Week 5 - Introduction To Seismic Design Part 1

SEABC Certificate in Structural Engineering Program
C11 - Timber Design for Light Residential and Commercial Buildings

Jan 2017 Week 5 – Intro to Seismic Design Part 1 of 3
Introduction to Seismic Design

Part 1 of 3
Robert Jirava, P.Eng, Struct.Eng
MANAGING PARTNER – HORACE ENGINEERING
1
C11 Timber Design for Light Residential and Commercial Buildings
Seismic Design for Wood House and Small Structures
Purpose
To acquaint designers with some of the issues in lateral

design, and update the residential small structure
seismic design process; emphasis will be on seismic
design and detailing (rather than wind) due to capacity
design principles.
2
Time lapse of a house construction
3
Seismic Design for Wood House and Small Structure Designers
Wind Load Design vs. Seismic Load Design
Seismic Loads
Arise from the motion of the ground and depend on the response of the structure to this motion.
Adding stiffer members will attract more load and must be considered in terms of adding or taking
away ductility of the lateral load resisting system. Design focus is on maintaining integrity of the
primary load resisting system and ability of the system to dissipate energy after overloading; focus is
also on preserving the building exterior integrity (not as critical as wind e.g. we might tolerate a
window breaking) and preserving load path integrity.
Wind Loads
Arise from aerodynamic resistance that is expressed as a pressure acting on the surfaces of the
structure, often combined with the effects of internal pressures, that depend on the shapes and
sizes of the surfaces of the structure that interact with the wind. Adding stiffer members may well
contribute to wind resistance and increase structural integrity as ductility is less important due to
the lesser dynamic nature of wind loads. Design focus is to prevent overloading by preserving
building exterior integrity and preserving load path integrity.
4
Seismic Design for Wood House and Small Structure Designers
Wind Loads vs. Seismic Loads
Due to our proximity to the Cascadia subduction zone (local seismicity and considering smaller wood
structures tend to have a short period) here in the Vancouver and in the Greater Vancouver area,
our small wood structures often have lateral load resisting systems where designs are governed by
response to seismic ground motion rather than wind.
Therefore the emphasis of this course will be on seismic design.
5
Part A
Computing Seismic Loads
6
Seismic Excitation
Typ. Wood single family house / small structure at rest, consider in terms of stories
7
Seismic Excitation
Typ. Single family house under seismic attack – Q: What causes the attack?
A: The ground suddenly shifts laterally.
Overturning moment
Base shear force

8
Seismic Excitation
The ground doesn’t shift merely once and come to rest. It oscillates. It is violent. Ground
motion that is under consideration is most often horizontal (or lateral), although there is
also vertical and torsional excitation too. The response of a structure to this excitation is
called structural dynamics.
9
Structural Dynamics
How does it work?
1. The ground shifts
2. The superstructure tries to follow the shift
back to its natural position.
3. Strength and ductility must be designed
into the structure so that the natural
position may be restored without
overstressing the structure nor weakening
the structure under sustained, violent
shaking. In other words the lateral
displacement must be accommodated in
seismic design. Ductility is the ability to
remain strong while accommodating
displacement.
4. Guarding against collapse: strong
elements must remain strong in spite of
potential loss of weaker elements – capacity
design principle Inertial forces
Load from soil
10
pressure force equivalent
Structural Dynamics and Design

Response depends upon strength and ductility of the structure, or the walls connecting
storeys.
Q - What works best in wood construction?
A – Nailed plywood or OSB shearwalls.
Q – Are the shearwalls the only seismic components of the house?
A – No – the floor and roof diaphragms collect the seismic loads, tie the shearwalls
together and transmit loads to the shearwalls. There are also connections between the
diaphragms and shearwalls.
Q – How is capacity design achieved in wood construction?
A – The diaphragm and its connecting elements must remain stronger than the
shearwalls in order for the shearwalls to yield and dissipate energy. Yielding must be
confined to the nailed sheathing panels; so the connections of the shearwalls
(holddowns and chords) must be stronger than the shearwall to confine the mode of
yield to the nails in the nailed sheathing panels. 11
Capacity Design
Lowest Force Level Highest Force Level
Hierarchy of Design
Force Levels
Design this link to yield
Nailed Shearwall Panels
Shearwall Chords,
connections
Diaphragm Panels
Diaphragm Chords,
Connections (struts)
12
Structural Dynamics and Design
Q – How do shearwalls provide ductility for the house?
A – Plywood or OSB panels nailed to the studs try to slide past each other. In the process,
the nails on the panel edges that are parallel to the direction of the shaking bend at the
plane where the sheathing contacts the studs. It takes energy to bend a nail, and the
energy dissipates in the form of heat. Mild steel nails may be bent repeatedly without
breaking, unlike screws that are made from hardened steel. The continued bending of
many thousands of nails allows the structure to displace while maintaining strength due
to the resilience of the steel nails. In the process, a moderate amount of energy
absorption is attained in the collective bending and re-bending of the nails. The
absorption of energy while undergoing cyclic displacement is termed “hysteresis”.
13
Structural Dynamics
The increase of displacement in a lateral system consisting of wood-frame, nailed panel
shearwalls, in design of short-period structures like houses, does have a benefit: strength
demand is lowered due to the hysteretic response of the wall system.
Houses
NEXT: Site-specific
response 14
Structural Dynamics
With all this ground shaking that is supposed to be going on, how do we know the force
level our structure will demand? We look at our acceleration spectrum for the site. This
is a plot of accelerations that structures will experience depending on the natural
frequency, or period T of a particular structure. It is compiled from geologic survey
records and measurements of the seismicity of the area. The range of T for single family
homes is typically between 0.15 and 0.5 seconds. The spectrum plot looks like this:
15
Response Spectrum – Local area

The spectral acceleration numbers are found in the NBCC 2015 tables of climatic loading
in Canada, for prominent sites:
It’s easy to see by looking at the

table that the Lower Mainland /
Greater Vancouver is a high
seismic zone, as all Sa(0.2)
values are greater than 0.6
(note the exceptions of Vernon
– which is in the Okanagan –
and Whistler; the table is
alphabetical)
16
Response spectrum – any Canadian site Look on Google Earth and

