HHP 2603 Notes for Final

Chapter 12: Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer

Cardiovascular Disease
• Collective term for various diseases of the heart and blood vessels
• Leading cause of death in the U.S.
• Lifestyle disease

Cardiovascular System
• Heart and blood vessels
• The Blood Vessels
• Veins
• Arteries
• Coronary artery
• Two large vessels that supply blood to the heart

Circulation
• Pulmonary circulation
• Blood to and from the lungs
• Systemic circulation
• Blood through the rest of the body
• Systole
• The heart contraction
• Diastole
• The period of relaxation

Major Risk Factors

• Tobacco use
• High blood pressure
• High levels of cholesterol
• Physical inactivity
• Obesity
• Diabetes

Contributing Risk Factors

• High Triglyceride Levels
• Psychological and Social factors
• Stress
• Depression
• Low socioeconomic status
• Alcohol and Drugs

Uncontrollable Risk Factors

• Heredity
• Aging
• Over the age of 65
• Being Male

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HHP 2603 Notes for Final

• Men have higher risk earlier in life

• Ethnicity

Atherosclerosis
• Arteries narrowed by fatty deposits
• Coronary heart disease (CHD)
• Coronary artery disease (CAD)
• Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

Heart Attack
• Heart tissue is damaged and part of it may die from lack of blood
• Myocardial infarction (MI)
• Signs
• Chest pain or pressure
• Arm, neck, or jaw pain
• Difficulty breathing
• Excessive sweating
• Nausea and vomiting
• Loss of consciousness

Other Heart Disease

• Angina- pain in chest when heart receives less oxygen that it needs
• Arrhythmias- irregular beating of the heart
• Sudden cardiac death- cardiac arrest often caused by arrhythmia called ventricular
fibrillation

Stroke
• Ischemic stroke- blockage in blood vessels
• Thrombotic stroke
• Embolic Stroke
• Hemorrhagic stroke- blood vessel ruptures in the brain
• Intracerebral hemorrhage (vessel in brain is leaking)
• Subarachnoid hemorrhage (between skull and brain)
• Aneurysm
• Signs
• Sudden numbness or weakness of face, arm, leg or one side of the body
• Loss of speech or difficulty speaking
• Dimming or loss of vision in one eye
• Unexplained dizziness in relation to other symptoms
• 3 simple questions to recognize stroke (Smile, say a question, raise both arms)

Congestive Heart Failure

• Heart has been damaged by some condition and cannot maintain its regular pumping rate
and force and fluid backs up into the body tissue
• Pulmonary edema- fluid accumulates in the lungs
• Controlled by:

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HHP 2603 Notes for Final

• Reducing cardiac loads

• Eliminating excess fluid
• Restriction of salt
Prevention
• Eating healthy
• Decrease fat and cholesterol
• Increase fiber intake
• Decrease sodium intake and increase potassium intake
• Moderation of alcohol
• Exercise

Cancer (2nd leading cause of death)

• An abnormal and uncontrollable multiplications of cells or tissue that can lead to death
• Benign Tumor (non cancerous)
• Malignant tumor (cancerous/ can invade surrounding tissues)
• Metastasis: the spreading of cancer cells from one part of the body to another

Types of Cancer
• Carcinomas- arise from the epithelial tissue that cover body surfaces, linings, tubes,
cavities and secretion glands
• Sarcomas: arise in bone, muscle, cartilage and membranes covering muscle or fat
• Lymphomas: lymph nodes
• Leukemia: cancer of the blood-forming cells in bone marrow

Lung Cancer
• Most common cancer death in the U.S.
• Risk factors
• Tobacco smoking
• Environmental carcinogens
• Detection and Treatment
• Persistent cough, chest pain, or recurring bronchitis
• Diagnosis- chest x-ray or CT scan

Colon and Rectal Cancer

• Second leading cancer causing death
• Risk factors
• Heredity
• Age
• Lifestyle
• Detection and Treatment
• Bleeding and change of bowel habits
• Screening
• Surgery is primary treatment

Breast Cancer
• Most common cause in women

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• Risk factors
• Age
• Genetic predisposition
• Excess weight
• Alcohol use
• Estrogen related
• Detection and Treatment
• Mammogram, breast exam, self breast exam
• Biopsied then lumpectomy or mastectomy

