rafiel gelantia

afxazeTi, saqarTvelo
postkonfliqturi
labirinTi

Tbilisi
2011

1
 vuZRvni Tanamemamuleebs,
romlebis ver moeswrnen
afxazeTSi dabrunebas

redaqtori: badri ciramua

sagamomcemlo jgufi: rita cindeliani

qeTevan xeteSvili
laSa gelantia

kompiuterul uzrunvelyofaSi
TanadgomisTvis avtori madlobas
uxdis monika Wanias da salome kilasonias.

© rafiel gelantia
© sagamomcemlo saxli `inovacia~

ISBN 978-9941-9212-7-8

2
 saWiro, Zalze saWiro wigni
SemZra rafiel gelantias meore wignmac!
win midevs da vfiqrob:
nuTu samSoblos gasakvirveli grZnoba dailia, daSra,
daiwrita, gamofuturovda misi sadinari, nuTu qarTveli
kacis saxelmwifoebriv Segnebas dambla daeca, nuTu oden
saSovari axsovs da qveyana ara?!
avtori faqtebs gvawvdis, viTarebas aRwers da gvixa-
tavs, asea saqmeo gveubneba, aravisTan davobs, sakuTari Ta-
vis garda, magram... wigni yvelas gvedaveba!
avtori saxres ar gviRerebs, magram wigni saxrea, samx-
reTis qarsa da wvimaSi gverekeba cudad gawvrTnilebs,
mamulis winaSe uTavbolod enalaqardianebsa da gulebze
mjiRis mobraguneT, upirvelesis, samaradJamos verSems-
menelebs!...
es wigni Cveni Taobis gafrTxilebaa.
vinc kargad waikiTxavs, _ sakuTar gulisgulSi Caixedavs
da dafantuli sazrisis Zebnas daiwyebs, vinc zereled_
isev im gubeSi darCeba, romelsac guSinac cxovrebas eZaxda
da dResac eZaxis!
es wigni momavali Taobis gafrTxilebaa, SemoZaxilia,
rom, ar varga ase,... cota xanic da, iqneb, arc araferi
dagvrCes dasakargi!
maxsendeba poetis sityvebi:
_ raa gziani? _ metyvian da vpasuxob umal
Cemsken moRrejil kisers daTvisas:
mag umaqnisi qedis yurebas,
romelic Zalze meqarTuleba,
gauZlos gulma!...
es wigni, am gansacdelzea da imavdroulad:
_ qveynis ukeTes momavalze fiqriTaa damZimebuli;
_ sisastikis, ugulobis, uTavmouyvareobis magaliTe-

3
biT aRsavse da mravalTa usulgulo zedaobiT gaZeZgili;
_ mamulis usaSvelo tkivilebiT gaTanguli da qveynis
uangaro siyvaruliT gaciskrovnebuli;
_ didi Serigebisa da gamTlianebis gzebis maZiebeli da
qarTvelTa da afxazTa gonierebis gamarjvebis rwmeniT ga-
naTebuli!
igi rafiel gelantiam gvialaverda da moayola:
_ Se, CemTavmkvdaro, gaiRviZe, gaiRviZe, raa amdeni Zili!
gaizmore mainc, iqneb erTi nervi mainc Segerxes am wkvaramsa
da godebaSi, iqneb Setokde, gaizmoro, gverdi Seicvalo!...
avtors sjera da gvamxnevebs, rom Tu Zalian movin-
domebT da SevicvliT mxars, gavialmasebT Wkuas da gonebas:
_ usaTuod gaviTavisebT samSoblos pirveladobasa da
uzenaesobas;
_ soxumi usaTuod iqneba qarTul-afxazuri qalaqi da
afxazebi mtrulad da zizRiT ar gamoixedaven engurs ga-
moRma;
_ usaTuod aRdgeba Cveni sisxlismieri, naTesauri, sa-
morduo kavSirebi da sinanulis cremlebs SevaSrobT erT-
maneTs.
krebulSi Sesuli werilebi da narkvevebi wlebis ganmav-
lobaSi ibeWdeboda qarTul periodikaSi, gadaicemoda ra-
dioTi da televiziiT. maT Tavi mouyara da akinZa avtor-
ma ise, rogorc es aris dalagebuli wignSi, ise, rogorc es
iyo saqarTveloSi, sakuTriv afxazeTSi, ise, rogorc amas
iTxovda da Txoulobs sindisieri Jurnalistika, moqala-
qeobrivi pasuxismgebloba warsulis, awmyosa da momavlis
winaSe.

badri ciramua

4
 ramdenime sityva avtorisgan

1993 wlis 30 seqtembers, moulodnelobisgan Tavzar-

dacemulma da gaognebulma, Cems aTeulobiT aTas Taname-
mamulesTan erTad davtove cecxlmodebuli afxazeTi.
mas Semdeg bevrma wyalma Caiara am sityvis pirdapiri da
gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT, magram dRemde ver gaveqeci Cems
moqalaqeobriv pasuxismgeblobas _ adamianur tkivils da
TanagrZnobas sakuTari ojaxis, mezoblebis, axloblebis,
afxazeTis yvela mkvidris mimarT iq, _ engurgaRma da aq, _
engurgamoRma.
wignSi Sesuli statiebi wlebis ganmavlobaSi ibeWdeboda
qarTul periodikaSi („saqarTvelos respublika,“ „dilis
gazeTi“ da „saTanjo“, „afxazeTis xma“, „axali afxazeTis
xma,“ „Cveni gazeTi“, „24 saaTi,“ „regionis droiT,“ Jurna-
lebi „politika,“ „riwa“da sxva), romelTa redaqtorebisa
da TanamSromlebis Rvawli dauviwyaria CemTvis da devni-
lebisTvis, romlebic Ramis usaSvelo rigebSi erTnairad
velodebodiT ufaso purs da axal gazeTebs; gazeT „sa-
qarTvelos respublikis“ yvela nomeri ki mTiani bilikebiT
gadadioda afxazeTSi.
am wigniT mindoda mkiTxvelisTvis, pirvel rigSi dev-
nilobaSi gazrdili TaobisaTvis, gameziarebina Cemi STa-
beWdilebebi 90-iani wlebis (maTTvis axla ukve Soreuli)
epoqis movlenebis Sesaxeb, rodesac Camoyalibda amJa-
mindeli realoba da romlebmac didwilad gansazRvra,
rogorc mTlianad qveynis, aseve TiToeuli Cvenganis
bedi Tu ubedoba; gamecno konfliqtis politikuri mo-
wesrigebis sakiTxebze qarTuli sazogadoebis wiaRSi Se-
muSavebuli samSvidobo gzavnilebi; gamomexata wuxili
da SeSfoTeba imaze, rom 2008 wlis agvistos movlenebis
Semdeg afxazeTis problema ukiduresad damZimda da au-

5
cilebelia saerToerovnuli gangaSis zarebis axleburi
darisxeba, radgan realuri dakargvis safrTxis winaSea
saqarTvelos Tvalmargaliti _ afxazeTi; rom dadga Jami,
roca TiToeuli CvenTagani movalea imgvarad daicvas
afxazeTi da afxazebi, rogorc sakuTari sicocxle da ke-
TildReoba.
XX-XXI saukuneTa mijnaze, msoflio mniSvnelobis mov-
lenebis epoqaSi, Cveni Taoba warsulsa da awmyos Soris
aRmoCnda gamomwyvdeuli. uari vTqviT wynar, mSvid, usa-
frTxo yofaze da Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis JiniT
Sepyrobilebma umravlesobisTvis gaucnobierebel moma-
vals davuWireT mxari. uTuod iyo bevri gamarjveba da si-
xaruli, gvaqvs axali qveyana, romelic uTod gaxdeba bev-
rad ukeTesi. amasTan, gvqonda samarcxvino ZmaTamkvleli
Sinaomebi, davkargeT qveynis teritoriis erTi mexuTedi
(imedia, droebiT!), mdinare engurTan vixileT ruseTisagan
zurgamagrebulTa mier Cvenze Zlevis damacirebeli fei-
erverki, afxazeTidan otebuli aseul aTasobiT qarTveli,
romelTac dRemde umZimes pirobebSi uwevT arsebobisTvis
brZola.
ra gamogvivida da ra ara, amas dro da istoria gansjis.
kanonzomierebaa, rom axali, ufro gonieri da ganaTle-
buli Taobebi momavalSic Secvlian xelisuflebas da
wes-wyobilebas. es aris, rom manamde miwa da mamuli ar
gagvisxvisdes, Cveni bedis gamgeblad Cvenve davrCeT, uc-
xoTa moimede da xelebSi Semyure manqurTebi ar gavxdeT,
radgan amiT da aqedan iwyeba qveynis daSla-daqucmaceba,
eris gadagvareba, msoflios mbrZanebelTa CrdilSi uCi-
nari gauCinareba.
Cven morwmune, niWieri da Sromismoyvare, magram oboli
eri varT, amitomac bevrjer gavmxdarvarT mrisxane impe-
riebis Zalmomreobis msxverpli. Zveli magaliTebis mox-

6
moba rad aris saWiro, _ ruseTis imperiam, ai, TiTqmis ax-
laxan, me-19 saukunis 60-ian wlebSi maxviliT da Taflak-
veriT afxazebisgan gawminda afxazeTi, me-20 saukunis
90-ian wlebSi ki qarTvelebisgan. ar meeWveba, rom Cvens
Tanamedrove msofliosac ganagebs Zalis samarTali, ami-
tom frTxilad unda viyoT da gadarCenis erTaderT gzad
Sida erToba davisaxoT, mivutevoT erTmaneTs da Catexi-
li xidebi aRvadginoT afxazebTan, mamulSi davbrundeT.
es savsebiT realuria, Tu qarTvelTa da afxazTa erTob-
livi gadarCenisTvis winaparTa adaT-wesebsa da tradi-
ciebs ar vuRalatebT da ufro moqnili politikis gzas
davadgebiT.
sazogadoebrivi praqtikis (eqsperimentis) sazomi, cxa-
dia, misi istoriuli alternativaa; Cven gulwrfelad,
lamis gulubryvilod viwameT demokratia, rogorc Ta-
visufal adamianTa saerTo neba, samarTliani kanonebis
uzenaesoba, zogadsakacobrio uflebebiT aRWurvili da
realurad daculi adamiani. axla vxvdebiT, rom, Turme,
ase martivad ar yofila saqme; gagviWirda, Zalian gagvi-
Wirda, amitomac gasagebia keTilSobili amboxi arsebuli
realobis winaaRmdeg, romlis erTaderTi wamali isev de-
mokratiaa _ xelisuflebaze xalxis, demosis, legitimuri
batonobis damyareba.  es SeZles bevrgan, uTuod SevZlebT
Cvenc, Tu saxelmwifo, rogorc frangi ganmanaTleblebi
brZaneben, SeZlebulTa darajis movaleobisgan ganTavi-
sufldeba.
esaa am wignis mTavari saTqmeli, _ realuri, konkretu-
li, xSirad metismetad mZime, magram, utyuari da faqtebiT
gajerebuli. mixaria, rom am wlebSi bevri ram Seicvala uke-
Tesobisken, qarTuli saxelmwifo, sazogadoeba, Jurnali-
stika kvlavac ZiebaSia, cdilobs uWirisuflos xalxs da
qveyanas, Tumca Ria Wriloba _ okupirebuli teritoriebi,

7
iq darCenili mosaxleoba jerac amaod elodeba Svebas da
Svelas _ metismetad gaWianurda SeiaraRebuli konfli-
qtis Sedegebis daZleva, postkonfliqturi labirinTidan
Tavis daRweva.
mirCevdnen wignis garekanze Cemi yrmobis fotosuraTi
gamometana, raTa moZRvris rolSi ar gamovsuliyavi. ar
daveTanxme. ase mgonia, rom mamulze usaSvelo fiqris, bra-
zis da dardisgan qancgaclili axalgazrda mamuliSvilic
guliani, magram uZalo moxuciviTaa, romelic vera da ver
Selevia damwvar da gavelurebul qalaqebsa da soflebs,
winaparTa gaveranebul saflavebs, mravali Taobis nalo-
liaveb ezo-yureebSi dasadgurebul Tavzardamcem mar-
toobas.
rafiel gelantia

8
 qarTuli skolis bedi afxazeTSi

skola iseTive wmindaa erisa da

qveynisTvis, rogorc RvTis saxli.
ilia

iRupeboda is eri, qveyana, saxelmwifo, ro-

melsac aviwydeboda sakuTari skola da brmad
baZavda an qeds uxrida sxvaTa skolas, ucxo stan-
dartebsa da Rirebulebebs.
yvela gonieri mmarTveli, jansaRi sazogadoeba
skolas uqmnida ganviTarebis xelsayrel pirobebs
da amisTvis Zalas ar zogavda. WeSmaritebaa, rom
skolis ganviTarebaSi, ganaTlebaSi Cadebuli ka-
pitali dResac yvelaze momgebiania, Tanac, aqsio-
maturia formula _ aswavle mSobliur enaze!
ueWvelia, adamianis TviTgamorkveva da iden-
tifikacia, misi kuTvnileba ama Tu im erisadmi
mTlianad damokidebulia imaze Tu romel enaze
iwyebs mozardi swavlas, rogor aiTvisebs am ena-
Si ganivTebul cnebebsa da kategoriebs, romlis
gareSec eri ar aris eri. yvela qarTveli, rogorc
wesi, `ai ia~-dan modis, eziareba civilizacias,
mdidrdeba da amdidrebs sxva enebs, sxva kultu-
rebs. axla, roca axal saqarTvelos vaSenebT da
metad gviWirs yvelgan da yvelaferSi, droebiT
davkargeT teritoriebi da patriotoba lamis sa-
lanZRav sityvad gveqca (sanacvlod moduri gaxda
fraza _ sadac fulia, iqaa Cemi samSoblo), droa
skolas da maswavlebels mivxedoT da amiT saqarT-
velos momavali gadavarCinoT.

afxazeTSi, samurzayanoSi, oqumSi 1851 wels pirveli

skola gaixsna. im droisTvis es iyo erTaderTi saganma-
naTleblo dawesebuleba afxazeTSi. qarTveli sazoga-

9
doebriobisa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis kategoriuli
moTxovniT skola gaxsna ganaTlebis sakiTxebSi afxazeTSi
Tbilisidan mivlenilma uaRresad ganaTlebulma adamian-
ma, misionerma daviT maWavarianma.
me-19��������������������������������������������
saukunis ����������������������������������
60-ian����������������������������
wlebSi ��������������������
samurzayanos��������
terito-
riaze, bediaSi, dixazurgaSi,��������������������������
��������������������������������������
nabakevSi,���������������
�������������������������
CxorTolSi,����
��������������
gu-
davasa da saberioSi����������������������������������
�������������������������������������������
TanmimdevrobiT gaixsna qarTuleno-
vani skolebi, romlebmac safuZveli Cauyares wignisa da
codnis siyvaruls, qarTuli genisa da erovnuli sulis
ganmtkicebas, riTac dResac, afxazeTisTvis am umZimes
Jams, gamorCeulia es mxare, misi mravaltanjuli mosax-
leoba.
ganaTlebis inspeqtorTa adreuli, ��������������������
1864-1867�����������
wlebis an-
gariSebi adastureben, rom samurzayanos�����������������
�����������������������������
skolebSi swavle-
ba, ZiriTadad qarTul enaze mimdinareobda, Tumca aswav-
lidnen Sereulad da rusul enazec.
sainteresoa, rom ������������������������������������
70-ani������������������������������
wlebis dasawyisidan aswavlid-
nen iakob gogebaSvilis `qarTul anbans,~ `deda enas,~ `bu-
nebis kars,~ kalandariSvilis `rusuli enis damwyeb kurss
qarTvelTaTvis,~ didebuliZis `ariTmetikul cnobars,~
uSinskis `bavSvTa samyaros.~
xelfasis simcire da mis miRebaSi arsebuli probleme-
bi maswavlebels maSinac gamouvali problemebis winaSe
ayenebda (rogor meordeba drodadro istoria!), magram
maTi udidesi nawili axerxebda nayofierad, keTilsindi-
sierad emuSava, arc Tavs vinmes aCagvrinebda da arc bavS-
vebs, mosaxleobaSi nergavda sikeTes, zneobas, kacTmoyva-
reobas, samSoblos da mamulis erTgulebas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ����������������������������������
samurzayanoel,��������������������
da saerTod, afxaze-
Tis maswavleblebs, riTac da rogorc SeeZloT, exmare-
bodnen qarTveli mwerlebi da sazogado moRvaweebi. utyu-
ari wyaroebi mowmobs, rom dRevandelobisgan gansxvavebiT,
afxazeTis mosaxleobaSi swavla-ganaTlebis ganviTareba

10
sazogadoebis da qveynis SeZlebuli adamianebis erTerTi
upirvelesi sazrunavi iyo.
pirveli samrevlo skola gudauTaSi 1884 gaixsna. 1884-
1898�������������������������������������������������
wlebSi samurzayanos�����������������������������
�����������������������������������������
Temebsa da soflebSi ukve ar-
sebobda 22 skola, kerZod oqumSi, bediaSi, dixazurgaSi,
saberioSi, gudavaSi, otobaiaSi, barRebSi, cxirSi, warCe-
muxurSi, reCxSi, pirvel bediaSi, WuburxinjSi, TagilonSi,
refi-SeSeleTSi, xumuSqurSi, CxorTolSi da qvemo cxirSi.
niSandoblivia, rom me-19 saukunis bolosTvis skolebis
Senaxvis xarjebi sxvadasxva saqvelmoqmedo daxmarebebisa
da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Senatanebis xarjze sistema-
turad izrdeboda. saqarTvelos inteligencia, udidesi
gulisyuriT adevnebda Tvalyurs afxazeTSi ganaTlebis
ganviTarebas, gansakuTrebuli mzrunvelobis qveS iyo
samurzayanos skolebi, romlebmac rusifikaciis Savbnel
droSic Seinaxes da mouares, ar daTmes qarTuli ena da qar-
Tuli cnobiereba.
afxazeTis tragikuli movlenebis Semdeg, 1993 wlidan
separatistulma xelisuflebam afxazeTSi gaauqma qarTu-
li enis statusi, qarTuli ena aikrZala saxelmwifo dawe-
sebulebebsa da organizaciebSi, sayofacxovrebo urTier-
TobaSic ki. daiwva, daixura, gaiZarcva qarTuli skolebi
da skolamdeli dawesebulebebi, ganadgurda qarTuli
wignebi, biblioTekebi, saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ��������������������������������
1991_1992�����������������������
saswavlo wels afxazeT-
Si arsebobda 235 qarTuli da Sereuli zogadsaganmanaT-
leblo saSualo, arasruli saSualo da dawyebiTi skola da
ramdenime aseuli skolamdeli dawesebuleba.
1992-1993 saswavlo wels galis raionSi iyo 58 saSualo
skola, maT Soris 5 sruli da arasruli rusuli skola, erTi
Sereuli qarTul-afxazuri�����������������������������
��������������������������������������������
skola, 42 skolamdeli dawese-
buleba. praqtikulad ����������������������������������
monoeTnikur _ qarTul��������������
raionSi, yve-
la erovnuli umciresobis da jgufis warmomadgenels hqon-

11
da saSualeba eswavla mSobliur an misTvis sasurvel enaze.
galis skolebi yovelTvis mzad iyvnen eswavlebinaT afxazu-
ri ena, saskolo sagnebSi Seitanes kidec afxazuri enis swav-
leba, magram afxazurenovani kadrebis deficitis gamo misi
organizacia mxolod CxorTolis skolaSi moxerxda.
1993_1994 wlebSi, separatistuli reJimis iniciativiT
daxures, dawves da gaanadgures yvela qarTuli skola,
skolamdeli da skolisgareSe dawesebuleba, biblioTeka,
daxoces ocze meti qarTveli maswavlebeli.
sayuradReboa, rom soxumis reJimma scada megruli (ad-
gilobrivi qarTuli) daepirispirebina qarTuli enisTvis.
amiT iyo ganpirobebuli galis raionuli gazeTis saxe-
lis Secvla da misi rusul_afxazur_megrulad gamocemis
dawyeba, megrul_afxazuri������������������������������
���������������������������������������������
sasaubros da leqsikonis gamo-
cemis mcdeloba, rac adgilobrivi mosaxleobis aRSfoTe-
bas waawyda da CaifuSa.
1994 wlidan afxazurma administraciam yvela Rones mi-
marTa afxazeTis skolebidan qarTuli enis gasadevnad da
rusul da afxazuri enebze swavlebis dasamkvidreblad.
galSi arc erT pirvelklasels qarTul enaze ganaTle-
bis miRebis saSualebas ar aZleven. akrZales saqarTvelos
istoria, saqarTvelos geografia, ��������������������
sazogadoebaTmcodneo-
ba. qarTuli ena erT-erTi rigiTi sagani gaxda.
1995 wlidan galis raionSi darCenili, dabrunebuli pe-
dagogebi da mSoblebi Seudgnen qarTuli skolebis aRd-
genas, ra Tqma unda, sakuTari sicocxlis riskis fasad.
calkeul zRvispira soflebSi ukve aRdgenilia qarTuli
skolebi. kvlav saxezea unikaluri triada_skola, ojaxi,
sazogadoeba, anu afxazeTSi qarTuli enisa da erTiani sam-
Soblos bedi ise mWidrod aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebu-
li, rom mosaxleoba Seegua yovelgvar ubedurebas, gansac-
delsa da SiSs, magram ara skolis gaqrobas, qarTuli enisa
da qarTuli skolis sikvdils!

12
 1998 wlis tragikuli movlenebis dros xelisuflebis
xelSewyobiT, skolebis umetesoba gadmovida engurs ga-
moRma, magram iq darCenilebma, viTarebis erTgvari stabi-
lizaciis kvaldakval, kvlav ganagrZes saqmianoba. skole-
bis garkveuli nawili ubrundeba mSobliur adgilebs. es
procesi grZeldeba. Tavis droze yvelafers Tavisi saxeli
daerqmeva, magram axlave SeiZleba iTqvas, rom afxazeTis
qarTvel maswavlebelTa gmirobas, albaT, iSviaTad Tu mo-
enaxeba analogi. yoveldRiurobaSi, rogorc wesi, es niS-
navs dilis eqvs saaTze adgomas, SeiaraRebuli saguSagoe-
bisa da blok-postebis gavlas, 10_12 kilometri manZilis
qveiTad gadaadgilebas, yovelwuTier SiSs.
ratom wavarTviT galel bavSvebs uflisgan boZebuli
ufleba iswavlon qarTul enaze?_kiTxvas svams afxazi
qalbatoni manana bJania.
manana bJanias politikuri mizani naTelia (yovel SemTx-
vevaSi formalurad) da komentaris aucilebloba ar aris,
magram misi publikacia (qalaq soxumSi gamocemuli Jurna-
li `samoqalaqo sazogadoeba,~ seqtemberi, ����������������
#2,�������������
������������
2000w.)�����
yur-
adRebas imsaxurebs bevr sakiTxSi, maT Soris galSi arsebu-
li viTarebisa da ganaTlebis problemebis TvalsazrisiT.
`sainformacio omi galSi wavageT _ aRniSnavs igi. galSi
ar CaaqvT soxumSi gamocemuli arcerTi gazeTi da Jurna-
li. samwuxarod, SeaqvT mxolod qarTuli gazeTebi. galSi
ar gamodis gazeTi, Tumca arian kvalificiuri kadrebi.
rogor vapirebT afxazeTSi galis raionis integrirebas,
Tu adamianebs vtovebT sasurveli da CvenTvis sasargeblo
informaciis gareSe? _ svams kiTxvas Sewuxebuli avtori
da iqve agrZelebs: `Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom adamians
hqondes arCevani, romel enaze iswavlos da ilaparakos.
adamianis uflebis uxeS darRvevad mimaCnia, rom galel
bavSvebs ara aqvT ufleba saSualo ganaTleba miiRon qar-
Tul enaze. araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba iZulebiT

13
SemoviRoT afxazuri enis swavleba, es mxolod mis ukug-
debas gamoiwvevs. . . galelebs wavarTvaT ufleba iswavlon
qarTul skolaSi, igivea, rac iyo �������������������������
50-ian�������������������
wlebSi, roca daxu-
res afxazuri skolebi. Zalze SemaSfoTebelia saxelmwifo
Cinovnikebis pozicia, romlebic ukiduresad negatiurad
aRiqvamen am Temaze saubris wamowyebasac ki. es sakiTxi ga-
dasawyvetia Zalze operatiulad, sxvanairad Cven didxans
ar gveqneba galis raionis mosaxleobis mxardaWera.~
ras moiTxoven galeli pedagogebi xelisuflebisa da
saerTaSoriso organizaciebisgan?
1. afxazeTis problemis saboloo mowesrigebamde qvey-
nis xelisuflebam ufro energiulad dauWiros mxari afxa-
zeTSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis moTxovnas qarTuli enis
statusis aRdgenisa da mSobliur enaze swavla-ganaTlebis
(am etapze galis raionSi mainc) uzrunvelsayofad.
2. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam ufro kategoriulad
dasvas gaeros, euTos, konfliqtis mowesrigebaSi CarTuli
saxelmwifoebis, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis institutebis
winaSe ganaTlebis dargSi afxazeTSi arsebuli diskrimi-
naciis, inteleqtualuri genocidisa da eTnikuri wmendis
aRkveTis sakiTxi.
3. engurs gaRma skolebs meti moraluri da materialuri
daxmareba, yuradReba da Tanadgoma gauwion gamoCenilma
adamianebma, mwerlebma, poetebma, politikosebma, saqarT-
velos sazogadoebriobam, saxelmwifom.
gulwrfeli ar viqnebiT, Tu ar aRvniSnavT imas, rac am
mimarTulebiT keTdeba.
saqarTvelos parlamentis afxazeTis sakiTxTa
droebiTma komisiam
��������������������������������������������
(Tavmjdomare�����������������������
vaxtang yolbaia), ����
yve-
la��������������������������������������������������
kompetenturi saministrosa da uwyebis, saerTaSori-
�����������
so organizaciebis monawileobiT specialurad ganixila
galis raionSi swavla_ganaTlebisa da qarTuli enis
devnis sakiTxi da miiRo saTanado rekomendaciebi. galSi

14
ganaTlebis mdgomareobis Taobaze saqmis kursSi Cayenebul
iqna saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, megobari qveynebi.
komisiam Sesabamisi masalebi warudgina gaeros, euTos,
evrokavSiris adamianis ufleba damcvel samsaxurebs, aseve,
gaerosa da euTos galSi mdgomareobis Semfasebel komisias.
aRniSnulma komisiam adgilze SemowmebiT daadastura
wardgenili masalebis obieqturoba da viTarebis simZime.
yovelive amis Semdeg gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos
ramdenime rezoluciaSi Caiwera afxazeTSi qarTuli enisa
da qarTuli skolis devnis Taobaze, Tumca mdgomareoba
ramdenadme ar Secvlila.
martivi gadasawyveti ar aRmoCnda engurs gaRma
skolebis dafinansebis da xelfasebis sistematurad
gacemis sakiTxi, Tumca qveynis prezidentma saTanado
instanciebs mosTxova problemis mogvareba da engursgaR-
����������
ma skolebis pedagogebma garkveuli finansuri daxmareba
miiRes.
samwuxarod, qveyanaSi ekonomikuri krizisis gamo,
2001 wlis biujetSi galis skolebis dafinanseba ar qna
gaTvaliswinebuli.
ueWvelia, rom galis raioni manamde iqneba qarTuli,
sanam iq iswavlian da gaufrTxildebian qarTul enas,
Seinaxaven da ganaviTareben qarTul skolas.

`dilis gazeTi~,
4 maisi, 2001w.