Can also use Natural Resources Canada Website obtain the Latitude and
Longitude of your building site,
the program will report
interpolated values of the
acceleration spectrum for the
building site
Note: The value of longitude

you read from Google Earth
should be inputted as a
negative number, note also the
format of the input =
“DD:MM:SS.S”
For sites in Greater Vancouver a

warning is reported that you
are designing in the Cascadia
Subduction area…..
17
Methods of Analysis
Dynamic Analysis – preferred method but VERY time consuming and complicated;
difficult to capture all elements in wood frame structures
Static Analysis [aka Equivalent Static Force Procedure (ESFP), Quasi-Static Analysis (QSA)]
– easier and practical method considered to be an approximation, but only within the
following limits
If IEFaSa(0.2) < 0.35  can have any regular or irregular shaped structure
If IEFaSa(0.2) > 0.35  need a regular shape provided H<60m and T<2.0s
If IEFaSa(0.2) > 0.35  can have irregular shape provided H<20m and T<0.5s
provided there is no torsional sensitivity then a dynamic
analysis is required
Most small wood structures fall into this category as H<20m (65ft) and T<0.5s
18
Computation of Seismic Forces using ESFP or QSA
We calculate the period-dependent acceleration on our structure, and multiply it by a

factor that accounts for foundation conditions, or Sa = F S(Ta) and S(Ta) is arrived at by
linear interpolation
To obtain base shear force that acts on the entire structure we multiply the structural
acceleration by the weight of the building, and we divide by the force-reduction factors
of that earthquake resisting system. The base shear force equation is thus:
Base Shear, V = Sa Mv I W / Rd Ro
Limits:
Minimum V = S(4.0) Mv I W / Rd Ro
Maximum V = 2/3 S(0.2) Mv I W / Rd Ro
19
Where
• S(Ta) is acceleration as a function of Ta (linear interpolation permitted on spectrum)

also modified by foundation effects
• W is the building weight
• IE is an importance factor
• Rd and Ro are code-specified factors that determine force modification or reduction of
elastic force. (A hysteretic force reduction system like nailed panel shearwalls has
values of 3.0 and 1.7. A non-hysteretic force reduction system, such as log walls,
would be assigned values of 1.0 and 1.0. Notice this accounts for a relative 5+ fold
increase in seismic forces, making log walls very impractical for use as seismic
systems.)
• Mv is a factor accounting for higher-mode effects (tall structures) and I is an
importance factor – in house design these factors are almost always equal to 1.0.
20
Restrictions and additional information
• Ta is calculated using the NBCC code Formula Ta = 0.05 hn¾ ; note Ta only exceeds
0.5sec when the wall height reaches 22m (recall H<20m)
• Computing Ta using other methods is OK provided Ta < 2Ta (code)
• W comprises dead loads of all levels and exterior walls (partitions need not exceed
0.5kPa); includes 25% of snow load; includes 60% of storage loads; includes 100% of
full tanks
• IE is an importance factor that is set to unity for regular buildings; 1.3 for high
importance structures and 1.5 for post disaster buildings
• Rd is a ductility based force modification factor that reflects the ability of the structure
to dissipate energy, Ro is an overstrength factor that represents the minimum level of
overstrength that can be counted upon for each SFRS
For wood panel shearwalls Rd = 3.0, Ro = 1.7

Rd Ro = 5.1
21
Restrictions on irregularities according to NBCC
Types of Irregularities
1. Vertical Stiffness irregularity

2. Weight (Mass) irregularity
3. Vertical geometry irregularity Vertical (elevation)
4. In-plane discontinuity irregularities
5. Out-of-plane offsets
6. Discontinuity in capacity (weaker storey)
7. Torsional sensitivity Horizontal (plan)
8. Non-orthogonal systems irregularities
22
Restrictions on irregularities
1 Vertical Stiffness irregularity
Lateral stiffness of the SFRS in a storey shall not be

<70% of that of an adjacent storey
<80% of the average of three adjacent storeys
Lateral stiffness of wood shearwalls shall be computed as the length of the walls in the
storey x the capacity per unit length, in each direction
23
2 Mass irregularity
Weight of one storey shall not exceed 150% of the weight of the adjacent storey (with
the exception of the roof)
24
3 Vertical Geometry irregularity
Horizontal dimension of the SFRS in a storey is not more than 130% the horizontal
dimension of the SFRS in an adjacent storey
25
4 In-Plane Discontinuity
In-plane offset of as element of the SFRS

Reduction in stiffness of an element in the storey below
26
5 Out-of-Plane Offsets
Shearwall above is laterally offset from the shearwall below
27
6 Weak Storey
Lots of openings in the lower storey
Not permitted unless seismicity is very low
Some Loma Prieta photos
28
6 Weak Storey
Northridge
Earthquake
29
6 Weak Storey
Northridge
Earthquake
30
7 Torsional Sensitivity
If the ratio of maximum displacement of a point on the diaphragm to the average

diaphragm displacement, B>1.7
Note if high seismicity and torsional sensitivity coincide, dynamic analysis is required
31
8 Non orthogonal system
SFRS is not aligned on a set of orthogonal axes
32
Equivalent Static Force Procedure

Lastly, the base shear is divided up into portions Fi, with each portion acting at a center
of mass on the structure. Typically centers of mass are considered to be floor levels, with
floor i at height hi above the base. These loads may now be applied to the structural
model in structural analysis. This is called equivalent static force procedure:
F3 h3
Fi = Wi hi V
i= 1
S Wx hx
n
F2 h2 V3= F3 M3= F3 (h3 – h2)
M2= F3 (h3 – h1) + F2 (h2 – h1)

F1 h1 V2= F3+F2
V1= F3+F2+F1 M1= F3 h3 + F2 h2 + F1 h1
Storey forces Storey shear Storey bending 33

Structural Dynamics
Illustration: where the forces may act on a house elevation
F3
F2
F1
34
Part B
Seismic System Typical
Wood Framed
House or Small Structure
35
Shearwall System
A shearwall need to be properly designed, detailed and constructed in order to act as the
structural element that absorbs the energy of an earthquake
NEXT: Properly detailed shearwall

36
FLOOR DIAPHRAGM PLYWOOD DRIVING SHEAR

DRAG STRUT/BEAM BLOCKING STRUT JOISTS or RAFTERS STABILIZING LOAD
NAILS
BEAM COMPRESSION PLYWOOD

LOAD CHORD Or OSB
STUDS PANELS
BLOCKING
(for higher
Load levels) NAILS
TENSION
CHORD
PANEL
EDGES
HOLD DOWN ANCHOR STRUT RESISTING SHEAR “TOE SQUASH”

