I.

OBJECTIVES:
AT THE END OF THE DISCUSSION, THE CLASS SHOULD ABLE TO KNOW THE
FOLLOWING:

ROLE OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN

WATERSHED PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT.

THE WATERSHED CHARACTERIZATION USING GIS.

GIS-BASED APPROACH.

1|Water Resources Engineering

 II. DISCUSSIONS:

It is defined as the land area from which water drains to a given point. In
other words watershed is an area from which runoff, resulting from precipitation,
flows past a single point into a stream. Since water is drained off to a given point.
The management of watershed in point of view of Hydrology is easily possible.

Watershed management means the rational utilization of land and water

resources of watershed for optimal production with minimal hazard to natural
resources. Watershed- based management is the most effective way to enhance
water quality and natural resources, protect critical terrestrial and aquatic
habitat, prevent soil erosion, and sustain resource-based economic activities
while concurrently managing the pressures of an increasingly urbanized
landscape.

Watershed management or protection implies the proper use of all land

and water resources of a watershed for optimum production with minimum
hazard to natural resources. The different objectives of a watershed
management program are:

• To control damaging runoff

• To manage and utilize runoff for useful purposes

• To control erosion and effect reduction in the sediment production

• To moderate floods in the downstream areas

• To enhance ground water storage wherever applicable

2|Water Resources Engineering

 Various watershed characteristics required for watershed management
can be derived using GIS:

• Size: This characteristic determines the quantity of precipitation

received, retained and drained off. Small watershed behaves differently from
the large ones in terms of the relative importance of various phases of the runoff
phenomenon. This can be delineated using the topographic maps (first
instance), by the concept of ridge and valley lines (as explained previously),
based on the position of the watershed outlet. The area of the watershed can
be digitized using GIS functions. This boundary can be verified with the help of
the aspect map, which can be derived using DEM, using any standard GIS
function.

• Shape: Watersheds have many shapes e.g. it could be rectangular,

square, palm shape, oval etc. The shape controls the length, width ratio which
affects the runoff characteristics. For example, the longer the watershed, the
greater is the time of concentration. The longer the time of concentration, the
greater the time available for the water to infiltrate, evaporate and get utilized
by vegetation. Shape of watershed is the output of watershed boundary
delineated in GIS environment.

• Slope: This is a very important characteristics of a watershed. It affects

the time of concentration, infiltration opportunity time, and runoff and soil loss.
Slope can be derived in GIS environment using DEM. Using the watershed
boundary, the weighted average slope of the watershed can be derived in a
GIS environment.

• Drainage: This is another important factor which influences the

watershed behavior. A large drainage density (length of drainage channels per
unit area) creates situation conducive for quick disposal of runoff down the
channels. In watershed where drainage density is less overland flow is
predominant. Length of the channels can be derived using the digitized
drainage in GIS environment.

• Geology: Nature of parent rocks, features, faults, extent of outcrops and

weathering can be known by interpretation of satellite data and also ground
truth collected. It is possible to understand the ground water recharge areas
also, using the geomorphology and analysis of other relevant information.

• Soils: Major soil groups of the watershed and their hydrologic groupings.
Physical and chemical properties as required, which can derived using the

3|Water Resources Engineering

mapping of physiographic units from the satellite data and combined with the
field verification of soil profiles dug in each of the physiographic units.

• Climate: Precipitation, its annual, seasonal and monthly distribution,

forms of precipitation, storm pattern, rainfall intensity and duration are to be
collected from metrological stations. Their spatial distribution can be understood
in a GIS environment. Other climatic factors include air temperature (min. and
max.), soil temperature, evaporation, relative humidity, wind velocity, wind
direction, and solar radiation are also required for understanding the hydrology
of the area. If necessary, these data can be converted into spatial data using
GIS functions.

