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Industrial Automation - Part1 PDF
Industrial Automation - Part1 PDF
Jayashankar
itself a capacitance change is insufficient for further processing. Such is the case
R1
V1 = ⋅ Vs
R1 + R2
R4
V2 = ⋅ Vs
R3 + R 4
Vo = V1 − V2
Vo R1 R4
= −
Vs R1 + R2 R3 + R 4
At balance, Vo = 0.
R1 R4
∴ = − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − (1)
R1 + R 2 R3 + R 4
Vo R1 + ε R4
= − ( assume ε is small)
Vs R1 + ε + R2 R3 + R 4
From (1),
Vo R +ε R1
= 1 −
Vs R1 + R2 R1 + R 2
ε ⎛ R1 ⎞
= ⎜1 − ⎟
R1 + R2 ⎝ R1 + R2 ⎠
ε ⎛ R2 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟
R1 + R 2 ⎝ R1 + R 2 ⎠
εR 2
=
(R1 + R2 )
2
R 2 R3
Let a = =
R1 R 4
Vo εR 2 εa
= =
R1 (1 + a )
2 2
Vs ⎛ R ⎞
R ⎜1 + 2 ⎟
1
2
⎝ R1 ⎠
Therefore,
Vo / Vs a
= = S0
ε / R1 (1 + a )
2
Sensitivity:
dS (1 + a ) − 2 (1 + a ) a
2
= =0
(1 + a )
2
da
(1 + a ) − 2 (1 + a ) a = 0
2
⇒
∴ (1 + a ) = 0 ( or ) a =1 and
1
So = = 0.25
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One problem:
Vo changes with Vs . Therefore it is not possible to figure out if change in
- Correct for Vs .
R1 = R + ε
Vo R + ε R
= −
Vs 2R + ε 2R
Vo ε /R
=
Vs 2 ⎡⎣2 + ( ε / R ) ⎤⎦
- not linear.
- not symmetric.
−1
Vo ε ⎡ ε ⎤
= 1+
Vs 4R ⎣ 2R ⎥⎦
⎢
ε ⎡ ε ε2 ε3 ⎤
= ⎢1 − + 2
− 3
+ ... ⎥
4R ⎣ 2R 4R 8R ⎦
Vo ε ⎡ ε ⎤
= 1−
Vs 4R ⎣ 2R ⎥⎦
⎢
ε 0.04
=
2R 100
ε
In periodic ----------------- ( 0.1 − 0.2%)
R
R1 = R3 = R + ε and
R2 = R 4 = R
−1
Vo ε ε ⎡ ε ⎤
= = 1−
Vs 2R + ε 2R ⎣ 2R ⎥⎦
⎢
−1
Vo / Vs 1 ⎡ ε ⎤
S= = ⎢1 +
ε /R 2 ⎣ 2R ⎥⎦
Vo ε ⎡ ε ε2 ε3 ⎤
= ⎢1 − + 2 − 3 + ... ⎥
Vs 2R ⎣ 2R 4R 8R ⎦
Now consider the case where R1 and R3 change in the opposite direction
R1 = R + ε ,
R3 = R − ε and R2 = R4 = R
2
⎛ε⎞
Vo 1 ⎜R⎟
=− ⋅ ⎝ ⎠ 2
Vs 4 1⎛ ε ⎞
1− ⎜ ⎟
4⎝R⎠
1⎛ ε ⎞ ⎡ 1⎛ ε ⎞ ⎤
2 2
=− ⎢1 + ⎥.
4 ⎜⎝ R ⎟⎠ ⎣⎢ 4 ⎜⎝ R ⎟⎠ ⎦⎥
R 2 = R3 = R
⇒ Vo = 0
environment.
R4 = R + ε
R 2 = R3 = R
−1
V / V ' 1⎡ ⎛ ε ⎞ ⎤
2
S = o 1 = ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎥
ε /R 2 ⎢⎣ ⎝ 2R ⎟⎠ ⎦⎥
−1
1⎡ ⎛ ε ⎞ ⎤
2
S = ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎥
2 ⎣⎢ ⎝ 2R ⎟⎠ ⎦⎥
1⎡ ⎛ ε ⎞ ⎛ ε ⎞ ⎤
2 4
= ⎢1 + ⎜ + + .....⎥
2 ⎣⎢ ⎝ 2R ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2R ⎟⎠ ⎦⎥
2
⎛ ε ⎞
- non-linear effect due to ⎜ ⎟ and increases linear range.
⎝ 2R ⎠
R2 = R4 = R −ε
⇒ S =1
Example : Strain-Gauge.
AC Bridges
When the bridge is balanced,
Vo = 0 and
Z1 = R1 + jX1, Z2 = R2 + jX2
R1 + jX1 R 4 + jX 4
=
R 2 + jX2 R3 + jX3
Each impedance can have different phase angles. Angles other than 0D and 90D
Ratio ε N .
impedance.