15
 galelebi maisis tragediamac
ver gatexa
mudmivi SiSi, Zaladoba, ganukiTxaoba, autane-
li siduxWire, gaurkvevloba, cxadia, fizikurad
da sulierad fitavs adamianebs.
sulisSemxuTvelia okupaciisa da aneqsiis ata-
na. warmoudgenelia im mdgomareobis Segneba, roca
gaugebar enaze molaparake ukeTurebi (Tanac Sei-
araRebuli) zemodan giyureben, abuCad gigdeben,
xmas ar amogaRebineben, araraobad migiCneven.
galis raionSi, faqtiurad ar arsebobs xeli-
sufleba. gamefebulia kriminaluri ganukiTxao-
ba, TareSoben dsT-s qveynebidan, saqarTvelos
da sakuTriv afxazeTis qalaqebidan gadmoxvewi-
li kriminaluri bandebi. isini Zarcvaven mosax-
leobas, arTmeven lukmapurs, Slian SemorCenili
Senoba-nagebobebs, rkinigzis, eleqtro uzrun-
velyofis, wyalmomaragebisa da kanalizaciis si-
stemebs, jarTad gaaqvT unikaluri mowyobiloba-
ni da danadgarebi, Cexaven endemur tyeebs da qar-
safar zolebs.

afxazeTSi dRemde grZeldeba eTnikuri wmenda. sistemu-

ri xasiaTi aqvs SeiaraRebul dapirispirebebs, mZevlad ay-
vanas, daSinebas, terors, adamianebiT vaWrobas, iRupebian
qarTvelebic da afxazebic.
bolo dros galis raionSi daufaravad avrceleben
narkotikebs, amkvidreben iaraRis kults, prostitucias,
Zaladobas, cdiloben gaaufasuron tradiciuli adaT-
wesebi, ebrZvian qarTul skolas, mSobliur enas, qmnian mo-
saxleobis garusebis garemos, adgilobriv mcxovreblebSi
Tesen eWvsa da undoblobas, SuRlisa da mtrobas.
afxazur arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa warmomadgen-
lebi aRniSnaven, rom galSi ufro mZime mdgomareobaa, vid-

16
re mTlianad afxazeTSi. maTi dakvirvebiT, galSi gamoi-
kveTa qarTul-afxazuri dapirispirebis mTeli speqtri,
rac ganapirobebs mosaxleobis gausaZlis yofas; galis
raionSi gamefebulia ekonomikuri, socialuri, politi-
kuri uufleboba, warTmeuli aqvT erovnuli TviTidenti-
fikaciis saSualeba _ mSobliuri ena. bavSvebs ukrZalaven
iswavlon qarTul enaze da daamTavron skola, aiZuleben
iswavlon afxazuri ena; mosaxleoba sainformacio vaku-
umSia. aralegalurad da kanti-kuntad SeaqvT qarTuli
gazeTebi Tbilisidan, Seferxebulia saqarTvelos radio
da telemauwyeblobis gavrceleba. teqnikuri mizeziT Sez-
Rudulia rusulenovani sainformacio arxebic. soxumis
xelSewyobiT qalaq galSi gaxsnili ori komerciuli saka-
belo televizia sadReRamiso reJimSi qadagebs Zaladobas,
uzneobasa da garyvnilebas.
galSi arcerTi sawarmo da dawesebuleba ar muSaobs, da-
brunebuli mosaxleoba praqtikulad dausaqmebelia. adre
gaxsnili savaWro jixurebi ixureba. afxazebi cdiloben
SeinarCunon TavianTi savaWro obieqtebi, sadac dasaqme-
buli hyavT soxumidan da afxazeTis sxva regionebidan Ca-
moyvanili axloblebi.
saRamoobiT raionSi sicocxle kvdeba komendantis saa-
Tis gamo.
erTaderTi, rasac galelebi kvlavac wmindad inaxa-
ven, esaa gardacvlilTa gadasveneba mSobliur adgilebSi,
micvalebulTa gapatiosneba da sakralurad miCneuli ri-
tualis aRsruleba.
mosaxleoba wlebis ganmavlobaSi iTxovs eklesiebis
amoqmedebas, magram uSedegod. saamiso sababi yovelTvis
gamoinaxa; jer iyo sofel WuburxinjSi gzispira mdebare
eklesiis Senobis aRdgenis SeuZlebloba, Semdgom rusuli
enis mcodne mRvdlis povna, magram, roca saqme saqmeze mid-
ga, sxva argumenti gamoinaxa uaris saTqmelad. es sakiTxi

17
afxazebsac awuxebT, vinaidan bevr maTgans bavSvi mosanaT-
lad engurs gamoRma gadmohyavs, Tanac farulad da SiSis
qveS. soxumisa da afxazeTis e.w. mRvdelmTavari aflia (fi-
lia) galis mosaxleobas hpirdeba eklesiis gaxsnas Tu da-
Tanxmdebian mRvdelmsaxurebis rusul da afxazur enebze
aRsrulebas.
galSi avtotransporti arsebiTad ar aris, cxeni da ure-
mi transportis ZiriTadi saxea.
sasoflo saavadmyofoebi, rogorc wesi, ganadgurebu-
lia. afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis jandacvis sami-
nistrom ramdenime TemSi aRadgina otobaiis, oqumisa da sa-
berios saavadmyofoebi, ase xuTiode sasoflo ambulato-
ria, romelTac amaragebs medikamentebiT, magram es zRvaSi
wveTia. raionis gaZarcul centralur saavadmyofos wiTe-
li jvari da rigi sxva saerTaSoriso organizacia inaxavs,
magram iq pacientis gamokvleva da seriozul samedicino
Careva SeuZlebelia. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Sveba iyo
eqimTa brigadebis Casvla Tbilisidan, romlebmac orasam-
de gadaudebeli qirurgiuli operacia Caatares, asobiT
adamians gauwies daxmareba.
RvTis anabaradaa mitovebuli invalidebi, xeibrebi,
moxucebi, fexmZime qalebi, bavSvebi, gansakuTrebiT, Cvile-
bi, romelTa Soris sikvdilianoba aTjer aRemateba qveynis
saSualo maCvenebels. siZviris gamo xelmiuwvdomelia wam-
lebi, medikamentebi, uamravi umweo da tanjuli adamiani
elodeba Tavis bunebriv aRsasruls.
galSi dabrunebulad miiCneven 35-45 aTas devnils. re-
alurad dabrunebulTa maqsimaluri raodenoba fiqsirde-
ba sasoflo-sameurneo sezonis periodSi. dabrunebisTvis
e.w. sazRvris gadakveTis mosakrebeli da baJia gadasaxde-
li. enguris pirvelad gadalaxvis SemTxvevaSi afxazuri
uSiSroebis samsaxuri atarebs mokvlevas nebarTvis doku-
mentis gasacemad.

18
 umTavresi problema dabrunebulTa usafrTxoebaa. aq
moulodnelobisgan aravinaa dazRveuli. afxazuri poli-
cia danaSaulis Sesaxeb Setyobinebaze, rogorc wesi, ver
reagirebs, gansakuTrebiT Ramis saaTebSi. gaeros damkvir-
veblebic Tavs arideben SemTxvevis adgilze gasvlas. rai-
onSi qarTuli policiis aRdgenaze saubari uSedegod das-
rulda. evropel policielebs (germanuli) ki kargi xania
elodebian, magram amaod.
saerTaSoriso organizaciebma ver moaxerxes galSi gae-
ros da euTos adamianis uflebaTa dacvis ofisis an misi
soxumis filialis gaxsna. afxazuri mxare aRniSnuli ofi-
sis gaxsnis kategoriuli winaaRmdegia.
raionSi akrZalulia politikuri partiebis an maTi fi-
lialebis Seqmna. dauSvebelia mitingebi, demonstraciebi,
protestis gamoxatvis nebismieri sxva forma. dauSvebelia
nebismieri demokratiuli institutis Seqmna. egreTwode-
buli adgilobrivi, saparlamento Tu saprezidento ar-
Cevnebi tardeba amomrCevelTa monawileobis gareSe.
miuxedavad amisa afxazeTis qarTvelebs Zval-rbilSi
aqvT gamjdari samSoblos, mamulis, erovnuli TviTmyo-
fadobis upirobo SenarCunebis, winaparTa saflavebisT-
vis pativis migebis rwmena, rac maTTvis sikvdilis SiSzec
Zlieria. es adamianebi mzad arian yvela saSualebebiT
ibrZolon da daicvan sakuTari miwa-wyali. soxumis reJi-
mi uamrav galels partizanebad moixseniebs. sinamdvileSi
isini Cveulebrivi adamianebi arian, _ qalebi, kacebi, mozar-
debi, romelTac sxva arCevani ar dautoves. maT iuridiuli
normebiT veravin gaasamarTlebs, radgan aqvT sruliad na-
Teli mizani _ daubrundnen sakuTar ezo-karsa da adamian-
ur cxovrebas.
samwuxarod, afxazeTidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebulTa
bedi metad mZimea saqarTvelos regionebSic. maisis mov-
lenebis Semdeg mravali xelaxla devnili Camovida saqarT-

19
velos dedaqalaqSi. maT aqac uamravi problema daxvdaT,
Tumca aq meti gasaqania dasaqmebisa da sicocxlis Sesanar-
Cuneblad;
arc “Zvel” da arc xelaxlad devnils TbilisSic ar
aqvs elementaruli saSualeba pirvelad jandacvas mimar-
Tos. Tu fexi mogtyda an sxva organo dagizianda, seni Se-
geyara, saxelisuflebo derefnebSi ramdenime kvira unda
itrialo, gavleniani adamianebi monaxo, raTa e.w. sagaran-
tio werili miiRo da “garantirebulTa” rigSi Cadge. dev-
nilebis kanoni iTvaliswinebs samedicino daxmarebas, ma-
gram masze realurad mxolod gamonaklisebs miuwvdebaT
xeli. aranakleb rTulia sacxovrebeli farTis gamonaxva.
skolebsa da saavadmyofoebSi adre bevri Casaxlda upro-
blemod, magram iq elementaruli saarsebo pirobebi ar
arsebobs. rac Seexeba sacxovreblad SedarebiT adaptire-
bul saxelmwifo Senobebs, sawarmoebsa da dawesebulebebs,
Tumca umoqmedos, axla aravin gagakarebs e.w. SeWris gare-
Se. etyoba, saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi jer kidev aRricxul
Senoba-nagebobebs Turme hyavT uCinmaCini (magram realuri)
patronebi, romelTa emisrebi maSinaTve Tavze dagayeneben
samarTaldamcavebs, an “Savi biWebiT” dagaSineben, ukeTes
SemTxvevaSi, xelsayrel garigebas SemogTavazeben. devnil-
Ta saministro da xelisufleba, rogorc wesi, uZluria da
am movlebis miCumaTebiT Semoifargleba. erTi sityviT,
afxazeTelebs arc dedaqalaqSi aqvT dalxenili cxovreba
da yvelafris Tavidan dawyeba uxdebaT. sxvebs sxvagan wa-
sasvleli ara aqvT, amitomac rCebian engurgamoRma, gal-
elebis didi nawili ki kvlav mSobliur kuTxes daubrunda
da ubrundeba dRemde.
1998 wlis maisSi axali tragedia daatexes Tavs gal-
elebs. xelisuflebisa da calkeul avantiuristTa uazro
da uTavbolo moqmedebis Sedegad soxumis reJimma da misma
mxardamWerebma xelaxla gaZarcves da gadawves galis ra-

20
ioni, gaJlites mSvidobiani adamianebi, kvlav devnilad aq-
cies dabrunebuli qarTuli mosaxleoba.
samwuxarod, maisis tragediis mizezebi dRemde ucno-
bia, arc organizatorebsa da provokatorebs dakisrebiaT
pasuxismgebloba.
cxadia, rom axalma tragediam Searyia, magram ver gatexa
galelebi, maTi meoba, simtkice, marad qarTvelad darCenis
uryevi neba.
dro da istoria, albaT, imaT wvlilsac Seafasebs, vinc
ubiZga galis tragedias, vinc ikisra SedegebisTvis pasu-
xismgebloba, magram ver an ar gaakeTa Tavisi sakeTebeli,
vinc idedla da iorgula.

`dilis gazeTi~,
26 maisi, 2001w.

21
 konfederantebi afxazeTSi
afxazeTis 1992-1993 wlebis movlenebSi ruseTis moqa-
laqeebis, maTs Soris, CrdiloeT kavkasielTa monawileo-
bis Sesaxeb bevri iTqva da daiwera. zogi maT volontere-
bad moixseniebs, zogic konfederantebad, sxvebic daqira-
vebul Tu moxalise meomrebad, Tumca maT Soris arsebiTi
gansxvaveba, albaT, arc aris.
miuxedavad afxazeTis ZmaTamkvlel omSi Crdilo kav-
kasiel mebrZolTa daufaravi monawileobisa, qarTvelo-
bas, rogorc wesi, afxazeTis tragediis Semdegac miaCnia,
rom CrdiloeT kavkasieli xalxebi arian saqarTvelos
istoriuli mezoblebi da axloblebi, Tumca, afxazeTis
ZmaTamkvlel omSi moxalised Casuli bevri kavkasieli ga-
morCeuli sisastikiT xocavda qarTvelebs, Zarcvavda ad-
gilobriv mosaxleobas, gahqonda qoneba, wvavda qalaqebsa
da soflebs.
Cveni xalxebis mravalsaukunovan urTierTobaSi es sa-
marcxvino laqaa, romlis daviwyeba SeuZlebelia, magram
misi negatiuri Sedegebis daZleva da tradiciuli keTil-
mezoblobis aRdgena aucilebelia. es saWiroa Cveni da mo-
mavali TaobebisTvis, radgan Znelad misatevebeli codve-
bis ganmeorebis albaToba kvlavac maRalia.
dasturad mravali argumenti arsebobs, maT Soris,
Tundac afxazeTis de-faqto xelisuflebis Tavdacvis mi-
nistrad yabardoelis, kavkasiis e.w. mTiel xalxTa konfe-
deraciis lideris, kavkasiel moxaliseTa mTavarsardlis,
afxazeTis omis gmiris, ruseTis moqalaqis general-lei-
tenant ruslan soslanalievis daniSvna, rac SemTxveviTi
ar unda iyos. eWvs isic amZafrebs, rom Zalovani struqtu-
rebis xelmZRvanelebs ratomRac niSnavs de-faqto afxa-
zeTis vice-prezidenti raul xajinba da ara prezidenti
sergei baRafSi.

22
 afxazeTis omSi moxaliseTa rolisa da adgilis Taoba-
ze istoria Tavis droze ityvis saTqmels, Tumca arc axla
aris zedmeti sazogadoebis yuradRebis mipyroba imaze Tu
visi daxmarebiT da xelSewyobiT SeiaraRdnen konfederan-
tebi, ra funqcia daekisraT maT didi politikis saWadrako
dafaze da ranairi iqneboda maTi pozicia movlenaTa sxvag-
vari ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi. iqneb, dadga dro, msoflio-
Si amJamad arsebuli realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, axlebu-
rad iqnas gaazrebuli mTiel xalxTa tragikuli istoria,
misi winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi mTlianobaSi da gansakuTre-
biT XVI_XX saukuneebSi.
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom afxazeTSi SeiaraRebuli
konfliqtis dawyebamde didi xniT adre, kerZod, 1989 wlis
25-26 agvistos soxumSi Catarda e.w. kavkasiis mTiel xalx-
Ta pirveli yriloba, romelmac Seqmna mTiel xalxTa asam-
blea; mogvianebiT, 1991 wlis 1-2 noembers, kvlav soxumSi
Catarda kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa asambleis I I I yriloba, ro-
melSic monawileobdnen abazi, afxazi, adiRi, CeCeni, yabar-
doeli, osi, Cerqezi da sxva xalxTa warmomadgenlebi da
miiRes gadawyvetileba asambleis kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa
konfederaciad (kmxk) gardaqmnis Taobaze, SeimuSaves sa-
Tanado deklaracia. yrilobam kmxk-s dedaqalaqad soxumi
gamoacxada.
movlenaTa Semdgomma ganviTarebam cxadi gaxada, rom im
etapze konfederantTa mizani iyo damoukidebeli saqarT-
velos daSineba, mis kiserze yulfis Camocma, afxazeTis
Camocileba, rasac aTasobiT mSvidobiani adamianis sicocx-
le Seewira da kidev ufro CaixlarTa kavkasiuri gordias
kvanZi.
afxazeTSi SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dawyebis erTi
kviris Tavze, 1992 wlis 21 agvistos, konfederaciis prezi-
dentma Sanibovma da parlamentis Tavmjdomarem soslanbe-
kovma gamoaqveynes brZanebuleba da konfederaciis yvela

23
Stabs da SeiaraRebul razmebs daavales afxazeTSi moxa-
liseTa Seuferxebeli gadasvlis uzrunvelyofa, ufro me-
tic, qarTvelTa mier winaaRmdegobis gawevis SemTxvevaSi,
brZolebSi Cabma.
faqtia, rom konfederantTa mowodebiT da daxmarebiT
uamravi moxalise, kargad SeiaraRebuli da gawvrTnili
kmxk-s mebrZoli, Tavgadasavlebis maZiebeli kazaki Tu sxva
ucxoqveyneli mTeli saomari periodi Sedioda afxazeTSi.
maT ar akldaT fuli, iaraRi, saomari disciplina, fana-
tizmi.
15 agvistos, daba `ganTiadSi~ saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
sabWos sazRvao desantis gadasxmis dResve, konfederant-
Ta pirveli razmi sulTan soslanalievis meTaurobiT Se-
vida gudauTaSi da ganaxorcieles qalaqis gamagrebis Ro-
nisZiebani.
16 agvistos soxumze pirveli ieriSi miitana yabardoel-
Ta razmma.
imdroindeli mediis informaciiT (qarTuli da Crdi-
loeTkavkasiuri), omis pirveli dReebidanve afxazeTSi
masobrivad aRwevdnen moxaliseebi sabrZolo iaraRiTa da
aRWurvilobiT; agvistos bolosTvis CeCnebma groznoSi
Seqmnes Zlieri SeiaraRebuli dajgufeba da gadaisroles
afxazeTSi.
19 agvistos tyvarCelis mosaxleobam danebeba moiTxova
da TeTri bairaRi aRmarTa. politikuri da humanitaruli
motiviT qarTuli jari tyvarCelSi ar iqna Seyvanili; es
samxedro-strategiuli Secdoma iyo, riTac, SemdgomSi Se-
saniSnavad isargebles konfederantebma e.w. afxazeTis aR-
mosavleTis frontis Sesaqmnelad; bzifis xeoba, romelic
omis pirvel etapze, daqiravebulTa afxazeTSi SeRwevis
mTavari gza iyo, mogvianebiT gafarTovda da Seivso tyvar-
Celis metad moxerxebuli strategiuli placdarmiT.
konfliqtis pirvel dReebSi moxaliseebi rusebis mxri-

24
dan TiTqosda garkveul winaaRmdegobas awydebodnen, re-
alurad ki maTi transportireba zRvidan da haeridan ru-
seTis satransporto saSualebebiT xdeboda. 21 agvistodan
ki, anu afxazeTis datovebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos xeli-
suflebisadmi gamocxadebuli ultimatumis vadis amowur-
vis dRidan, moxaliseebs neba darTes yovelgvari saSuale-
biT SeeRwiaT afxazeTSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiis teritoriaze
yvela qarTveli mZevlad gamoacxades, Tbilisi ki ubedu-
rebis zonad.
imave dRes, 21 agvistos, konfederantebma eSeris da-
saxlebaSi Camoagdes saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
vertmfreni, biWvinTidan gaitaces samxedro katarRa.
25 agvistos afxazTa razmebma da konfederantebma pir-
veli Seteva wamoiwyes mdinare gumisTaze qarTuli pozi-
ciebis dasaZlevad, magram bevri mebrZoli dakarges da
ukuiqcnen. amieridan maTs saomar taqtikaSi umTavresi gax-
da moulodneli Tavdasxma da swrafi ukandaxeva.
26 agvistos, imisTvis, rom qarTvelTa mimarT loialu-
rad ganwyobili afxazebisTvis `mamacobis~ gakveTilebi
CaetarebinaT, konfederantebi moulodnelad Tavs daesx-
nen soxums da rkinigzis vakisamde SesZles gasvla, Tumca
didi danakargi naxes da qalaqi datoves; uaxloes dReebSi
igive gaimeores gagraSi.
ruseTis yofilma prezidentma boris elcinma im dReebSi
farisevlurad ganacxada, rom `mTlianad mxars uWers sa-
qarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas da miRebuli iqneba
yvela zoma, raTa CrdiloeT kavkasiam mxari ar dauWiros
separatistebs.~
3 seqtembers moskovSi Catarda umaRlesi donis Sexvedra
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos meTauris eduard SevardnaZe-
sa da ruseTis prezidentis boris elcinis monawileobiT.
SexvedraSi aseve monawileobdnen afxazeTis avtonomiuri
respublikis legitimuri da separatisti liderebi, Crdi-

25
loeT kavkasiis respublikebis, ruseTis samxreTis mxaree-
bisa da olqebis xelmZRvanelebi. Sexvedris oficialuri
Canawerebi adasturebs, rom ruseTis prezidentma vladis-
lav arZinba da Tamaz nadareiSvili aiZula molaparakebis
magidasTan damsxdariyvnen da xeli moeweraT SeTanxme-
bisTvis. qarTuli mxaris iniciativiT am Sexvedraze daedo
saTave marTebul termins „konfliqti afxazeTSi` da ara
„qarTul_afxazuri konfliqti,` romelic, samwuxarod,
dRemde SemorCa saerTaSoriso dokumentebs.
Sexvedris yvela monawilem xeli moawera xelSekrule-
bas `cecxlis Sewyvetisa da mxareTa daSoriSorebis Sesa-
xeb;~ am dokumentis mixedviT 5 seqtembridan unda Sewyve-
tiliyo yovelgvari saomari moqmedeba, ukanono SeiaraRe-
buli formirebebi daSliliyo da daetovebinaT afxazeTis
teritoria, ruseTis generalur prokuraturaSi ki aRZru-
liyo sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebi ruseTis moqalaqeTa mi-
marT, romlebic ibrZodnen afxazeTSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom moskovis Sexvedramde, mxareTa Soris
soWis 29 agvistos morigebiT, gamocxadebuli iyo morato-
riumi aqtiuri saomari moqmedebebis warmoebaze, magram 31
agvistos konfederantebma da separatistTa razmebma far-
TomasStabiani saomari moqmedeba wamoiwyes qvemo eSera-
Si, raTa eCvenebinaT afxazuri mxaris Zlierebis `koziri~
moskovis molaparakebebSi, Tumca mterma umZimesi danakar-
gi ganicada, dakarga mravali daqiravebuli mebrZoli da
moxalise.
moskovis SeTanxmebiT deklarirebuli valdebulebebi
ar Sesrulebula, e.w. Sesvenebis periodi kargad gamoiyenes
konfederantebma; uReltexilebidan grZeldeboda daqi-
ravebulTa axali razmebis gadmosvla afxazeTSi, iaraRis
da aRWurvilobis Semozidva.
1992 wlis seqtembris dasawyisSi konfederantebi ty-
varCelSic gamoCndnen da aqtiuri sabrZolo moqmedeba wa-

26
moiwyes; maT mier am qalaqSi organizebul iqna iaraRis war-
moeba, moewyo samxedro vertmfrenebis asafren-dasafreni
moedani. e.w. afxazeTis aRmosavleTis fronts gansakuTre-
buli funqcia daekisra.
27 seqtembridan, konfederantTa mowodebiT, daqirave-
bulTa axali razmebi gudauTisken daiZrnen. daiwyo samz-
adisi bzifis frontze garRvevisTvis.
1 oqtombers mamziSxas mTaze gamagrebulma konfeder-
antebma da afxazebma, uaxlesi rusuli mZime teqnikis mxar-
daWeriT, daiwyes Seteva zRvaze gasasvlelad. utevdnen
zRvidanac. saRamos aiRes sofeli kolxida da RamiT gagris
gareubnebSi SeaRwies.
2 oqtombers gagra daeca. gagraSi, aseve, kolxidaSi da
sxva dasaxlebul punqtebSi gaJlites umweo qarTveli mo-
saxleoba. qalaqi gagra sisxlSi abanaves. msgavsi ram qarT-
velTa da afxazTa istoriaSi arasdros yofila, vinaidan
velurobis sindromi, rogorc wesi, afxazebs, Tundac omSi,
ar axasiaTebT.
eqspertebSi miCneulia, rom konfederantTa saqcielis
istorias axsna aqvs. saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeTkavkasie-
li xalxebis mravalsaukunovani urTierTobis manZilze
iyo partnioruli da vasaluri urTierTobebi, magram
iyo periodebi, roca maTi mxridan adgili hqonda yaCaRur
TareSebs, gaugonar sisastikes, adamianebisa da saqonlis
gatacebas, Zalis gamoyenebiT barSi Camosaxlebis uamrav
mcdelobas da sxva.
msgavsi movlenebi kidev ufro gvarwmunebs kulturis
e.w. aqselogiuri, anu RirebulebiT kriteriumebze dayrd-
nobili gansazRvrebebis uzustobaSi, roca kulturis ma-
xasiaTeblad miiCneva mxolod dadebiTi, progresis xel-
Semwyobi, humanuri movlenebi ama Tu im xalxis cxovreba-
Si. garkveul situaciebsa da viTarebaSi xdeba xolme, rom
amJamad anaqronizmad miCneuli sadizmi, sisastike `maTi

27
istoriuli mexsierebidan gamococxldeba~ da e.w. sasi-
cocxlo uzrunvelyofis sistemis komponentad iqceva.
3 oqtombers, groznoSi Catarebul morig yrilobaze,
kmxk-m saxeli Seicvala da dairqva kavkasiel xalxTa konfe-
deracia (kxk); yrilobam moiTxova kavkasiel xalxTa Soris
politikuri, ekonomikuri da samxedro kavSirebis damyare-
ba, afxazeTis, samxreT oseTis da CeCneTis damoukideblo-
ba. ruseTma, rogorc yovelTvis, am faqts wauyrua, Tumca
es iyo Ria da seriozuli Careva saqarTvelos saSinao saq-
meebSi. amieridan moxaliseebi Seuferxeblad Sediodnen
afxazeTSi, `krasnaia polianis~ bazebidan gadahqondaT
iaraRi da aRWurviloba. konfederantTa da separatist-
Ta strategiaSi axali mowodeba gaCnda: `Cven unda aviRoT
soxumi, mere gaviseirnoT mdinare enguramde, arsad Sev-
CerdeT,~ rac Seasrules kidec.
am strategiiT iyo nakarnaxevi sabrZolo moqmedebis axa-
li frontis gaxsna oCamCiris raionSi. am miznis misaRwevad
konfederantebma seriozuli samzadisi daiwyes. gudauTa-
Si ganaTavses kxk-s samxedro sabWo da Stabi, romelic gaxda
yvela samxedro moqmedebis sakoordinacio centri.
ruseTis pirdapiri daxmarebiT mokle droSi sabolood
Camoyalibda aRmosavleTis fronti. gavrcelda xma, rom
frontis araformaluri meTauri gaxda imJamad sakmaod
cnobili CeCeni boeviki, ruseTSi teraqtebis organizato-
ri, sastiki da daundobeli Samil basaevi.
29-30 noembers konfederantebma da separatisteb-
ma oCamCiris raionSi qarTul poziciebs Seuties, magram
waawydnen ra moulodnel winaaRmdegobas, ukuiqcnen. mi-
uxedavad amisa, maT moaxerxes afxazeTis erTerTi udi-
desi da umdidresi, ZiriTadad qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli
sofel koCaras aReba, mosaxleobis gaJleta, saxlebis ga-
dawva da moxerxebuli samxedro placdarmis dakaveba.
1992 wlis bolosTvis, garedan Zlieri materialuri da

28
teqnikuri daxmarebiT, mowinaaRmdegem moaxerxa tyvarCe-
lis gamagreba da yvela mimarTulebiT Setevaze gadasvla.
damkvreli birTvi konfederantebi iyvnen, rolebic, ro-
gorc wesi, adgilobriv afxazebs ar endobodnen; cnobi-
lia, rom konfederantTa sardlobam oCamCiris raionis te-
ritoriaze sastiki terori gaaCaRa, yvela afxazi, qali Tu
kaci, valdebuli gaxda monawileoba mieRo omSi, winaaRmde-
goba ueWvel sikvdils niSnavda.
afxazuri armia ar ganicdida SeiaraRebis da cocxali
Zalis naklebobas; isini iaraRs Rebulobdnen rusuli baze-
bidan, dReSi ramdenime vertmfreni (e.w. humanitaruli mi-
sia) eSveboda tyvarCelSi. afxazeTSi Tavmoyril mebrZol-
Ta raodenoba ukve didad aRemateboda saxelmwifo sabWos
jarisa da adgilobriv molaSqreTa raodenobas.
1993 wlis 5 ianvars konfederantebma da afxazebma gu-
misTasTan wamoiwyes Seteva, magram didi danakargebis gamo
operacia Sewyvites.
1993 wlis 15 marts konfederantebma da separatistebma
kargad dagegmili da momzadebuli samxedro operacia dai-
wyes gumisTis frontze. mizani soxumis aReba iyo. SetevaSi
rCeuli, Tavidan fexamde SejavSnuli ruseTis specialuri
daniSnulebis razmebic monawileobdnen. mterma qarTvel-
Ta Tavdacva gaarRvia aCadarasTan.
qarTvelTa mxridan jer TavdacviTi, Semdeg Setevis
operacia brwyinvaled ganxorcielda. brZola e.w. afxazu-
ri armiis da maTi mxardamWerebis sruli kraxiT dasrul-
da, maTi aseulobiT mebrZoli da sabrZolo teqnika brZo-
lis velze darCa. 18 marts gawmendis operacia damTavr-
da. qarTvelebmac asze meti meomari dakarges. gudauTaSi
erTkviriani glova gamocxadda.
cxadi gaxda, rom qarTvelebze ricxobrivad meti kon-
federantebi da separatistebi uZluri iyvnen pirispir
brZolebSi daemarcxebinaT qarTvelebi. konfederantTa

29
sardlobam, arsebuli realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, daiwyo
axali taqtikis realizacia; soxums TandaTanobiT aqcevd-
nen alyaSi, iRebdnen qalaqis irgvliv mdebare strategiul
simaRleebs, umowyalod bombavdnen sacxovrebel ubnebs.
paralelurad partizanuli brZolebi gaaCaRes oCamCiris
teritoriaze da mimdebare raionebSi.E moskovSi gadawyve-
tili iyo soxumis da afxazeTis aReba.
moxaliseebma da afxazebma, ruseTis generalitetis dax-
marebiT da umZimesi msxverplis fasad, xelSi Caigdes soxu-
mis gareubnis maRlobebi. imavdroulad aRmosavleTis
frontma daiwyo mzadeba, raTa gadaeWra senaki_leseliZis
mTavari gzatkecili da rkinigza.
1 ivliss, gamTeniisas, separatistebma da maTma mxardam-
Werebma kbilebamde SeiaraRebuli 300 mebrZoli gadasxes
zRvidan. medesanteebi ruseTis armiis elitaruli nawile-
bis oficrebi, brZolebSi gamocdili kazakebi da Crdilo-
eT kavkasielebi iyvnen. maT unda SeerTeboda aRmosavleTis
frontis rCeuli nawilebi. qarTvelebma umZimes brZolaSi
da mniSvnelovani danaklisis fasad SesZles desantis lik-
vidacia, aRmosavleTis frontis mowinave razmebs ar mis-
ces desantTan SeerTebis saSualeba.
kxk-m kvlav gamoacxada mobilizacia. arc rusebi iSu-
rebdnen fuls da dapirebebs. mdinare fsouze aravin akon-
trolebda volonterTa gadmosvlas, SeiaraRebisa da mZime
teqnikis gadmotanas.
afxazeTSi konfederantTa mTeli Zalebis faqtiur me-
Taurad Samil basaevi dainiSna.
5 ivliss, mtris gaerTianebulma razebma didi danakar-
gis fasad SesZles axalSenis da kamanis aReba. sofeli Sro-
ma, ramdenime dRe xelidan xelSi gadadioda. konfederan-
tebi da separatistebi ukve soxumis `saxuravze~ isxdnen.
sasikvdilo safrTxe daemuqra qalaqs.
14 ivliss daqiravebulTa razmebma samTo nawilebis

30
monawileobiT galis da oCamCires raionebis sazRvarze
mdebare yvelaze strategiuli simaRle „meSveli` aiRes.
operacia CeCenTa samTo razmma RamiT ganaxorciela da
maRlobis tafobze axalSeyvanili kaspis batalionis me-
brZolebi amoxoca. qarTvelebma dakarges tyvarCelis da
mis gareubnebis iaraRiT gakontrolebis SesaZlebloba,
Tumca am qalaqSi amis Semdegac ar Senelebula e.w. zvia-
distTa warmomadgenlebis vizitebi.
1993 wlis 27 ivliss soWSi xeli moewera kabalur Se-
Tanxmebas qarTvelTa da afxazTa dazavebis Sesaxeb; sa-
qarTvelos xelisuflebas mZime teqnika unda gaetana afxa-
zeTis teritoriidan, konfederantebs da daqiravebulebs
ki afxazeTis teritoria unda daetovebinaT; SeTanxmebis
Sesabamisad unda Seqmniliyo Sinagani jarebis qarTuli da
afxazuri batalionebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofdnen wes-
rigs da ar dauSvebdnen saomari operaciebis ganaxlebas;
gudauTaSi myofi separatistuli xelisufleba soxumSi
unda dabrunebuliyo. Seqmnili mdgomareobis gamo es iyo
iZulebiTi da ruseTis upirobo ndobaze damyarebuli zavi.
16 agvistos saqarTvelos xelisuflebam mZime teqnika
foTSi gadaitana. Semdgomma movlenebma daadastura, rom
afxazurma mxarem Tavisi mZime teqnikis didi nawili gadamala,
konfederantebi da moxaliseebi ki afxazeTidan ar gasulan.
16 seqtembers, afxazTa da konfederantTa gaerTian-
ebulma Zalebma, isargebles ra samegrelos, guriisa da
imereTis regionebSi cnobili garTulebebiT, aseve, da
upirvelesad imiT, rom qarTvelebi faqtobrivad ganiara-
Rebuli iyvnen, tankebiTa da sxva mZime teqnikiT Seuties
soxumis uiaraRo mosaxleobas.
es iyo veragobis iSviaTi magaliTi omebis istoriaSi.
aRmosavleTis frontis Zalebma gadakveTes centralu-
ri saavtomobilo da sarkinigzo magistrali, alyaSi moaq-
cies zRvispira qarTuli soflebi.