BOLTS
STABILIZING TENSION
37
Shearwall System – other types

Incline some of the members to create shear transfer and connect with truss plates
38

Going overboard with truss plates
39

Incline some of the members to create shear transfer and connect with truss plates
40

Simpson Strong-Walls
41
Load Path
The circuit traveled by loads down to the soil, is called the load path.
In gravity loading we commonly know load path members to comprise rafters and joists,
joist hangers, beams, stud wall plates, studs (whether acting in parallel or whether built
up as a post), squash blocks, etc.
In seismic loading the load path is not what most people expect it to be, at first glance,
as wind and seismic loads are mostly horizontal and the load path is thus counter-
intuitive for people not experienced in seismic design.
In order to define the load path, we first need to understand what assemblies act as the
main members in the load path.
This can be illustrated by a simple diagram of a 3D structure.
42
V.L.L.R. SYSTEM – SIMPLIFIED

VLLR = Vertical Lateral Load Resisting
Diaphragm = Transmitter
Shearwalls = Resistor
SOURCE: Wood Design Manual

43
Part B
CSA 086-14
Seismic Design
Requirements
44
11.3 – General Design requirements Diagonal sheathing

accounted for; max nail
diameter
We will not use shearwalls

without holddowns
45
11.3.3. – Shearwall segments

Sum of the segments
Direction dependent
Note the limit
Shearwall internal stresses –

beyond the scope of the course 46
11.3.4. – Shearwall with multiple layers
Accounts for sheathing

applied overtop of GWB
Two sided shearwalls
47
11. 4. – Modification Factors – Diaphragms – Fastener Spacing
Taken into account by tables
48
11. 4. – Modification Factors – Diaphragms – Rows of Fasteners
49
11. 4. – Modification Factors – Unblocked Diaphragms
50
11. 4. – Modification Factors – Unblocked Shearwalls
51
11. 4. – Modification Factors – Unblocked Shearwalls
52
11. 4. 5 – Unusual shearwall configurations
The code talks about:

• Shearwall segments without holddowns
• Shearwall segments with holddowns only on one side
These topics deal with complicated analysis of internal forces of shearwalls and this is
beyond the scope of this course
11.5 - Strength and Resistance
Here the code gives guidance for computing shear capacity for shearwalls and
diaphragms. In this course we will go directly to tables prepared in the Wood Design
Manual and gain an understanding to the scope and limitations of those tables.
Also deals with gypsum wallboard – we won’t get into this very much
Also deals with diagonal sheathing – I prefer to stay away from this and stick with panels
53
11. 6 – Detailing
Will be covered later in this lecture
11.7 – Deflection of Shearwalls and Diaphragms
For use with single storey shearwalls (multi-storey require multi-storey effects to be
considered – beyond the scope of this course)
54
11. 7 – Deflection – Blocked shearwall segments
55
11. 7 – Deflection – Un-Blocked shearwall segments
Have to divide the blocked

SW deflection value by the
unblocked factor
56
11. 7 – Deflection – Wood Diaphragms
New term given for “chord

slip”
57
11. 8 – Seismic Design Considerations (Capacity Design)
We will take a look at this after we cover some shearwall and diaphragm basics
Issues like over-capacity
58
Part C.1
Shearwalls:
Construction, Design and
Response
59
Shearwall Basics
Plywood, OSB Sheathing
• tabulated shear values in WDM have been extended to OSB
• Shearwalls with thicker sheathing and greater nail penetration into the framing are generally stronger in shear than walls
with thinner sheathing
• Adjust shearwall strengths using the JN factor if the nails used are not common wire nails:
• Nails must not be placed within 9mm of the edge of a panel nor may they be over-driven by more than 15% of the panel
thickness:
60
Shearwall Basics
Plywood, OSB and Waferboard Sheathing
Caution!
EDGE EDGE
NAILING, NAILING,
SPACING SPACING
“s” “s”
PLYWOOD PLYWOOD 2 LAYERS
PLYWOOD
STUDS STUDS
BOTH LAYERS CONTRIBUTE TO STRENGTH INNER LAYER CONTRIBUTES TO STRENGTH
61
Shearwall Basics
Type X (fire-rated) Gypsum Wallboard Sheathing
• CSA O86 permits the use of GWB shearwalls (GWB sheathing used in lieu of plywood or OSB) to resist part of the seismic
loads on a building
• I personally don’t like this practice, and don’t do it, but it is codified nonetheless due to areas of lower seismicity
• GWB is far too soft and brittle at the fastener interface to withstand more than a few cycles under seismic load; the driving
fasteners (drywall screws) are hardened compared to nails and thus exhibit very little ductility
• NBCC permits use of Rd = 2 to a GWB system (recall Rd=3.0 for nailed wood shearwall panels!)
• Handbook limits use to walls 3.6m (12ft) and shorter for GWB structural application for short-term loading in addition to
the following limits
62
Shearwall Basics
Unblocked Shearwalls
• CSA O86 permits the use of unblocked shearwalls of limited height and nail spacing
• The tabulated values may be modified by a factor JUB
• Limited to only: walls 2.44m (8-ft) and lower, maximum stud spacing = 600mm (24”) oc, minimum nail spacing = 150mm oc
(6”), sheathing must be applied horizontally
63
Shearwall Basics
Shearwall Segment vs. the Whole Shearwall
• Distribute shear only to the full-height segments, between door and window openings
• Segments with an excessive aspect ratio may be discounted for Hs / Lw > 3.5 (Cl. 11.3.3.2 requirement)
• Shear is distributed to each segment based on its relative length
• The length of the whole shearwall below would be L = Lw1 + Lo1 + Lw2 + Lo2 + Lw3
• Shear capacity of the whole wall below is based on the strength of the segments Lw1 + Lw2 + Lw3
SEGMENT (SHADED)
Hs
HOLDDOWNS (uplift)
Lw1 Lo1 Lw2 Lo2 Lw3
ANCHORAGE (shear) 64
Shearwall Basics
Segmented Shearwalls
Diagram shows inclusion of segments with Hs / Lw aspect ratio of 4, but this is from a presentation by the APA
65
SOURCE: American Plywood Association (APA)
Shearwall Basics
Segments without Holddowns
• Anchorage is still required (such that Pj is nonzero), for obvious reasons, but the following restrictions apply: shear limited
to 8.3 kN/m (570 plf); largest nails are 2.5 in (3.25mm diameter) and nail spacing ≥ 100mm (4-in); maximum wall height =
3.6m (12-ft); specified strength must be multiplied by Jhd (Jhd = 1.0 where sufficient dead load exists to completely resist
overturning)
• depends upon the loading case DEAD LOAD DRIVING SHEAR
SEGMENT (SHADED)
Hs
Pj
ANCHOR BOLTS
PIVOT Lw
a RAB = anchor bolt tensile resistance
Lw (TABLE ON FOLLOWING PAGES) 66
Shearwall Basics
• Case 1 - Where sufficient dead load exists to completely resist overturning OR holddowns resist all the overturning
Jhd = 1.0
• Case 2 - No holddowns AND where there is no net uplift at the top of the shearwall segment
Jhd = 1 + 2 Pj / Vhd + (Hs / Lw)2 - (Hs / Lw) < 1.0
Pj = factored uplift restraint force at the bottom of the end stud of the segment
Vhd = sum of basic factored shear resistances calculated with Jhd = 1.0
= ∑ (vr Jn Jub + vrg) x Lw
Hs = height of shearwall segment
Lw = length of shearwall segment
vr = factored shear resistance (table in WDM)
Jn = modification factor due to smaller nail diameter
Jub = modification factor due to unblocked shearwall
vrg = shear resistance due to gypsum wall board
• Case 3 - Holddowns AND there is net uplift at the top of the shearwall segment
Jhd = (Vhd + Pt ) / Vhd ≤ 1.0
Pt = factored uplift restraint force at the bottom of the end stud of the segment
Vhd = sum of basic factored shear resistances calculated with Jhd = 1.0
= ∑ (vr Jn Jub + vrg) x Lw 67
Shearwall Basics
SQUARE WASHER SQUARE WASHER
ANCHOR BOLT THREADED ROD
Shearwall to foundation Shearwall to shearwall
SQUARE WASHER
68
Shearwall Capacity
Factored Capacities
Metric Units
NOTE:
Notes to the table are on following slides
69
Shearwall Capacity
Notes to Table
70
Shearwall Capacity
Factored Capacities
Imperial Units
(table from previous

