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Microstrip Antennas -
Introduction
A microstrip patch antenna is a metallic strip or patch mounted
on a dielectric layer (substrate) over a ground plane.
Useful for high performance in extreme applications: aircraft,
satellite, missiles, cellphones and electronic devices.
PROS:
They are low profile, conformable, simple and inexpensive to
manufacture, mechanically robust, and very versatile
CONS:
Low efficiency, low power, high Q, poor polarization purity, poor
scanning properties, spurious radiation, very narrow frequency
bandwidth, still large dimensions at high frequencies
t ≪ 𝜆0
ℎ ≪ 𝜆0
(0.003𝜆0 ≤ ℎ ≤ 0.05𝜆0 )
© antenna.mppa.gr
Introduction to Antennas Slide 8
Basic Characteristics
http://antsim.elmag.org/patches/
Introduction to Antennas Slide 9
Basic Characteristics
• Easy to fabricate
• Simple to match
• Low spurious radiation
• Narrow bandwidth
• Good for low h
𝑍1 = 𝑍0 𝑅𝐿
https://www.cst.com/academia/examples/qua
rter-wave-transformer
Microstrip Patch Antennas Slide 13
Feeding Methods
• Easy to fabricate
• Simple to match
• Low spurious radiation
• Matching is easily done by
changing feed position
• Narrow Bandwidth
• Difficult to model & simulate
17
Rectangular Patch Analysis
The rectangular patch is the most widely used configuration for
microstrip patch antennas.
Transmission-Line Model
It is the easiest approach to model and analyze the microstrip patch
antenna. It is also less accurate, but gives a good physical insight.
EM Cavity Model
It is more complex than the transmission line model, and it is more
accurate. It also gives physical insight.
Full-Wave Model
It is the most accurate, versatile, and easiest to simulate of all three
models. It is also the most complex and has less physical insight.
Microstrip Patch Antennas Slide 18
Transmission-Line Model
The transmission-line model represents the microstrip antenna by two
slots, separated by a low-impedance 𝑍𝑐 transmission line of length L.
Looking at a cross
section of the antenna
(x-y plane), this is
effectively a non-
homogeneous
transmission line.
Fringing effects make
the microstrip line
look wider than it is.
Effective dielectric
constant is introduced to
account for this.
Microstrip Patch Antennas Slide 19
Fringing Effects -Effective dielectric
1
𝜖𝑟 +1 𝜖𝑟 −1 ℎ −2
Static Values 𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 = + 1+ 12
2 2 𝑤
Microstrip Patch Antennas Slide 20
Effective Length, Resonant
Frequency, and Effective Width
Because of the fringing effects, the patch of the antenna is electrically
longer than the physical dimensions. We take care of this by adding an
electrical distance ΔL which is a function of the effective dielectric
𝑊
constant 𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 and width-to-height ratio
ℎ
𝑊
Δ𝐿 𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 + 0.3 + 0.264
= 0.412 ℎ
ℎ 𝑊
𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 0.258 + 0.8
ℎ
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐿 + Δ𝐿
1 𝑐0
𝑓𝑟010 = =
2𝐿 𝜖𝑟 𝜇0 𝜖0 2𝐿 𝜖𝑟
1 1
𝑓𝑟𝑐010 = =
2𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝜇0 𝜖0 2 𝐿 + 2Δ𝐿 𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝜇0 𝜖0
1 𝑐0
=𝑞 =𝑞
2𝐿 𝜖𝑟 𝜇0 𝜖0 2𝐿 𝜖𝑟
𝑓𝑟𝑐 010
𝑞=
𝑓𝑟 010
Microstrip Patch Antennas Slide 23
Rectangular Antenna Design
This procedure assumes we know the dielectric constant of the
substrate 𝜖𝑟 , the resonant frequency 𝑓𝑟 , and the height of the
substrate ℎ.
1. Determine 𝑊
1 2 𝑐0 2
𝑊= =
2𝑓𝑟 𝜇0 𝜖0 𝜖𝑟 + 1 2𝑓𝑟 𝜖𝑟 + 1
2. Determine the effective dielectric constant 𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓
3. Determine the extension of Δ𝐿
4. Determine the actual length 𝐿 of the patch
1
𝐿= − 2Δ𝐿
2𝑓𝑟 𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝜇0 𝜖0
𝜆0
Approximate lengths of the microstrip vary between 0.47 − 0.49
𝜖𝑟
𝑊 1 ℎ 1
𝐺1 = 1 − 𝑘0 ℎ 2 <
120𝜆0 24 𝜆0 10
𝑊 ℎ 1
𝐵1 = 1 − 0.636 ln(𝑘0 ℎ) <
120𝜆0 𝜆0 10
𝑌2 = 𝑌1 , 𝐺2 = 𝐺1 , 𝐵2 = 𝐵1
1 1
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑅𝑖𝑛 = =
𝑌𝑖𝑛 2𝐺1
This formula does not take into account mutual effects between
the slots.