31
 e.w. afxazTa samxedro floti, romlis Stabis meTaurad
dainiSna daRestneli ali alievi, dRedaRam raketebs uSen-
da babuSeris aeroports, Camoagdes saqarTvelos ramdeni-
me samoqalaqo TviTmfrinavi; daiRupa aseulobiT mSvido-
biani mgzavri, ZiriTadad bavSvebi, qalebi da moxucebi.
qalaqSi xelCarTuli, magram metismetad uTanasworo
brZolebi gaimarTa. TiTqmis uiaraRo soxumelebi da dar-
Cenili jariskacebi mkerdiT icavdnen TiToeul kvartals,
quCas, saxls. qalaqma icoda, rom Jiuli Sartava Tavis ram-
denime TanamebrZolTan erTad sabrZolo postze iyo da
sjeroda, rom gamosavals ipovida.
27 seqtembers, afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis
mTavrobis Senoba, romelic mZime teqnikiT iyo garSe-
mortymuli da cecxlis alSi gaxveuli, SturmiT aiRes.
ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris dacvam, pirvelad ar Seas-
rula Jiuli Sartavas arc brZaneba, arc xvewna-mudara
daetovebinaT igi da gasuliyvnen qalaqidan. sayovelTaod
cnobilia, rom man, rogorc qarTvelma da da qarTvelTa
da afxazTa mTavrobis meTaurma, afxazeTidan gaqceva ar
ikadra.
Semazrzenia, afxazTa, konfederantTa da daqiravebul-
Ta gamarjvebis zeimis amsaxveli videofirebi, romelic
mTelma msofliom naxa.
29-30 seqtembers volonterTa gaerTianebulma razmeb-
ma da afxazma mebrZolebma daikaves gulirifSis, oCamCiris
da galis raionebi da saRamos mdinare engurze, samegrelo-
sa da afxazeTis administraciul sazRvarze gavidnen.
moxaliseTa calkeuli razebi samegrelos regionSi ga-
davidnen, Semdgom maT SeuerTdnen konfederantTa da kaz-
akTa jgufebi. maTi ramdenime razmi mdinare cxeniswyalTa-
nac daafiqsires, magram, etyoba, omis mTavarma reJisorma
mogvianebiT Secvala gegma da isini afxazeTSi daabruna.
sami dRe oficialurad da Semdgom ramdenime kvira

32
TviTneburad alafobdnen konfederantebi, moxaliseebi,
afxazi boevikebi da uricxvi saSovarze Camosulebi okupi-
rebuli afxazeTis upiratesad qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul
teritoriebze; xocavdnen, Zarcvavdnen, aupatiurebdnen
umweo mosaxleobas, upiratesad da gamorCeulad afxazeT-
Si darCenil qarTvelebs, wvavdnen maTs sacxovrebel sax-
lebs, gansakuTrebiT galis da oCamCires raionebSi. Crdi-
loeTisken uwyvet nakadad miemarTebodnen naZarcvi qone-
biT datvirTuli avtokolonebi.
soxumis xelisuflebam Rirseulad daufasa amagi kon-
federantebs da moxaliseebs; mravali maTgani afxazeTis
gmiri gaxda, miiRes Tanamdebobebi afxazur SeiaraRebul
ZalebSi, Caasaxles qarTvelTa saxlebSi, maTi saxelebi
Searqves soxumis quCebs, skverebs da moednebs, daudges
Zeglebi. afxazebic aRiareben, rom qarTvelTa mimarT Za-
ladobis iniciatorebi da Semsruleblebi, rogorc wesi,
moxaliseebi iyvnen.
samxedro eqspertebs da brZolebis uSualo monawi-
leebs miaCniaT, rom afxazeTis okupacia, afxazeTSi qarT-
velTa samxedro damarcxeba ganapiroba konfliqtSi ru-
seTis samxedro da politikurma monawileobam, aseve da
mniSvnelovanwilad konfederantTa organizebulobam, mS-
vidobiani mosaxleobis mimarT moxaliseTa mxecobam da si-
sastikem. raRa Tqma unda, rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebam
dauSva mravali seriozuli da upatiebeli samxedro-poli-
tikuri Secdoma.
afxazeTSi samare hpova aTasobiT gadamTielma, roleb-
mac ocdaaT vercxlad gayides qarTveli da kavkasieli
xalxebis istoriuli megobroba, naTesaoba, Cveni saerTo
saxlis, kavkasiuri ojaxis wevrobis Rirseba da siamaye.
kavkasiis konfliqtebSi konfederntebisa da maTi pa-
tronebis politikur miznebi, daqiravebul moxaliseTa
danaSaulobani seriozul Seswavlas da Sefasebas moiT-

33
xovs. cxadia, rom moxaliseebma codvis mZime jvari daides
mxrebze da, rogorc axla amboben, gangebam maT Rirsi sas-
jelic mouvlina; kerZod, maTi didi nawili im urCxulis
xeliT daiRupa, visTanac maT faruli garigeba dades, maTi
saxl-kari da qoneba im mbrZanebelTa brZanebiT ganadgur-
da, vinc isini aRWurva da afxazeTSi gaagzavna saomrad.
erTi ramaa ueWveli: Cven afxazeTis urTulesi proble-
ma gvaqvs gadasawyveti, rac, Cemi azriT, warmoudgenelia
CrdiloeTkavkasielTa faqtoris da maTi samarTliani
moTxovnebis gauTvaliswineblad. am mimarTulebiT Zveli
mTavrobis saqmianoba (axlandeli gadasaxedidan) uniaTod
moCans, Tumca, Tavis droze saqarTvelos parlamentma da
xelisuflebam rigi saintereso RonisZiebebi ganaxorcie-
les.
afxazeTis 1992-1993 wlebis SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi
CrdiloeT kavkasia aqtiuri komponenti iyo, romelic ne-
biT Tu uneblieT saqarTvelos okupaciis procesSi mona-
wileobda.
es monawileoba realurad gulisxmobda intensiur
samxedro da SedarebiT umniSvnelo humanitarul kompon-
ents. sabrZolo operaciebSi monawileobda aTasobiT Cri-
lo-kavkasieli moxalise. konfliqtis zonebidan iZulebiT
gadaadgilebuli mosaxleobis nawili CrdiloeT kavkasiis
sxvadasxva respublikaSi gadavida. am ukanasknel faqts,
rusuli media masStaburad aSuqebda da didi saqarTvelos
mier „patara xalxebis` genocidis Taobaze msoflios sazo-
gadoebrivi azris SecdomaSi Sesayvanad iyenebda. aqve unda
iTqvas, rom rusul-qarTuli samxedro dapirispirebaSi
CrdilokavkasielTa monawileoba axali movlena ar aris. es
ukve tradiciaa.
cxadia, rom dRemde eTnikur niadagze Seqmnili re-
spublikebidan ruseTis centraluri xelisuflebisadmi
gansakuTrebuli loialobiT mxolod CrdiloeT oseTi

34
gamoirCeva. Tumca moskovisadmi CrdiloeT oseTis ga-
morCeuli loialoba ruseTis samxreTSi gansakuTrebul
Sedegebs ver iZleva, magram cxinvalis regionTan dakav-
SirebiT CrdiloeT oseTis mniSvneloba saqarTvelosT-
vis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani xasiaTis matarebelia.
amdenad, mravali faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT CrdiloeT
oseTTan (alania) saqarTvelos tradiciuli urTierTo-
bis aRdgena gadaudebelia da alternativa ara aqvs. Cven es
unda SevZloT.
faqtia isic, rom ruseTis federaciis damokidebule-
ba CrdiloeTdkavkasiis mimarT jer kidev didxans darCe-
ba ucvleli, amitomac saqarTvelos CrdiloeTkavkasiuri
politikuri veqtoris moduneba dauSvebelia. ufro metic,
ruseTis samxreTis mimarT Tbilisis yuradRebis gaaqtiu-
reba gadaudebeli saqmea. eWvs gareSea, rom saqarTvelom
CrdiloeT kavkasiis regionSi Tavisi istoriuli funqcia
unda daibrunos.
erTiani kavkasia, saerTo kavkasiuri saxli, kavkasiuri
kavSiri Tu kavkasiuri federacia aris gauxunari Tema, ro-
melsac uTuod aqvs pozitiuri momavali.

`dilis gazeTi,~
15 agvisto, 2001w.

35
 afxazuri mxaris samizned qceuli
erTi dokumenti
(Tvalsazrisi 1994 wlis 4 aprilis gancxadebis Taobaze)

dokumenti moskovSi, 1994 wlis 4 aprils miiRes. qarTu-

li da afxazuri mxareebis mier SeTanxmebuli teqstis xel-
moweras eswreboda gaerodan _ e. bruneri, ruseTis feder-
aciidan _ b. pastuxovi, euTodan _ v. mano.
afxazeTSi konfliqtis mowesrigebis Taobaze aTwlian
maraTonSi arc erT dokuments (rangiT gacilebiT ufro
maRals) soxumis de-faqto xelisuflebidan ar mohyolia
iseTi aJiotaJi, vidre am gancxadebas.
afxazuri mxare bolo periodSi Setevazea gadmosuli.
miaCnia, rom saqarTvelom faqtiurad xeli moawera saer-
TaSoriso xelSekrulebas afxazeTis damoukideblobis
aRiarebis Sesaxeb, anu saqarTvelos teritoriaze ori Ta-
nasworuflebiani suverenuli saxelmwifos _ damoukide-
beli saqarTvelosa da damoukidebeli afxazeTis arsebo-
bas.
ukanasknel wlebSi separatistTa lideri vladislav
arZinba da misi garemocva sistematurad mimarTavs gaeros
generalur mdivans, sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebs, sa-
qarTvelos mier am “xelSekrulebis” darRvevis Sesaxeb da
adanaSaulebs Suamaval qveynebs proqarTul ganwyobile-
baSi, moiTxovs saqarTvelos da afxazeTs Soris saxelm-
wifoebriv–samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis sakiTxebze
saerTaSoriso konferenciebis Catarebas.
sazogadoebas, saqmeSi Caxedul politikosebs da di-
plomatebs kargad moexsenebaT, rom gaeros xelmZRvane-
lobam, generaluri mdivnis specialurma warmomadgenelma
saqarTveloSi diter bodenma, aseve, batonebma levan ale-

36
qsiZem, joni xecurianma, sxvebma amomwuravi pasuxi gasces
afxazuri mxaris pretenziebs.
miuxedavad amisa, afxazuri reJimi kvlav avrcelebs
axal-axal versiebs, qarTul mxares ki, kvlav uwevs aqsio-
maturi WeSmaritebis aTasjer ganmarteba, rom gancxadebis
patiosani wakiTxvaa saWiro.
aseT viTarebaSi, bunebrivia, Cndeba kiTxva, mainc ra aris
am dokumentSi iseTi, rom konfliqtis mowesrigebasTan da-
kavSirebiT arsebuli mravaltomeulidan separatistTa sa-
mizned maincdamainc es dokumentia amoCemebuli?
mTlianobaSi pasuxi cnobilia da es afxazeTSi kargad
ician. kerZod, profesor v. arZinbasadmi pasuxSi (gae-
ros 2000 wlis 31 martis werili) xazgasmulia, rom: “Tqven
werilSi dafiqsirebul pozicias ar uWeren mxars arc
gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia da arc misi wevri cal-
keuli qveynebi. molaparakebebis xangrZlivi procesis man-
Zilze isini gamudmebiT aRniSnaven, rom afxazeTSi (saqarT-
velo) konfliqtis gadaWra unda emyarebodes saqarTvelos
teritoriul mTlianobisa da suverenitetis principebs,
ltolvilTa da iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa ufle-
bebs daubrundnen afxazeTs (saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi)
usafrTxod da nebayoflobiT.”
afxazeTSi, jer kidev saomari moqmedebebis damTavrebam-
de, SesaniSnavad uwuyodaT gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos Tavm-
jdomaris 1992 wlis 10 seqtembris gancxadeba, mimarTuli
msoflios sainformacio saSualebebisadmi, sadac pirve-
lad sajarod da kategoriulad iTqva, rom “nebismieri mo-
qmedeba, romelic xelyofs saqarTvelos teritoriul mT-
lianobas saerTaSorisod aRiarebul sazRvrebSi, miuRebe-
lia” (s/24542).
axla uSualod gancxadebasTan dakavSirebiT.
mis miRebas win uZRoda 1994 wlis 22_25 Tebervals Je-
nevaSi gaeros egidiT, ruseTis federaciis xelSewyobiT,
euTos warmomadgenelTa monawileobiT da gaeros ltol-

37
vilTa saqmeebis umaRlesi komisariatis TandaswrebiT qar-
Tul_afxazuri konfliqtis (jer kidev ar iyo xmarebaSi
termini “afxazeTSi konfliqti”) srulmasStabiani mowes-
rigebisTvis molaparakebis mesame raundi, rac dafiqsire-
bulia kidevac gancxadebis pirvel punqtSi.
interesmoklebuli ar iqneba, albaT, am punqtis doku-
mentSi Setanis aucileblobis axsna.
pirveli. ra Tqma unda, amiT xazi gaesva uaRresad rTuli
da xangrZlivi molaparakebis faqts, sadac mxareebs hqon-
daT saSualeba guldasmiT ganexilaT afxazeTTan dakav-
SirebiT Seqmnili Cixuri (ufro zustad, katastrofuli)
viTarebidan Teoriuli da realuri gamosvlis mravali
varianti.
da, meore, aranakleb mniSvnelovani dokumentis miRe-
bis TvalsazrisiT. mxedvelobaSia separatistuli reJimis
mier 5-6 Tebervlidan galis raionSi (sadac samxedro da-
pirispireba ar yofila) boevikTa morigi eqspedicia mSvi-
dobiani mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg, romlebmac Tvis bolom-
de mTlianad gadawves galis raionis zeda da qveda zonis
soflebi, daxoces rvaasze meti qarTveli, gamoaZeves aTa-
sobiT umweo adamiani (maT Soris, oqumis maRalmTianebiT,
sadac didTovlobaSi gaiyina da daixoca asobiT qali da
bavSvi).
gancxadebis meore muxlSi dafiqsirebulia molapara-
kebaTa samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi, amosavali dokumen-
tebi, romelTa CarCoebSi da maTze dayrdnobiT gaformda
dokumentis yvela punqti. kerZod, esaa gaeros uSiSroebis
sabWos 849 (1993 wlis 9 ivlisi), 854 (1993 wlis 6 agvisto),
858 (1993 wlis 24 agvisto), 876 (1993 wlis 19 oqtomberi), 881
(1993 wlis 4 noemberi), 892 (1993 wlis 22 dekemberi), 896 (1994
wlis 31 ianvari), 901 (1994 wlis 4 marti) da 906 (1994 wlis 25
marti) rezoluciebi.
am dokumentebis Sinaarsze ar SevCerdebi, isini tyupi-
scalebiviT hgvanan erTmaneTs mTavarSi: yvela maTgani

38
aRiarebs saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas, saxelm-
wifoebriv suverenitets, sazRvrebis xelSeuxeblobas,
devnilTa upirobo dabrunebis uflebas mSobliur adgi-
lebSi.
ar ician es afxazeTSi? ar ician, rom am dokumentSi ara-
viTari logikiT ar iqneboda miRebuli punqti saqarTve-
los daqucmacebisa da ori damoukidebeli saxelmwifos
aRiarebis Sesaxeb, romlebic Semdgom kvlav gaerTiandebi-
an (an ar gaerTiandebian raime saxis kavSirSi, asociaciaSi
da a.S. ? ician, magram yvela saSualebiT cdiloben raime
xelSesaxebi ipovon am punqtebSi, radganac ase surT maT
mfarvelebs.
ras izam, aseTia ukompromiso politikuri brZolis te-
qnologia, TamaSis wesi.
mesame punqtiT mxareebi kisruloben valdebulebas ar
mimarTon Zalis gamoyenebas an Zalis muqaras. Tumca, cno-
bilia (samSvidobo Zalebis Sesvlis Semdegac) 1994-1998
wlebSi da Semdgom kvlav hqonda adgili Zalis gamoyenebas
mSvidobiani mosaxleobis mimarT, daxoces 5 aseulze meti
mSvidobiani mcxovrebi, mravaljer gaZarcves da gadawves
galis raioni. es sakiTxi, kerZod, Zalis gamouyenebloba da
ndobis ganmtkiceba dRemde rCeba umTavres problemad.
meoTxe punqti iTvaliswinebs oTxmxrivi xelSekru-
lebis safuZvelze devnilTa nebayoflobiT dabrunebas
(pirvel etapze galis raionSi) saerTaSoriso praqtikis
Sesabamisad, Tumca am dokumentSi bevri ram aris sadavo da
qarTuli mxarisaTvis miuRebeli.
cxadia, rom am xelSekrulebam praqtikulad ar imuSava
(1994 wels galSi saerTaSoriso meurveobiT dabrunebuli
311 mSvidobiani mcxovrebidan orasamde xelaxla gamoiqca,
ramdenime daiRupa, zogi maTgani mZevlad iqna ayvanili).
arsebiTad Sesrulda konfliqti zonaSi samSvidobo
operaciis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb mexuTe punqti (ruseTis
federaciis samxedro kontingentis meSveobiT), aseve gae-

39
ros samxedro meTvalyureTa misiis mandatis gafarToebis
Taobaze. sakiTxi kargad aris gaSuqebuli yvela doneze. fa-
qtia, rom moqmedi mandatiT samSvidobo Zalebi sasazRvro
nawilebad iqcnen, romlebic reJimis interesebs gamoxata-
ven da arsebiTad ver uzrunvelyofen devnilTa usafrTxo
dabrunebis pirobebis Seqmnas.
afxazur mxares gansakuTrebuli pretenziebi aqvs gan-
cxadebis me-6, me-7 muxlebisadmi, agreTve me-8 muxlis mi-
marT.
me-6 punqtSi dafiqsirebulia, rom “afxazeTs aqvs Tavi-
si konstitucia da kanonmdebloba, Sesabamisi saxelmwifo
atributika_himni Rerbi, droSa.”
ra aris aq gansakuTrebuli da axali, niSnavs Tu ara es
damoukideblobis aRiarebas?
avtonomiur erTeulebs (saxelmwifo warmonaqmnebs) sab-
WoeTis drosac ki gaaCndaT Tavisi konstitucia, kanonmde-
bloba, Rerbi, himni, maT Soris afxazeTsac, rac Sesabami-
sobaSi iyo saqarTvelos konstituciasTan da kanomdeblo-
basTan. amgvari uflebamosilebebi hqonda, aqvs da eqneba
afxazeTs. maTi formisa da Sinaarsis SeTanxmeba, mxareTa
politikuri nebis SemTxvevaSi, problema ar unda iyos. sa-
kiTxis racionaluri gadawyveta umtkivneulod SesaZle-
belia afxazeTSi demografiuli viTarebis aRdgenis, de-
mokratiuli procesebis ganviTarebisa da samoqalaqo sa-
zogadoebis Camoyalibebis kvalobaze. etyoba, am sakiTxiT
Jonglioroba reJimis Sida ideologiur interesebSi Se-
dis.
saWirod mimaCnia me-7 punqti mkiTxvelis samsjavroze
dednidan zustad gadmovitano:
“7. стороны провели консультации о разграничении полномочии
при понимании, что любое соглашение по этому вопросу является
частью общего урегулирования и будет достигнуто только тогда,
когда будет найдено окончательное решение конфликта.”
sanam Semdgom abzacze gadavidode, minda kidev erT-

40
xel mivapyro mkiTxvelis (oponentis) yuradReba, rom, rac
Semdgom abzacSia dafiqsirebuli, zemoT moyvanili abza-
cis moTxovnebiT gadaulaxav CarCoebSia moqceuli, umZime-
si pirobebiTaa Seborkili da Tu am Sezudvebidan romelime
(Tundac erTi) ar Sesrulda, Semdgomi formulirebebi (anu
“обшего понимания“) yovelgvar azrs kargavs da araraobad
iqceva.
Semdgom:
“на этом этапе (miaqcieT yuradReba-“am etapze”) стороны
достигли общего понимания (kvlav yuradRebiT daukvir-
diT-“saerTo gagebas” da ara xelSekrulebas an morige-
bas) относительно полномочии для совместной деятельности в
следующих областьях:
а) внешная политика, внешэкономические связи;
б) пограничная служба;
в) таможенная служба;
г) энергетика, транспорт, связь;
д) экология и ликвидация последствий стихийнных бедствий;
е) обеспечение прав и свобод человека и гражданина, прав
национальных меньшенств.”
Tu gancxadebis teqstSi am abzacis sxvanairi formuli-
reba iqneboda, vTqvaT:
стороны достигли договоренности для общего понимания
совместной деятельности в следующих областях da Semdeg ro-
gorc CamonaTvalSia, rasac afxazuri mxare amJamad cdi-
lobs, SeiZleba SesaZleblad migveCnia, rom qarTuli mxare
daeTanxma im uflebaTa saerTo gamgeblobaSi Seyvanas, rac
klasikuri gagebiT, damaxasiaTebelia sakavSiro saxelmwi-
fosaTvis ankonfederaciisaTvis da xorcieldeba amgvar
samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi myof suverenul saxelmwi-
foTa Soris.
ra Tqma unda, es SeiZleba CaTvliliyo braldebad qar-
Tuli mxaris warmomadgenlebisTvis (vinc xeli moawera am
dokuments), magram ueWvelia, rom es ase ar aris.

41
 am uxerxulobas (falsifikacias) kargad acnobierebs
afxazuri mxare da cdilobs moiSvelios gancxadebis me-8
punqti:
“стороны согласились продолжить энергичные усилия по
достижению полномасштабного урегулирования. Cтороны
образуют соответсвующий Комитет, который будет работать
на постоянной основе с учетом решений СБ ООН под
председательством ООН, с участием представителей СБСЕ и
РФ, с привлечением международных экспертов. Комитет будет
заседать поочередно в Москве и Женеве. Первое заседание
состойтся в Женеве 19 апреля 1994 г. Будет разработана поэтапная
программа действий, выработаны предложения по воссозданию
государсвенно-правовых отношений.”
rac Seexeba pirvel abzacs, kargadaa cnobili “ener-
giuli Zalisxmeva konfliqtis srulmasStabiani mowesri-
gebisaTvis”, rac dRemde grZeldeba, magram progresi ar
SeimCneva afxazuri mxaris arakonstruqciulobis gamo.
sayovelTaod cnobilia me-8 punqtis bedis Sesaxeb (pra-
qtikulad ar amoqmedebula), Semdgom Seiqmna sxva funq-
cionaluri datvirTvis ormxrivi sakoordinaco komisia,
samuSao jgufebi, magram arasakmarisi efeqturobis gamo,
ufro gvian (1997w.), konfliqtis mowesrigebis procesi
gardaiqmna Jenevis formatad, romelsac amJamad mTavari
adgili ukavia.
rac Seexeba “de-iure” saxelmwifoebriv_samarTlebrivi
urTierTobebis aRdgenis Sesaxeb winadadebaTa SemuSave-
bis mcdelobas, ramdenadac cnobilia, ar yofila da arc
SeiZleba yofiliyo, im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom samxedro
konfliqtis periodSi meqanikurad gawyda saqarTvelosa
da sakuTriv afxazeTs Soris konstituciiT gansazRvru-
li “de-iure” da ara “de-faqto” urTierTobebi. swored
amitom, eqspertebma da xelmomwerebma arc ki CaTvales sa-
Wirod sityvaTa kompleqsSi _ “saxelmwifoebriv-samarT-
lebrivi urTierTobebis aRdgena,” CaematebinaT “de-fa-

42
qto” (aRdgena), rogorc zedmeti, TavisTavad nagulisxmevi
da aqsiomaturi.
Semdgom gaxda cnobili, rom am sityvis gamo afxazurma
reJimma mTeli politikuri konstruqciis ageba wamoiwyo
da dRemde cdilobs zemoaRniSnuli gancxadeba CaTvalos
“saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebad” afxazeTis damoukideb-
lad cnobad, misi saqarTvelosTan Tanasworuflebian su-
bieqtad aRiarebad.
realurad da dokumenturad mravalgzis dadasture-
bulia, rom saqarTvelos arasodes gauuqmebia afxazeTis
avtonomiuri respublikis statusi, ar SeuzRudavs misi
uflebamosilebani. afxazeTis devnili xelisufleba Tbi-
lisSi aris afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis xelisuf-
leba, romelsac imave konstituciuri, saxelmwifoebrivi
da iuridiuli uflebamosileba aqvs, rac hqonda afxazeTis
avtonomiuri respublikis xelisuflebas soxumSi.
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom separatistuli reJimis mcde-
loba calmxrivad xeleyo saqarTvelos respublikis mTlia-
noba, saqarTvelosa da sakuTriv afxazeTis konstituciebi,
CaTvlilia ukanonod, baTilad, iuridiuli Zalis armqoned.
afxazeTSi yovelgvari arCevnebi, referendumebi, da-
moukideblobis aRdgenis aqti (2000 wlis 8 oqtomberi) da
sxva saqarTvelos parlamentis, gaeros, euTos dokumente-
biT miCneulia ukanonod.
reJimma miaRwia “de-faqtod” saqarTvelodan gamosvlas,
magram “de-iured” saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSia. sxvagvar
mtkicebas ara aqvs argumenti da arc logika, manipulire-
ba yofili ssr kavSiris kanonebiT, referendumebiT da a.S.
fuWi da uazro wylis nayvaa.
2000 wlis 14 Tebervals afxazTa lideri vladislav ar-
Zinba gaeros generalur mdivans kofi anans wers: „qarTul-
afxazuri konfliqtis mowesrigebis Taobaze 1994 wlis 4
aprilis gancxadebaSi aRiarebuli iyo saqarTvelosa da
afxazeTs Soris saxelmwifo-samarTlebrivi urTierTo-

43
bis ararseboba da, rom afxazeTs gaaCnia suverenuli sa-
xelmwifos yvela uflebamosileba. gancxadebaSi aseve ga-
nixileboda Tanasworuflebian safuZvelze konfliqtis
mxareebs Soris “saxelmwifo da samarTlebrivi urTierTo-
bebis SesaZlo aRdgenis principebi.“
am Tvalsazriss Semdgom kidev erTi argumentiT „ama-
grebs,“ kerZod, „daskvniT, romelic, misi azriT, dafiqsi-
rebulia gaeros generaluri mdivnis 3 maisis da mis meore
danarTSi.“
generaluri mdivani Tavis moxsenebaSi (3 maisi, 1999 weli)
aRniSnavs, rom 4 aprilis gancxadebiT, rogorc adre sxva
dokumentebSi, igulisxmeba saqarTvelos teritoriuli
mTlianoba, suvereniteti da erTiani saxelmwifo, sadac
afxazeTs eqneba ufarToesi avtonomiuri (TviTmmarTveli)
uflebebi.
aseve, sainteresoa generaluri mdivnis amave moxsenebis
(afxazuri mxarisTvis panacead miCneuli) meore danarTi-
dan citata: „afxazeTi iqneba subieqti, romelsac eqneba
suverenuli uflebebi sakavSiro saxelmwifoSi, romelic
Seiqmneba sadavo sakiTxebis daregulirebis Semdeg, sakav-
Siro saxelmwifos saxelwodeba ganisazRvreba mxareTa
mier Semdgomi molaparakebebis safuZvelze.“
ras gulisxmobda generaluri mdivani?
eqspertTa, maT Soris gaeros eqspertTa azriT, ter-
minSi_„sakavSiro saxelmwifo,“ nagulisxmevia afxazeTis
gansakuTrebuli mdgomareobis aRiareba saqarTvelos Se-
madgenlobaSi (saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi aseTi gamocdi-
leba arsebobs) da gulisxmobs erTiani saxelmwifos SigniT
saxelmwifos centralur xelisuflebas da saxelmwifoe-
brivi warmonaqmnis legitimur xelisuflebas Soris xel-
SekrulebiT kavSirs garkveul uflebamosilebaTa dele-
girebis safuZvelze.
marTlac, 1995 wlis ivlisSi, moskovSi mimdinare mola-
parakebebis dros, afxazuri mxaris delegaciis xelmZRva-

