THEORY PSYCHOLOGIST PERSPECTIVES CRITICISMS CONCEPT OF HUMANITY

 Born on May 6(published) for formality but March 6 is true  Provinces of the mind: ID, EGO (center of personality), SUPEREGO
 Abandoned seduction theory for it is very scandalous  Dynamics of Personality:
 Focused on thoughts & behavior that are guided by unconscious part of 1. Drives  libido or sex drive; aggression
the mind 2. Anxiety  neurotic, realistic, anxiety  High in generating research
 Sexual motivation plays central role  Defense mechanisms w/c protect personality from anxiety (replicability)
 Deterministic
 Infantile sexuality -> Oedipus complex  Psychosexual stages of development:  Low on falsification
PSYCHODYNAMIC /  Pessimistic
 Freud’s theory is asocial – doesn’t believe in 1. Oral (0-12) – dependent; seek attention; 3A’s: attachment, attention,  Very loose in organizing

SIGMUND FREUD
PSYCHOANALYTIC:  Causality over teleology
friendship/love/relationship affection. Oral Passive – taking in. Oral Aggressive - sadistic framework (always
 Emphasize unconscious  Unconscious over conscious
 He believed that there is a reason behind everything we do  defense 2. Anal (1-3) – issues of expression; cannot maintain a relationship; misunderstood)
motives and  Biology over culture
mechanism  dynamism  meaning changing constantly “Toilet Training”. Anal Expulsive – messy, destructive Anal Retentive  Not a good guide to solve
importance of early  Equal emphasis on
 Freud: “We are all narcissistic” – OC, organized practical problems
childhood experiences uniqueness and similarity
 Unconscious- you know what you’re doing but don’t know why 3. Phallic ((3-6) – “most controversial”. Awakening of sexuality.  Low on internal consistency
in shaping personality
 Sex & aggression – motivating source Exploring with the use of genitals. Oedipus complex  castration  Difficult to test
 Psychodynamic –
 No choice in shaping personality; anxiety: Electra complex  penis envy. “Separation individuation”-
meaning there are
 Present behavior is shaped by past experiences establishing own identity/independency
different changes
 High emphasis on unconscious 4. Latency (6+) – “hidden” dormant talk of sexuality.
 Goal is to strengthen
 Focused more on biological: Men are superior  thus penis / genital Gratification/pleasure is through same sex like friendship. Social THERAPY
the ego
 Why his theory is not applicable today? interaction with others became conflict
1. Unscientific, sexist, outdated 5. Genital (12+) – “sharing”. Sexual urges are reawakened.  FREE ASSOCIATIION
 Penis envy : Masculine Protest (Adler)  DREAM ANALYSIS
 Levels of mental life:  EVERYDAY LIFE (slips of the tongue)
1. Conscious  HUMOR
2. Preconscious
3. Unconscious – aggression drives. ID.
 Libido – is source of psychic energy & not limited to sex. More broader and 2. PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS – (preconscious/unconscious for Freud).
generalized form of psychic energy w/c includes but it is not limited to sex Both memories are easily brought to mind & those have been forgotten
 Collective unconscious – primary drive of personality development. What or suppressed for some reason.  Moderate on generating  Deterministic
happened is pre-determined. 3. COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS – comprise of latent memories from our research  Optimistic
 Psyche – person invest amount of libido to perform life ancestral & evolutionary past. There is already something in there, born  Very low on falsifiability  Both causal and teleological
 Direction of forces that influence personality  past & future already. “WE ARE NOT BORN AS CLEAN SLATES”  Moderate on organizing  Motivated by both conscious
NEO-PSYCHOANALYTIC: observation and unconscious thoughts
 Unconscious:  inherited primal experiences as in the unconscious as the  ARCHETYPES: images of universal experiences (latent
 Changed & renovated  Low on practicality  Biology over social
core of personality memories- already hidden) contained in the collective
original theory to  Low on internal consistency  Similarity over individual
 3 LEVELS OF THE PSYCHE: unconscious. Primordial images
focus on social and 
CARL JUNG

