and Limitation of the Study

Significance of the Study

easily sick because of contaminated water.

a related or similar study.

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

2. Moringa oleifera- Scientific name of malunggay.

immersed in a conducting liquid.

4. pH level- the level of acidity or alkalinity of a substance

particles, that are not dissolved.

Water and Waterborne Diseases : A Review, (January).

Water and Waterborne Diseases : A Review, (January).