Prostate Cancer
• Most common cancer in men, second leading cause of cancer death in men
• Risk factors
• Age
• Family history
• African American
• Detection and Treatment
• Urination changes
• Digital rectal exam or prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test
• Prostatectomy or other surgery
Skin Cancer
• Basal Cell: cancer of the deepest layers of the skin
• Squamous cell: cancer of the surface layers of the skin
• Melanoma: malignant tumor that arises typically from a mole

• Risk factors: UV exposure

• Prevention: limit sun exposure and use protective clothing
• Detection:
• Asymetry
• Border irregularity
• Color variation
• Diameter larger than ¼ inch
Less common cancers
• Oral Cancer
• Linked to tobacco use
• Easy to detect, but hard to cure
• Testicular cancer
• Only 1% of men
• Most common for men ages 20 to 35
• Self exam is best for detection
• Surgery to remove testicle

Causes of cancer
• Heredity
• Tobacco use
• Dietary

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HHP 2603 Notes for Final

• Fried foods, alcohol, no fruits/ veggies

• Inactivity and obesity
• Environmental carcinogens

Personal Safety
Chapter 16

Injuries
• Intentional injury
• One that is purposely inflicted, by oneself or by another person
• Unintentional injury
• Injury occurs when no harm is intended
• Fifth leading cause of death among Americans
• One of the leading causes of death among children and young adults

What Causes an Injury?

• Most injuries are caused by human and environmental factors
• Human Factors- inner conditions or attitudes that lead to an unsafe state; physical,
emotional or psychological
• Environmental Factors- external conditions and circumstances such as poor road
conditions or a slippery surface

Unintentional injuries
• Motor vehicle
• Home
• Leisure
• Work

Motor Vehicle Injury Statistics

• In 2006 45,000 Americans were killed and 3 million injured in motor vehicle crashes
• About one out of every ten traffic fatalities among 15-34 involves someone riding a
motorcycle
• In 2006, bicycle crashes sent more than 500,000 people to ER and resulted in 1000 deaths

Preventing Motor Vehicle Injuries

• Obey the speed limit
• Always wear a safety belt
• Never drive under the influence
• Keep your car in good working condition
• Allow for plenty of following distance
• Increase your following distance
• Slow down if weather is bad
• Choose interstate highways versus rural roads
• Always signal
• Stop completely at stop signs
• Special care at intersections

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HHP 2603 Notes for Final

• Don’t pass on two lane road

Home Injuries
• Falls
• 90% of fatal falls involve people 45 and over
• Fires
• Install smoke detectors
• Remember: Stop- Drop- Roll
• Posioning
• National poison hotline 1.800.222.1222
• Suffocation and chocking
• Heimlich maneuver (back blows/ abdominal thrusts)
• Firearms
Leisure Injuries
• Don’t swim alone or in unsupervised places
• Don’t swim under the influence of alcohol
• Wear a personal flotation device
• Utilize helmets, eye protection, correct footwear, and knee, elbow and wrist pads
• Use equipment properly and follow the rules
• Be conscious of hot and cold environmental needs

Work Injuries
• Back injuries
• Proper lifting technique
• 26 million American 20-64 suffer frequent back pain
• Repetitive stain injuries (RSIs)
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Tendonitis

Factors Contributing to Violence

• Social Factors
• Violence in the Media
• Gender
• Interpersonal Factors
• Alcohol and Other Drugs
• Availability of Firearms

Intentional Acts of Violence

• Assaults
• Gang- related Violence
• Hate crimes
• Sexual Violence
• School violence
• Workplace violence
• Terrorism
• Family and Intimate Violence

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HHP 2603 Notes for Final

Violence and Intentional Injuries

• Assault
• Use of physical force by a person or persons to inflict injury or death on another
• Homicide
• 2007, FBI estimated 17,000 murders
• Gang-related violence
• 1 million Americans belong to a gang
• Hate crimes
• Bias against another person’s race or ethnicity, national origin, religion, sexual
orientation, or disability motivates a criminal act
• School violence
• Workplace violence
• Terrorism

Family and Intimate Violence

• Battering
• Violence against intimate partners
• Stalking and Cyber stalking
• Harassing behaviors such as following or spying on a person and making verbal,
written or implied threats
• Internet, e-mail, chat rooms, and Electronic communication devices
• Violence against children
• Elder abuse

Sexual Violence
• Sexual Assault: Rape
• Statutory Rape- sexual interaction with someone under the legal age or consent
• Date Rape- sexual assault by someone the victim knows or is dating; also called
acquaintance rape
• Surveys have found that 60% of rape victims have been raped by a current or
former spouse, boyfriend, or date
• Who commits rape?
• Anyone; any gender, any age, any SES
• Men are more likely to commit rape
• Factors contributing to date rape
• No means yes
• Signals and body language
• The effects of rape
• Physical injury
• Psychological injury

Date Rape Drugs

• GHB
• Ketamine
• Rohypnol

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HHP 2603 Notes for Final

• MDMA
• ALCOHOL!!!!!