1. EGO/CONSCIOUS – center of consciousness  PERSONA – “mask”. Public image. Conformity Low on parsimony differences
cognitive factors
 ATTITUDE: archetype and harmful if don’t know how and
 Present more
 EXTRAVERSION – open, sociable, socially assertive when to remove the mask
optimistic and
 INTROVERSON – withdrawn and shy  Anima/Animus – Anima for female; animus for
flattering view of
 FUNCTIONS: males. Feminity and masculinity; completion
human nature.
 SENSING of self
 SHOULD BE
 THINKING  Shadow – dark side but not harmful if used
THERAPEUTIC
 INTUITING properly
ALLIANCE RATHER  MBTI
 FEELING  Self – when you know already when to remove
THAN FREE  Word association
your mask. Represents the transcendence.
ASSOCIATION  Dream analysis
Results to  self-realization. Found during
middle age *mandala* INDIVIDUATION
PROCESS
 INDIVIDUATION – when you reach your “self. Happens in middle age.
Goal is to move the center of personality between ego and
unconscious (“self-realization”)
  His theory is focused on the uniqueness of each person & not by biological SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES (CONSCIOUS)
motives and goals compared to Freud 1. EXCUSES – “yes but”

ALFRED ADLER
 Personality is shaped by people’s unique social environment & interaction 2. AGGRESSION – protect their fragile self-esteem
 Conscious is the core of personality  DEPRECIATION – undervalue other people’s achievements  Very high on free choice
 People are motivated by social influences & striving superiority & success and over value their own  High in generating research
 Very high on optimism
NEO-  People are responsible for who they are  ACCUSATION – blame others  Low on falsification & verification
 Very low on causality
PSYCHOANALYTIC:  Present behavior is shaped by people’s view of their future  SELF-ACUSATION – self torture & guilt  High on organizing data
 Average on unconscious influences
 Changed &  Psychologically healthy people are aware of what they are doing 3. WITHDRAWAL – distance between self and problems  High on guiding action
 High on social factors
renovated  Main concept “social interest”: we have inferioritieswe complete  MOVING BACKWARD – reverting to a more secure period  Low on internal consistency
 High on uniqueness
original theory to ourselvesif not completed”inferiority complex” but if too much of life  Moderate on parsimony

focus on social completed  “superiority complex”  HESITATION – procrastination give them the excuse “it’s
and cognitive  Social interest – core of our personality & strong basic need and not a too late now”
factors manifestation but an intention. The love that is shown to every human even in  STANDING STILL – do not move in any direction; avoid
 Present more the beginning responsibilities
 Socially constructed NEUROTIC NEEDS (M A T A)  Free choice
ERIK KAREN
optimistic and  Low on generating research
flattering view of  Men are envious of women for their capability to give birth (womb envy)  MOVING AWAY FROM PEOPLE: self-sufficiency, perfection,  Low on falsifiability  Optimism
human nature.  Emphasis on social relationships as significant factors in personality formation narrow limits to life  Very low on organizing knowledge  Causality
 SHOULD BE  People are motivated by needs of security & love  MOVING TOWARDS PEOPLE: affection & approval,  Low on guiding action  Conscious
THERAPEUTIC  Key factor in personality: Social relationship between the child and his/her dominant partner  Moderate on internal consistency  Social influence
ERIKSONHORNEY

ALLIANCE RATHER parents  MOVING AGAINST PEOPLE: power, exploitation, prestige,  Moderate on parsimony  Similarities
THAN FREE  A child’s security depends entirely on how the parents treat the child admiration, achievement
 Broadened the scope of Freud’s work while maintaining its core.  High on generating research  Determinism
ASSOCIATION
 Suggested that personality continues to develop in a succession of 8  Moderate on falsifiability  Optimism
stages over the entire life span.  Moderate on organizing knowledge  Causality
 Placed a greater emphasis on the ego than on the ID. Ego as an  Moderate on guiding action  Unconscious & conscious is
independent part of the personality  High on internal consistency influenced by stage with unconscious
 He argues that we are not governed entirely by innate biological factors  Moderate on parsimony dominating early life & conscious
at work in childhood. . later

HUMANISTIC:  “If you plan on being anything less than you are capable of being, you will  Being motivation – “I can do things, if I fail, I have to take it and correct it” 
MASLOW ABRAHAM