slide converted to
imperial)
71
Shearwall Capacity
Factored Capacities
Metric Units
NOTE:
Notes to the table are on previous slides
72
Shearwall Capacity
Factored Capacities
Metric Units
NOTE:
Notes to the table are on previous slides
73
Shearwall Basics
Notes to Shearwall strength table
1. The 7.5mm panel thickness has been left off the tables. (Its use is prohibited in the US codes when p-nailers are used…)
2. Refer to astericized points in original table notes, where values for thinner panels may increase
3. For panel edge nailing, s, of 50mm and 75mm, cautious detailing must be employed
INTERIOR NAILING
EDGE NAILING
2s NOTE DOUBLE
BOTTOM PLATE or
SINGLE PLATE w/
BLOCKING BETWEEN
STUDS
Panel Base
74
Shearwall Basics
For panel edge nailing, s, of 50mm and 75mm, cautious detailing must be employed
INTERIOR NAILING
2s
EDGE NAILING
PANEL EDGE
(DASHED)
38 x 140 BLOCKING
(2x6) FLAT AGAINST
PANEL
Horizontal
Panel Joint 75
Shearwall Basics
For panel edge nailing, s, of 50mm and 75mm, cautious detailing must be employed
INTERIOR NAILING
EDGE NAILING
PANEL EDGES
(DASHED)
EXTRA STUDS
2s
EDGE NAILING EDGE NAILING
Vertical
Panel Joint 76
Shearwall Basics
Notes to Shearwall strength table (with some other comments about our level of care as engineers)
As a rule panel edge nailing, s, of 50mm and 75mm, can be challenging to achieve for the following reasons (goes back to classic
state of the art in the industry):
1. Due to the large amount of shear transmitted to the base of a shearwall, shear transfer between adjoining levels becomes
challenging and nailing needs to be carefully detailed
2. There is a difficulty to properly inspect close edge nailing, especially on the exterior walls of multi-family, multi-storey projects.
Often requires special arrangements to be made with the general contractor, but this is routinely done in the industry and
most contractors are prepared for this.
3. Your rejection of unsatisfactory work (as is your right as the design professional) can be largely avoided by clearly stating what
you need beforehand AND ensuring the contractor is aware of it and ready for it. Reject unsatisfactory work only as a last
resort, after your have done everything in your power to inform beforehand. Even though it is your right to reject and even
though you may be correct in your assessment of the work remember that the project does suffer every time a rejection is
made. Knowing this, many contractors like to be proactive.
4. In some residential projects, such as townhouses, it becomes very important to specify economic designs. Townhouse
developers and contractors are cost-conscious, and work needs to be specified according to industrial norms. Thus, the most
common exterior sheathing to use is OSB. Wall sheathing is typically 7/16” OSB and 2.5” long 0.131”diameter nails are
commonly used.
5. Apartments are often constructed with 1 ½” of topping concrete poured on top of the subfloors. In order to construct this a
double bottom plate is used for all walls. Shearwalls require inspection of the lower bottom plate nailing in addition to the
typical inspections, as the lower plates are installed prior to pouring of the concrete.
6. Special shearwalls such as mid-ply walls will require different strut connections at the top and bottom, due to the studs being
placed flat against the sheathing. Note also difficulties with placing utilities in such walls – often a smartwall type of system
(horizontal furring) can be placed against the studs and electrical may be installed among the furring members.
77
Shearwall Basics
Shear Transfer – Bottom plate nailing design
NAILS
100
30
140
40
Plan view of bottom plate
38x140 PLATE 38
16mm
PLYWOOD
16
29 required
SUBSTRATE
The total nail length required is 38 + 16 + 29 = 83mm (EDGE JOISTS,
Therefore use p-nails of 3.25” length (common size) BLOCKING, JOISTS)
Side view of bottom (typical nail)
78
Shearwall Basics
Shear Transfer
The first method STEP #4 – INSTALL BLOCKING (RED) AND

COMPLETE PANEL EDGE NAILING
STEP #3 – BUILD STUD WALL ABOVE WITH

SINGLE BOTTOM PLATE (BOTTOM PANEL EDGE
NAILING HALF-COMPLETE) AND NAIL BOTTOM
PLATE PER DESIGN
STEP #2 – INSTALL FLOOR JOISTS, EDGE JOIST,

AND PACKING (PURPLE); INSTALL FLOOR
SHEATHING OVER; NAIL TOP OF LOWER WALL
SHEATHING TO EDGE JOIST / BLOCKING
STEP #1 – BUILD LOWER WALL, RUN