44
nelma anri jergeniam (soxumTan konsultaciebis Semdeg)
gaakeTa gancxadeba, rom afxazuri mxare eTanxmeba xelSe-
krulebis proeqtis formulirebas „erTiani federaciuli
saxelmwifo.“ 25 ivliss mxareebis mier oficialurad par-
afirebul iqna xelSekrulebis teqsti, magram dokumentis
xelmoweramde arZinbam Secvala afxazuri mxaris delega-
ciis xelmZRvaneloba da uari ganacxada molaparakebebis
gagrZelebaze „suverenuli afxazeTis aRiarebamde.“
sagulisxmoa isic, rom gaeros generaluri mdivnis mox-
senebis danarTSi aRniSnulma „sakavSiro xelSekrulebis“
ideam gagrZeleba ver hpova gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos verc
erT Semdgom dokumentSi.
arsad da aravis gauxdia saeWvod, rom gaeros generalu-
ri mdivani 3 maisis moxsenebaSi gulisxmobda avtonomiur
erTeuls (saxelmwifo warmonaqmns), romelsac aqvs gark-
veuli garantirebuli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, maT
Soris suverenuli uflebebic, magram es ar niSnavs mis sa-
xelmwifoebriv damoukideblobasa da srul suverenitets.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi, gansakuTrebiT evropaSi, farTod
gavrcelebulia saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis praqtika, ro-
melSic federalur saxelmwifos Semadgenel erTeulebs
garkveuli sagareo politikuri da ekonomikuri ufleba-
mosilebani, aseve, sakuTari kompetenciebi aqvT energeti-
kis, transportis, ekologiisa da sxva dargebSi. rac Seexeba
sasazRvro samsaxurs, saxelmwifo sazRvrebis konkretul
monakveTze sasazRvro razmebis adgilobrivi kadrebiT da-
kompleqtebis principi erT-erTi ZiriTadia mraval qveyana-
Si. igive SeiZleba iTqvas sabaJo samsaxurzec.
aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT:
1. 1994 wlis 4 aprilis gancxadebaSi qarTulma mxarem,
faqtobrivad, daafiqsira saqarTvelos saxelmwifos axali
politikuri kursi da keTili neba afxazeTSi konfliqtis
mSvidobiani gziT mowesrigebis uzrunvelsayofad, rom-
lis realizaciis erTerT umTavres pirobad moiazrebo-

45
da (saxelwodebis gareSe) erTiani saqarTvelos Semadgen-
lobaSi, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos uryevi suverenitetis
pirobebSi, afxazeTis ufarToesi avtonomia, Tbilissa da
soxums Soris uflebamosilebaTa konstituciuri gamijv-
na Tanamedrove msoflios standartebis Sesabamisad. re-
alurad sakiTxi Seexeboda saqarTvelos transformirebas
federalur saxelmwifod, sadac afxazeTs eqneboda fe-
deraciis subieqtis statusi da uflebamosilebani saerTo
centris mier delegirebuli kompetenciebis farglebSi.
2. mxareebi gagebiT moekidnen Tbilissa da soxums So-
ris omiT gawyvetili saxelmwifoebriv urTierTobaTa
de-faqto aRdgenas, saqarTvelos federalur mowyobas,
uflebamosilebaTa gamijvnas konstituciuri principis
safuZvelze da sqematurad moxazes ganviTarebuli fede-
ralizmis qveynebSi erTobliv gamgeblobas mikuTvnebuli
sferoTa konturebi.
3. 4 aprilis gancxadebiT, Canasaxis doneze, mxareebma mi-
aRwies morigebas federaciuli saqarTvelos Semadgenlo-
baSi afxazeTis statusis, Tbilissa da soxums Soris uf-
lebamosilebaTa gamijvnis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb, romlis
logikurad ganviTarebuli variantia Jenevis formatiT
Sesabamisi dokumentis proeqtis SemuSaveba.
movlenaTa Semdgomi ganviTareba, kerZod, saqarTvelos
axali konstituciis debulebebi, maT Soris saqarTvelos
saxelmwifos axali saxelwodeba „saqarTvelo“ (nacvlad
saqarTvelos respublikisa), saxelmwifoebrivi terito-
riuli mowyobis sakiTxebis gadadeba qveynis mTlianobis
srul aRdgenamde, Jenevis formatis farglebSi „afaxze-
Tis statusis, Tbilissa da soxums Soris uflebamosile-
baTa gamijvnis Sesaxeb“ proeqtze muSaoba adasturebs, rom
4 aprilis gancxadebiT, sajarod gacxadda saqarTvelos,
rogorc Semdgari saxelmwifos gulwrfeli da uryevi kur-
si afxazeTSi konfliqtis politikuri mowesrigebis uz-
runvelsayofad qveynis federalizaciis gziT.

46
 inal kazani, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi afxazuri
diasporis Tavmjdomare, afxazi xalxisadmi mimarTvaSi ka-
tegoriulad acxadebs: „bolo Svidi wlis manZilze Tavi-
suflebi viyaviT Cvens sapyrobileSi. darwmunebuli var,
rom sakavSiro saxelmwifo Cven xels ar gvaZlevs. . .“ da „ab-
soluturi avtonomia uzrunvelyofs Cvens suverenitets,
uSiSroebas, warmatebul ekonomikur arsebobas, kultu-
rul da erovnul TavisTavadobas, enas, tradiciebs“...kaza-
nis azriT, amJamad. . . „Tu xelidan gavuSviT moqmedebis mo-
menti, Cveni samSoblos beds gadawyveten isini, visac Cven-
Tan araferi esaqmeba da arc Cveni bedi enaRvlebaT.“
verafers daamateb!
afxazeTSi mTavar sakiTxad usafrTxoeba miaCniaT. fe-
deraciul saqarTveloSi afxazeTis subieqtis usafrTxoe-
bis garantia iqneba samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, uflebamo-
silebaTa gamijvnis saxelmwifo meqanizmebi, afxazi xalxis
warmomadgenloba parlamentSi, mTavrobaSi, sasamarTlo
sistemaSi; garkveul periodSi aseTi garantia SeiZleba
iyos ialtis gancxadebaSi dafiqsirebuli Jenevis forma-
tis qveynebi, gaero, euTo, evrokavSiri. afxazeTis uSiS-
roebis upirvelesi garanti iqneba iq dabrunebuli devni-
li mosaxleoba, demokratiuli institutebis ganviTareba,
samoqalaqo seqtori.
amgvarad, 1994 wlis 4 aprilis gancxadebaSi aisaxa ara
afxazeTis damoukideblobis aRiareba, aramed konfliqtis
mowesrigebis, qveynis mowyobis axali modeli, romelSic
afxazeTs eqneboda myarad garantirebuli uflebebi da Ta-
visuflebebi, rac afxazeTSi omamde mcxovreb qarTvel da
sxva xalxebTan erTad saerTo Tanacxovrebis mravalsau-
kunovani gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, afxazeTis ayva-
vebasa da keTildReobas uzrunvelyofda.

`dilis gazeTi,“
9 agvisto, 2001w.

47
 eSm-as TvaliT danaxuli
galis raioni
afxazeTSi konfliqtis mowesrigebis gaWian-
urebam, devnilTa umZimesma xvedrma, ubinaobam,
SimSilma, da, rac mTavaria, Selaxuli Rirsebis
grZnobam aiZula bevri qarTveli mSobliur adgi-
lebs dabruneboda.

mematiane Tavis droze dawers da yovelives jerovani

Sefaseba miecema, magram dRes afxazeTSi, gansakuTrebiT
galSi, devnilTa dabrunebasTan dakavSirebiT azrTa sxva-
dasxvaobaa.
erTni amtkiceben, rom galSi dabrunebuli mosaxleoba
iq monad dabrunda da ganwirulia uuflebobis, TandaTano-
biT gadagvarebisa da xelze mosamsaxured yofnisTvis.
meoreni amboben, rom xalxs aqvs arCevanis ufleba (xe-
lisuflebas arasodes mouwodebia mosaxleobisTvis afxa-
zeTSi dabruneba iq saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis aRdgenamde
da usafrTxoebis garantiebis gareSe), ar miatovos saku-
Tari ezo-kari, sicocxlis riskiT ganagos Tavisi bedi. maT
pozicias ganamtkicebs sociologebisa da demografebis
daskvna, rom eTnikurad erTgvarovan da kompaqturad da-
saxlebul adamianTa did masas (rogoric galis raionia)
aqvs sakmao imuniteti, raTa gauZlos yovelgvar siZneles,
awarmoos regerenacia da SeinarCunos erovnuli saxe, ena,
tradiciebi, adaT-wesebi.
mohyavT mesame mosazrebac: galelebs sxva gza ara aqvT,
vinaidan Sida da gare dapirispirebebiT daqancul qarTul
saxelmwifos Zalze gauWirda aseul aTasobiT devnilis
fizikuri Senaxva da gadarCena. vfiqrob, samive pozicia
met-naklebad Seicavs simarTlis elementebs.
iarsebebda ki saqarTvelo, gadarCeboda ki qarTveli

48
eri, rom `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ Jamianobad wodebul dros
(arabTa, monRolTa, TurqTa, sparsTa da aTas sxvaTa Semo-
sevebi da batonoba) mosaxleobas daetovebina Tavisi isto-
riuli gansaxlebis adgilebi, mimofantuliyo ucxo qvey-
nebSi? isini xom dakargavdnen TviTmyofadobas, ganadgur-
deboda erTiani socialuri da eTnokulturuli qsovili,
fizikurad gaqreboda eri.
drom da istoriam ineba, rom galis raioni, adre sa-
murzayanod wodebuli, ufro adre Crdilo-dasavleTi
(zemo) samegrelo, uxsovari droidan yofiliyo qarTvel-
Ta myari sacxovrisi.
vis sWirdeba imisi Sexseneba, rom erTiani saqarTve-
losTvis umZimesi dReebSi da maSinac, roca faqtiurad arc
arsebobda erTiani qveyana, saqarTvelos bevri sxva kuTxis
darad, am mxaris saukeTeso Svilebic gamorCeulad edgnen
mxarSi centralur xelisuflebas (Tundac giorgi `brwy-
invalis~ periodi an 1921 wlis martSi baTumisaTvis brZo-
lebi gavixsenoT). cnobilia isic, rom galis raionSi bat-
onymobam fexi ver moikida da igi saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi
Tavisuflebis kunZulad darCa.
Tundac is, rom galelebi Tavis micvalebulebs maTTvis
da qveynisTvis am gausaZlis dReebSic winaparTa saZvaleSi
miasveneben, dasturia imisa, rom es patara miwa (iseve, ro-
gorc mTeli afxazeTi) maTTvis bibliuri `aRTqmuli qvey-
anaa,~ dRemde uwmindesi savanea. afxazeTis qarTvelobas
kvlavac aqvs auracxel problemasTan gamklavebis Zala da
unari.
es kargad ician ara marto CvenSi, aramed konfliqtis
mowesrigebaSi CarTulma mxareebmac, romelTa azriTac,
galis problemis mogvarebiT saTave daedeba afxazeTis
sakiTxis saboloo mowesrigebas. swored amitom, euTos st-
ambulis samitma (19 noemberi, 1999w.) mizanSewonilad miiC-
nia, gaerosa da euTos monawileobiT, faqtebis damdgeni

49
misiis gagzavna. 2000 wlis 20-24 noembers gaeros da euTos
erToblivma Semfasebelma misiam (eSma) galis raionis yvela
sofeli da dasaxlebuli punqti moiara da dabrunebul mo-
saxleobas Sexvda.
miuxedavad garkveuli ormagi standartebisa da viTa-
rebis Selamazebisa (rac damaxasiaTebelia mediatorebisT-
vis). eSm-as angariSi da daskvna sakmaod realurad asaxavs
raionSi arsebul viTarebas, romelsac saqarTvelos xeli-
suflebis, saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis, Jenevis forma-
tis procesis monawileTa adekvaturi reagireba unda mo-
hyves. amitomac vTavazob sazogadoebas afxazeTSi Seiara-
Rebuli dapirispirebis dasrulebis Semdeg galis raionSi
ganviTarebuli movlenebis Taobaze ucxoelTa TvaliT
danaxuli realobis mokle analizs da Sefasebas, romlis
erT-erTi xelmomweri afxazuri mxaris oficialuri war-
momadgenelicaa.
***
galis raioni, sadac amJamad, sxvadasxva wyaros monaceme-
biT 34-45 aTasi devnilia dabrunebuli, dapirispirebis
epicentria. dsT-s samSvidobo Zalebi, gaeros meTvalyure-
ebi, afxazuri mxare (romelmac aiRo pasuxismgebloba ra-
ionis administraciul kontrolze), ver uzrunvelyofen
devnilTa dabrunebisTvis pirobebis Seqmnas, dabrunebuli
mosaxleobis usafrTxoebas. wlebis ganmavlobaSi masobri-
vi xasiaTi aqvs yaCaRobas, Zarcvas, adamianTa gatacebas, ia-
raRiT vaWrobas, narkotikebis warmoebas da gavrcelebas,
sxva kriminalur qmedebebs.
viTareba raionSi arastabiluria, situacia daZabuli.
qarTuli da afxazuri mxareebis arakonstruqciuli da-
mokidebulebebis gamo, konfliqtis zonaSi usafrTxoebis,
devnilTa realuri dabrunebis sakiTxebze ver iqna xel-
mowerili stabilurobis uzrunvelmyofi, Tundac Suale-
duri dokumenti,

50
 ver Sedga mxareTa dialogi Jenevis formatiT Semu-
Savebul mowesrigebis proeqtze _ `afxazeTis statusis,
Tbilissa da soxums Soris uflebamosileba gamijvnis sa-
fuZvlebis Sesaxeb.~ ar sruldeba `afxazeTSi devnilTa
nebayofilebiTi dabrunebis Sesaxeb~ oTxmxrivi xelSekru-
leba. saxezea mosaxleobis usafrTxoebis dacvis elemen-
taruli pirobebis ararseboba, yovlismomcveli SiSi da
ganukiTxaoba. adamianis uflebaTa dacvis soxumis ofisis
filialis gaxsna, afxazuri mxaris mizeziT, mravali welia
Wianurdeba.
afxazuri mxare yvela dabrunebulze adgens pirad ba-
raTs da afiqsirebs Canawers dabrunebulTa moqalaqeobis
Sesaxeb, Tanac cdilobs xelovnurad gazardos maTi ricx-
vi, axdens ormag aRricxvas, ris gamoc dabrunebulTa rao-
denoba sadavoa.
sofel `primorskis~ dasaxleba (sofeli ginZe eweri), sa-
dac adre ZiriTadad cxovrobda rusuli mosaxleoba, dan-
aRmulia, mosaxleoba bedis anabaraa mitovebuli (ZiriTa-
dad umweo moxucebi). dasaxlebaSi Tavs iyrian SeiaraRebu-
li kriminalebi, iq ver Sedian samSvidobo Zalebi da gaeros
meTvalyureebi. aseTive mdgomareobaa rig sxva dasaxle-
bebSi.
raionis administracia mTlianad afxazuria da ar
Seesabameba mosaxleobis demografiul Semadgenlobas. ad-
ministraciis meTauris da sxva wamyvani Tanamdebobebi eT-
nikur afxazebs ukaviaT. mxolod afxazuria samarTaldam-
cavi da Zalovani struqturebis xelmZRvaneloba, piradi
Semadgenloba (ramdenime gamonaklisis garda).
respodentTa azriT, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
arCevnebi galis raionSi Catarda formalurad, amomrCe-
velTa gareSe (1997w.). faqtiurad afxazurma administra-
ciam deputatebi daniSna.
afxazuri administracia uZluria win aRudges e.w. kri-

51
minalur avtoritetebs, romelTac gavlenis sferoebi ga-
danawilebuli aqvT. mosakreblebi da gadasaxdelebi dgin-
deba maT mier.
kanonierebis ararsebobiTaa ganpirobebuli adamianis
uflebaTa uxeSi darRvevebi, gansakuTrebiT sicocxlis
uflebis xelyofa, Tavisuflebis TviTneburi SezRudva,
mZevlad gataceba, yaCaRoba, Zarcva, gaupatiureba da sxva,
rasac mzardi xasiaTi aqvs.
raionSi ar aris sasamarTlo, e.w. samarTalwarmoeba da
marTlmsajuleba xorcieldeba mezobel tyvarCelisa da
oCamCiris raionebSi.
gamokiTxulTa azriT, mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg Zala-
dobaSi (yaCaRoba, adamianis gataceba gamosasyidis miRebis
mizniT, Tavisuflebis TviTneburi aRkveTa da sxva) mona-
wileoben afxazi, qarTveli, rusi, CeCeni da sxva erovnebis
kriminalebi, romlebic xSirad moqmedeben SeTanxmebiT.
gansakuTrebiT mwvavdeba winaaRmdegoba kriminalur da-
jgufebebs Soris Txilisa da citrusovanTa nayofis damz-
adebis sezonSi, rac xSirad SeiaraRebul dapirispirebaSi
gadadis.
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis azriT, bolo periodSi Se-
sustda partizanebis aqtiuroba. partizanTa saxeliT arc
Tu iSviaTad moqmedeben kriminalebi, romlebic ayaCaReben
mosaxleobas, avrceleben narkotikebs, vaWroben iaraRiT,
itaceben da yidian avtomanqanebs.
komunaluri sacxovrebeli fondis 65-70 procentze
meti damwvari da gaZarculia afxazuri mxaris xelSewyo-
biT. mosaxleobas, rogorc wesi, cxovreba uxdeba droebiT
TavSesafrebSi (avtomanqanis garaJi, pirutyvis sadgomi,
sameurneo nageboba, miwuri).
skolebis mdgomareoba umZimesia (umetesoba damwvari da
gaZarculia), aRdgenis gareSe praqtikulad SeuZlebelia
iq saqmianoba, raionSi aikrZala mSobliur enaze swavleba,

52
razec mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli devnilTa dabrune-
bis intensivoba.
mxolod qarTuli da afxazuri mxareebis erToblivi
ekonomikuri interesebis gamo SesaZlebeli gaxda engur-
hesis (afxazeTSi eleqtroenergiis faqtiurad erTaderTi
wyaros) SenarCuneba, rac SesaZlebelia precedenti gaxdes
sxva dargebSic TanamSromlobis ganviTarebisTvis.
satelefono kavSiris sistema ar arsebobs (ganadgure-
buli da gaZarculia), televizorebi da radiomimRebebi
mosaxleobas ar gaaCnia. metad SezRudulia satransporto
saSualebaTa raodenoba, gadaadgilebis saSualeba cxeni,
xar-kameCi da sazidrebia. mosaxleobis 90% qveiTad gad-
aadgildeba.
soflis meurneobis ZiriTadi dargebi _ meCaieoba da me-
citruseoba gaCanagebulia. infrastruqtura moSlilia.
socialuri dacvis sistema ar arsebobs, pensiebi ar gaice-
ma, mosaxleoba cxovrobs umZimes yofaSi. de-faqto xeli-
suflebas ar SeuZlia adamianTa elementaruli moTxovne-
bis dakmayofileba. dausaqmebelia Sromisunariani mosax-
leobis 90-97 procenti.
saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis jandacvis organoebis, ase-
ve, raionis afxazuri administraciis erToblivi zrunvis
Sedegad jandacvis sistema garkveulwilad SenarCune-
bulia qalaq galSi da ramdenime dasaxlebul punqtSi. ar
hyofniT eqimebi, centralur raionul saavadmyofoSi ver
xerxdeba martivi qirurgiuli operaciebis Catareba.
araordinarul pirobebSi cxovrebis gamo mosaxleo-
baSi masobrivad aris gavrcelebuli tuberkulozi, Sa-
qriani diabeti, asTma, gul-sisxlZarRvTa, filtvebis,
nervuli sistemis daavadebebi, Zalze maRalia qalTa daa-
vadebebis xvedriTi wili, gansakuTrebiT mZimea CvilTa da
mozardTa janmrTelobis riskebi, ukiduresad maRalia
sikvdilianoba.

53
 galis raionSi ar vrceldeba soxumsa da TbilisSi gamo-
cemuli gazeTebi, realurad mosaxleoba mowyvetilia gare
samyaros.
galSi kadrebis deficitis (rusul da afxazur enaze
moTxovna ar arsebobs) gamo adgilobrivi gazeTi ar ga-
modis.
galis raionSi ar aris politikuri partiebis, samoqa-
laqo moZraobis filialebi, akrZalulia politikuri sa-
qmianoba, mosaxleoba imyofeba Sida izolaciaSi, moculia
apaTiiT, maTi erTaderTi sazrunavia yoveldRiuri brZo-
la fizikuri gadarCenisTvis.
galis raionSi ar aris moqmedi eklesia, amitom sulieri
da religiuri moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad mosax-
leobis nawili (monaTlos bavSvebi, miiRos ziareba, gadai-
xados paraklisi da ase Semdeg) iZulebulia gaemgzavros
qalaq zugdidSi an oCamCiris raionSi.
mdgomareoba metad mZimea, galis raioni gadaqceulia
ufleba ayril adamianTa rezervaciad.
amasve, adasturebda 1994 wlis 6 dekembris euTos bu-
dapeStis samitze miRebuli dokumenti afxazeTSi geno-
cidisa da eTnikuri wmendis Sesaxeb, upiratesad qarTuli
mosaxleobis mimarT. igive daskvna ufro kategoriulad
ganmeorda euTos lisabonis 1996 wlis da stambulis 1999
noembris samitebze.
da yovelive es xdeba msoflios uZlieresi qveynebis,
Tvalwin.
swored amiT aris ganpirobebuli, albaT, rom Tavis
bedsa da samSoblos momavalze mofiqrali galelebisgan
gasaocar, goniT Znelad misawvdom ambebsac gaigoneb xol-
me. uZlurebisgan sasowarkveTil adamianebs miaCniaT, rom
msoflios ganagebs ara saerTaSoriso gaerTianebebi da
msoflio Tanamegobroba, aramed usaSvelod mdidari ram-
denime kaci, romlebic drodadro finjan yavasTan moiy-

54
rian Tavs da civi angariSiT wyveten yvelas da TiToeulis
beds; anawileben planetis didi da patara qveynebis teri-
toriebs da maT bunebriv resursebs, ganageben msoflio
bazrebs, adgenen saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasebs, mosax-
leTa raodenobas da Semadgenlobas, mdidarTa da RaribTa
Tanafardobas, umuSevarTa optimalur odenobas, ekono-
mikuri saqmianobisgan mogebisa da wilebis normebs; Tavi-
suflebis mxardaWeris Zveli lozungiT („demokratiuli`
ajanyebebis mxardaWera) Tu uxeSi Zalis CareviT niSnaven
da aTavisufleben saxelmwifoTa meTaurebs, awyoben revo-
luciebs da kontrevoluciebs, saxelmwifoTa Tu xalxebs
Soris did Tu patara omebsa da konfliqtebs, raTa kidev
ufro gaamravlon TavianTi simdidre da Zalaufleba, ze-
gavlena mTel msoflioze. maTi Zalaa fuli, sxvaTa Zarc-
viT naSovni oqros sawyobebi, rasac arasdros Seelevian da
aravis aziareben. maTive xelSia yvelaze Zlieri SeiaraRe-
buli Zalebi da uSiSroebis samsaxurebi, radio, gazeTi da
Jurnali, televizia, internetis msoflio qseli, sicruisa
da demagogiis yvelaze daxvewili saSualebebi. maTive xel-
Sia narkotikebis warmoeba da ganawileba, teroristebis
SerCevis, gamozrdisa da gamoyenebis meqanizmebi, garTobi-
sa da siamovnebis yovelgvari wyaro, adamianuri Tu satan-
uri codvis Tu cTunebis yvela Zveli Tu axali gamogoneba.
eseni XXI saukunis batonebia, globaluri msoflios gamge-
blebi, sxva yvela ki maTi vasali da monaa.
gaawyobs ki rames saqarTvelosTana patara qveyana am
gveleSapebTan dapirispirebaSi, romelTa gareSe arc afxa-
zeTSi momxdara ZmaTamkvleli omi da sayovelTao ubedu-
reba, naRvlianad da uimedod kiTxuloben devnilebi da ad-
vili ar aris gadaarwmuno isini.
rogorc eSmas saerTaSoriso dokumentidan Cans, afxa-
zeTSi araferi Secvlila. ufro metic, misiis dabrunebi-
dan ramdenime dReSi Wuburxinjis oTxmxriv Sexvedraze

55
ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebis sardalma general sidore-
viCma aRniSna, rom ganvlili naxevari wlis ganmavlobaSi
konfliqtis zonaSi moxda 39 mkvleloba, gamosasyidis mi-
Rebis mizniT gatacebis _17, yaCaRobis _ 42 faqti, cecxl-
sasroli iaraRiT incidentis 52 SemTxveva, naRmze afeTqe-
biT daiRupa 6 kaci, mZevlad ayvanilia 16 adamiani.
aseTia eSmas daskvna, Tumca eSma konfliqtis mxareebs
erToblivi Zalisxmevisken mouwodebs da SeTanxmebis miR-
wevis SemTxvevaSi raionis socialuri da ekonomikuri
reabilitaciis mravali milioni dolaris Rirebulebis
proeqts sTavazobs.
zemoaRniSnuli zRvaSi wveTia imasTan SedarebiT, rac
realurad xdeba galis raionSi, afxazeTSi da romelTa
moTmena da wayrueba, sxva Tu ara, sircxvilia Tavmoyvare
erisa da saxelmwifosTvis.
sazogadoeba moelis, rom eSmas daskvnas Jenevis forma-
tis farglebSi, aseve gaeroSi mohyveba adekvaturi samarT-
lebrivi da politikuri Sefaseba, Cveni xelisuflebis
jerovani reagireba.

Jurnali `riwa,~ #3-4, 2001w.

`dilis gazeTi,~ 5 seqtemberi, 2001w.

56
 terorizmi _ msoflios Savi Wiri
sityva `terorizmi,~ Tanamedrove SinaarsiT, pirvelad
ingliselma filosofosma burkma gamoiyena da daaxloe-
biT, SiSis danergvas, daSinebas niSnavs.
warsulSi terorizmi iyo calkeuli adamianebis Tu
adamianTa viwro jgufis saqme, romlebic xocavdnen sa-
xelmwifos meTaurebs, Tanamdebobis pirebs, warCinebul
adamianebs, magram, maT nacvlad, rogorc wesi, sxvebi mo-
diodnen da amdenad, teroristuli aqtebi ama Tu im qveynis
farglebidan ar gadioda, miT ufro, msoflio ganviTare-
baze gavlenas TiTqmis ar axdenda.
amJamad teroristebs gauCndaT ganusazRvreli mate-
rialuri da teqnikuri, sainformacio da finansuri Se-
saZleblobani, rom gamoiwvion qaosi, arastabiluroba da
mkveTrad Secvalon viTareba calkeul qveynebsa da regio-
nebSi. teroristul dajgufebebs aqvT uamravi saSualeba
gamoiwvion uzarmazari ngreva, SiSi, panika, omebic ki. arse-
bobs safrTxe maT xelSi aRmoCndes masobrivi ganadgurebis
iaraRi.
terorizmi gansakuTrebiT me-19 saukunidan saxes icv-
lis da metad mravalferovani xdeba; anarqistebi Secvales
ukiduresad memarcxene teroristebma, romlebmac sayrde-
ni ipoves germaniaSi, italiaSi, ruseTSi, iaponiaSi, mogvia-
nebiT iniciativa aiRes memarjveneebma. 2000 wlis bolosT-
vis Zalze dazaralda ruseTi, romelic, antiteroristul
operacias axorcielebs Tavis qveyanaSi da dsT-s sivrce-
Si. sadReisod terorizmis mizani SesaZlebelia iyos didi
materialuri daintereseba, ucxo qveynis Sida saqmeebSi
Careva, saxelmwifo wyobilebis Secvla, vrcel terito-
riebze gavlenis mopoveba, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis xel-
Si Cagdeba, egreTwodebuli damoukidebeli, suverenuli

57
saxelmwifoebis Seqmna, teritoriuli Tu politikur uf-
lebamosilebaTa xelyofa da ase Semdeg.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi terorizmi upiratesad mka-
fiod gamokveTil religiur da eTnikur xasiaTs atarebs,
Tanac Tavisi miznis misaRwevad maqsimalurad iyenebs maso-
brivi informaciis saSualebebis, kompiuters, internetis
globaluri qselis SesaZleblobebs.
me-20 saukuneSi teroristuli aqtebis Sedegad daiRupa
70-ze meti saxelmwifos meTauri, 600-mde saxelmwifo moR-
vawe.
1992 wels msoflioSi aRinusxa 364 teroristuli aqti,
1993 wels _ 428, 1994 wels _ 1508, 1995 wels _ 1800-ze meti.
bolo wlebSi teroristuli aqtebis msxverpli ramdenjer-
me gaizarda. Seqmnilia SekveTil mkvlelTa mTeli sindi-
katebi, bevrgan, upiratesad arabul qveynebis specialur
skolebSi amzadeben terorist- TviTmkvlelebs, romelTa
gamovlena metad Znelia.
samwuxarod, teroristuli aqtebiT cnobili qveynebis
ricxvSi Sesulia saqarTveloc. qveyanaSi ganxorcielebul
teraqtebSi moiazreba cnobili Tavdasxmebi prezidentis
mimarT, mravali gamoCenili adamianis, politikuri da sa-
xelmwifo moRvawis daRupva. sul axlaxan saqarTvelo SeZ-
ra teleJurnalistis giorgi sanaias tragikulad daRup-
vam. saqarTveloSi dafiqsirda gaeros da euTos damkvir-
veblebis, biznesmenebis, politikosebis mZevlad ayvanis
faqtebi.
ganasxvaveben teroristuli aqtebis ramdenime saxeobas.
maT Soris upiratesad gavrcelebulia sisxlis samarTlis
xasiaTis Sizoiduri da ideologiuri xasiaTis teraqtebi
(revoluciuri, religiur-fanatikuri da sxva) .
terorizmis gansakuTrebuli saxea partizanuli tero-
rizmi, anu maTi azriT, sadamsjelo zomebi samarTlianobis
aRdgenis, kanonierebis damyarebis, Tavisi sacxovrebeli

58
adgilebidan adamianebis gaZevebis dauSveblobis, sakuTar
mamulSi cxovrebis warTmeuli uflebis aRdgenis uzrun-
velsayofad.
saerTaSoriso da rigi calkeuli qveynis samarTalSic
Znelad moipoveba terorizmis am formis kategoriuli
dagmoba, Tumca igi miCneulia arasaxelmwifoebrivi moqme-
debis formad, anu kanongareSed.
terorizmis yvelaze mZime da saSiSi formaa saxelmwifo
terorizmi, radgan jer erTi, metad masStaburia, amasTan
masobrivad xelyofs zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebs,
adamianis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, msoflio marTl-
wesrigs.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi gamoyofen saxelmwifoebs,
romlebic mxars uWeren terorizms, teroristebs exmare-
bian finansurad, materialurad, teqnikurad. Tanamedrove
msoflioSi arian SeZlebul adamianTa jgufebi, maT So-
ris qarizmatuli niSnebiT, romelTa liderobiT da gare-
mocvaSi igegmeba teroristuli aqtebi, maT Soris yvelaze
masStaburi, barbarosuli, sazareli da Znelad warmosad-
geni. eqspertTa azriT, maT ukveTaven, moqmedebis areals
da pirobebs uqmnian calkeuli saxelmwifoebi, romelTac
esa Tu is geopolitikuri interesebi amoZravebT.
1991-1993 wlebSi afxazeTSi Seiqmna pirobebi terori-
stuli moqmedebebis gansaxorcieleblad, pirvel rigSi
qarTveli mosaxleobis, qarTveli xelmZRvanelobis
winaaRmdeg. ruseTis daxmarebiT monoeTnikuri afxazuri
armiis Seqmna sxva ara iyo ra, Tu ara teroris iaraRi, ro-
melmac Tavisi roli Seasrula afxazeTSi qarTvelTa da-
marcxebaSi. teroristuli miznebis samsaxurSi iyo volon-
terTa (upiratesad ruseTis moqalaqeebisgan Semdgari)
organizebuli razmebi, romlebic saqarTvelos saxelmwi-
fos ebrZodnen, ubedurebis zonad acxadebdnen saqarTve-
los dedaqalaqs da sxva regionebs.