Moderate on generating
 Phenomenological - probably be unhappy all the days of your life.”  Metapathology – failure to satisfy metaneeds research  Free choice
subjective. depends on  Father of humanistic movement  Deficiency motivation – motivation of people who are not self-actualizers  Low on falsifiability  Optimism
how you put meaning  Focused on normal (psychopathology of the average)  CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF-ACTUALIZERS:  Very high on organizing  Teleology
to your experience  Man is essentially & innately good natured & goal oriented 1. Efficient perception of reality – “know what is happening at hindi knowledge  Conscious
 Overly romantic view  “It is still our choice and & decision.” madaling ma-bola”. Seeing the world accurately; do not judge but when  High on guiding action  Equal emphasis on
of a person  The badness in a man’s behavior comes out of bad environment rather than an they do it’s efficient; detect deception easily.  Moderate on internal culture & biology
 Humans are born good inherent rottenness 2. Acceptance of self, others & nature – more accepting of themselves & consistency  Uniqueness
3 FORCE  Hierarchy of Needs Meet the lower needs to satisfy the higher levels others  Moderate on parsimony
 Focus on higher end of 1. Deficit needs: physiological, security, love &belonging, esteem  this 3. Spontaneity, simplicity & naturalness – “walang tinatago”
human experience 4. Problem-centered – focus their solution not for themselves but other
 “It is anshould be fulfilled.
organized consistentIf not met will
pattern result to pathological
of perception (anti-
of the I or me that lies at the  Conditions of worth – worthy of approval only when we express desirable  Moderate on generating
ROGERS CARL

 Phenomenological  Free choice

heart of an individual” behaviors research  Optimism
(subjectivity) -
 It is converting negative thoughts to positive.  Positive regard: acceptance, love & approval from others  High on falsifiability  Teleology
Introspective
 The control is in the client, making them understand that he/she is a positive  Positive self-regard: self-esteem, self-worth, positive self image  High on organizing  Conscious
(idiographic)- It is
person.  Unconditional positive regard: approval regardless of a person’s behavior knowledge  Social influence
introspective because
 Actualizing tendency: tendency for all human to actualize  Conditional positive Self regard: one meets the standard others have  Very high on practicality  Uniqueness
you look within the
 It is growth-oriented; developed, matured. applied to us  Very high on internal
person and it values  Anti-scientific & anti-theoretical.  When people became aware of their existence & acquisition of freedom  Low on generating
MAY ROLLO

ideography in a unique  Rooted from Soren Kierkegaard who's the founder of Existentialism & emphasized result to anxiety research  High on free choice
ways between freedom & responsibility.  NORMAL ANXIETY – be felt when growing old. No repression. *conscious  Low on falsifiability  Social influences
 Non-deterministic  Saw people as living in the world of present experiences & being responsible for  NEUROTIC ANXIETY – felt when one’s values are transformed into dogma.  Low on guiding action  Uniqueness
 Criticized on its overly who they become. Blocks growth & productivity. *repression*  Low on internal  Middle on conscious or
innate goodness  They are in charge of their own destiny, they experience the burden of freedom &  When people deny their potentialities  ONTOLOGICAL GUILT arises consistency (lacks unconscious
 Emphasize capacity for pain of responsibility UMWELT – people become more alienated from nature operationally defined
HUMANISTIC:  “care, responsibility, respect, knowledge”  Healthy individuals are better able to find ways of reuniting to the world

SKINNER B.F. ERICH FROMM

 Phenomenological -  Believed that humans have been torn away from their natural world & acquired the by productively solving the HUMAN NEEDS:  Very low on generating
subjective. depends on facility to reason (Human dilemma) Relatedness (but also identity) – drive for union w/ another research
how you put meaning  Emphasizes the influence of sociobiological factors, history, economics. person(s)  Average on free choice
 Very low on falsifiability
to your experience  External dichotomies:  Submission –  Average on optimism
 High on organizing
 Overly romantic view between life & death  Power –  Low on causality
knowledge
of a person humans are capable of conceptualizing the goal of complete self-realization,  Love – only route by which a person can become united  Average on unconscious
 Low on guiding action
 Humans are born good but we are also aware that life is too short to reach that goal with the world & at the same time achieve individuality &  High on social influences
 Low on internal
3 FORCE people are ultimately alone, yet we cannot tolerate isolation integrity  uniqueness
consistency
 Focus on higher end of  BURDEN OF FREEDOM  notes humans as the "freaks of the universe" because Transcendece (but also rootedness) – urge to rise above. “We  Low on parsimony
human experience they lack ability to reason. already have many experiences but we forgot where it came
 Phenomenological Humanistic psychoanalysis assumes that humanity's separation from” But also means “We do not just stay where we are but
BEHAVIORAL:  Emphasis on over responses a subject makes. Psychology is thefrom theof
science natural
behavior  Punishment - presentation of aversive stimulus to decrease the  Very high on generating  Determinism
 Personality is merely of what an organism does. likelihood that the behavior will occur research  Optimism
an accumulation of  Human beings are empty organisms, meaning there is nothing inside that can  Primary reinforcers – stimuli that are by their nature satisfying  High on falsifiability  Causality
learned responses to explain behavior in scientific terms.  Conditioned reinforcers – not by nature satisfying but become because  Moderate on organizing  Unconscious
stimuli, sets of overt  Behavior can be controlled by its consequences, that is, by what follows the they are associated with such unlearned reinforcers knowledge  Social influence
behaviors, or habit behavior.  Generalized reinforcers – associated with more than one primary  Very high in guiding action  Uniqueness
systems. Personality  Basis of behavior: reinforce  Very high internal
 All forms of behavior can be learned without experiencing reinforcement and through  SELF-REINFORCEMENT – we set personal standards for behavior and
observational learning and vicarious reinforcement  observing behavior of others and achievement & we reward ourselves for meeting these standards & we punish