SHEATHING HIGH
79
Shearwall Basics
Shear Transfer
The second method STEP #4 – INSTALL BLOCKING (RED) AND

COMPLETE PANEL EDGE NAILING
STEP #3 – BUILD STUD WALL ABOVE WITH

SINGLE BOTTOM PLATE (BOTTOM PANEL EDGE
NAILING HALF-COMPLETE) AND NAIL BOTTOM
PLATE PER DESIGN
STEP #2 – INSTALL FLOOR JOISTS, EDGE JOIST,

AND DIMENSIONAL LUMBER PACKING
(PURPLE) AND PLYWOOD PACKING (GREEN);
INSTALL FLOOR SHEATHING OVER
STEP #5 – INSTALL FLAT (LT. GAUGE STEEL)

FRAMING ANCHORS AND CONNECT
STEP #1 – BUILD LOWER WALL
80
Shearwall Response
Deflection (Blocked segments with holddowns) – due to several components added together:
df dv dn dhd
Da
Flexure “Racking” of plywood in shear Nail deformation Holddown Elongation
Ds = 2vsHs3 + vsHs + 0.0025Hsen + Hs x Da

3 E A Lw Bv (0.0635Hsen - Imperial) Lw
Ds = service deflection (mm)

vs = service shear (N/mm)
Hs = shearwall height (mm), Lw = length of shearwall segment (mm)
E = modulus of elasticity of chords (MPa), A = area of chord (mm2)
Bv = shear-through thickness rigidity (N/mm) per table 7.3 of CSA O86 (N/mm)
en = nail deformation under particular load level (mm)
Da = deflection due to elongation or slip of the holddown used (mm) (refer to manufacturer’s product information) 81
Shearwall Response
Shear-through-thickness of plywood Metric Imperial
82
Shearwall Response
Nail deformation eN – non-linear relationship due to rotation of nail
Forms significant and often major component of shearwall deformation, so you will often refer to this chart
3.5
3 2.97
2” NAILS
2.5
2.33 2.5” NAILS
Nail Deformation en (mm)
2
1.95
1.89
1.7 3” NAILS
1.5 1.48
1.2 1.21
1.13
1
0.88 0.86
0.76
0.64 0.66
0.5 0.46 0.46 0.49
0.35
0.29
0.23
0
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Load per Nail (N)
83
Shearwall Response
2” NAILS
In Imperial
0.140
2.5” NAILS
0.120
3” NAILS
0.100
Nail Deformation en (in)
0.080
0.060
0.040
0.020
0.000
65 85 105 125 145 165 185 205 225
Load per Nail (lbs) 84
Shearwall Response
Deflection example: Consider wall with 2x6 DFL No.2 studs, c/w (1) layer of ½” Standard OSB nailed with 3” nails at 4”oc.
vf = 500 plf (seismic shear)
Lw = 12’ Hs = 8’
Chords = (2)-2x6, with Simpson holddowns (rated deflection of 1/8” under load)
Now:
vs = 500 / 12 = 41.67 pli = 0.0417 kli
Hs = 96”; Lw = 144”
E = 11,000 MPa = 1,595 ksi; A=1.5 x 5.5 x 3 = 24.75 in2
Bv = 68.5 kip/in
Load per nail = 500 lbs / 3 = 167 lbs / nail = 740 N / nail → en = 0.98 mm = 0.0386in
Da = deflection due to elongation = 0.125” at design load
Substituting values:
Df = (2)(0.0417)(96)3 / (3) (1,595)(24.75)(144) = 0.004 in

Dv = (0.0417)(96) / 68.5 = 0.058 in
Dn = (0.0635)(96)(0.0386) = 0.235 in
Dhd = (0.125)(96) / 144 = 0.083 in
Ds= = 0.380 in (elastic)
Dreal= Ds (RdRo / Ie) = (0.380)(3)(1.7) / (1.0) = 1.94” (anticipated maximum)
Code limits drift typically to 2.5% of storey height
Approx storey height = 107”; max drift = 0.025 x 107 = 2.7”
So we are 1.94 / 2.7 = 70% of maximum code-permitted drift (don’t forget the diaphragm contribution, that may still put us over)
85
Shearwall Response
Deflection example: Note the non-linear response of the wall (before scaling for ultimate displacements)
1,400
1,200
1,000
Wall Load (plf)
800
Approx. maximum load limit
600
400
Approx. practical load limit
200
0
0.000 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.000
Displacement (in)
86
Shearwall Response
4.1.8.13. Deflections and Drift Limits
1) Lateral deflections of a structure shall be calculated in accordance with the loads and requirements defined in this Subsection.
2) Lateral deflections obtained from a linear elastic analysis using the methods given in Articles 4.1.8.11. and 4.1.8.12. and
incorporating the effects of torsion, including accidental torsional moments, shall be multiplied by RdRo/IE to give realistic values of
anticipated deflections.
3) Based on the lateral deflections calculated in Sentence (2), the largest inter-storey deflection at any level shall be limited to 0.01
hs for post-disaster buildings, 0.02 hsfor schools, and 0.025 hs for all other buildings.
4) The deflections calculated in Sentence (2) shall be used to account for sway effects as required by Sentence 4.1.3.2.(10).
87
Shearwall Response
Consider the behavior of the standard shearwall in wood frame construction, as we typically build:
NAILS DEFORM IN SINGLE

CURVATURE, GOOD NAIL
HEADS BECOME MORE
IMPORTANT W/ ROTATION
PLYWOOD “PEELS” OFF, DUE
TO SLIP FROM NAIL ROTATION
DAMAGED INTERFACE WITH

SHEATHING

WOOD STUD
88
Shearwall Response
What if the sheathing was placed BETWEEN the studs?
DAMAGED INTERFACE WITH NAILS DEFORM IN DOUBLE