Alcohol and Rape

• 90% of CAMPUS rapes occur when either the victim or assailant has used alcohol
• As many as 70% of college students admit to having engaged in sexual activity primarily
as a result of being drunk, or to having sex with someone they wouldn’t have had sex
with if they were sober
• 1 in 6 women have been raped or sexually assaulted, or have survived an attempted rape
or sexual assault, during an average college year
• Freshman women are at the greatest risk
• College women are the least likely to report a rape or sexual assault to law enforcement.
They reporting is as low as 5%

Why is Rape not reported?

• Many are afraid to go to court
• They don’t want the person severely punished
• They believe they don’t have the right to report because:
• Intoxicated/ wearing revealing clothing
• Consensual sex with the person in the past
• Person spent a lot of money on them
• Were in a dating relationship with the person
• Feel they have no “proof”

Dealing with a Sexual Assault

• Trust your gut feeling
• Yell- and keep yelling
• If an attacker grabs you from behind defend with elbows
• Try kicking, your legs are strongest part of your body
• Most vulnerable spot is his knee

Providing Emergency Care

• First Aid
• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
• Automated External Defibrillator (AED0
• Emergency medical services (EMS) system
• Check the situation
• Check the victim
• Call for help: Call 911 in most areas
• Care for the victim
• Check- Call- Care
• Choking
• 5 Back Blows/ 5 abdominal thrusts
• CPR
• ABC’s (Airway, Breathing, Circulation)
• 2 rescue breaths

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HHP 2603 Notes for Final

• AB (Airway, Breathing)
• 30 compressions, 2 breaths
• Stop when help arrives

Chapter 17:
The Challenge of Aging

Aging
Biological aging:
• The normal, progressive irreversible changes to one’s body that begin at birth and
continue until death
• Functioning stays constant until age 70
Psychological and social aging
• Moving, losing spouse and friends, retiring, having a lower income, and changing roles

How long can you expect to live?

Life expectancy
• 2006- 78.1 years
White Americans= 78.5 years
Black Americans= 73.6 years
• Maximum Life span- 100-120 years

The Fountain of Youth

• Challenge your mind
• Reduce risk of dementia
• Develop Physical Fitness
• Enhances both psychological and physical health
• Protects loss of fluid intelligence
• Eat wisely
• Food safety
• Maintain a Healthy Weight
• Obesity leads to premature aging
• Control Drinking and Overdependence on Medications
• Alcohol abuse affects about 10% of older adults
• Don’t smoke
• Smokers suffer more illnesses that last longer and how lower like expectancies
• Recognize and Reduce Stress
• Schedule Physical Examinations to Detect Treatable Diseases

Annual Checkups
• Blood pressure
• Height- height loss can indicate osteoporosis
• Weight- gain can mean fluid retention or perhaps heart, liver or kidney disease; loss
indicates infect or cancer
• Blood work

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HHP 2603 Notes for Final

• EKG
• Vision test for glaucoma- after age 40 to prevent blindness

Test for Men

• Prostate Exam- starting at age 50, a man should have a digital exam of his prostate PSA
screening with their doctors

Test for Women

• Mammogram- over 50 should regular screening, and many experts believe that routine
mammograms should being at age 40
- Clinical breast exams
- Monthly self breast exams

• Pap Smear and Pelvic Exam- should be done yearly or more often if at higher risk for
cervical or vaginal cancer
• Measurement of Bone Mass- women at higher risk of osteoporosis

Social Changes
• Changing Roles and Relationships
- More time with spouse
• Increased Leisure Time
- Developing satisfying interests outside work
- Make a “bucket list”
• The Economics of Retirement
- Saving for an adequate retirement income
- Women are more likely to live in poverty

Physical Changes
• Hearing loss
• Impacts relationships with others
• Vision changes
• Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
• Glaucoma
• Cataracts
• Arthritis
• Osteoarthritis = most common
• Menopause
• Osteoporosis
• Fractures

Mental changes
• Dementia
• Deterioration of mental functioning
• Affects 7% of people under the age of 80
• Two most common types of dementia- (irreversible)
• Alzheimer’s disease