• Surface Condition and Land use: Existing land use and cover conditions
including forest lands, range lands, cultivated lands, waste lands, habitations
and miscellaneous uses can be derived using interpretation of satellite images
and also ground truth. Forest type and area under each classification (like stock
forest, degraded forest, scrub etc. hydrologic conditions, legal status (reserved,
demarcated, protected, demarcated, protected, unclassified, private,
community etc.) can be obtained from remote sensing images. Extent of
agricultural lands, land capability classification, area under each class and
subclass, area under irrigation, major crops, rain fed area along with crops
grown, orchards and their extent etc. can be obtained by interpretation of
remote sensing data and collection of ground truth.

• Ground Water: Source of ground water and ground water levels during
pre-monsoon and post monsoon conditions are necessary to understand extent
of ground water-recharge and possible quantity available for utilization.

• Economic Data: General economic conditions of the people, important

professions and their dependence on watershed resources, markets and
marketing practices, return from forests including fire wood, and minor forest
products, return from range land, grazing value, returns from cultivated land
including irrigated and rain fed etc.

• Texture: Textures Provide Important: characteristics for the analysis of

many types of images including natural scenes, remote sensing data and
biomedical modalities. The perception of texture is believed to play an
important role in human visual system for reorganization and interpretation.
Pervious method of analysis for accomplishing texture classification may be
roughly divided into three categories: statistical, structural and spectral.

Traditionally, the use of geographic information systems (GIS) for

watershed management projects has been limited to a supporting role in

4|Water Resources Engineering

mapping and related engineering activities—not often serving as a driving
resource in the analytical process.

Watershed studies conducted using a GIS platform have demonstrated

that the spatial analysis capabilities of GIS hold the key to improved watershed
modeling techniques. The analytical muscle of GIS, combined with readily
available digital elevation data, can be used to automate the watershed
modeling process and provide a visual representation of the watershed’s
response to existing conditions and proposed improvement scenarios.

Automated GIS tools also enable engineers to spend more time on the
analysis and refinement of computer models and less on the laborious task of
watershed parameterization for model setups. Furthermore, model results are
easily converted into decision support tools that allow for the testing of multiple
alternatives and refinements.

The traditional approach to watershed planning and modeling has been

for an engineer to manually determine drainage patterns and paths using hard
copies of aerial and historical contour maps.

Hydrologic watershed parameters such as drainage area, curve number

and time of concentration are then calculated for each individual basin either
by hand or by spreadsheet, processes that can take weeks for a large project.
This labor-intensive procedure is just a first step toward acquiring a basic
understanding of the watershed’s primary conveyances.

The next step, the setup of the computer model, would traditionally
involve translating structures, bridges and cross-sectional survey data into usable
hydraulic model format. This included a challenging calibration that aimed to
replicate field conditions while retaining the watershed's hydraulic character.

Moreover, if after calibration the engineer discovered missing connectivity

in the original model—for instance, a roadway overtopping or an interconnect
between a lake and adjacent depression area—it became even more
problematic to integrate the new information into the model. The solution, then,
was often to effectively start much of the process over again.

In summary, the traditional approach has proven complex, time-intensive

and costly.

5|Water Resources Engineering

 In contrast, the GIS-based watershed modeling process begins with a
digital representation of the ground surface topography, or a digital elevation
model (DEM). Today, DEMs are increasingly available to both public and private
organizations. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), for instance, has gathered
elevation points for 5-ft elevation contours around the country. USGS publishes
DEM data on its website.

Other agencies across the nation are building similar digital databases.
The Southwest Florida Water Management District, for example, has flown a
laser imaging detection and ranging (LIDAR) device over much of the district
and made that information available to those in the watershed business. The
accessibility of such elevation data makes the application of GIS that much
easier.

One method for generating a DEM is through LIDAR remote sensing data.
The LIDAR process generates data points spaced as little as 3 ft apart. Using GIS
to analyze DEMs, an engineer can produce draft watershed delineation and
drainage patterns with limited manipulation. DEMs are often associated with
high-resolution aerial photography, as well. The combination of these two
products enables engineers to perform a detailed desktop evaluation of
watersheds before returning to ground level.

Within the first few weeks of conducting a watershed assessment, an

engineer is able to have a draft of the modeling framework along with a fairly
detailed knowledge of the drainage patterns and a watershed delineation.