SHEATHING CURVATURE

WOOD STUD
SOURCE: “Assessment of Seismic Design Parameters for Midply Shear Wall System”, C.Ni, FPInnovations, et al.
89
Shearwall Response
Basic difference between the two systems
Patented system, invented by Dr. Erol Varoglu (Forintek) and Prof. S.F. Stiemer (UBC)
90
Shearwall Response
Result – Higher strength; less degradation of strength under higher displacements
Other advantages?
Disadvantages ?
Is it a good solution? What does the base connection look like?
What might be some applications?
CONVENTIONAL SHEARWALL “MID-PLY” SHEARWALL
91
Shearwall Basics
Factored Capacities Midply Shearwalls vs Traditional
Traditional
Shearwalls
Midply
Shearwalls
92
Part C.2
Diaphragms:
Construction, Design and
Response
93
Diaphragm Basics
Diaphragm Response
• A diaphragm is the horizontal, planar element of a building (roofs and floors)
• Diaphragms collect and distribute lateral loads to the vertical elements, in this case to the shearwalls (or to braced frames in
other types of construction)
• Diaphragms collect inertial loads that arise from seismic shaking. These loads tend to flow into the diaphragms first and are in
part due to the weight of the diaphragm (also due to elements connected to the diaphragm, and storage loads on the
diaphragm, part of the snow load on the diaphragm, etc). In wind loading walls collect wind pressure and push/pull on the
diaphragms, and the load path continues
• Diaphragms must always be supported by vertical elements; so far we have looked at how shearwalls perform this duty
• The diaphragm must be designed for its own internal forces and stresses, as must be the connection to the shearwalls – this is
a critical segment of the load path that cannot be neglected to get the loads down to the foundation
• The behavior of the diaphragm must be identified in order to properly design it and properly allocate forces to the shearwalls
• How the diaphragm responds depends upon its own flexibility relative to the shearwalls that support it
• The two extremities of diaphragm response are as follows:
Large diaph. Small wall Small diaph. Large wall
deflection deflection deflection deflection
Rigid beam
Flexible
beam
Supports
Springs Supports
Flexible diaphragm Rigid diaphragm 94
Diaphragm Basics
Diaphragm Response
• There is also an “in-between “ case where the diaphragm may behave in a semi-rigid manner, i.e. where the shearwalls and
the diaphragm displace in approximately the same amount, hence the term semi-rigid diaphragm
Flexible beam
Semi-Rigid diaphragm Springs Supports
Semi-Rigid diaphragm
• It will prove somewhat difficult to determine the rigidity of the diaphragm without some analysis
• Let’s restrict ourselves to simple diaphragms to convey the concepts, and thus let’s first show what we mean by simple and
what may be not-so-simple, and how to deal with the different kinds
95
Diaphragm Basics
Diaphragm Response
For simplicity the diaphragm or segment of a diaphragm being individually analyzed and designed must have:
1. A limited deviation from the rectangular shape with projections beyond re-entrant corners limited as follows:
x
y
Ld
x ≤ 15% L y ≤ 15% Ld
2. Relatively uniform construction and stiffness,

TOPPING HERE
NOT LIKE THIS:

Only SHEATHING HERE
3. No large openings in the diaphragm
These simple rules, if applied correctly, will ensure the diaphragm analogy/model shown in these notes will remain usable.
The diaphragm must be detailed so the chords are continuous, shear transfer is achieved , shear stress in the sheathing is limited
and displacement compatibility exists. Which brings us to the topic of diaphragm irregularity… 96
Diaphragm Basics
Diaphragm Response
Further digression into irregular diaphragms, their pitfalls, and more obvious remedies:
Incompatibility Drag Struts

97
Diaphragm Basics
Diaphragm Response
Another common plan irregularity is the open-front building, commonly seen in commercial “storefront”-type buildings
Displaced Shape
(exaggerated for clarity)
Ld
Open Front
The following restrictions apply to this type of diaphragm in wood construction:
1. Max L = 7.5m (25ft) (consistent with IBC 2305.2.5)

2. Diaphragm aspect ratio Ld / L must not exceed 1.0 for 1-storey buildings, and 1.5 for buildings over 1 storey in height
3. May increase aspect ratio to 2.0 provided that calculated deflections may be tolerated
4. Diaphragm Response becomes semi-rigid (possibly rigid) due to permissible aspect ratios for this type of diaphragm – you
must compare the shearwall deflections to the diaphragm deflection to decide
5. To help analyze, consider the location of the shear center of a channel. What is the shear center? 98
Diaphragm Basics
Maximum Diaphragm
Deflection (MDD)
Diaphragm Response
So how do we classify a diaphragm?
Average Drift of Vertical
Element (ADVE)
Rigid diaphragm
Semi-Rigid diaphragm
(approx.)
Flexible diaphragm
99
Diaphragm Basics
Diaphragm Classification
Note that at this time there are no criteria for classifying diaphragms, but the following encapsulates the guidelines in ASCE 7-10,
ASCE 41-06 and ASCE 41-13
100
Diaphragm Response
So how do wood diaphragms generally respond?
How do the diaphragms we generally encounter, respond?
Let’s consider the following example:
• Floor Diaphragm with 2x10’s and 5/8” plywood

• Simply Supported by a shearwall on either end, as long as the diaphragm is deep
• Shearwall Height = 9ft
• Setting the Diaphragm Aspect Ratio or Diaphragm Span / Diaphragm Depth to 2.0 (in
other words diaphragm span is always twice the depth)
• Calculate the diaphragm deflection (MDD) and compare it to the shearwall deflection
(ADVE)
We will vary the length of the wall (and thus the size of the diaphragm) and observe the
effects on the relative stiffness and thus diaphragm response (when is it rigid and when
does it become flexible?)
101
Diaphragm Response
So how do wood diaphragms generally respond?
How do the diaphragms we generally encounter, respond?
Let’s consider the following example:
• Floor Diaphragm with 2x10’s and 5/8” plywood

• Simply Supported by a shearwall on either end, as long as the diaphragm is deep
• Shearwall Height = 9ft
• Setting the Diaphragm Aspect Ratio or Diaphragm Span / Diaphragm Depth to 2.0 (in
other words diaphragm span is always twice the depth)
• Calculate the diaphragm deflection (MDD) and compare it to the shearwall deflection
(ADVE)
We will vary the length of the wall (and thus the size of the diaphragm) and observe the
effects on the relative stiffness and diaphragm response (when is it rigid and when does
it become flexible, what drift?)
102
Diaphragm Response – Plot of MDD/ADVE values, Aspect Ratio = 2.0
103
Diaphragm Response – Plot of MDD/ADVE values, Aspect Ratio = 2.0
As can be seen from the plot table of MDD/ADVE ratios, the longer we make a
diaphragm span for the same shear stress at its boundary the more it tends to respond in
a flexible manner
Drift limits is within the permissible drift limit of
0.025 hn = 0.025 x 108” = 2.7”
When our MDD/ADVE ratio is between 0 and 1.0, or “rigid” diaphragm response. It runs
into problems when the shearwall is 6 times as long as it is high.
When we get into the “semi rigid” response (i.e. MDD/ADVE ratio between 1.0 and 2.0)
we can see that the drift limit starts to exceed our limit
Now, what happens when we change the aspect ratio of the diaphragm to something
greater than the ASCE-prescribed limit of 2.0,
Say we increase it to 2.5