⎛ Z1 Z4 ⎞
Vo = ⎜ − ⎟ ⋅ Vs
⎝ Z1 + Zo Z3 + Z 4 ⎠
Z3 Z 2
a= =
Z 4 Z1
Assuming δZ Zo
Vo a ⎡ δZ 1 ⎛ δZ ⎞ ⎤
2
= ⎢ − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
Vs (1 + a )2 ⎢⎣ Zo 1 + a ⎝ Zo ⎠ ⎥⎦
retaining as 1 to
Vo a δZ
= ⋅
(1 + a ) Zo
2
Vs
V / Vo a 1 1
∴S = = = = .
δZ / Zo (1 + a ) 2
a + 2 + (1/ a ) T
a
S is maximum when is maximum.
(1 + a )
2
1
T =2+a+ is minium.
a
Let a = α.e jθ
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
T = 2 + ⎜ α + ⎟ cos θ + j⎜ α − ⎟ sin θ
⎝ α⎠ ⎝ α⎠
θ is cons tan t.
If α = 1,T0 = 2 + 2 cos θ
For any other α , real part or T > T0 and imaginary pole is non-zero.
Therefore, T0 is minimum of T.
T0 min= 0.When θ = π,
For θ = 90° ,
1
1. δ max = .
2
2
⎛ δz ⎞
2. non − linearity ⎜ ⎟ ....
⎝ Z0 ⎠
Instrumentation amplifier:
IA is a difference amplifier meeting following specification
Instrumentation amplifier
⎛ V − V2 ⎞
V01 − V02 = (R3 + RG + R3 ) ⎜ 1 ⎟ [or ]
⎝ RG ⎠
⎛ 2R ⎞
V01 − V02 = ⎜ 1 + 3 ⎟ ( V1 − V2 )
⎝ RG ⎠
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R2
V0 = ( V2 − V1 ) .
R1
∴V0 = A ( V2 − V1 )
⎛ 2R ⎞ ⎛ R ⎞
A = A I × A13 = ⎜ 1 + 3 ⎟× ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ RG ⎠ ⎝ R1 ⎠
vary RG .
Sense and reference terminals are sensed ………. at good terminals, effect of
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⎛ R ⎞
V0 = ⎜ 1 + 2 ⎟ ( V2 − V1 )
⎝ R1 ⎠
C4 = 10nF, f = 500Hz.
Eg. PMMC T αl to ki θ = f ( τ)
M.I T αl to kT2
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Type of functions:
y = k1x1 + k 2 x 2 ;kx1x 2
d
∫ ( x )dt
1
dt
( x1 )
Symbol:
V0 ⎛R ⎞
=− ⎜ 2 ⎟
Vi ⎝ R1 ⎠
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2. Inverting amplifier:
Inverting amplifier
3. Summing amplifier:
Summing amplifier
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i1 + i 2 + i 3 = i F
V1 V2 V3 V
+ + = o
R1 R 2 R3 RF
⎛R R R ⎞
Vo = ⎜ F ⋅ V1 + F ⋅V2 + F ⋅V3 ⎟
⎝ R1 R2 R3 ⎠
4. Difference amplifier:
Differential amplifier
V0 = V01 + V02
V01 = V0 with V2 = 0.
V02 = V0 with V1 = 0.
R2
V01 = − ⋅ V1
R1
⎛ R ⎞
V02 = ⎜ 1 + 2 ⎟ Vp
⎝ R1 ⎠
⎡⎛ R ⎞ ⎛ R 4 ⎞ ⎤
= ⎢⎜ 1 + 2 ⎟ × ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ V2
⎣⎢⎝ R1 ⎠ ⎝ R 4 + R3 ⎠ ⎦⎥
⎡ ⎛ R2 ⎞ ⎤
⎢ ⎜1 + ⎟ ⎥
R2 ⎢ ⎝ R1 ⎠
V0 = ⋅ V2 − V1 ⎥
R1 ⎢ ⎛ R3 ⎞ ⎥
⎢ ⎜1 + ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ R 4 ⎠ ⎥⎦
R R
If 3 = 1 ,
R 4 R2
R2 15
V0 =
R1
[ V2 − V1 ]
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Industrial Instrumentation Prof. V. Jayashankar
R2
V0 =
R1
[ V2 − V1 ]
V2 + V1
VCM common mode ---------------- ( 2)
2
VDM V
V1 = VCM − and V2 = VCM + DM
2 2
If we tie the inputs together VDM = 0 and we apply VCM ≠ 0 , a true differential
A DM
Ratio CMRR .
A CM
A DM
CMRR dB 20log10
A CM
ideal A CM = 0 and CMRR = ∞
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