It is then a simple step to automatically generate the hydrologic

parameters by overlaying land use and soil GIS data layers and performing area
weighted averages of watershed parameters.

In a GIS environment, computer model development also becomes easier

and more seamless. Rather than sending a survey crew into the field, the
engineer, equipped with GPS and a laser level, can perform field investigations
and verify any assumptions made in the desktop evaluation. Then the same
engineer is able to collect model-specific data such as culvert inverts, sizes and
materials, along with cross-sectional data. The LIDAR data points can be used as
benchmarks for field reconnaissance, too.

It is invaluable to have the engineer in the field infusing reality and context
into the evaluation and calibration of watershed basin models. In addition, there
is no need to decipher the survey and transfer the pertinent data into a
computer model; the engineer will make the decision in the field, type the data
6|Water Resources Engineering
into a handheld device and instantly upload it into a designated model format.
Using the global positioning system (GPS) to identify the positional accuracy of
each point surveyed makes the elevation data easy to verify using traditional
survey measures, if necessary.

It is important to note that the elevations obtained using these methods

are +/- 3 in., whereas survey results would be plus or minus 1/16 in. While GIS-
derived elevations are not suitable for design plan development, they are of
sufficient accuracy for a watershed-level model.

Traditionally, a one-dimensional (1-D) hydraulic profile was used to review

the results of computer models. But using GIS, the 1-D hydraulic profile is
converted into a two-dimensional (2-D) view during automated post-processing
routines.

Early on in the process, the model will illustrate where more refinement
and additional elements are needed. In subsequent and final iterations, the
model will show flooding extents for existing conditions and flood reductions for
design-alternative simulations.

What is difficult to see in the 1-D case becomes very apparent in the 2-D.
The 2-D view of the system is able to show the paths by which water spreads out
beyond the banks of the main channel and into affected areas. These
automated techniques’ power and potential are reshaping the way engineers
analyze watersheds and, in some cases, providing valuable information for
community disaster mitigation activities.

No longer seen as a back-office support tool, GIS has moved onto the
desktops and laptops of storm water and watershed engineers. GIS is as
routinely applied in day-to-day analytical activities as any traditional hydrologic
solution.

In effect, the technology has created the opportunity to engineer

projects, make better decisions and share information with a broad
community—not just interested technical and nontechnical parties—in a clear,
concise format.

7|Water Resources Engineering

III. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Watershed: It is defined as the land area from which water drains to a
given point. In other words watershed is an area from which runoff, resulting from
precipitation, flows past a single point into a stream. Since water is drained off to
a given point. The management of watershed in point of view of Hydrology is
easily possible.

• Watershed Management: Means the rational utilization of land and water

resources of watershed for optimal production with minimal hazard to natural
resources. Watershed- based management is the most effective way to enhance
water quality and natural resources, protect critical terrestrial and aquatic
habitat, prevent soil erosion, and sustain resource-based economic activities
while concurrently managing the pressures of an increasingly urbanized
landscape.

• Size: This characteristic determines the quantity of precipitation

received, retained and drained off. Small watershed behaves differently from
the large ones in terms of the relative importance of various phases of the runoff
phenomenon. This can be delineated using the topographic maps (first
instance), by the concept of ridge and valley lines (as explained previously),
based on the position of the watershed outlet. The area of the watershed can
be digitized using GIS functions. This boundary can be verified with the help of
the aspect map, which can be derived using DEM, using any standard GIS
function.

• Shape: Watersheds have many shapes e.g. it could be rectangular,

square, palm shape, oval etc. The shape controls the length, width ratio which
affects the runoff characteristics. For example, the longer the watershed, the
greater is the time of concentration. The longer the time of concentration, the
greater the time available for the water to infiltrate, evaporate and get utilized
by vegetation. Shape of watershed is the output of watershed boundary
delineated in GIS environment.

• Slope: This is a very important characteristics of a watershed. It affects

the time of concentration, infiltration opportunity time, and runoff and soil loss.
Slope can be derived in GIS environment using DEM. Using the watershed
boundary, the weighted average slope of the watershed can be derived in a
GIS environment.