ALBERT BANDURA
the consequences of that behavior ourselves if we fail to meet the standards. Also referred to  Very high on generating
Observation of others as a means of learning & he considers learning to be mediated by “conscience/superego” but Bandura declines it. research  Freechoice
cognitive process.  SELF-EFFICACY – “believing that you can accomplish what you want to  High on falsifiability (good  Optimism
Modeling – heart of observational learning, adding & subtracting from observed behavior accomplish is one of the most important recipe in success” construct)  Equal teleology &
Disinhibition – weakening of inhibition through exposure of a model  High S.E.  confidence, positivity; Low S.E  helplessness  High on organizing knowledge causality
“What we see is what we become”  SOURCES OF SELF EFFICACY:  High on practicality  Conscious
CHARACTERISTICS OF MODELING SITUATION 1. Performance attainment – previous success experiences provide direct  Very high on internal  Social factors
1. MODEL – we are more influenced by someone who is similar to us. We are more indication of our levels of mastery & competence consistency  Uniqueness
likely to model our behavior after a person of the sex than a person of the opposite 2. Vicarious experiences – seeing other people perform successfully. “If  Very high on parsimony
SOCIAL COGNITIVE: 2. OBSERVER – people low in self-esteem more likely to imitate a model’s behavior than they can do it, so can I”  “If they can’t do it, neither can I”
are people in high self esteem 3. Verbal persuasion – reminding people that they have the ability to
 It is you who is in control of yourself not your childhood experiences and the environment. 6. RANGE – constructs are limited to a particular range of convenience
 “Metatheory”  set of different theories 7. EXPERIENCE – continually revise their constructs as the result to their
GEORGE KELLY

 People anticipate events by the meaning or interpretation that they place on those events. experience
 Personal Constructs: 8. MODULATION –only permeable constructs lead to change
 Constructive alternativism: they construe the world in their own way, & every construction is 9. FRAGEMENTATION – behavior can be inconsistent because their
open to revision or replacement. construct systems can readily admit incompatible elements
 Assumes that people are constantly active & that their activity is guided by the way they 10. COMMONALITY – constructs tend to be similar of other people
anticipate events.  Basic Postulate 11. SOCIALITY – communicate with other people. Concept of role 
 11 COROLLARIES pattern of behavior that stems from people’s understanding of the
1. CONSTRUCTION – we construe similar events as if they were the same constructs of others.
2. INDIVIDUALITY – construe the same event in different ways  Saw people as competent scientists thus test reasonable hypothesis & willing to
 Klein: Ego  seek relationship : Freud  control the ID
 Play therapy will see what is happening to his/her life. Look out the inside  Moderate on generating  Determinism (depends
KLEIN MELANIE

 Originated from Anna Freud; Klein was kicked out from the circle by Freud research on the treatment of
PSYCHIC LIFE OF THE INFANT
 Klein’s observation on infants. Started on the 4th month of the child.  High on falsifiability parents)
OBJECT RELATIONS  FANTASIES – good or bad
 ORT sees human contact and relatedness as prime motive of human behavior  Low on organizing knowledge  Equal emphasis on
THEORY  OBJECTS – interpersonal (breast)
 Splitting – child thinks of a good breast or bad breast (used metaphors “breast”) optimism and pessimism
POSITIONS
 Emphasizes consistent patterns of interpersonal relationships  High on practicality  Causality over teleology
 Paranoid-schizoid position –
 Stresses intimacy & nurturing (maternal)  High on internal consistency  Unconscious over
TRAIT:  You look at all aspects of a person  PROPRIATE MOTIVES – aspects unique to each person
CATTELL RAYMONALLPORT GORDON