𝑅𝑖𝑛 𝑦=𝑦0 =
2
𝜋
𝑅𝑖𝑛(𝑦=0) cos 𝑦0
𝐿
60 8ℎ 𝑊0 𝑊0
ln + , ≤1
𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑊0 4ℎ ℎ
𝑍𝑐 = 120𝜋 𝑊0
, >1
𝑊 𝑊 ℎ
𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 0 + 1.393 + 0.667 ln 0 + 1.444
ℎ ℎ
(a) The input impedance. Do not take into account mutual effects
between slots.
(b) The position of the inset feed point where the input impedance is
50 ohms.
(c) Taking into account mutual effects and new calculations, the
admittance between slots is calculated as G1 = 1.57 × 10−3 , 𝐺12 =
6.1683 × 10−4 . Calculate the input impedance and the distance of the
inset feed point. Compare with parts (a) and (b)
Microstrip Patch Antennas Slide 36
Rectangular Patch - Fields
𝑘𝑊
sin sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 𝑘𝐿
2
𝑓 𝜃, 𝜙 = cos sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
𝑘𝑊 2
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
2
𝑘𝐿
𝐹𝐸 𝜃 = cos sin 𝜃 , 𝜙 = 0°
2
𝑘𝑊
sin 2 sin 𝜃
𝐹𝐻 𝜃 = cos(𝜃) , 𝜙 = 90°
𝑘𝑊
sin 𝜃
2
Single Slot 𝑘0 ℎ ≪ 1
2
𝑉0 2 𝜋𝑊
𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2𝜂0 𝜋 2 𝜆0
2
𝑘0 𝑊
𝑉02 𝜋 sin cos 𝜃
2
𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 2
න sin3 (𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
2𝜂0 𝜋 0 cos 𝜃
Two Slots 𝑘0 ℎ ≪ 1
2
2𝜋𝑊 𝜋
𝐷2 =
𝜆0 𝐼2
2
𝑘0 𝑊
𝜋 𝜋 sin cos 𝜃 𝑘0 𝐿𝑒
2
𝐼2 = න න sin3 (𝜃) cos 2 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙
0 0 cos 𝜃 2
Microstrip Patch Antennas Slide 41
Quality Factor, Bandwidth, and
Efficiency
42
Quality Factor
The quality factor, bandwidth, and efficiency are interrelated figures-of-merit, and
cannot be independently optimized.
Stored Energy
𝑄 = 𝜔𝑟
Dissipated Power
The quality factor is representative of the antenna losses. These are radiation,
conduction (ohmic), dielectric, and surface-wave losses.
1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
𝑄𝑡 𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑄𝑐 𝑄𝑑 𝑄𝑠𝑤
Where
𝐸 𝑎𝑒𝑟𝑎2 𝑑𝐴
𝐾=
𝐸 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑝ׯ2 𝑑𝑙
𝑥
For rectangular aperture in the dominant 𝑇𝑀010 mode
𝐿
𝐾=
4
𝐺𝑡 𝐺
= 𝑟𝑎𝑑 conductance per unit length of radiating aperture
𝑙 𝑊
Δ𝑓 𝑓2 −𝑓1 𝑓1 +𝑓2
= Fractional Bandwidth , 𝑓0 =
𝑓0 𝑓0 2
Δ𝑓 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 − 1
=
𝑓0 𝑄𝑡 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅
𝑓0
𝑓1 = , 𝑓2 = 𝑓0 1 + 1/𝑄𝑡
1 + 1/𝑄𝑡
1
An approximate expression of the bandwidth for VSWR ≤ 2, Γ ≤ ,
3
𝜖𝑟 − 1 ℎ 𝑊
BW = 3.771 2 𝜆
Microstrip Patch Antennas
𝜖 𝑟 0 𝐿 Slide 45
Quality Factor – Dimensions and
Bandwidth