8|Water Resources Engineering

 • Drainage: This is another important factor which influences the
watershed behavior. A large drainage density (length of drainage channels per
unit area) creates situation conducive for quick disposal of runoff down the
channels. In watershed where drainage density is less overland flow is
predominant. Length of the channels can be derived using the digitized
drainage in GIS environment.

• Geology: Nature of parent rocks, features, faults, extent of outcrops and

weathering can be known by interpretation of satellite data and also ground
truth collected. It is possible to understand the ground water recharge areas
also, using the geomorphology and analysis of other relevant information.

• Soils: Major soil groups of the watershed and their hydrologic groupings.
Physical and chemical properties as required, which can derived using the
mapping of physiographic units from the satellite data and combined with the
field verification of soil profiles dug in each of the physiographic units.

• Climate: Precipitation, its annual, seasonal and monthly distribution,

forms of precipitation, storm pattern, rainfall intensity and duration are to be
collected from metrological stations. Their spatial distribution can be understood
in a GIS environment.

• Surface Condition and Land use: Existing land use and cover conditions
including forest lands, range lands, cultivated lands, waste lands, habitations
and miscellaneous uses can be derived using interpretation of satellite images
and also ground truth. Forest type and area under each classification (like stock
forest, degraded forest, scrub etc.

• Ground Water: Source of ground water and ground water levels during
pre-monsoon and post monsoon conditions are necessary to understand extent
of ground water-recharge and possible quantity available for utilization.

• Economic Data: General economic conditions of the people, important

professions and their dependence on watershed resources, markets and
marketing practices, return from forests including fire wood, and minor forest
products, return from range land, grazing value, returns from cultivated land
including irrigated and rain fed etc.

• Texture: Textures Provide Important: characteristics for the analysis of

many types of images including natural scenes, remote sensing data and
biomedical modalities. The perception of texture is believed to play an
important role in human visual system for reorganization and interpretation.
Pervious method of analysis for accomplishing texture classification may be
roughly divided into three categories: statistical, structural and spectral.

9|Water Resources Engineering

IV. REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. What is the role of Geographical Information Systems in

Watershed Planning and Management?

2. What is the Watershed Characterization using GIS?

3. What is GIS-Based Approach?

10 | W a t e r R e s o u r c e s E n g i n e e r i n g
V. ANSWER TO REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Traditionally, the use of geographic information systems (GIS) for
watershed management projects has been limited to a supporting role in
mapping and related engineering activities—not often serving as a driving
resource in the analytical process.
Watershed studies conducted using a GIS platform have
demonstrated that the spatial analysis capabilities of GIS hold the key to
improved watershed modeling techniques. The analytical muscle of GIS,
combined with readily available digital elevation data, can be used to
automate the watershed modeling process and provide a visual
representation of the watershed’s response to existing conditions and
proposed improvement scenarios.
2. Various watershed characteristics required for watershed management
can be derived using GIS:
• Size: This characteristic determines the quantity of precipitation
received, retained and drained off. Small watershed behaves differently
from the large ones in terms of the relative importance of various phases
of the runoff phenomenon. This can be delineated using the topographic
maps (first instance), by the concept of ridge and valley lines (as
explained previously), based on the position of the watershed outlet. The
area of the watershed can be digitized using GIS functions. This boundary
can be verified with the help of the aspect map, which can be derived
using DEM, using any standard GIS function.
• Shape: Watersheds have many shapes e.g. it could be
rectangular, square, palm shape, oval etc. The shape controls the length,
width ratio which affects the runoff characteristics. For example, the
longer the watershed, the greater is the time of concentration. The longer
the time of concentration, the greater the time available for the water to
infiltrate, evaporate and get utilized by vegetation. Shape of watershed is
the output of watershed boundary delineated in GIS environment.
• Slope: This is a very important characteristics of a watershed. It
affects the time of concentration, infiltration opportunity time, and runoff
and soil loss. Slope can be derived in GIS environment using DEM. Using
the watershed boundary, the weighted average slope of the watershed
can be derived in a GIS environment.
• Drainage: This is another important factor which influences the
watershed behavior. A large drainage density (length of drainage
channels per unit area) creates situation conducive for quick disposal of
runoff down the channels. In watershed where drainage density is less