59
 terorizmis pirdapiri da arapirdapiri Sedegia qarTu-
li mosaxleobis eTnikuri wmenda afxazeTSi, aseul aTaso-
biT adamianis gaZeveba mSobliuri adgilebidan, masobrivi
mkvlelobebi im regionebSi, sadac saomari moqmedebebi ar
yofila. teroristuli aqtia afxazeTis ministrTa sabWos
Tavmjdomaris, saqarTvelos parlamentis wevris Jiuli
Sartavas mkvleloba da misi garemocvis daxocva, afxazeT-
Si Tanamdebobis pirTa sxva gaxmaurebuli mkvlelobebi.
teroristul moqmedebad unda Sefasdes gaeros sanq-
ciis gareSe nebismieri suverenuli saxelmwifos terito-
riuli mTlianobis xelyofa Zalismieri saSualebiT, miT
ufro, roca igi provocirebuli da organizebulia qveynis
garedan.
praqtikulad SeuZlebelia gamyofi xazis gavleba sepa-
ratistul terorizmsa da terorizms Soris. rogor wesi,
garedan waxalisebul SeTqmulTa mcire jgufi iwyebs sa-
xelmwifos rRvevis mzadebas. isini saxaven mizans, samoqme-
do gegmas, ideologiur platformas, terorizmi ganxor-
cielebis saSualebaa. separatistuli reJimebi, romlebic
darwmunebulebi arian, rom, rogorc ityvian, „omis velze`
ver miaRweven TavianT mizans, erTiandebian da akowiweben
Zalebsa da saSualebebs, amzadeben teroristul aqtebs.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom msoflio sazogadoebriobam,
Tanamedroveobis politikurma liderebma bolomde ver
gaicnobieres agresiuli separatizmisa da terorizmis in-
tegrirebis saSiSroeba.
terorizmis budea ukontrolo teritoriebi, konfli-
qturi da secesirebuli regionebi. afxazeTSi da cxinvalis
regionSi dafiqsirebulia didi raodenobis ukanono iara-
Ris sacavebi, narkotikuli saSualebebi, kontrabanduli
saqonlis sawyobebi, saerTaSoriso masStabis kriminaluri
avtoritetebis Sekrebebi, damnaSaveTa saerTaSoriso mas-
Stabis Tavyrilobebi.

60
 bolo ramodenime weliwadia afxazeTSi mniSvnelovnad
gafarTovda narkomafiis masStabebi, gaizarda narkoti-
kul nivTierebebis brunva, narkotikebis Semcveli mcena-
reebis naTesi farTobebi. Tavis mxriv okupirebul teri-
toriebze samuSao adgilebis uqonloba da cxovrebis daba-
li done, mudmivi SiSi da stresuli situaciebi xels uwy-
oben narkobiznesis ganviTarebas, mopovebas, moxmarebas,
Senaxvas, realizacias. praqtikulad afxazeTis mTeli te-
ritoria danaSaulebrivi jgufebis mier gayofili gavle-
nis zonebad. dasavleT afxazeTis dajgufeba akontrolebs
sawvavis, sursaTis da Tambaqos nawarmis gadazidvas, nawi-
lobriv monawileobs ruseTis teritoriaze narkotikuli
saSualebebis gatanaSi. gagris dajgufeba (somxuri dia-
spora) umeteswilad dakavebulia narkotikebis warmoebiT.
gudauTis dajgufeba (afxazebi) narkotikebis imports da
eqsports zedamxedvelobs. CeCnebis dajgufeba akontro-
lebs TviTgamocxadebuli respublikis aRmosavleT na-
wils, soxumis rkinigzis sadgurs da ZiriTad satranspor-
to magistralebs, mewarmeebis saqmianobas da tvirTebis
gadazidvas qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis gamyof zolze.
narkonivTierebebis eqsporti xorcieldeba afxazeTis
portebiT Tevzsarewi gemebis meSveobiT, agreTve iyene-
ben saavtomobilo da sarkinigzo transports, kavkasionis
uReltexilebs, rasac xels uwyobs sustad daculi sasaz-
Rvro monakveTebis arseboba. eqsportis bolo punqtebia
krasnodaris mxare, rostovis, volgogradis, odesis ol-
qebi da moldova. arsebobs sakmaod safuZvliani varaudi
narkonivTierebebis Sua aziidan afxazeTis gavliT evropa-
Si gatanis Sesaxeb.
afxazeTis de-faqto xelisufleba uZluria gaumklav-
des narkomafiis bosebs, radgan maT (kriminalebs) Tavisi
xalxi hyavT amave xelisuflebis yvela StoSi. afxazeTSi
narkomafiis masStabebis zrdis gamo SeSfoTebas gamoxa-

61
taven saqarTvelos samarTaldamcavi struqturebic, vin-
aidan trasekas CarCoSi saqarTvelos satranzito qvey-
nad CamoyalibebiT iqmneba maRali albaToba saqarTvelos
satransporto qseli gamoyenebul iqnas narkotikebis
eqsportisa da gavrcelebisTvis.
afxazeTSi SesaZlebelia yovelgvari cecxlsasroli
iaraRis yidva da gayidva gacilebiT iafad, vidre danarCen
saqarTveloSi da ruseTSi. soxumis reJimi iaraRis brunvas
ver akontrolebs. auarebeli aRuricxavi iaraRia boevike-
bis da kerZo pirebis xelSi, kriminalebis kuTvnil sarea-
lizacio sacavebSi. iaraRis biznesiT dakavebul adamianebs
saimedo kavSirebi aqvT ruseTis samxedro bazebTan, iara-
Ris mwarmoeblebTan, CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikebSi
mimofantul yofil TanamebrZolebTan.
Kkriminaluri biznesis erTerTi gavrcelebuli for-
maa saqarTvelos teritoriidan (ZiriTadad Tbilisidan da
quTaisidan) avtomanqanebis gataceba gamosasyidis miRebis
mizniT. 2001 wels oficialurad dafiqsirebulia 206 fa-
qti, Tumca realurad gatacebuli manqanebis raodenoba
ramdenjerme metia. maTi umetesoba gadahyavT afxazeTSi
da samaCabloSi, iqidan ki ruseTSi. upiratesobas aniWeben
ucxouri warmoebis Tanamedrove msubuq avtomanqanebs da
avtosatransporto saSualebebs. gatacebuli avtomanqa-
nebis nawili gamosasyidis gadaxdis Semdeg kvlav saqarTve-
loSi brundeba.
terorizmi unda mospo da moispoba kidec, magram udi-
desi Sromis gaweva mouwevT politikosebs, samarTaldam-
cavebs, ekonomistebs, politologebs, sociologebs,
fsiqologebs, imis gasarkvevad Tu ra xdeba im adamianebis
TavebSi, romlebic mzad arian sakuTari sicocxlis fasad
gawiron aTasobiT, aTeul aTasobiT adamianis sicocxle
da janmrTeloba. ra aris es? adamianis, rogorc uflis ms-
gavsisa da xatis gadagvareba Tu sxva ram axali, jer kidev

62
Seucnobi fenomeni, romlis gamovlena da gankurnebaa sa-
Wiro.
am kiTxvaze msoflio pasuxs elodeba.
ar iqneboda am sakiTxze msjeloba sruli da samarTlia-
ni, Tu ar davamatebdiT imas, rom msoflio gaerTianebebma,
mdidarma qveynebma seriozulad unda ganixilon da realu-
rad mohkidon xeli adamianTa (adamianTa jgufebis, gaer-
Tianebebis) aseTi qcevis mizezebisa da garemoebebis Seswav-
las da maTi aRmofxvris RonisZiebis gatarebas.
bolo dros msoflioSi iyo ramdenime movlena (maT So-
ris, egreT wodebuli, globalistebis mravali Ria sapro-
testo aqcia, e.w. vahabitTa momZlavreba evropisa da aziis
stabilurobiT gamorCeul did Tu patara saxelmwifoebSi
da sxva), rac yuradRebiT Seswavlas (da ara xelketebiT
garekvas) moiTxovs, aseve gaWianurebuli an aTwleulebiT
dakonservebuli konfliqtebi, maT Soris, afxazeTSi, sa-
maCabloSi, romlebic garemoebaTa sabediswero gadakve-
Tis viTarebaSi SeiZleba fanatikuri Zalebis xelSi, didi
afeTqebebisa da sxva umZimesi garTulebebis epicentrebi
gaxdnen.
terorizmi Savi Wiri, avTvisebiani metastazia kaco-
briobis sxeulze, romlisganac arc erTi qveyana da adamia-
ni ar aris daculi.

`dilis gazeTi,~
14 seqtemberi, 2001w.

63
 terorizmTan brZola ukontrolo
teritoriebis mowesrigebiT
unda daiwyos
interviu gazeT “dilis gazeTis” korespondentTan
qalbaton Tamar sujaSvilTan

rafiel gelantia wlebis manZilze eweoda sa-

zogadoebriv, samwerlo da publicistur saqmi-
anobas. iyo raionuli gazeT „galis“ redaqtori.
aris afxazeTis mtkivneul problemebze ramdenime
wignis avtori da Tanaavtori, gamoqveynebuli aqvs
aTeulobiT samecniero naSromi. miuxedavad imisa,
rom, rogorc ityvian, xSirad „kadrs miRma“ idga,
igi aris afxazeTis erTerTi mematiane da eqsperti
konfliqtebis mowesrigebis sakiTxSi.
rafiel gelantia amJamad aris parlamentis
TanamSromeli da sazogadoeba „samurzayanos“ er-
TerTi lideri. CvenTan saubarSi igi afxazeTis sa-
kiTxs msoflios bolodroindel geopolitikuri
movlenebis WrilSi ganixilavs.

_ ra situaciaa amJamad afxazeTSi da dRevandeli vi-

Tarebidan gamomdinare, ras unda velodoT?
_ viTareba mZimea. miuxedavad imisa, rom konfliqtis
zonaSi dsT-s koleqtiuri samSvidobo Zalebi da gaeros
samxedro meTvalyureebia ganlagebuli, galis raioni kon-
fliqtis epicentria, sadac mosalodnelia afeTqeba. po-
litikosebic da masmediac iq arsebul viTarebas, ZiriTa-
dad aRwerilobiT Sefasebas aZleven, magram arsebobs mra-
vali faqtori, rac daZabulobas ganapirobebs. kerZod, ga-
lis raioni okupirebulia ucxo Zalis mier. administracia
eTnikurad afxazuria, rac mosaxleobis ukmayofilebas
iwvevs. raioni mTlianad qarTuli kulturisa da tradi-

64
ciebis mqone raionia, amitom mosaxleobisTvis miuRebelia
ucxo ena da mmarTvelobis is formebi, romlebic afxazu-
ri administraciis viwro wrem danerga. adgilobrivi mo-
saxleobis seriozuli ukmayofilebis mizezi is aris, rom
yvela skolaSi swavleba oficialurad rusulad enaze
mimdinareobs. aris sxva mizezic, kerZod, afxazuri admi-
nistracia galis raions ganixilavs, rogorc gamorCenis
saSualebas, piradi gamdidrebis adgils; afxazeTSi Seiara-
Rebuli dapirispirebis dasrulebis Semdgom wlebSi galSi
araviTari socialuri da ekonomikuri RonisZiebebi ar gan-
xorcielebula, adamianebze aravin ar zrunavs.
_ „tyis Zmebis“ meTauri daTo Sengelia imuqreboda,
Tu galis skolebSi qarTulad swavla ar aRdgeba, sko-
lebs avafeTqebTo. mohyva Tu ara am muqaras raime kon-
kretuli Sedegi?
_ galis raionSi swavla-ganaTlebas odiTganve gansa-
kuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoboda. pirveli qarTuli skola
galis raionis sofel oqumSi gaixsna jer kidev 1851 wels,
mogvianebiT, amave saukunis bolomde raionis 22 sofelSi
funqcionirebda rusul_qarTuli skolebi. aseTi damoki-
debuleba dRemde SemorCa. yovelTvis mjeroda, da mjera,
rom biWebi skolebs, romlebSic aRizardnen, ar aafeTqebd-
nen. separatistebis mizani galis raionis mosaxleobis garu-
sebaa, rac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
qarTuli skolebi daixureba da konfliqti gaWianurdeba.
ar vici ratom, magram faqtia, rom soxumis reJimma ofi-
cialurad daadastura galis raionSi aTi qarTuli skolis
arseboba. msgavsi gancxadeba adre ar gakeTebula.
galSi umZimesi kriminogenuri viTarebaa. samarTaldam-
cavi organoebi mxolod (garda ramdenime gamonaklisisa)
afxazebiT aris dakompleqtebuli. isini angariSs ar uweven
adgilobriv mosaxleobas. ar arsebobs sasamarTlo, proku-
ratura, saveqilo samsaxuri. galelebs asamarTleben sxva
raionebSi, upiratesad qalaq soxumSi. axla konkretulad

65
galze vsaubrobT, magram SemiZlia giTxraT, rom msgavsi
viTarebaa mTels afxazeTSi. afxazebi winaaRmdegni arian
galSi gaixsnas adamianis uflebaTa dacvis gaeros da eu-
Tos soxumis ofisis filiali. SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas,
rom iq kvlav grZeldeba eTnikuri wmenda da am niSniT adgi-
lobrivi mosaxleobis devna.
_ zogierTi cnobiT, panikuri SiSis gamo, afxazeTs mo-
saxleoba tovebs. . .
_ saqarTvelom ar unda moiWras gza Tavis upirvelesi
saxelmwifoebrivi uflebebis dacvis uzrunvelsayofad,
amasTan saWiroa xeli Seuwyos afxazeTis saxelmwifoe-
brivi warmonaqmnis konstituciuri uflebamosilebebis
dacvas saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisad. Cvenma xe-
lisuflebam afxazebTan problemis mogvarebis optimalu-
ri gza unda gamonaxos; momaval Taobebs ar unda dauvuto-
voT ufro rTulad gadasawyveti problemebi. samwuxarod,
calkeuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenle-
bisagan da rigi politikosebisagan xSirad gaigonebT, rom
de-iure afxazeTis teritoriis garkveuli nawili (vTqvaT,
mdinare gumisTas iqeT) daeTmos afxazebs da am terito-
riaze Tbilisma aRiaros afxazeTs damoukidebloba. es ar
unda davuSvaT. aWara 300 weli sxva saxelmwifos Semadgen-
lobaSi iyo da msgavs dokumentze xeli rom mogvewera, aWa-
ra saqarTvelos aRarasodes daubrundeboda.
realurad msoflios xelaxali gadanawilebis procesi
mimdinareobs; ise ar unda moxdes, vinmes, Tundac msoflios
udidesi saxelmwifos sameurveo subieqtad viqceT da Cveni
qveynis damoukidebloba da suvereniteti eWvis qveS dad-
ges. aseTi safrTxe ki arsebobs.
dRes umTavresia saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi afxazeTis
statusis, Tbilissa da soxums Soris uflebamosilebaTa ga-
mijvnis ZiriTadi principebis gansazRvra. Tu es ver moxer-
xdeba, mTeli samSvidobo konstruqcia daingreva da ufro
gagviWirdeba, magram arasodes unda moviWraT ukandasaxevi

66
da dasaxuli miznis sxva gzebiT miRwevis arCevanis saSualeba.
daakvirdiT, 11 seqtembers aSS-Si momxdari teraqtis
Semdeg SesaZlebeli gaxda Zlieri koaliciis Seqmna, rome-
lic terorizms SeebrZoleba. teroristebi SemTxveviT ar
Cndebian. isini, rogorc wesi, gamoxataven didi saxelmwi-
fos an saxelmwifoebis interesebs. maTi TavSesafari, ro-
gorc wesi, ukontrolo teritoriebia, maT Soris da upira-
tesad secesirebuli teritoriebi.
ruseTi Cven gvadanaSaulebs teroristebis mfarvelo-
baSi, aviwydeba, rom Tavad aris araerTi teroristis mfar-
veli, Tundac maTi, vinc afxazeTis omis dros qarTvelebs
xocavda. igive SeiZleba iTqvas saqarTvelos xelisufle-
bis mier teroristebad gamocxadebul adamianebze, romle-
bic ruseTSi gansakuTrebuli pativiT sargebloben.
_ sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos yvela
didi mteri Tavs afarebda ucxo qveyanas, romelic mas,
rogorc wesi, sakuTari geopolitikuri Tu sxva mizne-
bis realizaciisTvis iyenebda.
_ wina wlebSi saqarTvelom sakuTar Tavze iwvnia teraqte-
bis mTeli wyeba, maT Soris, prezidentze, politikur moRva-
weebze Tavdasxmebi, politikuri moRvaweebis da Jurnali-
stebis mkvlelobebi. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam msoflios
gasagonad ganacxada, rom unda Seiqmnas terorizmTan brZo-
lis yovlismomcveli da moqnili meqanizmi. aseTi gangaSi
afxazeTis omis da soxumis dacemis Semdeg rom atexiliyo,
darwmunebuli var, arc es problema da, SesaZloa, arc ameri-
kis bolo droindeli movlenebi yofiliyo. koaliciis mier
saerTaSoriso terorizmis winaaRmdeg Seqmnil programaSi
unda Caiweros, rom dadga dro msoflios cxeli (ukontro-
lo) wertilebi mowesrigdes. maT Soris afxazeTSic, radgan
teroristebi iqac afareben Tavs.
teroristoba ar niSnavs mxolod da mxolod imas, rom Sa-
hidis qamari Semoirtya, Tavi aifeTqo da sxvebi aafeTqo. ter-
ori ufro farTo ramea, arsebiTad SiSiT da ZaladobiT bato-

67
noba, rac afxazeTSi dainerga da dRemde grZeldeba. tero-
rizmi upirvelesad da umTavresad SiSis danergviT politi-
kuri, ekonomikuri, komerciuli Tu sxva miznis miRwevis saSu-
alebaa. afxazeTSi arsebuli ganukiTxaoba da Zaladoba metad
xelsayreli garemoa znedakarguli da Tavze xelaRebuli
adamianebis, mkvlelebis da mZarcvelebis gamosazrdelad.
ai, es-es aris gavrcelda informacia, rom guSin galSi kidev
erTi adamiani gaitaces gamosasyidis miRebis moTxovniT. fa-
qtia, rom afxazeTSi ukiduresad saSiSi saxe miiRo adamianTa
gatacebam. ukontrolo teritoriebi (pankisis xeoba, afxaze-
Ti, yofili samxreT oseTi) gadaiqca gatacebul adamianTa ga-
damalvis adgilad. gaxSirda ucxoeli moqalaqeebis, ZiriTa-
dad biznesmenebis gatacebis SemTxvevebic. 1999 wels soxumis
mier kontrolirebad teritoriaze gatacebulia 71 adamiani,
2000 wels _ 99, 2001 wels _ 98. amave periodSi moklulia 203
adamiani. erTi sityviT, afxazeTSi arsebobs yvela piroba
teroristi mkvlelebis SesarCevad da mosamzadeblad.
_ afxazeTis sakiTxi CixSia, samSvidobo molapara-
kebam dRemde Sedegi ver gamoiRo. . .
_ afxazeTis problemis mowesrigebasTan dakavSirebiT,
jer kidev ar amouwuravT TavianTi SesaZleblobebi gae-
ros, euTos, konfliqtis mowesrigebaSi Cabmuli mxareebis
sakoordinacio sabWos. mimdinareobs muSaoba afxazeTis
statusis, Tbilissa da soxums Soris uflebamosilebis ga-
mijvnis dokumentebze.
dro Tavisas akeTebs. afxazebsa da devnilebs Soris ur-
TierTobebi TandaTan icvleba, agresia da radikalizmi
TandaTanobiT uTmobs adgils gonierebas da mimteveblo-
bas. amis dasturia Tundac is faqti, rom amJamad Tbilisi-
dan soxums da afxazeTis raionebs uamravi adamiani ukav-
Sirdeba telefoniT da piriqiT. aRdga savaWro urTier-
Tobebic, adamianebi sayofacxovrebo saqonlis SesaZenad
Tu samkurnalod afxazeTidan (maT Soris gagra, soxumi)
TbilisSic Camodian. xalxis erTmaneTisken swrafvam gaus-

68
wro politikosebis xSirad usagno da unayofo msjelobebs
da ganxilvebs. Sexvedrebsa da molaparakebebSi afxazeTis
mkvidri adamianebis Cabmaa saWiro da xalxi amisTvis mzad
aris. inal kazani, afxazebis warmomadgeneli iyo amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi, 2001 wlis 23 agvistos „svobodnaia
gruziaSi“ werda: „isini, romlebic arian xelisuflebaSi
afxazeTSi da iziareben dRevandeli administraciis azrs,
misdeven fantastikur gegmas, romelic arasdros ar iqne-
ba miRebuli, rogorc politikuri mowesrigebis nawili.
afxazeTis damoukidebeli saxelmwifo SeuZlebelia.... risi
ufro unda geSinodeT afxazebo, saqarTvelosTan mSvido-
bis Tu gaurkveveli momavlisa! “
_ gia nodiam CemTan interviuSi amerikis 11 seqtembris
movlenebamde didi xniT adre, ganacxada, rom SesaZloa,
afxazeTis konfliqti uaxloes 10 welSic ar mogvar-
des. mas Semdeg msoflioSi bevri ram elvis siswrafiT
Seicvala…
_ me saswaulebis ar mjera, magram mjera samarTlianobis
garduvalobisa. saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobas agresiul
separatizmze zemoqmedebis bevri meqanizmi aqvs da Tu igi am
meqanizmebs gamoiyenebs, Sedegi uTuod dadgeba. maT Soris
efeqturi meqanizmia iZuleba mSvidobisTvis. afxazeTSi kar-
gad ician, rom saqarTvelosagan ZaliT gamoyofili afxazeTi
arasdros ar gaxdeba saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis wevri
qveyana da saqarTvelos gareSe afxazeTs momavali ara aqvs.
amiT aris ganpirobebuli Cemi optimizmic, rasac obie-
qturi wanamZRavri aqvs, upirvelesad qarTveli eris tra-
diciulad utexi xasiaTi da neba qveynis gasamTlianeblad,
gonebamaxviloba da moxerxebuloba, amouwuravi sulieri
potenciali.
„dilis gazeTi.“
11 oqtomberi, 2001w.

69
 adamianis uflebaTa dacva
afxazeTSi
ramdenime welia gaeros rezoluciebSi iwereba
moTxovna galis raionSi adamianis uflebaTa dac-
vis soxumis filialis ofisis gaxsnis Sesaxeb. am
sakiTxs qarTuli mxare TiTqmis yvela molapara-
kebaze ayenebs. galis raionSi adamianis ufleba-
Ta dacvis mdgomareobis Semfasebelma gaeros mi-
siamac aucileblad miiCnia ofisis gaxsna, magram
afxazuri mxaris destruqciuli poziciis gamo,
viTareba ar Secvlila.
gaeros da euTos adamianis uflebaTa dam-
cvelebs miaCniaT, rom soxumis warmomadgenlebi
periodulad Cadian galis raionSi, aRnusxaven fa-
qtebs, magram uZlurebi arian rame Secvalon.

cxadia, Cndeba kiTxva, ratom arian winaaRmdegni soxu-

mis de-faqto xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi, galis rai-
onSi aseTi ofisi arsebobdes?
pasuxi martivia _ maTze ukeTesad vin icis, Tu rogor
aris daucveli adamiani afxazeTSi. cnobili faqti, rom
soxumis ofisis warmomadgenlebi 17 saaTidan soxumis qu-
CebSi ver bedaven gasvlas (SarSan mokles am ofisis Ta-
namSromeli zurab aCba da sxva) metyvelebs, rom afxaze-
Tis totalitaruli da kriminali mmarTvelebisa da maTi
mfarvelebisTvis saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebi, demo-
kratiuli faseulobebi, adamiani rogorc TavisTavad Ri-
rebuli, ucxo da miuRebelia.
1999 wels sazogadoebrivi organizacia `daisis~ mier
fondis `Ria sazogadoeba saqarTvelos~ finansuri mxar-
daWeriT gamoica adamianis uflebaTa leqsikoni, romel-
Sic adamianis uflebebTan dakavSirebuli terminebisa
da cnebebis ganmartebebia mocemuli. leqsikonSi 400-mde

70
terminia Setanili. eqspertebis saqmea, albaT, guldasmiT
gaaanalizon afxazeTSi adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis md-
gomareoba am leqsikonis mixedviT, magram zerele Sedare-
bebic TvalnaTliv adasturebs ubedurebis tragikul gan-
zomilebebs.
ufro zustad, ar aris adamianis sayovelTaod aRiare-
buli ufleba (mxedvelobaSia am leqsikonSi Setanili),
romlis darRvevac ar xdebodes afxazeTSi da, ra Tqma
unda, galis raionSi, romelic dapirispirebaTa epicen-
tria da eTnikurad qarTuli regionia. Cveulebriv enaze
es aris mosaxleobis mimarT politikuri, ekonomikuri so-
cialuri Tu sxva motiviT ukanono zemoqmedeba (represia),
romelsac axlavs genocidis Tu eTnikuri wmendis yvela ni-
Sani, Serwymuli Cveulebriv kriminalur danaSaulobebTan,
sicocxlis, patiosnebisa da Rirsebis xelyofasTan.
bolo dros (miuxedavad usafrTxoebis zonaSi samSvi-
dobo Zalebisa da gaeros meTvalyureTa yofnisa) masobri-
vi xasiaTi aqvs afxazi `boevikebis~ (maT Soris miliciele-
bis), aseve daudgeneli pirebis mier (niRbosnebi da uniR-
boebi) soflebSi SeWras, Cxrekas TviTnebobas, Zarcvas,
romelsac arc ise iSviaTad axlavs fizikuri Seuracxyofa.
marto mimdinare wels, dazustebuli monacemebiT galis
raionis Zvel sazRvrebSi dafiqsirebulia 991 mkvleoba,
sacxovrebeli saxlebis dawva, yaCaRoba da wameba. bolo
TveebSi 31 saxli da nageboba gaZarcves da daangries.
Sewyvetilia raionuli gazeTis gamocema, akrZalulia
qarTulenovani presis Setana, adgilobrivi sakabelo te-
levizia mxolod rusul_afxazuria da mTlianad antiqar-
Tuli. galis raionSi ar funqcionirebs arc erTi eklesia,
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mravali Txovna-mudaris mi-
uxedavad ver moxerxda eklesiis gaxsna WuburxinjSi.
1993-2001 wlebSi afxazma `boevkebma~ galis raionSi
daxoces 1553 mSvidobiani mosaxle, awames 2730-ze meti

71
adamiani, ugzoukvlod dakargulad iTvleba 133, mimdi-
nare wels gauCinarda 11 adamiani. afxazuri mxare gazafx-
ulsa da zafxulis periodSi adgilobriv mosaxleobas mo-
nebiviT amuSavebs adgilze da afxazeTis sxva qalaqebsa da
soflebSi. sistematurad inaRmeba raionis teritoriebi,
Saragzebi, mdinareebze gadasasvlelebi. naRmzea afeTqe-
buli 137 adamiani, maT Soris samSvidobo Zalebis warmomad-
genlebi, afxazebi, aseve bavSvebi, qalebi da moxucebi.
26 oqtombers afxazebis kriminalurma jgufma sofel
otobaiaSi aiyvana 5 adamiani da gaurkveveli mimarTulebiT
waiyvana. momdevno dRes Tamaz qulava (erT-erTi dakavebu-
li) mokluli da dasaxiCrebuli ipoves sofel aCigvaraSi.
11 oqtombers afxazma `boevikebma~ biZaSvili gadeliebi
daakaves da mokvlis muqariT aiZules enguris arxis erT-
erT kaSxalze asuliyvnen da wyalSi gadamxtariyvnen. Semd-
gom (10 dReSi) gairkva, rom erTi maTgani daixrCo, meTev-
zeebma zRvidan gamoriyuli gvami ipovnes.
ra saxelic ar unda daarqva adgilobrivi mosaxleo-
bis winaaRmdegobas, es aris im adamianTa bunebrivi reaq-
cia, romelTac uwvaven saxl-kars, uxocaven naTesavebsa
da axloblebs, arTmeven sicocxles. galis raionis mosax-
leobis mimarT eTnikuri wmendis gagrZeleba, umZimesi so-
cialuri foni, masobrivad damwvari saxlebi, cxovrebis
elementaruli pirobebis ararseboba aiZulebs mosaxleo-
bas gamoxatos ukmayofileba soxumis reJimis mimarT. vid-
re ase gagrZeldeba, vidre devnilTa dabrunebis sakiTxi
ar gadawydeba, yovelgvari molaparakeba da xelSekrule-
ba vulkanze dgas. ufro metic, aseT viTarebaSi afxazeT-
Si verasdros miiRweva Tanxmoba da progresi konfliqtis
mowesrigebaSi. samwuxarod, verc saqarTvelos xelisuf-
lebam, verc saerTaSoriso organizaciebma, gaerom, eu-
Tom, msoflio Tanamegobrobam ver SeZles afxazuri mxaris
TviTnebobis aRkveTa.