104
Diaphragm Response – Plot od MDD/ADVE values, Aspect Ratio = 2.5
105
Now we can see that we run into drift problems EARLIER on. It now runs into problems
when the shearwall is 4 times as long as it is high.
Let’s scale back and LOWER the aspect ratio of the diaphragm.
106
107
Now we can see that we run into drift problems LATER on. It now runs into problems
when the shearwall is 8 times as long as it is high.
Rigid behavior dominates the response.
Having designed hundreds of single family houses, I have observed that most
diaphragms fall into the aspect ratio of 1.5 or less in their geometry.
Don’t forget that the diaphragm in these examples is supported by one shearwall on
each of its two short ends. (If an interior shearwall is introduced, the span of the
diaphragm is only the distance between the shearwalls.)
What is different though, is that the load will run to the various shearwalls in direct
proportion to their length. In other words, if one shearwall is 10 feet long and there are
30 feet total of shearwalls, that shearwall will take 33% of the storey shear.
The code requires us to consider a minimum accidental eccentricity of 10%, so

distribution of torsional shears needs to be understood
108
Diaphragm Basics – a brief refresher on analysis

Rigid diaphragms – force distribution (compatibility and equilibrium)
Consider the example of a rigid diaphragm with the shearwalls modeled as springs, and torsional loading is introduced
What are the resulting shearwall forces? May relate using displacement compatibility
0.1 L k5
C.M.
V x b
k4
k1 k2 k3
0.5 L 0.5 L
x-direction V = k1 (x + 0.5Lq) + k2x + k3 (x - 0.5Lq)

y-direction 0 = k4 (y + 0.5bq) + k5 (y – 0.5bq)
Moment 0.1VL = k1 (x + 0.5Lq)0.5L – k3 (x - 0.5Lq) 0.5L + k4 (y + 0.5bq) 0.5b – k5 (y - 0.5bq) 0.5b
SOURCE: SEABC course C2 Effective Structural Modeling, Dr. R.B. Schubak, P.Eng
109

Rigid diaphragms – rewrite as a matrix equation:
k1 + k2 + k3 0 (k1 – k3) 0.5L x V

0 k4 + k5 (k4 – k5) 0.5b y = 0
(k1– k3 )0.5L (k4– k5) 0.5b (k1 + k3) 0.25L2 + (k4+ k5) 0.25b2 q 0.1VL
For the specific case of k1 = k2 = k3 = k4 = k5 and b = 0.5L
3k 0 0 x V
0 2k 0 y = 0
0 0 0.625 kL2 q 0.1VL
The displacements are solved for as follows:
X = V / 3k y=0 q = 4V / 25kL
And the spring forces become:
F1 = k (x + 0.5L q) = 0.413 V
F2 = kx = 0.333 V
F3 = k (x - 0.5L q) = 0.253 V
F4 = k (y + 0.5b q) = 0.04 V
F5 = k (y - 0.5b q) = -0.04 V
110

Results (2b = L)
0.04 V
0.1 L
0.04 V
0.413 V 0.333 V 0.253 V
Note – The present code requires an eccentricity of 5% Dn, so as an exercise work out the shearwall forces resulting from that
eccentricity
111

Flexible diaphragms – force distribution
Consider the example of a flexible diaphragm with the shearwalls modeled as supports, and torsional loading is introduced
What are the resulting shearwall forces? May relate using displacement compatibility
0.1 L
C.M.
V b
0.5 L 0.5 L
112

Flexible diaphragms – force distribution
Consider the example of a flexible diaphragm with the shearwalls modeled as supports, and torsional loading is introduced
What are the resulting shearwall forces? May relate using equivalent distributed load
1.6V / L 0.4V / L
0.5 L 0.5 L
113

Results
0.1 L
0.35V 0.50V 0.15V
Note – The present code requires an eccentricity of 5% Dn, so as an exercise work out the shearwall forces resulting from that
eccentricity
114

Flexible Diaphragm
With Eccentricity
Results - Comparison (upper numbers)
0.1 L 0.04 V
Rigid Diaphragm with
Eccentricity
(lower or middle
numbers)
V
0.35 V 0.50 V 0.15 V 0.04 V

0.413 V 0.333 V 0.253 V Flexible Diaphragm with NO
eccentricity (lower, red
0.25 V 0.5 V 0.25 V numbers) Based on
“tributary” diaphragm area
for a shearwall
By comparing the values it can be seen that Diaphragm Response dictates the loads shearwalls need to be designed for
115
Diaphragm Response –Diaphragm Deflection
Deflection of blocked diaphragms – due to several components added together:

dn
df dv
vs
vs
Flexure “Racking” of plywood in shear Nail deformation Chord Slip
Ds = 5vsL3 + vsL + 0.0006Len + S(Dcc)

96 E A LD 4 Bv (0.0152Len - Imperial) 2 LD
Ds = service deflection (mm)

vs = service shear (N/mm)
L = diaphragm span (mm); LD = diaphragm depth (mm)
E = modulus of elasticity of chords (MPa), A = area of chord (mm2)
Bv = shear-through thickness rigidity (N/mm) per table 7.3 of CSA O86 (N/mm)
en = nail deformation under particular load level (mm)
S(Dcc) = sum of the individual chord slip values Dc each multiplied by the distance c from the nearest support
116
Diaphragm Capacity
Factored Capacities
Metric Units
NOTE:
117
Diaphragm Capacity
Factored Capacities
Metric Units
NOTE:
118
Diaphragm Capacity
Factored Capacities
Metric Units
NOTE:
119
Diaphragm Capacity – notes to tables
120
Diaphragm Configurations
Note panels are lain in a
conventional manner
LOAD – CASE 1
Blocking (dashed)
Framing
Continuous panel joints
LOAD – CASE 3
121
Diaphragm Configurations
Continuous panel joints
Note panels are lain in
an UNconventional
LOAD – CASE 2 manner!!
Blocking (dashed)
Framing
LOAD – CASE 4
122
Diaphragm Details
Shear Transfer
The first method
STEP #2 – INSTALL FLOOR JOISTS, EDGE JOIST