11 | W a t e r R e s o u r c e s E n g i n e e r i n g
 overland flow is predominant. Length of the channels can be derived
using the digitized drainage in GIS environment.
• Geology: Nature of parent rocks, features, faults, extent of
outcrops and weathering can be known by interpretation of satellite data
and also ground truth collected. It is possible to understand the ground
water recharge areas also, using the geomorphology and analysis of
other relevant information.
• Soils: Major soil groups of the watershed and their hydrologic
groupings. Physical and chemical properties as required, which can
derived using the mapping of physiographic units from the satellite data
and combined with the field verification of soil profiles dug in each of the
physiographic units.
• Climate: Precipitation, its annual, seasonal and monthly
distribution, forms of precipitation, storm pattern, rainfall intensity and
duration are to be collected from metrological stations. Their spatial
distribution can be understood in a GIS environment. Other climatic
factors include air temperature (min. and max.), soil temperature,
evaporation, relative humidity, wind velocity, wind direction, and solar
radiation are also required for understanding the hydrology of the area. If
necessary, these data can be converted into spatial data using GIS
functions.
• Surface Condition and Land use: Existing land use and cover
conditions including forest lands, range lands, cultivated lands, waste
lands, habitations and miscellaneous uses can be derived using
interpretation of satellite images and also ground truth. Forest type and
area under each classification (like stock forest, degraded forest, scrub
etc. hydrologic conditions, legal status (reserved, demarcated,
protected, demarcated, protected, unclassified, private, community etc.)
can be obtained from remote sensing images. Extent of agricultural lands,
land capability classification, area under each class and subclass, area
under irrigation, major crops, rain fed area along with crops grown,
orchards and their extent etc. can be obtained by interpretation of
remote sensing data and collection of ground truth.
• Ground Water: Source of ground water and ground water levels
during pre-monsoon and post monsoon conditions are necessary to
understand extent of ground water-recharge and possible quantity
available for utilization.
• Economic Data: General economic conditions of the people,
important professions and their dependence on watershed resources,
markets and marketing practices, return from forests including fire wood,
and minor forest products, return from range land, grazing value, returns
from cultivated land including irrigated and rain fed etc.
• Texture: Textures Provide Important: characteristics for the analysis
of many types of images including natural scenes, remote sensing data
12 | W a t e r R e s o u r c e s E n g i n e e r i n g
 and biomedical modalities. The perception of texture is believed to play
an important role in human visual system for reorganization and
interpretation. Pervious method of analysis for accomplishing texture
classification may be roughly divided into three categories: statistical,
structural and spectral.
3. In contrast, the GIS-based watershed modeling process begins with a
digital representation of the ground surface topography, or a digital
elevation model (DEM). Today, DEMs are increasingly available to both
public and private organizations. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), for
instance, has gathered elevation points for 5-ft elevation contours around
the country. USGS publishes DEM data on its website. Other agencies
across the nation are building similar digital databases. The Southwest
Florida Water Management District, for example, has flown a laser
imaging detection and ranging (LIDAR) device over much of the district
and made that information available to those in the watershed business.
The accessibility of such elevation data makes the application of GIS that
much easier. One method for generating a DEM is through LIDAR remote
sensing data. The LIDAR process generates data points spaced as little as
3 ft apart. Using GIS to analyze DEMs, an engineer can produce draft
watershed delineation and drainage patterns with limited manipulation.
DEMs are often associated with high-resolution aerial photography, as
well. The combination of these two products enables engineers to perform
a detailed desktop evaluation of watersheds before returning to ground
level. Within the first few weeks of conducting a watershed assessment, an
engineer is able to have a draft of the modeling framework along with a
fairly detailed knowledge of the drainage patterns and a watershed
delineation. It is then a simple step to automatically generate the
hydrologic parameters by overlaying land use and soil GIS data layers
and performing area weighted averages of watershed parameters.