72
 gasaocaria TbilisSi moqmedi mTeli rigi arasamTavro-
bo organizaciebis pozicia; isini tomebs qmnian TavianT
afxaz kolegebTan molaparakebebis Sedegebze, magram sa-
jarod erTxelac ar wamoswies afxazeTSi adamianis uf-
lebaTa darRvevis (daucvelobis) problemebi. iqneb, es
sakiTxi arc ise mniSvnelovania da sxva ufro saintereso
problemebiT dakavebulebs ar CauxedavT sikvdilisa da
adamianebze nadirobis statistikaSi, miT ufro zemoaRniS-
nul leqsikonSi.
afxazeTis separatistulma reJimma unda gaigos, rom
sanam ar Sewydeba afxazeTSi mosaxleobis devna da Seviw-
roeba, ar iqneba Tanxmoba, ar iqneba mSvidoba. etyoba, rom
engurs gamoRmac bevrma jer kidev ar icis, rom afxazurma
mxarem 1995 wels miiRo dadgenileba `qarTvelTa mier afxa-
zeTSi ganxorcielebuli genocidis Sesaxeb,~ romelSic
gvar-saxelebiTaa aRniSnuli `genocidis qarTveli avto-
rebi~ da maT afxazeTSi Sesvla da molaparakebebSi monawi-
leoba akrZaluli aqvT. afxazurma sainformacio saSual-
ebebma es dokumenti didi xania gaavrceles internetiT da
mas warmatebul ideologiur funqcias akisreben, rac, bu-
nebrivia, adekvatur reagirebas moiTxovs.
guldasawyvetia, rom afxazeTSi genocidi da eTnikuri
wmenda, qarTvelTa Jleta kvlavac grZeldeba, magram am
dReebSi rusTavelis prospeqtze gamarTul mravalaTasian
mitingze afxazeTis problema da secesirebuli terito-
riebi aravis gaxsenebia.

`dilis gazeTi,~
19 noemberi, 2001w.

73
 Zlieri aRmasrulebeli
xelisufleba_krizisidan
gamosvlis mTavari faqtori
arasodes inano warsulze, iare win, ifiqre mo-
mavalze. bevri adamiani uzomo dros uTmobs war-
sulze fiqrs, imis nacvlad, rom energia warmar-
Tos axali saqmeebis dasawyebad. warumateblobis-
gan ar unda Seqmna tragedia, isini unda ganixilo,
rogorc etapi raime siaxlis Ziebasa da swavlaSi.
deili karnegi

saqarTvelos mosaxleoba didxans ver Seegueba mkafiod

gamoxatul qonebriv polarizacias, saxelmwifo (saxal-
xo) qonebis velur gadanawilebaSi arsebul TviTnebobas
da mikerZoebas, erovnuli qonebis uTavbolo gasxvisebas,
mosaxlobis Tvalis asaxvevad gaTamaSebul e.w. saxalxo
vauCerizacias, gasamdidrebeli elitis klanuri niSniT
SerCevas. mosaxleobis masobrivma gaRatakebam logikurad
warmoSva ukmayofilebis grZnoba da saprotesto muxti.
SeiZleboda ki sxva gziT wasvla, sxva kursis arCeva?
albaT, SeiZleboda. amas adasturebs rigi qveynebis (Cine-
Ti, vietnami, indoeTi, brazilia, argentina, taivani, balti-
ispireTis qveynebi, calkeuli postsabWoTa saxelmwifoe-
bi, CexeTis respublika, slovakia da sxva) gamocdileba.
samwuxarod, Cveni qveynis xelisufleba TvaldaxuWulad
miendo dasavleTidan nakarnaxev privatizaciis direqti-
vas, principiT,_gaasxviseT yvelaferi, rogorc SeZlebT,
Tanac, ise da imgvarad, rogorc moaxerxebT! amasTan, sa-
qarTveloSic upiratesoba mieniWa polonuri privatiza-
ciis mamis (balceroviCi) e.w Sokur Terapias (iq yvela damS-
euls SeeZlo mieRo erTi moxarSuli kvercxis Tundac naxe-
vari!), rac CvenTan Zalze gaWianurda da sxva TvisebriobaSi

74
gadavida. da mainc, am gadasaxedidan kargad Cans (rasac sxva
qveynebis gamocdilebac adasturebs), rom Secdoma iyo
gardamaval periodSi ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regu-
lirebis mTliani demontaJi, makroekonomikis, socialuri
infrastruqturis, adgilobriv mmarTvelobis organoebis
uflebamosilebaTa meqanikuri gauqmeba.
eqspertebs miaCniaT, rom qmediTi mTavrobisa da
Sesabamisi kompetenciisa da pasuxismgeblobis struqtu-
rebis arsebobis pirobebSi, saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi
sakuTrebis privatizacia SeiZleboda ganxorcielebuli-
yo mizandasaxulad da samarTlianad, Tavidan agvecilebi-
na danaSaulebrivi `prixvatizacia.~
zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare savsebiT bunebrivia
eqspertebis kamaTi Tu ra bedi ewia yofili kolmeurneobe-
bisa da sabWoTa meurneobebis miwas da qonebas, vis xelSi da
rogor gadavida saqarTvelos saxelmwifos umniSvnelova-
nesi agraruli aqtivebi, romlis realuri fasi (dolarze
gadayvaniT) aseulobiT miliardia, maT Sorisa saukeTeso
sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwebi da savargulebi,
mravalwliani nargavebi.
pirdapir Tu vityviT, mTavrobam, rogorc preziden-
tis saTaTbiro organom, qveyanaSi mimdinare ekonomikuri
procesebis siRrmiseuli ganWvreta, perspeqtivis pro-
gnozireba da, rac mTavaria, axali ekonomikuri realobis
adekvaturi konkretuli reformebis organizacia ver SeZ-
lo. blefia, rom sabazro ekonomika da kerZo iniciativa,
Tavisufali konkurencia ganviTarebuli sabazro infra-
stuqturis da Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi bazis gareSe av-
tomaturad uzrunvelyofen ekonomikur stabilurobas,
qveynis TviTganviTarebas da sayovelTao keTildReobas.
aqsiomaturi WeSmaritebaa, rom ekonomikis pirdapir Tu
irib marTvaSi saxelmwifos monawileobis gareSe qveyana
myarad da stabilurad ver ganviTardeba.

75
 cnobilia, rom msoflios umetes saxelmwifoSi, rom-
lebic metnaklebad warmatebiT viTardebian, aRmasru-
lebel xelisuflebas gadamwyveti adgili ukavia da misi
roli ganuxrelad izrdeba. aRmasrulebeli xelisufle-
bis siZliere niSnavs mis unars, flobdes qveynis winaSe
mdgar upirveles amocanebs, gansazRvros prioritetebi
da uzrunvelyos Sesabamisi ekonomikuri da socialuri
reformebis ganxorcieleba, sakuTari gadawyvetilebebis
uTuod Sesruleba, korufciis winaaRmdeg efeqtiani brZo-
la. aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi moiazreba konstitu-
ciiT uflebamosili saxelmwifo organoebi (ministrTa ka-
bineti, ministrTa sabWo Tu mTavroba, saministroebi, uwy-
ebebi da dawesebulebebi), romlebic axorcieleben kanon-
mdeblobiT gansazRvrul saxelmwifo politikas dargebis
mixedviT da aRWurvili arian saTanado meqanizmebiT, aseve
aRmasrulebel sistemaSi Semavali sxva uwyebebi da dawese-
bulebebi.
mosaxleoba moelis, rom aRmasrulebelma xelisuf-
lebam prezidentisa da parlamentis mier SemuSavebuli po-
litikuri kursis Sesabamisad unda uzrunvelyos qveynis
teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena, ekonomikuri dawinau-
reba, mosaxleobis keTildReobis uzrunvelyofis Ronis-
Ziebebis gatareba. ufro metic, saqarTvelos moxerxebuli
geoplotikuri mdgomareobis da kavkasiaSi misi lideris
istoriuli gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZlebelia
saqarTvelos dawinaureba perspeqtiul regionalur sa-
xelmwifod.
saqmeSi Caxedul adamianebs miaCniaT, rom saqarTvelos
1995 wlis konstituciiT gansazRvruli saxelmwifo mini-
stris, rogorc mTavrobis saqmianobis koordinatoris,
uflebamosilebani sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda yofili mini-
strTa sabWos efeqturi Canacvlebis uzrunvelsayofad;
Zlieri parlamentisa da saTanado uflebamosili mini-

76
strTa kabinetis (sabWos) arsebobis SemTxvevaSi SesaZle-
beli iyo qveyanas Tavidan aecilebina ekonomikuri krizi-
sebi da sxva mravali garTulebebi. Tavidanve cxadi iyo,
rom arakoordinirebuli saministroebi da uwyebebi ver
aicilebdnen uwyebriv daqsaqsulobas, subieqtivizmsa da
voluntarizms, aseve uwyebriv dapirispirebas da TviTne-
bobas.
ueWvelia, rom nebismieri sistema adamianis gareSe mkv-
daria. calkeuli qveynebis mTavrobaSi umaRlesi Tanamde-
bobis pirebsac ki arCeven mxolod da mxolod konkursis we-
siT, gamocdebis etapebis gavliT, amasTan mxolod iseTebs,
romelTac aqvT sazogadoebrivi ndobis maRali reitingi.
didi demokratiis qveynebSi Camoyalibda aRmasrulebeli
Tanamdebobis pirebis SerCevis instituciuri sistema, ro-
melic gamoricxavs e.w. arakompetenturi, magram efeqturi
muSakebis dawinaurebas. dasavleTis qveynebSic savsebiT
bunebrivia partiuli aqtivistebis mosvla xelisuflebaSi
(ZiriTadad politikur Tanamdebobebze), magram Zalze iS-
viaTad aRmasrulebel struqturebSi.
ministrTa kabineti Sesabamis saministroebTan erTad
unda iyos prognozirebisa da ganviTarebis generatori.
cxadia, rom unda viswavloT da qveyanaSi davamkvidroT
dasavluri sabazro ekonomikis saukeTeso gamocdileba,
magram ara sakuTari istoriuli gamocdilebis xelaRebiT
uaryofis, arsebulis ganadgurebis xarjze. ueWvelia, rom
siRaribis daZlevis sxva gza ar gvaqvs, garda mcire da saSu-
alo biznesis da fermeruli (glexuri) meurneobis ganviTa-
rebisa, razedac Tavis droze ocnebobda da safuZvelsac
uyrida ilia WavWavaZe.
Cveni qveynis ekonomika istoriulad ojaxur meurne-
obas efuZneboda. ekonomikis am formis efeqtiani amoqme-
deba ar aris dakavSirebuli gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan
kapitalur danaxarjebTan da swrafad iZleva ukugebas.

77
xeli unda Seewyos gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis ganviTa-
rebas, raTa erovnuli saqoneli da produqti xelmisawv-
domi iyos mosaxleobisTvis qveynis Sida bazarze da Seiqm-
nas saeqsporto resursi. arsebobs saintereso statistika.
saqarTvelos qalaqebSi mcxovrebTa 55-60 procents Turme
aqvs miwis nakveTi da kar-midamo soflebSi, maT Soris Tbi-
liselebsac, rac sursaTiT TviTuzrunvelyofis mniSvne-
lovani resursia. Cvens qveyanas turizmisa da turistuli
infrastuqturis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiTac SeuZlia
gaxdes erTerTi saukeTeso msoflioSi, rac uTod gulisx-
mobs ekonomikis am sferoSi msxvili Tu mcire kerZo seqto-
risa da saojaxo meurneobis ganviTarebas mTaSi, barSi Tu
zRvispireTSi.
gadaxedvas moiTxovs kerZo da saxelmwifo sakuTrebis
Tanafardoba. miCneulia, rom bolo aTi wlis ganmavloba-
Si omi saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebis winaaRm-
deg, Cveni ekonomikuri politikis seriozuli Secdomaa.
ueWvelia, rom qveyana damoukidebeli ver gaxdeba manam,
sanam, saxelmwifo biujeti samomxmareblo biujetidan ar
gadaiqceva ganviTarebis biujetad.
ministrTa kabinets, rogorc ekonomikur tvins, eva-
leba sagadasaxado sistemis srulyofa. gadasaxadebis amo-
RebaSi administrirebisa da partniorobis optimaluri
Tanafardobis uzrunvelyofa. cnobilia, rom ganviTare-
buli sabazro urTierTobis qveynebSi mogebis norma (mar-
Ja) optimaluria da, rogorc wesi, moTxovnisa da miwodebis
balansis adekvaturia. amazea damokidebuli daqiravebu-
lebTan urTierToba, maT Soris samuSao Zalis ganwyobi-
leba da urTierToba ara mxolod mewarmesTan, aramed, sa-
xelmwifosTanac. daqiravebulTa interesebis dacva amJa-
mad, TviTdinebazea miSvebuli. Sromis kanonmdebloba ki
ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis stimulirebis motiviT
mTlianad damqiravebelTa mxarezea, rac winaaRmdegobaSia

78
saerTaSorisod aRiarebul normebTan da principebTan. es
sakiTxi ki, SeiZleba iTqvas, qveyanaSi adamianis uflebisa
da Tavisuflebis dacvis mdgomareobis umTavresi barome-
tria.
ganviTarebuli demokratiis qveynebis gamocdileba
gvaswavlis, rom aucilebelia aRmasrulebel uwyebaTa
depolitizeba. ministris, misi moadgileebis, aparatis
saqmianobis ZiriTadi amocanaa ekonomikis, socialuri in-
frastruqturis ganviTarebis, biznesis xelSewyobis piro-
bebis Seqmna, dargobrivi da regionaluri problemebis ga-
dawyvetaze muSaoba, axali teqnologiebis danergva. unda
damTavrdes is praqtika, roca saministroebi da uwyebebi
e.w. erTi gundis _ saZmakacosa da TanapartielTa TavSesa-
faria. albaT, arc isaa swori, roca ministri Tavis Sromis
wignakis gaxsnas ministris savarZlidan iwyebs. dasavleTis
gamocdileba gvaswavlis, piarkompaniebi aRmasrulebelTa
saqme ar aris.
vfiqrob, araa swori, roca ministris gaTavisufleba
(gadayeneba), avtomaturad gulisxmobs misi moadgileebis
mier Tanamdebobis datovebas. kidev uaresia, roca axali
xelmZRvaneli aiZulebs mTel aparats e.w. sakuTari gancxa-
debiT datovon samuSao. es Secdoma ki ara, danaSaulia. cxa-
dia, rom faqtobrivad adgili aqvs mTeli saministros (uwy-
ebis) demontaJs, profesionalebis gandevnas, saministros
faqtobrivi kvdomas, misi funqcionaluri da profesiuli
memkvidreobis gauqmebas, samsaxureobrivi dokumentaciis
ganadgurebas.
moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT axlad daniSnul ministrs
samsaxurSi mohyavs axali moadgileebi, anu gundi (ZiriTa-
dad ZmabiWobis, erTgulebisa da sxva niSnebiT), romlebic
mxolod, ramdenime wlis Semdeg SeiZleba gaxdnen profe-
sionalebi, esec maSin, Tu ministrs 3-5 weliwadi dascalda
ministroba. igive Seexeba aparatis muSakebsac. saqme iqamde

79
misula, rom zog-zogebs Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis Semdgom
uxdebaT rukiTa da kompasiT eZebon saqarTvelos raionebi,
qalaqebi da soflebi, raTa mciredi warmodgena mainc hqon-
deT im dargze, romelic samarTavad Caabares. am movlenas
adre avadsaxsenebeli naTlimamoba erqva, axla ki Tanamde-
bobebsa da samsaxurSi gunduri principiT SerCeva. moaru-
li anekdoti gvaswavlis, rom erTma axalgazrdam, Semdgom-
Si geniosad wodebulma, (Cveneburad, _ Cveulebrivma giJma)
sqeltaniani wigni dawera, romlis pirvel gverdze ewera:
wavedi sofelSi mamasTan cxeniT, bolo gverdze _ Cavedi
mamasTan cxeniT, danarCeni furclebze ki mxolod aCu-aCu
iyo. xdeba asec, roca vinmes an rames aikviateben. es xumro-
biT, magram ufro seriozulad, saqmes iseTi piri uCans, rom
male CvenTanac dadgeba dro, roca mesaflavedac dasav-
leTSi namyof da iqve licenzirebul ToTo axalgazrdebs
daniSnaven.
ministrTa kabinetis kidev erTi funqcia unda iyos
qveyanaSi arsebuli tradiciuli agraruli dargebis aRd-
gena da gasaRebis bazrebis gamonaxva. aseTi bazrebi ar-
sebobs da es ruseTis, ukrainis bazrebia, romelTa sxva
qveynis bazrebiT Canacvleba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia.
Cvens ekologiurad sufTa Cais, citrusebs, Rvinos, xils,
egzotikur kulturebs, saTanado gadamuSavebisa da sa-
saqonlo formebis micemis Semdeg, momxmarebeli hyavs
ruseTSi, ukrainaSi, Sua aziaSi da sxvagan. amJamad am kul-
turebis sxva, ufro efeqtiani kulturebiT Secvala didi
kapitaldabandebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. ase, rom aucile-
belia moinaxos soflis meurneobis kerZo, saxelmwifo Tu
sazogadoebrivi seqtoris axali organizaciuli formebi,
romlis birTvi SeiZleba iyos saojaxo, fermeruli da ko-
operatiuli meurneobebi.
samwuxarod, saxelmwifo biujetidan soflis meurneo-
bis ganviTarebaze mxardaWera wlidan-wlamde klebulobs.

80
mimdinare wels soflis meurneobas gamoeyo simboluri
Tanxa. ase Tu gagrZelda, sofeli gaCanagdeba, saqarTvelos
dakargavs Tavis funqcias, rogorc agrarul-samrewvelo
qveyana; dagvidgeba dro, roca saqarTveloSi Semosatani
gveqneba niori, xaxvi, pamidori, kartofilic ki. me ar vla-
parakob sxva aucilebel produqtebze da piradi moxmare-
bis sagnebze, romelTa warmoeba da mwarmoebelTa dasaqmeba
sxva qveynebs gadavuloceT.
eqspertebs miaCniaT, rom saqarTvelosTvis soflis
meurneoba da agraruli seqtori aris is mimarTuleba, sa-
dac unda Seiqmnas Tanamedrove teqnologiebiT aRWurvili
gadammuSavebeli sawarmoebi da infrastruqtura, dainer-
gos niadagis damuSavebis, uxvi sasaqonlo produqciis Se-
qmnisa da Senaxvis, menejmentis Tanamedrove meTod-xerxe-
bi. am mxriv kargi magaliTia Cveni mezobeli da konkurenti
TurqeTi da israeli.
asea Tu ise, saqarTvelo uars ver ityvis Tavis uni-
kalur, istoriulad nacad agrarul ekonomikaze. Cven Za-
lian didi resursi gvaqvs soflis meurneobaSi da SeiZleba
SevqmnaT ganviTarebuli agrosamrewvelo kompleqsi. Tu
Cven ver SevZeliT TviTonve gamovikveboT Cveni Tavi, ro-
gorc amas Cveni winaprebi axerxebdnen istoriulad da kon-
kurntunariani saqoneli ar gavitaneT sazRvargareT, eWvis
qveS dadgeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukide-
bloba. Cvens agrarul seqtors aqvs iseTi resursebi, rac
msoflios mraval qveyanas ara aqvs, amitom Cven SegviZlia
msoflio bazarze masStaburi adgili davikavoT.
mniSvnelovani sakiTxia mTavrobis (ministrTa kabine-
tis) adgili saxelisuflebo struqturaSi, misi uflebebi
da movaleobebi, rac qveynis konstituciiTa da kanoniT
unda ganisazRvros. mTavrobas unda mieniWos sakanon-
mdeblo funqcia, da ara marto ekonomikur da sameurneo
sakiTxebSi. ukve seriozuli problemebia jandacvis da

81
socialuri uzrunvelyofis sferoebSi. aqedanvea dasawy-
ebi TiToeuli dasaqmebuli adamianisTvis sadazRvevo ba-
raTebis gaxsna da maTi aRricxvis mowesrigeba. swored am
sadazRvevo baraTebze, rogorc es evropis mraval qveya-
naSia, unda aisaxos rogorc dasaqmebuli adamianis, aseve
damsaqmeblis Senatanebi sadazRvevo fondSi, raTa Semd-
gomSi maTi pensiis daniSvnis safuZveli gaxdes gadaxdi-
li Tanxebi. unda Semcirdes saSemosavlo gadasaxadi da
dasaqmebuls unda mieces saSualeba Tavad Seqmnas Tavisi
socialuri, janmrTelobis Tu sapensio dacvis garantia.
sityvam moitana, amJamad aranairi sakanonmdeblo baza da
perspeqtiva ar arsebobs, rom pensiebi miviRoT SromiTi
staJisa da Sesabamisad gadaxdili Senatanebis mixedviT. Tu
ar daviwyeT dResve, xval gvian iqneba.
auCqarebeli, magram metad siRrmiseuli reformebi
unda ganxorcieldes ganaTlebis, kulturis da jandacvis
sferoebSi, sadac ukve saxezea krizisis pirveli niSnebi.
ministrTa kabineti (iqneb ministrTa sabWo, saqarT-
velos mTavroba) unda gaxdes ganaxlebuli saxelmwifos,
xalxis da sazogadoebis interesebis erTianobis gamomxat-
veli da dasayrdeni.
`dilis gazeTi,~
12 dekemberi, 2001w.

82
 mizani _ afxazeTis aRiareba
mters sim­x­ne­ve da
Se­mar­Te­ba
Tu ar aC­ve­ne _
uafxa­ze­To sa­qar­T­ve­los
xal­x­no, gvaC­ve­ven!

ar Sve­lis, oden mo­Ra­la­te

Tu Se­aC­ve­ne _
uafxa­ze­To sa­qar­T­ve­los
ma­inc gvaC­ve­ven!

dam­Rup­ve­lia dRes,
qar­T­ve­lo,
mSvi­dad ga­Cer­de _
uafxa­ze­To sa­qar­T­ve­los
ro­ca gaC­ve­ven!

rinos kvaracxelia
(walenjixa)

werilis saTauri aRebulia `respublika abxazias~ 2001

wlis (#102) 4-5 seqtembris nomris pirvel gverdze gamo-
qveynebuli statiidan. am saTaurma SemTxveviT ar miipyro
Cveni yuradReba, Tumca `respublika abxazias~ TiTqmis arc
erTi nomeri ar gamosula, romelSic xazgasmuli ar iyos
afxazeTis swrafva gamoeyos saqarTvelos, gaxdes damou-
kidebeli, suverenuli saxelmwifo, rom yovelgvari mola-
parakeba oficialuri Tu araoficialuri, maT Soris ara-
samTavrobo organizaciebis doneze, mxolod da mxolod,
erT mizans _ afxazeTis damoukideblobis aRiarebis xel-
Sewyobas emsaxureba.
soxumis raJims arc arasdros daumalavs, rom Tbilis-
sa da soxums Soris mimdinare molaparakebebis erTaderTi

83
mizania, rom damoukidebelma (secesirebulma) afxazeTma
daamyaros normaluri urTierToba Tavis erTerT mezo-
belTan_saqarTvelosTan, miiRos misgan cecxlis ganuax-
leblobis da samaradJamo mSvidobis garantiebi, Sewydes
e.w. qarTveli teroristebis da diversantebis dabruneba
mSobliur miwaze, afxazeTis saxelmwifos ar SeeSalos xeli
ganaxorcielos, vTqvaT, galis raionis aneqsia, aukrZalos
adamianebs mSobliur enaze swavla da laparaki.
kargada cnobili, rom, qarTvelTa da saqarTvelos sa-
xelmwifos mimarT autaneli zizRi da ciliswameba gadmo-
cemulia am gazeTis mraval publikaciaSi.
sanam CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebs SevexebodeT,
gvinda 4-5 seqtembris zemoaRniSnuli Sinaarsis werili
gavacnoT mkiTxvels: `31 agvistos, afxazeTis sazogadoe-
briv-politikuri moZraoba `aRorZinebis~ iniciativiT,
afxazeTis sagareo-politikur uwyebaSi gaimarTa `mrgva-
li magida.~ SexvedraSi monawileobdnen afxazeTis prezi-
dentis TanaSemwe a. tania sagareo saqmeTa ministri s. Samba,
iusticiis ministri g. tabaRua, partiebisa da politikuri
moZraobebis, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgen-
lebi. `mrgval magidaze~ xazi gaesva, rom _ `Cveni saerTo
amocanaa damoukidebeli saxelmwifos aSeneba, mosaxleo-
bis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa. am mizans emsaxureba
Cveni sagareo politika, ufro zustad, afxazeTis saerTa-
Soriso aRiarebas, rogori rTuli unda iyos misi miRweva.~
statiaSi aseve naTqvamia, rom `xelisuflebas, opozicias
da arasamTavrobo organizaciebs Soris strategiul sa-
kiTxebze azrTa seriozuli gansxvaveba mTlianobaSi da
kerZod, afxazeTis saxelmwifos sagareo-politikur saq-
mianobaSi ar arsebobs.~
aq komentarebisagan Tavs SevikavebT, es mkiTxvelisT-
vis migvindia, mxolod davZenT, rom Cveni mxridan dialo-
gebSi sistematurad monawile Cvenebur, metismetad `gade-

84
mokratebul da gakosmpolitebul mSvidobismyofelebs,~
romlebic arasamTavrobo organizaciebis egidiT xvdebi-
an Tavian afxaz kolegebs, aseTi ram da gacilebiT uaresi,
araerTxel mousmeniaT, dokumentebSi daufiqsirebiaT, ma-
gram (aris calkeuli personaluri gamonaklisi), TavianTi
principuli pozicia ar gamouxatavT.
Cven mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ~mSvidobis maZiebelTa~ kastad
qceul adamianTa jgufi, romelic Seguebulia afxazeTis
saqarTvelosagan gamoyofas, gatacebulia qarTuli mxaris
`danaSaulobaTa~ mxilebiT, amasTan, arc ki axsendeba (eu-
Tos sami uaxloesi samitis mier afxazeTSi aRiarebuli ge-
nocidi da eTnikuri wmenda), rom arsebobs aseul aTasobiT
devnili, maTi tkivili, gaWirveba. da rac yvelaze uaresia,
Seguebulia im azrs, rom demografiuli situaciis aRdge-
nas afxazuri reJimi arasodes dauSvebs.
Tavs uflebas vaZlevT, saqarTvelos konstituciidan
movixmoT erTi muxli (muxli 24):
`1. yovel adamians aqvs ufleba, Tavisuflad miiRos da
gaavrcelos informacia, gamoTqvas da gaavrcelos Tavisi
azri zepirad, werilobiT an sxvagvari saSualebebiT;
2. masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi Tavisufalia,
cenzura dauSvebelia;~
da iqve, qvemuxli 4. `am muxlis pirvel da meore pun-
qtebSi CamoTvlil uflebaTa ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia
kanoniT SeizRudos iseTi pirobebiT, romlebic aucilebe-
lia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifo uSiSroebis,
teritoriuli mTlianobis an sazogadoebrivi usafrT-
xoebis uzrunvelsayofad, danaSaulis Tavidan asacileb-
lad, sxvaTa uflebebisa da Rirsebis dasacavad, konfiden-
cialurad aRiarebuli informaciis gamJRavnebis Tavidan
asacileblad an sasamarTlos damoukideblobisa da mi-
ukerZoeblobis uzrunvelsayofad.~
iqneb konstituciis pirveli muxlis Sexsenebac iyos sa-