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HHP 2603 Notes for Final

• Degeneration of brain cells

• Multi-infarct dementia
• Series of small stokes or changes in the brains blood supply

Financial Changes and Health Care

• Government programs:
• Housing subsidies
• Food stamps
• Social security- supplement income
• Medicare
• Major health insurance for elderly and disables
• Pays about 30% of the medical cost of older Americans
• Pays less than 2% of nursing home cost and private insurers pay less than
1%
• Medicaid
• Medical insurance to low income people of any age
Housing Considerations
• 66% of non-institutionalized older Americans live with a spouse or family member
• 30% live alone
• Only 4& line in institutional setting
• Over the age of 85, about 15% live in nursing home
Who is a caregiver?
Typical U.S. Family Caregiver
• Female (82%)
• Married (74%)
• Between 36 and 65 years old
• Likely to be employed (47%)
• Work more than 31 hours per week (71%)
National Family Caregivers Association
• 48% care for spouse or partner
• 24% for a parent
• 19% for children
• 9% for a sibling, friend, relative or some other person

Types of Caregivers
• Live- in caregiver:
• Primary (lead) caregiver due to emotional, geographic and logistical reasons
• ¼ of care recipients live with their caregiver
• Shared responsibility caregiver:
• Share the responsibility with other family members
• Long- distance caregiver:
• Can be emotionally exhausting because of all the usual care giving worries tend to
be magnified

Challenges of Care giving

• Potential challenges of care giving include:

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HHP 2603 Notes for Final

• Physical and emotional stress

• Less time for personal and family life
• The need to balance job and care giving responsibilities
• Financial stress
• Feeling of isolation and loneliness

Types of Senior Living

• Independent Living Communities
• Assisted Living
• Nursing Care or Skilled Nursing Facilities
• Continuing Care Retirement Communities (CCRC)
• Adult Day Care

End of Life Care Options

• Home Care
• Health services delivered at home to recovering, disabled, or terminally ill
persons
• Hospital- Based Palliative Care
• Focuses on controlling pain and relieving suffering by caring for the physical,
psychological, spiritual, and existential needs of the patient
• Hospice Programs
• Palliative care at home

Understanding Death and Dying

Defining Death
• Life-support systems
• Brain death
• Lack of receptivity and response to external stimuli
• Absence of spontaneous muscular movement and breathing
• Absence of observable reflexes
• Absence of brain activity

Preparations
• Making a Will
• A Legal instrument expressing a person’s intentions and wishes for the disposition
of his or her property after death
• Estate
• Testator
• Intestate- no will
• Testamentary letter
• Document includes information about your personal affairs (bank
statements, credit cards, documents etc.)
• Will should change as life changes

Becoming an Organ Donor

• Each day 77 people receive an organ transplant

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• Another 19 people on the waiting list die because not enough organs are available
• 98,000 Americans waiting for organ transplants
• Uniform Donor Card or Driver’s License

Final Review - Final is Monday @ 2p

Chapters 12, 14, 16, & 17

- Major risk factors for VCD and breast cancer

- Congestive heart failure
- Atheroscelrosis
- Pulmonary vs. Systemic Circulation
- Ischemic Stroke
- Stroke Symptoms
- #1 cause of cancer death
- ABCD’s of cancer
- Malignant vs. Benign Tumors
- Most common cancer for males age 20-35
- Male v. Female CVD risk
- Most dangerous type of skin cancer
- Lgst component of household trash
- Sanitary landfills (what is disposed here)
- Air quality index
- UVB Rays
- Energy Use and pollution
- Core reason for environmental problems
- Factors contributing to smog
- Greenhouse effect
- Strategies to protect the water supply
- What is recycling
- Main cause of food associated illness
- Measures to prevent, delay, or lessen effects of aging
- Characteristics of brain death
- Social Security (is it adequate?)
- Medicare coverage
- Social changes of aging
- Physical change of aging that can impact interaction
- Palliative care
- Passive euthanasia
- Ways to make end of life medical decisions
- Main concern of osteoporosis
- Multi Infarct Dementia
- Forms of intentional injuries
- Definition of unintentional injury
- 2 Factors causing unintentional injuries
- Gender and unintentional injury risk

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HHP 2603 Notes for Final

- Types of home injuries

- Main causes of motor vehicle accidents
- Proper lifting techniques
- Most common type of gas poisoning
- Procedures to escape fire
- Steps to follow in an emergency
- #1 date rape drug
- What to do if you are a victim of rape
- Who is of greatest risk for sexual assault on campus?

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