13 | W a t e r R e s o u r c e s E n g i n e e r i n g
VI. SUMMARY
Watershed is define as the land area from which water drains to a given
point. In other words watershed is an area from which runoff, resulting from
precipitation, flows past a single point into a stream. Watershed management
means the rational utilization of land and water resources of watershed for
optimal production with minimal hazard to natural resources. Various watershed
characteristics required for watershed management can be derived using GIS:
the Size, Shape, Slope, Drainage, Geology, Soils, Climates, Surface condition and
land use, Ground water, economic data and texture.

Traditionally, the use of geographic information systems (GIS) for watershed

management projects has been limited to a supporting role in mapping and
related engineering activities—not often serving as a driving resource in the
analytical process. Hydrologic watershed parameters such as drainage area,
curve number and time of concentration are then calculated for each individual
basin either by hand or by spreadsheet, processes that can take weeks for a large
project. This labor-intensive procedure is just a first step toward acquiring a basic
understanding of the watershed’s primary conveyances. In summary, the
traditional approach has proven complex, time-intensive and costly.

In contrast, the GIS-based watershed modeling process begins with a

digital representation of the ground surface topography, or a digital elevation
model (DEM). Today, DEMs are increasingly available to both public and private
organizations. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), for instance, has gathered
elevation points for 5-ft elevation contours around the country. USGS publishes
DEM data on its website. In a GIS environment, computer model development
also becomes easier and more seamless. Rather than sending a survey crew into
the field, the engineer, equipped with GPS and a laser level, can perform field
investigations and verify any assumptions made in the desktop evaluation. Then
the same engineer is able to collect model-specific data such as culvert inverts,
sizes and materials, along with cross-sectional data. The LIDAR data points can be
used as benchmarks for field reconnaissance, too. Traditionally, a one-
dimensional (1-D) hydraulic profile was used to review the results of computer
models. But using GIS, the 1-D hydraulic profile is converted into a two-
dimensional (2-D) view during automated post-processing routines. The GIS
Movement no longer seen as a back-office support tool, GIS has moved onto the
desktops and laptops of storm water and watershed engineers. GIS is as routinely
applied in day-to-day analytical activities as any traditional hydrologic solution.

14 | W a t e r R e s o u r c e s E n g i n e e r i n g
VII. REFERENCES:
 https://www.google.com

 https://www.mirriam.com

 https://www.scribd.com/doc/50496668/water-resources-engineering-by-
larry-mays

 https://www.scribd.com/doc/504963278/water-resources-engineering

 https://www.scribd.com/doc/506573278/gis-takes-role-in-watershed-
planning-and-management

15 | W a t e r R e s o u r c e s E n g i n e e r i n g
 VIII. TEST QUESTIONS:
TOPIC: ROLE OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN
WATERSHED PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

QUIZ NO. 11 DATE:

NAME: COURSE:

TEST I: MULTIPLE CHOICE (10 PTS)

INSTRUCTION: INCIRCLE THE LETTER OF YOUR DESIRED ANSWER. NOT RIGHT MINUS
WRONG. NO CHEATING

1. It is defined as the land area from which water drains to a given point.
A. Watershade C. Watershed
B. Watersheed D. Watershede

2. The most effective way to enhance water quality and natural resources, protect
critical terrestrial and aquatic habitat, prevent soil erosion, and sustain resource-
based economic activities while concurrently managing the pressures of an
increasingly urbanized landscape.
A. Watershed Management C. Watershed- based management
B. Water Management D. Watershed Management Based

3. The different objectives of a watershed management program are the

following, except one.
A. To control damaging runon C. moderate floods
B. To utilize runoff for useful purposes D. To enhance ground water storage

4. This characteristic determines the quantity of precipitation received, retained

and drained off.
A. Size C. Slope
B. Shape D. Drainage
5. Controls the length, width ratio which affects the runoff characteristics.
A. Size C. Slope
B. Shape D. Drainage

16 | W a t e r R e s o u r c e s E n g i n e e r i n g
6. This is a very important characteristics of a watershed.
A. Size C. Slope
B. Shape D. Drainage