85
Wiro, romelSic SaviT TeTrze weria, rom `saqarTvelo aris
damoukidebeli, erTiani da ganuyofeli saxelmwifo....~
agreTve is, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifos meTauris 1992
wlis 8 ivlisidan afxazeTis mTel teritoriaze saomari md-
gomareobaa gamocxadebuli da dRemde aravis Seucvlia.
bednierebaa qveynisTvis sityvis Tavisufleba, magram
arsebobs wmida da xeluxlebeli erovnul-saxelmwifoe-
brivi interesebi, romlis dacva ara marto konstituciuri
moTxovnaa, aramed moqalaqeobrivi valicaa.
afxazeTSi bolo dReebSi ganviTarebul movlenebTan
dakavSirebiT, 2001 wlis 5 oqtombers arasamTavrobo or-
ganizaciebis (ZiriTadad `kavkasiuri~ instituti da `kavka-
siuri saxli~) calkeulma warmomadgenlebma gaagzavnes mi-
marTva TavianTi afxazi kolegebisadmi `qarTul-afxazuri
konfliqtis gamwvavebis Taobaze~ (32 xelmoweriT gazeTma
`rezonansma~ gamoaqveyna 11 oqtombers da sapasuxo gancxa-
debasTan erTad dabeWda `respublika abxaziam.~
aRniSnuli mimarTva tradiciul stilSia Sedgenili (ra
Tqma unda, upiratesad sakuTari mxarisadmi pirdapiri da
iribi braldebebiT), Tumca is Seicavs pozitiur momenteb-
sa da gafrTxilebebsac movlenaTa tragikuli Sedegebis
Taobaze.
paradoqsia, rom qarTul-afxazur molaparakebebSi,
maT Soris am mimarTvaSi, ar moinaxa adgili afxazeTidan
devnili mosaxleobis warmomadgenlebisTvis. es afxazuri
mxaris kaprizebia, rasac centri didsulovnad eTanxmeba
da amiT ganapirobebs kidec saxalxo diplomatiis tradi-
ciuli modelis uSedegobas.
iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom Cvens bedze, Cvens momavalze
msjeloben ise (rogorc adre mravaljer), rom Cven arafers
gvekiTxebian.
sagangaSod gveCveneba isic, rom Cveni zogierTi `demo-
kratis~ azrovnebis stili, suliskveTeba, ganwyobileba

86
TiTqmis mTlianad identuria afxazi kolegebis poziciisa,
kerZod, rom afxazeTis konfliqtSi Cven yvela varT yvel-
aferSi damnaSave, Tanac xelisuflebidan dawyebuli da ri-
giTi qarTveliT damTavrebuli.
mkiTxvels isev movuxdiT bodiSs da dasturad imisa, Tu
rogori reaqcia aqvT Cveni mSvidobis maZieblebis politi-
kurad saeWvo Rirebulebebis mimarTvaze maT afxaz kole-
gebs, TiTqmis mTlianad mogvyavs batal kobaxias, naTela
akabas da sxvaTa sapasuxo gancxadebebis teqsti.
`bolo dReebSi mdgomareoba afxazeTSi viTardeba dra-
matuli scenariT, romelic gvagonebs 1992 wlis agvistos
situacias... is garemoeba, rom afxazeTsa da saqarTvelos
Soris SeTanxmeba cecxlis ganuaxleblobisa da mSvidobis
Sesaxeb sxvadasxva mizeziT ar iqna xelmowerili, erTmniSv-
nelovnad adasturebs, rom saqarTveloSi politikur ambi-
ciebs adamianis sicocxleze maRla ayeneben. saqarTvelos
agresiuli pozicia gaaxmovana saqarTvelos `omis parti-
am,~ romlis mTavari figuraa Sinagan saqmeTa ministri kaxa
TargamaZe, miznad daisaxa rTuli saerTaSoriso viTareba
gamoyenebul iqnas imisTvis, rom dawyebul iqnas axali sao-
mari kampania afxazeTis winaaRmdeg. . . Cven siamovnebiT aR-
viqviT saqarTvelos sazogadoebis gancxadeba, romelmac
dagmo SeiaraRebuli avantiura afxazeTis teritoriaze da
moiTxova iniciatorebisa da xelSemwyobebis pasuxisgebaSi
gadacema. Cven vgmobT saqarTvelos xelisuflebis upasu-
xismgeblo moqmedebas, romelic ara marto afxazeTsa da
saqarTvelos, aramed mTels kavkasias axali msxvilmasSta-
biani omis zRvarze ayenebs. Cven vacxadebT, rom veraviTari
Zalismieri meTodi, rogori veragulic ar unda iyos igi,
ver SeZlebs daZlios afxazi xalxis erTianoba da simtkice
sakuTari saxelmwifos dasacavad.~
bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxvebi, razec devnili sazoga-
doeba pasuxs moelis, kerZod:

87
 ratom ar monawileoben devnili arasamTavrobo organi-
zaciebis warmomadgenlebi qarTul-afxazur dialogebSi,
roca maTi ricxvi 200-ze metia qveyanaSi da TavianTi inte-
leqtualuri potencialiT aravis udeben tols, sxvebze
(vinc wignebiTa da statiebiT swavloben amJamad afxazeTs)
ukeT ician realoba afxazeTSi da maTTan argumentebiT
saubari ar SeuZliaT reJimis mesveurebs da arasamTavrobo
organizaciebis enagawaful warmomadgenlebsac ki?
ramdenad misaRebia qveynis erovnuli saxelmwifoebri-
vi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT qarTul-afxazur Sexve-
drebSi dominirebdes `yvelaferSi damnaSave~ saqarTvelos
sindromi da xsenebac ar iyos meore mxareze, romelsac,
rbilad Tu vityviT, lomis wili miuZRvis afxazeTSi kon-
fliqtis gaCaRebaSi?
vis mivandeT 300 aTasi devnilisa da ltolvilis inte-
resebis dacva, igp-Ta bedze msjeloba, roca yvelam kar-
gad icis, rom maTi mSobliur adgilebSi dabrunebis gareSe
arasodes mogvardeba konfliqti afxazeTSi da ar iqneba
mSvidoba da stabiluroba mTlianad qveyanaSi, sakuTriv
afxazeTSi?
rogor xdeba rom, qarTul_afxazur molaparakebebSi iS-
viaTad Tu gamoCndeba afxazeTSi adamianis uflebaTa darR-
vevis Tema, maSin, roca afxazeTSi mcxovrebTa (ZiriTadad
qarTvelTa) uflebebis xelyofis uamravi faqti aqvT dafi-
qsirebuli saerTaSoriso meTvalyureebs_yaCaRobiT dawye-
buli da sicocxlis warTmeviT damTavrebuli?
ratom aravin ar cdilobs (mxedvelobaSia avtoritetu-
li saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, donore-
bi) elementaruli saqmianobis pirobebi Seuqmnan devnil
arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, rom Semdgom Tavadve gaika-
fon gza?
kargi saqme keTdeba (erTi SexedviT) `qarTul_afxazuri
konfliqtebis aspeqtebis~ (qarTul_afxazuri dialoge-

88
bis masalaTa krebulebis) gamocemiT, magaram mas mkiTxve-
li ara hyavs (samwuxarod, devnilebs xeli ar miuwvdebaT!),
garda specialistTa da politikosTa viwro wrisa.
bednierebaa, albaT, rom devnilTa da ltolvilTa 99,9
procenti ar icnobs am krebulSi qarTuli mxaris warmo-
madgenelTa calkeul winadadebebs, sadac dasaSvebadaa
miCneuli saqarTvelosagan afxazeTis Camocileba, afxa-
zeTis damoukideblobis aRiarebis SesaZlebloba, Torem,
adekvaturi reagireba, eWvi ar SegeparoT, ar dayovndeba!
vfiqrob, bevri ram unda SevcvaloT, Cvenc unda Se-
vicvaloT. bedkruli saqarTvelos Svilebi varT Cvenc da
afxazebic, amitom qarTul-afxazuri dialogebis principi
unda iyos, vTqvaT, `soxumi_soxumi,~ romelSic paritetul
formatSi unda monawileobdnen afxazeTidan iZulebiT ga-
daadgilebuli pirebi da devnili organizaciebi, rogorc
amas bolo dros saerTaSoriso organizaciebic moiTxoven.
iqneb droa davfiqrdeT, rom Cvens gverdiT mamulidan
gamoZevebuli xalxia, romelic amdeni gaWirvebis Semdeg
SesaZloa stiqiad iqces da aravis araferi apatios.

lamara CxeiZe-naWyebia, rafiel gelantia, mur-

man yolbaia, raJden qardava _ sazogadoeba `sa-
murzayano,~ guram kvaracxelia _ `gza Serigebis-
ken,~ givi gagua, nugzar duduCava _ saqarTvelos
arqiteqtorTa kavSiris afxazeTis organizacia.

`dilis gazeTi,~
7 noemberi, 2001w.

89
 afxazeTis dabruneba Cvens xelSia
Znelia, saqarTveloSi moinaxos qarTveli, ro-
melic SeSfoTebuli ar iyos qveyanaSi arsebuli
mdgomareobiT da viTarebis Secvlis ramenair,
Tundac gulubryvilo gegmas, ar Txzavdes. SesaZ-
loa es bednierebac iyos da ubedurebac.
bedniereba imitom, rom demokratiam xalxi Si-
Sis borkilebisagan gaaTavisufla, adamians agrZ-
nobina, rom is dabadebidan Tavisufali pirovne-
baa, aqvs arCevanis saSualeba da pasuxismgebelia
Tavisi qveynis, sakuTari Tavisa da ojaxis winaSe;
ubedureba imitom, rom uamravi fsevdopartia
(200-ze meti), moZraoba, organizacia, adamianTa
formaluri da araformaluri jgufi imden ara-
realur gegmas da moqmedebis gzas saxavs (demokra-
tiuli romantizmi), rom xSirad isini, xelSemwyo-
bis nacvlad, realobis adekvaturad SemuSavebu-
li proeqtebisa da programebis ganxorcielebas
uSlian xels.
sxva sakiTxia, iyo Tu ara SesaZlebeli qveyanaSi
ganviTarebuli negatiuri politikuri, ekonomi-
kuri, humanitaruli procesebis Tavidan acileba
im msoflio-istoriuli movlenebis fonze, rac
gasuli saukunis bolo wlebSi ganviTarda.

xalxisTvis, romelic mzad iyo Tavi gaewira samSoblos

TavisuflebisTvis da gaiRo Tavisi wili sisxli, aravis uT-
qvams is „wvrilmani~, rom Cveni momavali uTuod ganviTar-
deboda veluri kapitalizmis, agresiuli sabazro ekono-
mikis, saxelmwifo sakuTrebis im xarisxiT denacionaliza-
ciis gziT, rasac moyveboda saxelmwifo (xalxis) sakuTre-
bis sawarmoTa da dawesebulebaTa am formiT da masStabiT
gasxviseba (umeteswilad gaCanageba), sayovelTao umuSe-
vroba, cxovrebis donis usaSvelo dacema, gaRatakeba, sa-
zogadoebis ukiduresi polarizacia „cota~ mdidrebad da

90
„bevr~ Raribebad, maZRrebad da maTxovrebad; erovnuli
faseulobebisa da Rirebulebebis nivelireba.
saxezea is viTareba, roca xalxi (demosi) amovarda po-
litikuri leqsikonidan da realuradac, konstituciaSi
misi adgili mxolod ramdenime adgilas SemorCa, Tanac,
mxolod arCevnebTan dakavSirebiT.
dasavluri ganaTlebiT yoyoCoba Tu ucxouri leqsikiT
manipulireba, ver gadafaravs im tragikul materialur da
moralur danakargs, rac saqarTvelos am bolo aTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi miadga da risi gamosworebisTvis, samwu-
xarod, argumentad kvlav dapirispireba da gare Tu Siga
mtrebis xatis Zebna gvixdeba.
samwuxaro istoria meordeba. kiTxulob saqarTvelos
pirveli respublikis parlamentis dokumentebs da grZnob,
rom, Tu ara gvarsa da saxelebSi gansxvaveba, yvelaferi an
TiTqmis yvelaferi meordeba. ufro zustad, viRacis ma-
mobrivi zrunva, mamaSviluri ruduneba qveynis gadasar-
Cenad da Zveleburadve viRacis mxridan Suri, Cveuli ant-
agonizmi, TavSekavebuli Tu TavSeukavebeli lanZRva-gine-
ba saqarTvelos bednierebis saxeliT.
80 weliwadi nuTu araferi Secvlila? nuTu, iluziaa
Cveni ganaTlebis maRali done, demokratiisa da adamianis
uflebebis dacvisTvis gulSi mjiRebis cema?
metad saSiSi TamaSia, ufro seriozulad ki, saeWvo mi-
zanswrafva, romelic SeiZleba Zvirad daujdes qveyanas.
gare mtrebs oms vucxadebT da samarTlianadac (Tumca,
meeWveba, rom kargad gavTvaleT yvelaferi!), magram ficx
qarTvelebs zogjer gvaviwydeba, rom sanam erTmaneTSi
saerTo enas ar gamovnaxavT, sanam frontis erTian xazs ar
gavmarTavT, rogorc wesi, damarcxebisTvis an kidev uare-
sisTvis, ganwirulebi varT.
movaxerxebT ki amas, roca samxreTuli temperamentiTa
da sisastikiT TviT umaRlesi saxelisuflebo tribunebi-

91
dan omi gamovucxadeT erTmaneTs mosaxleobisTvis saku-
Tari patiosnebis da saxelmwifos erTgulebis dasamtki-
ceblad da amas mTeli qveyana uyurebs. miT ufro, rom pira-
di mtroba da daundobloba ufroa saxeze, vidre realuri
moRvaweobisa da saqveyno saqmeebis keTebis survili. iqmne-
ba STabeWdileba, rom am adamianebma raRac ver gaiyves da
erTmaneTSi omoben, iqneb, samomavlo wilebisa da privile-
giebis mosapoveblad.
saxifaTo viTarebaa, romlis mizezi xelisuflebis yve-
la Stoa da amis aRiareba mamuliSvilma politikosebma
unda SeZlon.
vinc saqarTvelos konstituciaSi Caxedulia, SesaniSna-
vad icis Tu vin razea pasuxismgebeli. cudi kanonebisa da
maT Sesrulebaze cudi kontrolis pirobebSi sxva Sedegi
arc iyo mosalodneli. kargad unda gavacnobieroT, rom
globalizaciis da axali msoflio wesrigis damyarebis pi-
robebSi Cveni saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba metad
pirobiTi da eiforiulia, Tumca gamosavali SeiZleba iyos
moqnili manevrirebis diplomatia, mtkice erovnuli po-
litika da rac mTavaria, Cveni uZvelesi saxelmwifoebrivi
gamocdilebisa da qveynis bunebrivi potencialis maqsi-
malurad amoqmedeba. ase rom, jer kidev yvelaferi dakar-
guli ar aris.
qarTvelTa Soris dapirispirebis gaRrmaveba uTuod
migviyvans monur uRelSi xelaxla Tavis gamoyofamde; Tu
moratoriumi ver davaweseT dapirispirebaze da saxelm-
wifo interesebi sakuTar ambiciebze maRla ar davayeneT,
katastrofa gardauvalia. eWvi aravis ar unda eparebodes,
rom qarTvelTa dapirispirebaSi qarTveli arasodes yofi-
la gamarjvebuli da dramatul viTarebaSi avantiuriste-
bi, uwignurebi da farisevlebi moaxerxeben xelisuflebaSi
ukana karebidan SeRwevas.
qarTvelTa Soris dapirispirebis damRupvelobis er-

92
TerTi TvalsaCino magaliTia afxazeTis tragedia da Semd-
gomi movlenebi. warmoudgenelia im realobasTan Segueba,
rac axla afxazeTSi xdeba: gamarjvebulebs zeimi marTebT
da separatistebi zeimoben, Tanac Zlieri patronis meoxe-
biT araferi eSlebaTda politikur TamaSebSic erTmaneTs
ufrTxildebian. CvenTan ki, nacvlad didi gaerTianebisa
da samasi aTasi devnilis erT muStad Sekvrisa, devnili
politikuri liderebi erTmaneTTan qancgamclel brZo-
lebSi arian Cabmulebi. aRSfoTebuli da nirwamxdari to-
veb im Sexvedrebsa da Tavyrilobebs, sadac, vTqvaT, afxaze-
Tis problemis omiT Tu mSvidobiT mogvarebis sakiTxebze,
gauTavebeli kamaTi da Sexla-Semoxla mimdinareobs, Tanac
wlebia grZeldeba ase. an kidev, viRacisTvis, rogorc adre
afxazeTSi, kvlavac mTavaria sakuTari savarZeli da Ta-
namdeboba, pativmoyvareobis dakmayofileba. ggonia, rom
TiTqosda ama wlebSi maT Tundac erTi axali, gonivruli
azri ar gasCeniaT, TiTqosda arc araferi momxdara afxa-
zeTSi! da es maSin, roca devnilobaSi izrdeba Taoba, rom-
lisTvisac ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenelTa am usaSvelo
oromtrialsa da uZlurebaSi samSoblos gancda knindeba,
mamulis konturebi uCinardeba.
afxazeTis deputaciis gaxleCa or fraqciad aris is fa-
qti, romelmac mxolod da mxolod separatistuli reJimi
gaaxara. ara da, gana normaluria afxazeTSi gancdili mar-
cxis Semdegac ar vaRiarebdeT Cvens Secdomebs, Tu gnebavT,
danaSaulebriv daudevrobas da kvlavac pretenziulebi
viyoT yvelas mimarT, garda sakuTari Tavisa.
saqme iqamde mivida, rom viRac-viRacebs Zalian undaT (da
amas ar malaven!) galis mosaxleobas raRacaSi dasdon bra-
li, soxumelebs da gagrelebs daupirispiron, moRalatis
iarliyi miakeron afxazeTSi, kerZod, galSi dabrunebul
mosaxleobas. ra aris es, amdagvari umecari da windauxeda-
vi adamianebis Tanamdebobaze yofnas SeiZleba ramenairi

93
gamarTleba hqondes? an kidev, ramdenad gonivrulia, rom
afxazeTidan devnilebi dafantuli varT sxvadasxva par-
tiebsa da moZraobebSi, romlebic TavianT platformebsa
da poziciebs koniunqturis mixedviT icvlian da afxaze-
Tis sakiTxi saagitacio samkaulad sWirdebaT mxolod.
vin iRebs kisrad afxazeTis ganTavisuflebis erTpiro-
vnul liderobas da vis SeuZlia akeTos es saqme gazeTeb-
sa da teleekranebze kopwiaobis gareSe, rogorc es axla
xdeba? RmerTma dagvifaros imisgan, rom aseTi adamianebi
ar iyvnen saqarTveloSi, isini arian! devnilTa rigebSic
arian namdvili liderebi, magram maT Zalian uWirT mavanTa
zurgiT Tanamdebobebs CabRauWebul Tavisive moZmeTa am-
partavnobis daZleva. iqneb sworia varaudi, rom afxazeTSi
Cveni mteri, Cveni erTobis mteri devnilobaSic gadmogvy-
va da aqac cdilobs dagvaqucmacos, raTa angariSgasawevi
Zala ar gavxdeT.
afxazebis dabruneba, upirveles yovlisa Cvens xelSia,
afxazeTis mosaxleobis xelSia da vinc qveynis gaerTia-
nebasa da xsnas mxolod da mxolod saqarTvelos gareT
daeZebs an saxelisuflo saswaulis molodinSia, ver iqneba
Cveni keTili megzuri. Cven, afxazeTidan devnilebs, gvaqvs
saamiso moraluri ufleba gaerTianebis da erTsulovnebis
magaliTi mivceT qveyanas da movaxdinoT imgvari kanonieri
zewola xelisuflebaze, rom afxazeTi da dakarguli te-
ritoriebi gaxdes saqarTvelos xelisuflebis upirvelesi
sazrunavi, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas isedac uamravi saSi-
nao problema aqvs, Tundac, vTqvaT, korufcia Tu ganu-
kiTxaoba.
korufcia metnaklebad yvela qveyanaSi mZvinvarebs. sa-
qarTveloSic metad mZimea mdgomareobaa, iqamde misula
lpobis procesi, rom 12 laris Semweobis imedad myof dev-
nils, raRac dokumentisTvis 2-3 lars qrTamad arTmeven.
realurad es gamoucxadebeli omia, omi yvelas winaaRmdeg,

94
rac angrevs qveyanas, samoqalaqo erTobas, asustebs ise-
dac arSemdgar saxelmwifos, romelic savaluto fondsa
da msoflio bankis patronebzea Camokidebuli. Znelia ase-
Ti saxelmwifo miiCnion damoukidebel da angariSgasawev
Zalad, Tundac ganviTarebad qveynad, romelic imsaxurebs
seriozul sagareo mxardaWeras teritoriuli mTlianobis
aRdgenis saqmeSi.
miuxedavad amisa, gamosavali unda moinaxos, upirvele-
sad, sakuTari resursebis amoqmedebiT, raTa ar gagvxadon
daqucmacebul savaWro moednad, sadac mxolod usaxo,
uerovno mosamsaxuris, Rataki momxmareblis, iafi samuSao
Zalisa da qorvaWarisa da gadamyidvelis funqcia dagvekis-
reba.
vinc masis fsiqologias icnobs, ar eeWveba, rom arsebul
situaciaSi xalxis quCaSi gamoyvana Znelia ar aris. arc
CvenTvis aris siaxle buntisa da mTavrobis ZaliT gadag-
debis cduneba, romelic imJamad rusTavelis prospeqtiT
Semoifargla da ar gaxda revolucia klasikuri gagebiT,
magram dagvitova samoqalaqo dapirispirebis tragikuli
Sedegebi, maT Soris, sayovelTao gaWirveba, didi msxverp-
li da dakarguli teritoriebi. gaviareT ra es gakveTili,
etyoba, rom kvlav saeWvo da saxifaTo TamaSia wamowyebu-
li. Cven es ubedureba gamoviareT, es ukve iyo.
niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom uari vTqvaT mravalparti-
ulobaze, konstruqciul opoziciaze, xelisuflebis,
mTavrobis, Tanamdebobis pirTa kritikaze, mediis Tavi-
suflebaze, kanonier sasamarTloze, Tavisuflebasa Tu
demokratiis sxva faseulobebze? sruliadac ara. piriqiT,
qveyanaSi demokratiuli gardaqmnebis, radikaluri cv-
lilebebis didi molodinia, adamianebi daiRalnen qveynis
perspeqtivis dakargviT, ekonomikuri da socialuri si-
duxWiriT, uwesrigobiTa da dausjelobis sindromiT. ma-
gram xelisuflebis Sesacvlelad da qveynis politikuri

95
da ekonomikuri reformirebisTvis Cven gvaqvs konstitu-
cia, civiluri kanonmdebloba, rasac unda davemorCiloT
da davicvaT.
Cveni upirvelesi amocana aris qveynis gamTlianeba,
erovnuli aRorZineba, TviTmyofadi kulturis SenarCu-
neba da ganviTareba. amisTvis qarTvelTa dapirispireba ki
ara, civilizebuli Tanxmoba, gonieri kursis SemuSavebaa
saWiro. merwmuneT, rom mxolod am gziT, mxolod dialo-
giT da samoqalaqo SeTanxmebis miRweviT aris SesaZlebeli
agresiuli dapirispirebis daZleva, WeSmaritad demokra-
tiuli da samarTliani saxelmwifos aSeneba, afxazeTisa da
cxinvalis regionis deda saqarTvelos wiaRSi dabruneba.

`dilis gazeTi,~
12 dekemberi, 2001w.

96
 „verasa getyvi, ena sdums. . . ~
wuxel, albaT, ar uZinia naxevar saqarTvelos. didgori,
Cveni siamaye, Rirseba, qarTveli eris uZlevelobis dastu-
ri, gauZarcvavT!
daviT aRmaSeneblis ukvdavi gmirobis simbolos, qarT-
velTa jiSisa da jilagis mxedruli mamacobis, mamulisT-
vis xalxis Tavganwirvis, gaerTianebuli eris daumarcxe-
blobis kidev erTi Zeglis waSla ganuzraxavT Cvens mtrebs,
Tanac Cveni xeliT!
eWvs didi Tvalebi aqvs; iqneb es sulac araa Cveneul
aramzadaTa da dRis yaCaRTa (e.w. axal qarTvelTa) mier jar-
Tis damzadebis `Cveulebrivi saqme,~ rac ramdenime weliwa-
dia qarTuli biznesis sarfiani saqme gaxda da qveynis avis-
mosurneTa Sors gamiznuli mzakvruli Canafiqric gaxlavT.
WeSmariti erovnuli cnobierebis ugulebelyofa (eri-
sa da erovnulobis msoflio adamianis saeWvo surogatiT
Secvlis mcdeloba!) da erovnuli sulis ignorireba, anu
misi Canacvleba (ufro zustad, dapirispireba) adamianis
uflebaTa sayovelTaod aRiarebuli deklaraciis moT-
xovnebiT, iqneb Tavis mizans imaTi xeliTac aRwevs, vinc
didgorze aRmarTa xeli.
afxazeTSi Cveni biWebi saqarTvelos mTlianobis, qarT-
veli eris Rirsebisa da TavisTavadobis gadasarCenad
daixocnen, iseve rogorc Tavis droze jvars ecva aTaso-
biT da aTeul aTasobiT mamuliSvili aRmaSeneblis, Tama-
ris, patara kaxis, SoTas, ilias, akakis, vaJas, galaktionis
saqmisTvis daiRupnen Tumca sikvdili aravis undoda arc
maSin da arc axla. mama-papaTa darad, maTac icodnen, rom
aris viTareba, roca sikvdili aucilebelia sakuTari qvey-
nis momavlis gadasarCenad. XX da XXI saukuneTa gasayarze
jinsianma biWebma Tavisi sikvdiliT sikvdilze gaimarjves.
axal saqarTveloSi, didgoris am sircxvilis Semdeg ro-
gor SevxedoT TvalebSi baton Wabua amirejibs, revaz miS-

97
velaZes, mraval sxvas, romlebmac afxazeTSi, adamianisTvis
yvelaze, yvelaze Zvirfasi _ sakuTari Svilebis sicocxle,
saqarTvelos sakurTxevelze miitanes msxverplad.
ra vuTxraT qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobisaTvis
Sewiruli vaJkacTa sulebs, maTs axloblebs, naTesavebs;
bolo wlebSi erovnul siwmindeTa amden xelyofas SeiZle-
ba vinmem mounaxos ramenairi axsna an gamarTleba? kidev me-
ramdene sircxvils gvimzadebs momavali?
nebismieri Tavmoyvare eri, xalxi uTuod yalyze Sedge-
boda Tundac erT aseT faqtze, CvenTan ki? kidev ra darCa
gasaZarcvi da dasangrevi?
Tumca arc imaSi mepareba eWvi, rom Tu faqtis gamo sa-
marTaldamcvelebi daiwyeben mokvlevas, Cveni adamia-
nis uflebaTa damcvelebi ki, rogorc ityvian, SesZraven
msoflios saxelmwifos uTavbolobiT mSier-mwyurvalTa
da Zeglebis biznesmen-mngrevelTa uflebebis dasacavad!
CemTvis (iseve, rogorc bevri sxva patriotisTvis) aTas-
jer ufro pativsacemi da mowiwebis Rirsi gaxda marTlac
ukiduresad gaWirvebuli, SimSilisgan sikvdilis piras
misuli adamiani (miuxedavad maTi eTnikuri warmomavlobi-
sa!), vinc alionidan sanagvis yuTebTan rigSi dgeba ojaxis
fizikuri ga­dar­Ce­nisTvis luk­ma-­pu­ris saSovnelad, magram
saerToerovnul, sa­xal­xo siw­minde­­ebSi xe­lis faTurs ki
ara, iqaur Wi­an­Wve­las ar da­a­bi­jebs fexs.
mdidari eri, SeZlebuli eri, mebrZoli eri, swored,
rom adamianis Tvisebebis, erovnebebis axleburi ganviTa-
rebis, saxelmwifos Zlierebis, xalxis TviTmyofadobis
SenarCunebis ueWveli garantiaa, magram roca qveynis ideo-
logia icvleba da SiSveli sabazro urTierToba, rogorc
panacea garedan inergeba, romlis erTaderTi lozungia
fuli, fuli da mogeba, sxva yovelive ki misi danamatia,
Cveni, rogorc qarTvelebis, unikaluri Taviseburebebis
gaqrobamde daTvlili dReebi dagvrCenia albaT. yoveli-
ve es, CvenisTana mcirericxovan erebs ki ara gigantebsac

98
awuxebT da Sesabamisi imuniteti aqvT SemuSavebuli. sa-
frTxes isic aZlierebs, rom CvenTanac moamravles fsevdo
erovnuli konformistebi da nihilistebi, romelTac erT
dros saSinlad sZuldaT mdidrebi, axla ki asjer da ufro
metad sZulT sakuTari Rarib-Rataki eri da qveyana. Cveni
telearxebis Ramis eTeri gulmodgined gvaswavlis seqssa
da aRviraxsnilobas, Zaladobas da elitarTa kastis bed-
nier cxovrebas, rogorc dasavleTis civilizaciis bolo
monapovars, es maSin, roca iq, dasavleTSi, sulac ar aris
ase da visac aseTi sanaxaoba ainteresebs, ixdis fuls da
yidulobs mas komerciuli telearxebidan.
brmebic xvdebian, rom saqarTveloSi Zalaufleba da
moqalaqeobrivi pasuxismgebloba ascda erTmaneTs, eri
gaTiTokacda, sakuTar naWuWSi Caiketa, ramac ioli gaxada
namdvili Tavisuflebis (maradiuli erovnuli idealis da
ocnebis!) Secvla TviTnebobiT, TavaSvebulobiT, daude-
vrobiT, ganukiTxaobiT, bio-anatomiuri siSiSvliT, rome-
lic aseve urcxvad iCemebs Tavisuflebis saxels.
nuTu dadga is dro, razedac tato baraTaSvili
gvafrTxilebda: `jani gavardes aw Svilsac, mamuls, oRond
vaamoT Cvens sakuTar guls; ris qarTveloba, ra qarTvelo-
ba! miTom ras gvavnebs ucxo tomoba?~
iqneb arc axali didgori sWirdeba vinmes, arc afxaze-
Ti, arc samaCablo da arc erTiani qveyana da yvelgan da yve-
laferSi xelis asawevad gvamzadeben? iyideba yvelaferi,
ufro zustad, `wiTelma direqtorebma,~ mxedrionelebma,
politikanebma, avantiuristebma Tu e.w axalma qarTveleb-
ma xeli daavles da itaceben miwas, Senobebs, nagebobebs,
tyeebs, tbebsa da wyalsacavebs, romlis erTaderTi mesa-
kuTre saqarTvelos mosaxleobaa. TiTqosda sakompensa-
ciod 150 milioni dolaris vauCerebis darigeba, cinizmi
da farsia mxolod (xalxis TvalSi) mavanTa mier qonebis
gadanawilebis da mosaxleobis masobrivi Zarcvis SesaniR-
bavad. etyoba, saqarTvelo dasavluri demokratiis gu-

99
lubryvilo geri Svilia mxolod.
aseT viTarebaSi kidev ramden xans SeiZleba gagrZeldes
eris politikuri aberacia?
1945 wels aprilsa da maisSi berlinis sangrebSi Caxo-
cil pirtitvela germaneli biWebi kantis, goeTes, Sileris,
Zveli germaniis saxelovani istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebs
kiTxulobdnen Turme. rusebsac hqondaT is dro, roca maT
mamebs Tavad genialur Seqspirs, Seqspiris Ceqmebi erCiv-
naT, magram Semdgom maTi Svilebi da SviliSvilebi puSkinis
da dostoevskis saflavebs da Zeglebs uTenebdnen Rameebs.
Cven ki ra dro dagvidga: kargs vakeTebT Zalian cudad,
cuds ki _ Zalian kargad. ai, sanamde migviyvana obskoriam_
bnel kameraSi nebayoflobiT Sesvlam. bnelSi gazrdilebma
Tu oqroTi dabrmavebulma umecrebma iqneb arc ician didgo-
ri, arc saqarTvelo, iqneb arc sWirdebaT qarTveloba?
ra gvaqvs? _ samarTlebrivi, kanonis uzenaesobaze da-
fuZvnebuli socialuri saxelmwifo Tu uzneo, samaT-
xovrod xelgawvdili qveyana, romlis xelisuflebisagan
moviTxovT arCevnebis Rirseulad Catarebas, gamorCeul
mamuliSvilTa arCevas. moxdeba ki ase?
`verasa getyvi, ena dums,
Tavze dagvCxavis yorani,
gaRma gasvlisa msurvelTa
ukuRma migvyavs borani.
gagvibatonda mgosano,
siregvne Seuwonari~. . .
cremli ver Seikava didma vaJam ilia WavWavaZis veraguli
mkvlelobis gamo. netavi axla ras gvetyoda yvela drois
geniosi mgosani?
Zalian minda davijero, rom didgoris incidenti gaxde-
ba didi erovnuli gamofxizlebis dasawyisi.