It aims to describe& predict but not  Personality – the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical  FUNCTIONAL AUTONOMY – motives are independent or not functionally  Moderate on generating
on specific behavior. Base on a systems that determine his characteristic behavior & thought; thus “each person is connected to the prior experiences research
 Free choice
factor will tell you your trait unique  PERSEVERATIVE – “habits” “everyday tasks”  Low on falsifiability
 Optimism
The goal is to describe not to tell  Dynamic org – our personality changes overtime/constantly. Healthy people are  PROPRIATE – relates to one’s values, self-image & lifestyle  Low on organizing
 Teleology
you why and how. integrated  Basal motivation (“behavior”)  general satisfaction (lose weight) knowledge
 Conscious
Cannot predict specific behavior  Psychophysical – mind, body, heredity, everything  Stages of Dev’t of the Proprium (Ego/Self)  Moderate in guiding action
and give accurate measuring.  Social influence
 As you age you mature.  Bodily self  High on internal
Only estimating trait  Uniqueness
 Chose to study normal rather than abnormal  Self identity – consistency
Personality – it changes  We are guided more by the present & our view of the future.  Self esteem –  High on parsimony
Nomothetic – norm; quantitative;  He argued that personality is not universal but rather specific to an individual  Extension of self –
group;  Considered personality as discrete or discontinuous; there is no continuum of  Self image –
Idiographic – only one; qualitative;  Personality is that which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given  ATTITUDES – dynamic surface traits w/c display specific manifestations of
case studies situation. underlying motives
 Traits are relatively permanent & broad reaction tendencies of personality  ERGS – driving force for all behaviors
 Traits are building blocks of personality  SENTIMENTS – environmental mold source trait
 SURFACE TRAITS – can easily be seen by other people. Ex. Kindness, honesty,  ABILITY TRAITS – skill in dealing w/ environment & goals set therein. Ex.
generousness Intelligence,
 SOURCE TRAITS – forming core personality. Ex. Intelligence  TEMPERAMENT TRAITS – determine the general way a person behaviors.
  DIMENSION OF PERSONALITY (P E N)
 Personality is largely determined by genes, more or less stable and hierarchically 1. EXTRAVERSION/INTROVERSION – EXTRAVERTS are sociable & more
organized. impulsive & likes excitement & more oriented in external reality
 Personality consist of types, traits & habits while INTROVERTS are more oriented in inner reality, quiet, passive,
 Environmental factors have very little role in personality. Personality can be reduced reserved. Their difference is one of the cortical arousal. ARAS 

HANS EYSENCK
to 2 polar dimensions. activates the  CORTEX  which in turn influences ARAS  either  Very high on generating
 Not concerned with
 Used orthogonal rotation increasing or inhibiting excitatibility research
freechoice/determinism,
 Use factor analysis to classify personality traits 2. NEUROTICISM – High N  emotionally unstable, difficulty in  Moderate on falsifiability
optims/pessimism,
 For Eysenck: returning to normal state after emotional arousal. Low N   High on organizing knowledge
causality/teleology
1. Theorize before collecting data emotionally stable & positive always  Moderate to low as a guide
 Conscious
2. Extracted fewer factors 3. PSYCHOTICISM (superego) – High P  insensitive to others, hostile for practitioners
 Biology
3. Used wider variety of approached to gather data at times cruel. Low P impulsive controlled behavior.  Moderate-low internal
 Uniqueness
 4 LEVEL HIERARCHY OF BEHAVIOR  Personality springs from genetic & neuro physiological bases consistency
1. SPECIFIC BEHAVIOR  Basic personality dimensions should be universal & not limited to a given  Very high on parsimony
2. HABITUAL ACTS culture.
3. TRAITS/PERSONAL DISPOSITIONS  Introverts should work best with lower level of sensory stimulation or
4. TYPES/SUPERFACTORS arousal and extraverts with higher levels.
EPI – contains L(lie) to detect faking & only E & N EPQ – measures P, E, N.

 Insisted that the proper number of personality factors is 5.  3 core components FFT  Very high on generating  Not concerned whether
AND COSTA MCCRAE

 Factor analysis – mathematical procedure for reducing large number of scores to a 1. Basic tendencies – universal raw material of personality research free choice or
few more geeral factors  Individuality – every adult has a unique pattern of traits  Moderate on falsifiability determinism
 Traits (generated thru factor analysis)  unipolar (from 0-large amount) & bipolar  Origin – assumes that all personality traits originate solely from  High on organizing knowledge  Not concerned with
(have 2 opposing poles) biological factors (tested & used psychometric optimist/pessimism &
 5 factor model (O C E A N)  Development – assumes that traits develop & change through properties) causality/teleology
 Adults tend to maintain a consistent personality structure as they grow older. childhood, adolescence, mid adulthood.  Moderate to low as guide for  Conscious over