7. This is another important factor which influences the watershed behavior.

A. Size C. Slope
B. Shape D. Drainage

8. Provides characteristics for the analysis of many types of images including

natural scenes, remote sensing data and biomedical modalities.
A. Geology C. Ground Water
B. Economic Data D. Texture
9. In fine-tuning the model the plus and minus elevation is equal to.
A. 1 in. C. 3 in.
B. 2 in. D. 4 in.
10. What is GIS?
A. Geographical Information System C. Geography Information System
B. Geographic Information System D. Geographer Information System

TEST II: TRUE or FALSE (X2= 10 PTS)

INSTRUCTION: WRITE YOUR FAMILY NAME IF YOUR ANSWER IS TRUE, WRITE YOUR
NAME IF YOUR ANSWER IS FALSE. WRITE YOUR ANSWER IN THE SPACE PROVIDED
BEFORE THE NUMBER. NOT RIGHT MINUS WRONG

____________________1.) The technology has created the opportunity to engineer

projects, make better decisions and share information with a broad community.

____________________2.) GIS didn’t moved onto the desktops and laptops of

storm water and watershed engineers.

____________________3.) What is difficult to see in the 2-D case becomes very

apparent in the 3-D.

____________________4.) Traditionally, a one-dimensional (1-D) hydraulic profile

was used to review the results of computer models.

____________________5.) It is not invaluable to have the engineer in the field

infusing reality and context into the evaluation and calibration of watershed
basin models.

17 | W a t e r R e s o u r c e s E n g i n e e r i n g
TEST III: ENUMERATION (20 PTS)

INSTRUCTION: ENUMERATE THE GIVEN QUESTION PROPERLY AND YOU CAN WRITE
OUR ANSWER AT THE BACK OF THE FIRST PAGE OF YOUR QUESTIONAIRE.

1-5 (The different objectives of a watershed management program)

6-15 (Various watershed characteristics)

16-18 (Three categories of analysis for accomplishing texture classification)

19-20 (Limited supporting role of GIS)

TEST IV: DISCUSSION (10 PTS)

INSTRUCTION: DISCUSS THE GIVEN QUESTION BASED ON YOUR UNDERSTANDING.

EVERY IDEAS IS ACCEPTED. YOU CAN WRITE YOUR ANSWER BELOW THE
QUESTION.

What is the role of GIS in Watershed Management and Planning?

18 | W a t e r R e s o u r c e s E n g i n e e r i n g
IX. ANSWER KEY
Test I: MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. C
2. D
3. A
4. A
5. B
6. C
7. D
8. D
9. C
10. A

TEST II: TRUE OR FALSE

1. TRUE
2. FALSE
3. FALSE
4. TRUE
5. FALSE

TEST III: ENUMERATION

(1-5) • To control damaging runoff • To manage and utilize runoff for

useful purposes • To control erosion and effect reduction in the sediment
production • To moderate floods in the downstream areas • To enhance ground
water storage wherever applicable

(6-15) Size, Shape, Slope, Drainage, Geology, Soils, Climates, Surface

condition and land use, Ground water, economic data and texture.

(16-18) statistical, structural and spectral

(19-20) Mapping and related engineering activities

TEST IV: DISCUSSION

Geographic information systems (GIS) for watershed management projects

has a role in supporting mapping and related engineering activities and serving
as a driving resource in the analytical process.

19 | W a t e r R e s o u r c e s E n g i n e e r i n g
X. SUMMARY OF RESULTS

TOPIC: ROLE OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS

IN WATERSHED PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
QUIZ NO. 11 DATE:

NAME SCORE

1. AGUPITAN, ROWEN RAE

1. BANTILLO, REMSKIE

2. BOLINAS, RODMAR

3. CABANUS, CARLO REPORTER

4. CABILBIGAN, KEMUEL

5. CALMA, IRISH

6. DE LOS REYES, LEONARD

7. EGASAN, JAPHET

8. LLAMELO, ANGEL LOU

9. NALICA, MA. MAYETH

10. ORDAS, MERIENUL FAME

11. SIMON, EDALYN

20 | W a t e r R e s o u r c e s E n g i n e e r i n g