(CHORD), AND PACKING (PURPLE); INSTALL
FLOOR SHEATHING OVER; NAIL TOP OF LOWER
WALL SHEATHING TO EDGE JOIST / BLOCKING
STEP #1 – BUILD WALL, RUN SHEATHING HIGH
123
Diaphragm Details
Shear Transfer
The second method
STEP #2 – INSTALL FLOOR JOISTS, EDGE JOIST

(CHORD) AND FRAMING ANGLE; INSTALL
FLOOR SHEATHING OVER;
STEP #1 – BUILD WALL, RUN SHEATHING TO

NORMAL HEIGHT
124
Diaphragm Details
Shear Transfer
The third method
STEP #3 –INSTALL ROOF SHEATHING OVER
STEP #2 – INSTALL TRUSSES, TIGHT-FIT

BLOCKING (ALT. SPACES) AND FRAMING
ANGLE; END NAIL THE BLOCKING; TOP PLATE
BECOMES CHORD
STEP #1 – BUILD WALL, RUN SHEATHING TO

NORMAL HEIGHT 125

Diaphragms – shear and flexure calculations
wF
Chord Force
CF
vDi
TF
L
VDi
VDi
wF = factored seismic force F acting at storey divided by L; computed using RdRo
MF = 1.2 (wF L2 / 8) CDi
CF = TF = MF / b = chord forces in tension and compression
VDi = (wF L / 2) Cdi =
vDi = VDi / b = diaphragm design shear (force per unit length)
126

Diaphragms – flexure detailing – sample chord splice as top plate
NAILS
60 100
30
140
40
Plan view of top plate

BUTT JOINT
MULTI-PLATE 38
(NUMBER OF
PLIES DETERMINED
BY CHORD FORCE)
Side view of top plate BUTT JOINT
MIN. LENGTH
DETERMINED BY
NAILS REQUIRED
127
Diaphragms – irregular features
wF
Opening
Add Drag Strut

ea. Side of
opening
b
Jump in Shear Diagram

At Opening
Shear Diagram
128
11. 8 – Seismic Design Considerations for light frame shearwalls & diaphragms
To be used when
gypsum is being relied
upon structurally in
addition to wood panels
129
11. 8 – Seismic Design Considerations for light frame shearwalls & diaphragms
130
11.8.3 – Over-capacity of wood based SFRS
Applies to the SFRS
131
11.8.4 – Wood diaphragms supported on wood shearwalls
Applies to the Diaphragm
Greater, for non-yielding

diaphragm
132
11.8.5 – Wood diaphragms supported on SFRS other than wood shearwalls

Applicability
133
11.8.5.2 – Diaphragms design forces
134
11.8.6 – Diaphragms forces transfer elements
135
11.8.7 – Low seismic zones
136
11.8.8 – Seismic design requirements for shearwalls using gypsum wallboard
137
11.8.9 – Loadbearing walls constructed with gypsum wallboard only
138
Disclaimer
Please note that any design examples contained in this lecture are intended to highlight some
aspects of the design, and may not necessarily represent a comprehensive account of all aspects of
the design. Additional analysis of the structure including P-delta effects are not included in the
examples. The author carries no responsibility for omissions or typographical errors that might be
found in the lecture.
It is the sole responsibility of the designer to fully comply with the requirements of the National
Building Code of Canada and CSA standards and other applicable design standards.
The author assumes no liability for any direct or indirect damage, injury, loss or expense that may be
incurred or suffered as a result of the use or reliance on the contents of this publication
139

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SEABC Certificate in Structural Engineering Program

C11 - Timber Design for Light Residential and Commercial Buildings

Introduction to Seismic Design

Seismic Design for Wood House and Small Structures

To acquaint designers with some of the issues in lateral

Time lapse of a house construction

Seismic Design for Wood House and Small Structure Designers

Wind Load Design vs. Seismic Load Design

Seismic Design for Wood House and Small Structure Designers

Wind Loads vs. Seismic Loads

Therefore the emphasis of this course will be on seismic design.

A: The ground suddenly shifts laterally.

Base shear force

Structural Dynamics and Design

Q - What works best in wood construction?

A – Nailed plywood or OSB shearwalls.

Q – Are the shearwalls the only seismic components of the house?

Q – How is capacity design achieved in wood construction?

Nailed Shearwall Panels

Structural Dynamics and Design

Q – How do shearwalls provide ductility for the house?

Response Spectrum – Local area

It’s easy to see by looking at the

Response spectrum – any Canadian site Look on Google Earth and

Note: The value of longitude

For sites in Greater Vancouver a

Computation of Seismic Forces using ESFP or QSA

We calculate the period-dependent acceleration on our structure, and multiply it by a

Computation of Seismic Forces using ESFP or QSA

• S(Ta) is acceleration as a function of Ta (linear interpolation permitted on spectrum)

Computation of Seismic Forces using ESFP or QSA

Restrictions and additional information

For wood panel shearwalls Rd = 3.0, Ro = 1.7

Computation of Seismic Forces using ESFP or QSA

Restrictions on irregularities according to NBCC

1. Vertical Stiffness irregularity

Computation of Seismic Forces using ESFP or QSA

1 Vertical Stiffness irregularity

Lateral stiffness of the SFRS in a storey shall not be

Computation of Seismic Forces using ESFP or QSA

Computation of Seismic Forces using ESFP or QSA

3 Vertical Geometry irregularity

Computation of Seismic Forces using ESFP or QSA

In-plane offset of as element of the SFRS

Computation of Seismic Forces using ESFP or QSA

Shearwall above is laterally offset from the shearwall below

Computation of Seismic Forces using ESFP or QSA

Computation of Seismic Forces using ESFP or QSA

Computation of Seismic Forces using ESFP or QSA

Computation of Seismic Forces using ESFP or QSA

If the ratio of maximum displacement of a point on the diaphragm to the average

Computation of Seismic Forces using ESFP or QSA

8 Non orthogonal system

SFRS is not aligned on a set of orthogonal axes

Equivalent Static Force Procedure

F2 h2 V3= F3 M3= F3 (h3 – h2)

M2= F3 (h3 – h1) + F2 (h2 – h1)

V1= F3+F2+F1 M1= F3 h3 + F2 h2 + F1 h1

Storey forces Storey shear Storey bending 33

NEXT: Properly detailed shearwall

FLOOR DIAPHRAGM PLYWOOD DRIVING SHEAR

BEAM COMPRESSION PLYWOOD