`saqarTvelos respublika,~
14 ianvari, 2002w.

100
 ramdeni wlis SeiZleba iyos
prezidenti?
mravali saxelmwifos konstituciaSi prezi-
dentis minimaluri asaki qveyanaSi arsebuli tra-
diciebis, axelmwifoebrivi mowyobis principebis,
xalxis moraluri da fsiqologiuri mentali-
tetis da sxva mravali Taviseburebis gaTvalis-
winebiT, sxvadasxvanairad aris gansazRvruli.
moqmedi konstituciebis Sesabamisad amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi prezidentad SeiZleba airCi-
on aranakleb _ 35, italiaSi _ 50, egvipteSi _ 50, ru-
seTSi _ 35, tajikeTSi _ 35, yazaxeTSi _ 40, saqarTve-
loSi _ 35 wlis adamiani.

politologebis da istoriis mkvlevarTa umetesobas

miaCnia, rom saprezidento asakad 35 wlis dadgena arse-
biTad monarqiuli tradiciis inerciaa da adamiani, rogo-
ri niWiTa da organizatoruli TvisebebiTac ar unda iyos
dajildovebuli, mas gauWirdeba saxelmwifos racionalu-
ri marTva.
ama Tu im qveyanaSi wamoWrili uamravi problema, cxa-
dia, moiTxovs qveynis marTvis umTavresi principebisa da
sakiTxebis codnas da, rac mTavaria, eqstremalur viTa-
rebaSi swori gadawyvetilebis miRebas. maT Soris yvela-
ze mTavaria politikuri marTvis xelovneba, gamWriaxoba,
konstituciisa da kanonebis zedmiwevniT codna, titanuri
Sromismoyvareoba, piradi mamacoba da sakmao cxovrebis-
euli gamocdileba.
bevrgan miCneulia, rom dalagebul (stabilur) qveyana-
Si, marTavs ara personificirebuli prezidenti, mTavroba,
aramed sistema, demokratiuli institutebi, TanaSemweTa
da mrCevelTa universalurad SerCeuli kontingenti, sa-
zogadoebis kanonmorCilebis kultura da xalxis mentali-

101
teti. mkveTrad gansxvavebuli mdgomareobaa ganviTarebad,
axali demokratiis saxelmwifoebSi, naklebad stabilur
qveynebSi, sadac maRalia albaToba imisa, rom yvelaferi
yiraze dadges pirveli mmarTvelis mciredi gadacdomis
pirobebSic ki.
msoflio istoriis gamocdileba adasturebs, rom sa-
xelmwifos meTaurad arCevis optimaluri asakia adamianis
sicocxlis saSualo asaki, anu 40-50 weli da meti.
daviT aRmaSenebeli (iseve rogorc bevr sxva saxelm-
wofoSi) sruliad axalgazrda gaxda saqarTvelos mefe da
SeZlo uZlieresi qarTuli saxelmwifos Seqmna. magram es
gamonaklisi arsebiTad dakavSirebuli iyo im drois mTel
rig obieqtur da subieqtur faqtorebTan, istoriul para-
doqsebTan, drosa da imJamindel msoflioSi politikuri
viTarebis xasiaTTan.
saxelmwifos axalgazrda meTaurebis mosvlas xelisuf-
lebaSi xSirad ganapirobebda karis intrigebi, samxedro
gadatrialebebi, revoluciebi da sxva, romlebic xSirad
moiTxovdnen karieristi, avantiuristi axalgazrda li-
deris risks, TavzexelaRebulobas.
miuxedavad amisa, istoriaSi zerele Caxedvac adastu-
rebs, rom uZvelesi droidan dRemde warmatebul Tu gansa-
kuTrebiT gamorCeul xelmZRvanelad xdebodnen adamian-
ebi mowiful asakSi, amasTan, yvela sxva pozitiur Tvise-
bebTan erTad, maT hqondaT uzarmazari cxovrebiseuli
gamocdileba, farTo erudicia mraval dargSi, diploma-
tiis gamorCeuli unari da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, sakuTari
qveynisa da xalxis ganuzomeli siyvaruli, TavganwirvisT-
vis mzadyofna.
iqneb, saintereso iyos ramdenime cnobili da naklebad
cnobili magaliTis moyvana qveynis pirveli piris asakTan
dakavSirebiT.
gaius dioklintiane, romis imperatori, mxedarTmTa-

102
vari da mwerali, erTpirovnuli mmarTveli gaxda 41 wlis
asakSi; abRu muhamedi, monRolTa didi imperiis Semqmneli
47 wlis asakSi avida taxtze; baTu yaeni, oqros urdos Semqm-
neli _ 41 wlisa, daipyro TiTqmis mTeli evrazia (avstriis
karebTan SeCerda jarebis qancgaclis gamo); 30 wlis napo-
leon bonaparti safrangeTis imperatori gaxda (samxedro
gadatrialebis Semdeg); ekaterine meore, ruseTis impera-
tori, saxelmwifo meTauri gaxda meuRlis gardacvalebis
Semdeg _ 32 wlis asakSi.
demokratiis ganviTarebisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoe-
bis simwifis kvalobaze erTgvarad stabiluri xdeboda sa-
xelmwifo moRvaweTa asarCevi asaki. 55 wlis riCard niqsoni
amerikis prezidenti gaxda; jon kenedi _ 44 wlis; konrad
adenhaueri (gfr-is pirveli kancleri) _ 73 wlis; Ciles
socialisti prezidenti salvador aliende _ 65 wlis; ben
gurioni, israelis premier-minisrti _ 87 wlis, margaereT
tetCeri _ 54 wlis; sulfikar bhuto, pakistanis meTauri
_ 51 wlis; poloneTis prezidenti lex valensa _ 47 wlis;
(SemdegSi kenWi ar iyara da prezidentobas Tavisi profesia
_ eleqtrikosoba arCia), vaclav haveli, CexeTis preziden-
ti _ 53 wlis; jon meijori, inglisis premier-ministri _ 47
wlis.
faqtia, rom demokratiuli institutebis ganmtkiceba,
samoqalaqo seqtoris ganviTareba, kanonis, adamianis uf-
lebaTa da TavisuflebaTa uzenaesoba arTulebs saxelm-
wifos marTvas. SeZlebs ki 35 wlis axalgazrda kaci (ro-
melsac, bunebrivia, didi cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba ara
aqvs), saxelmwifos pirveli winamZRolis umZimesi tvirTis
awevas, urTules socialur da politikur krizisSi myofi
qveynis Cixidan gamoyvanas?
xSirad axalgazrda lideris umaRles postze dawinau-
rebas reformis ganxorcielebas ukavSireben. ra Tqma unda,
amaSi aris simarTle, magram aris isic, rom reformatorTa

103
droSis qveS umetes wilad qaoss Rebuloben, romlis fina-
lia diqtatura an erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi katastro-
fa.
reformatoroba asakis prerogativa ara aris. amis sau-
keTeso dasturia den siaopinis, reiganis, mixeil gorbaCo-
vis da mravalTa sxvaTa politika. maT Cvens Tvalwin saxe
ucvales qveynebs, Secvales msoflios ruka.
Cven, qarTvelebsac, gvaqvs safiqrali am TvalsazrisiT.
rogoric ar unda iyos namdvilad niWier, magram gamouc-
del politikosTa axalgazrduli xibli da mgznebareba,
mowodebaTa paTosi, Tu politikosi saqmeSi nawrTobi ar
aris da Tanamdebobrivi safexurebi etapobrivad ar aqvs
gavlili, Secdoma, rogorc wesi, garduvalia.
bolo aT weliwadSi saqarTveloSi am mxriv didi gamoc-
dileba dagrovda. gvyavda warmatebuli axalgazrdebi da
umaqnisi asakovanebic da, piriqiT. erTi ram cxadia: qveynis,
xalxis beds unda ganagebdnen samSobloze Seyvarebuli, ni-
Wieri, Zlieri, mebrZoli, patiosani, magram uTuod gamoc-
dili da maRali pasuxismgeblobis adamianebi, raTa axlo
warsulis tragikuli Secdomebi ar ganmeordes.

`dilis gazeTi~ (`saTanjo~).

7 marti, 2002w.

104
 vin debs arCevnebSi fuls?
arCevnebi politikuri sistemisa da samoqala-
qo sazogadoebis mSvidobiani ganaxlebis politi-
kuri teqnologiaa.
Cven arCevnebis Catarebis arc Tu ise ZvelTaZ-
veli, magram mravali TvalsazrisT, unikaluri
gamocdileba gvaqvs.
noe Jordania

sazRvargareTis rig demokratiul qveyanaSi saarCev-

no Tanxas, rogorc wesi, saxelmwifo biujeti ixdis. ama-
sTan erTad, msoflios mraval qveyanaSi kanoniT uzrun-
velyofilia saarCevno kompaniebis dafinansebaSi moqa-
laqeTa monawileoba. amasTan, saidumlo araa, rom arCev-
nebSi fuls deben isini, romelTac aqvT Tavisi uaxloesi
da Sorsgamiznuli interesebi. Teoriasa da praqtikaSi
miCneulia, rom interesis sagani SeiZleba iyos saxeli-
suflebo struqturebSi adgilis mopoveba, maRali sa-
zogadoebrivi mdgomareoba, e.w. cnobad saxed gaxdoma da
sxva.
gadaxdili fulis raodenoba damokidebulia arCevnebis
doneze (umaRlesi, regionuli, adgilobrivi), saarCevno
subieqtebze (prezidenti, warmomadgenlobiTi organos we-
vri, regionis xelmZRvaneli, qalaqis meri), amomrCevelTa
mdgomareobasa da ganwyobaze, `gavleniani~ jgufis dainte-
resebis motivaciaze, sagareo faqtorebze.
saarCevno xarjebis struqturaSi moiazreba: sainfor-
macio_sareklamo uzrunvelyofa; mosaxleobis mowyvla-
di nawilis socialuri mxardaWera, honorarebi; saarCevno
administraciis damatebiTi stimulireba da sxva. samwu-
xarod, `idealurad~ Catarebul arCevnebSic ki, Zalze didi
xvedriTi wili ukavia aralegalur da aRuricxav fuls.

105
ufro zustad, roca mosaxleobis udidesi nawili yovelg-
vari arCevnebisadmi nihilisturad aris ganwyobili, didi
fuli da mosyidulebi gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs ama Tu im
jgufis xelisuflebaSi e.w. legitimuri gziT mosayvanad,
maT Soris moiazreba xaverdovani gadatrialeba Tu revo-
lucia.
dasavleTis didi demokratiis qveynebis gamocdile-
bac (ukve Cvenic) adasturebs, rom saarCevno kampaniebis
dafinansebaSi gadamwyvet rols `zewolis jgufebi~ Ta-
maSoben, romlebic cdiloben gavlena moipovon moma-
val xelisuflebaze, qveyanaSi politikuri procesebis
marTvaze.
bevri fuli ixarjeba partiul siebSi biznesmenebisa da
e.w. cnobadi saxeebisTvis gamsvleli adgilis mosasyidad.
ruseTis da sxva tradiciulad arademokratiuli qveynebis
praqtika adasturebs, rom didi fuladi saxsrebis brunva
dakavSirebulia maJoritaruli wesiT deputatebis arCeva-
sTan. adgilebze, lokaluri masStabiT eleqtoratis gada-
bireba `Cemi da Cvenis~ principiT SedarebiT advili misaR-
wevia, Tumca jansaR saarCevno garemoSi, maJoritaruli
arCevnebi realuri arCevnebia da WeSmariti demokratiis
safuZveli.
gaukuRmarTebuli saarCevno sistemis pirobebSi
amomrCevelTa mosyidvis erT-erTi saSualebaa, `sazo-
gadoebrivi saarCevno~ da `partiuli fondebi,~ egreT-
wodebuli sazogadoebrivi da kerZo Semowirulobebi,
kargad SeniRbuli ucxouri daxmarebebi. cxadia, msxvi-
li ekonomikuri jgufebisTvis arCevnebis dafinanseba
aris politikuri aucilebloba, raTa moipovon zemoq-
medebis berketebi saxelmwifo gadawyvetilebebis miRe-
baze.
mokled, didi demokratiis qveynebSic ki fuli politi-
kuri procesebis ZiriTad mamoZravebel Zalad gvevlineba.

106
es ki sakmaod Zvir ujdeba xalxs da qveyanas. ase, magaliTad,
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 1986 wlis saprezidento ar-
Cevnebis dros respublikelTa saarCevno fondma Seadgina
3,5 milioni dolari. eqspertTa azriT, wina saukuneebTan
SedarebiT saarCevno Tanxam mniSvnelovnad moimata. respu-
blikeli jorj buSis (umcrosi) saarCevno kapitalma 44,3
milion dolari Seadgina, xolo demokrati el gorisam _
22,5 milioni.
rusi Jurnalistebis azriT, Zalian didi fulis gareSe
warmoudgeneli iyo ruseTis prezidentis postze boris
elcinis meored mosvla. bunebrivia, arsebobs saSiSroeba,
rom male arCevnebi finansuri SesaZleblobebis Sejibre-
bad gadaiqceva da dakargavs Tavis praqtikul daniSnule-
bas, anu demokratiis, anu xalxis warmomadgenlebis xeli-
suflebaSi mosvlis am umniSvnelovanes zogadsakacobrio
monapovars.
msgavsi tendenciebi saqarTvelos sinamdvileSic Sei-
niSneba. Cveni qveynis moazrovne adamianebi SeZra `axal
qarTvelTa~ erT-erT Sekrebaze amas winaT sajarod gacxa-
debulma frazam: Cven unda SevukveToT politika xeli-
suflebaso. Tu am gziT wavida saqme da etyoba aqiTken mi-
dis, fuli da fuliani magnatebi, oligarqebi gadawyveten
arCevnebis, ufro zustad qveynis da xalxis beds. aseT vi-
TarebaSi azrs dakargavs demokratiis umTavresi moTxov-
na imis Taobaze, rom xalxi aris qveynis uzenaesi baton-pa-
troni, romelic irCevs xelisuflebas da konstituciiT
dadgenili vadiT gadascems mas Tavis uflebamosilebas; ra
azri aqvs partiebisa da maTi warmomadgenlebis gulmxur-
vale winasaarCevno mowodebebs Tu ufuloebs ara aqvT ga-
marjvebis aranairi Sansi?
ra qnan niWierma mamuliSvilebma, romelTac yovelgva-
ri monacemebi aqvT gaxdnen qveynis Rirseuli winamZRole-
bi, gamoCenili politikuri moRvaweebi, sikeTe moutanon

107
sakuTar xalxs, magram didi fuli ara aqvT da asarCevTa
kandidatTa siebSic ver moxvdebian?
ra qnan im politikurma partiebma, romlebic WeSmaritad
gamoxataven xalxis interess, mzad arian misi samsaxurisT-
vis, aqvT axali saxelmwifos aSenebis realuri proeqtebi,
magram ar aqvT fuli da ver gauweven konkurencias adami-
anTa im jgufebs, romelTac sakuTari saxelmwifosa da
xalxis ZarcviT, aTasgvari maqinaciebiT iSoves didi qone-
ba da arCevnebSi gamarjvebiT axali simdidrisa da gavlenis
mosaxveWad ibrZvian?
bevri cnobili politikosis, mecnieris da eqsperts
azriT, es aris demokratiis is dilema, romlis samarT-
liani gadawyveta zogadsakacobrio faseulobaTa fun-
damentur cvlilebebis aucileblobasTan aris dakavSi-
rebuli. cnobilia, rom didi CerCilis wuxili demokra-
tiis `uvargisobaze,~ swored am dilemiT iyo ganpirobe-
buli.
es problema met-naklebad amJamadac aris `beberi~ kon-
tinentis ganviTarebuli demokratiis qveynebSi, Tumca,
bolo wlebSi evropis bevr `Zvel~ da axal qveynebSi xeli-
suflebaSi memarcxene orientaciis Zalebi modian, romel-
Tac samarTlian arCevnebSi xalxma dauWira mxari. es imis
gamo moxda, rom iq maRalia mosaxleobis politikuri kul-
tura, damkvidrda kanonis uzenaesoba, gajansaRda saarCev-
no garemo, sasamarTlo gaxda samarTliani da miukerZoe-
beli, mowesrigda arCevnebze sazogadoebrivi dakvirvebis
sistema.
am TvalsazrisiT, unikaluria bolo wlebSi didi bri-
taneTis `axali leiboristebis~ gamocdileba. toni bleris
xelmZRvanelobiT, 1995 wels gamoqveynda partiis wesdebis
me-4 statiis axali varianti. liderTa ganmartebiT, maTi
arCevis SemTxvevaSi britaneTi gaxdeba qveyana, sadac `xe-
lisufleba, Zalaufleba, simdidre unda iyos umravleso-

108
bis da ara umciresobis xelSi, sadac uflebebi Seesabameba
movaleobebs, damkvidrdeba kanonis uzenaesoba, soli-
daroba, urTierTpativiscema.~ erTi sityviT, es iyo `mesame
gzis~ arCevani, anu is, rac uZvelesic aris da axalic Tana-
medrove civilizaciaSi.
did britaneTSi xalxi endo leiboristebs. maT pirn-
aTlad Seasrules winasaarCevno manifestis 177 dapireba,
amitomac 2001 wels meored gaimarjves sayovelTao arCev-
nebSi. britanelTa azriT, partiam SeZlo xalxis darwmu-
neba. amiT, imis Tqma minda, rom xalxs, romelmac icis Tavi-
suflebis fasi, aqvs Rirsebis grZnoba da pasuxismgebloba
saxelmwifosa da sakuTari ojaxis winaSe, SeuZlia arCevne-
bidan gamarjvebuli gamovides.
politologebi ar cdebian, roca amboben, rom arCevnebs
qalebi igebeno. es Cvens droSi qalTa emansipaciis saukeTe-
so dasturia, genderuli Tanasworobis misaRwevad saer-
TaSoriso Zalisxmevis Sedegia. arCevnebSi, gansakuTrebiT
axali demokratiis qveynebSi, ganuxrelad izrdeba axal-
gazrdebis roli da mniSvneloba. ase iqneba CvenTanac. wina
arCevnebis statistikac qalTa da axlgazrdebis gaaqtiu-
rebis saintereso dinamikas gvaZlevs.
cxadia, arCevnebSi gansakuTrebuli roli akisria mas-
medias. mas yvelaferi an, TiTqmis yvelaferi SeuZlia
amomrCevelTa dasarwmuneblad da gadasarwmunebladac.
am TvalsazrisiTac sayovelTaod aris cnobili `rusTa-
vi-2~-is gakveTilebi. faqtia, rom ucxoeTSi da met-nakle-
bad CvenTanac, masmedia saarCevno biznesis mniSvnelovani
moTamaSe da mxarjveli subieqtia.
saqarTveloSi amJamad aris TiTqmis yvela winapiro-
ba, xalxma, sakuTar aTwlian gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT
obieqturi arCevani gaakeTos. samwuxaroa, rom CvenSi par-
tiaTa umetesobam quCaSi moumzadebeli gasvliT da ci-
nizmamde miyvanili populisturi dapirebebiT ise gaitexa

109
saxeli, rom, rogorc ityvian, rigiT da wesiT, verc didi
fuliT unda SeZlon warmatebis miRweva.
yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTvelos saarCev-
no kodeqsi daixvewa da moqmedi saarCevno kodeqsis 43-e
muxlis Tanaxmad, arCevnebi finansdeba saqarTvelos sa-
xelmwifo biujetidan. droa Seiqmnas saarCevno subieqte-
bis fondi, romelic iqneba absoluturad gamWvirvale.
rac Seexeba Semowirulobis raodenobas, kodeqsSi aranai-
ri SezRudva ar arsebobs: kerZod, ar aris dadgenili im
Tanxis maqsimaluri raodenoba, romlis gadaWarbebac
aikrZaleboda kanoniT, es mainc arafers Secvlidao, iT-
qva maSin, Tumca advili SesaZlebelia, negatiuri movle-
nebis stimuli gaxdes da arCevnebSi ukanonod didi Tanxis
Cadebas Seuwyos xeli.

`dilis gazeTi~ (`saTanjo~),

17 maisi, 2002w.

110
 vin unda movides xelisuflebaSi?
aSS-s xelisufleba SedarebiT axalgazrda xe-
lisuflebaa, Tumca swored maT Seitanes yvelaze
TvalsaCino wvlili xelisuflebisa da mosaxleo-
bis urTierTobaSi demokratizmisa da pragmatiz-
mis damkvidrebaSi. amerikelebs bavSvobidan aqvT
sakuTari Tavis imedi, axasiaTebT Tavdajerebu-
loba. amerikelis filosofia martivia. maTi mi-
zani mxolod erTia _ rac SeiZleba meti mogeba da
Tanac swrafad. amisTvis isini bevrs Sromoben da
Zalauflebas (maT Soris fulis Zalauflebasac)
Riad, daufaravad gamoxataven. kanoniT miniWebu-
li da dakisrebuli uflebamosilebis farglebSi
isini damoukidebeli da pirdapirebi arian, afa-
seben adamianis patiosnebas da gulaxdilobas,
swrafad gadadian sakiTxis arsobriv ganxilvaze
da nakleb dros xarjaven formalobebze.
deili karnegi

demokratiul qveynebSi arCevnebs Tan axlavs sazoga-

doebis daZabuloba, gansxvavebul azrTa da poziciaTa
daundobeli Widili, TavianTi partiuli platformebisa
da liderebis gazviadebuli gandideba, amomrCevelTa
xmebis mosapoveblad aTasgvari xerxebisa da saSualebe-
bis gamoyeneba, xSirad Zvirad Rirebuli ritualebis ga-
marTva; am qveynebis umetesobaSi, rogorc wesi, saarCev-
no bataliebs aqvs civiluri forma da sruliad Tavsdeba
tradiciulad dadgenil e.w. saarCevno kodeqsis moralur
normebSi; Tumca xdeba isec, rom bevr demokratiul qveya-
naSi Cveulebrivi movlenaa mZime sityvieri dapirispireba
(zogan pirdapiri debatebis formatSi), xelisuflebisa da
mmarTveli Zalebis diskreditacia, Tanamdebobis pirebisa
da partiuli liderebis `gaSaveba,~ magram Zalze iSvia-
Tia piradi Seuracxyofa, miT umetes, fizikuri xelyofa.

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dauSvebeli gadametebis SemTxvevaSi, iq kanoni kanonobs
yvelasTvis da dadgenili zRvris gadalaxvis SemTxvevaSi
garduvalia moraluri da samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblo-
ba. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rom politikur dapi-
rispirebebSi arasdros mihyavT dapirispireba iqamde, rom
safrTxe Seeqmnas saxelmwifoebriv usafrTxoebas, Cirqi
moecxos qveynis avtoritets, erovnul Rirsebas, Seferx-
des saxelmwifo institutebis da kerZo dawesebulebis sa-
qmianoba, dairRves moqalaqeTa simSvide.
Cveni norCi demokratiis saxelmwifoSi vcxovrobT, mxo-
lod axla vswavlobT TviTgamoxatvis wesebsa da normebs,
saarCevno teqnologiebs, amitomac, albaT, ar aris saWiro
gansakuTrebuli dramatizacia movlenebisa, rac adre da ax-
lac xdeba qveyanaSi mimdinare saarCevno kampaniasTan dakav-
SirebiT, magram ueWvelia, rom zomiereba da goniereba yvela
saarCevno subieqts da maT mxardamWerebs moeTxoveba.
ra surT politikur partiebs?
raRa Tqma unda, xelisuflebaSi mosvla; gamarjveba
TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi, parlamentSi (konstituci-
uri umravlesobiT), saprezidento arCevnebSi prezidentis
postis mopoveba. amaSi araferia gasakviri, swored esaa de-
mokratia (asea yvela demokratiul qveyanaSi), raTa mmarT-
velobaSi xalxis WeSmariti rCeulebi, axali ideebi da axali
Zalebi movidnen, ganaxldes da ganviTardes qveyana.
ras moelian amomrCevlebi?
Cveni mosaxleobisTvis jer kidev aqsiomadaa miCneuli,
rom RvTis mier adamianebi Seqmnilni arian rogorc Tanas-
wori arsebani da uflisgan miniWebuli aqvT sayovelTao da
xelSeuvali uflebebi, maT Soris da umTavresi _ sicocxle,
Tavisufleba, garantirebuli adamianuri cxovrebis uf-
leba, bedniereba. Cven virwmuneT, rom am uflebaTa uzrun-
velsayofad aucilebelia erovnuli saxelmwifo, romlis
erTaderTi gamgebeli iqneba xalxis nebiT da xalxis Tanx-

112
mobiT arCeuli xelisufleba, romelic miiRebs da aRas-
rulebs samarTlian kanonebs, uzrunvelyofs obieqtur
marTlmsjulobas; Cven dasavleTis didi demokratiebis
Rirebulebebic virwmuneT, maT Soris isic, rom Tu rome-
lime xelisufleba odesme am miznis Semlaxveli gaxdeba,
xalxs aqvs kanonieri ufleba Secvalos an gaauqmos igi da
Seqmnas axali mTavroba da aRWurvos iseTi ZalauflebiT,
romelic yvelaze xelsayreli iqneba xalxis keTildReobi-
sa da bednierebisTvis; Cven virwmuneT, rom xalxs SeuZlia
aitanos mosaTmeni siduxWire, magram ver aitans gauTave-
bel usamarTlobasa da borotebas, vinmes mier xelisuf-
lebis mitacebas, diqtatsa da batonobas; Cven davijereT,
rom xalxis ufleba da movaleobaa bolo mouRos amgvar
xelisuflebas, airCios da daamkvidros axali xelisuf-
leba; Cven virwmuneT, rom xelisuflebis Sefasebis erT-
aderTi kriteriumia is, Tu ramdenad uzrunvelyofs igi
xalxis (qveynis TiToeuli moqalaqis) ukeTes da usafrTxo
cxovrebas wina xelisuflebasTan SedarebiT.
samwuxarod, bolo dros arCevnebTan dakavSirebiT
Cveni sainformacio saSualebebis (qarTuli demokratiis
erT-erTi gamorCeuli monapovari!) informaciebi saomari
moqmedebebidan reportaJebs ufro hgavs; araviTari kar-
gi, lamazi, naTeli, sufTa, Rirseuli, mxolod saarCevno
cieb-cxelebis prizmaSi danaxuli Savi samyaro, avadmyo-
fi da maxinji saxeebi, amazrzeni realoba da dramatuli
yofiTi kadrebi; teleekranebs ar Sordeba sabarikado ba-
taliebi, uxamsi dapirispireba da Zaladoba (cema-tyepis
CaTvliT), gaficvebi, quCis aqciebi, karebis aWedvis da uk-
mayofilo adamianebis e.w. SeWrebis adre nacadi praqtikis
reaminaciis mcdeloba. arafers vambob zombirebis doneze
organizebul da modelirebul cnobebze (qveynis ama Tu im
teritoriaze TiTqosda samxedro operaciebis mosalod-
nel drosa da adgilebze, ucxo qveynebis da maTi saidumlo

113
samsaxurebis xrikebze, samxedro SenaerTebis gadaadgile-
bis marSrutebze da sxva). TiTqosda yvelas gamorCa, rom ar
SeiZleba vangrevdeT saxelmwifos, romelic dasabamidan
iyo da aris sazogadoebis umTavresi sikeTe da marTlwes-
rigis upirvelesi wyaro.
samwuxarod, 90-an wlebidan CvenSi saxelmwifos, ro-
gorc yvelaze didi borotebis iseTi xati Seiqmna, rom sa-
zogadoebis udides nawilSi igi dRemde asocirdeba mxo-
lod da mxolod Zaladobis, yovelgvari ukuRmarTobis,
Cagvris da Zarcvis iaraRTan. ufro metic, am borotebis
bunagSi xelaRebiT moiazreba mTeli xelisufleba (parla-
menti, mTavroba, prezidenti, samarTlis institutebi), ro-
gorc mZarcvelTa da lamis (RmerTma dagvifaros!) xalxis
mterTa krazanas bude, korufciis savane.
paradoqsia, magram xelisuflebas da mTavrobas upi-
ratesad urcxvad isini acvamen jvarze, romlebic bolo
wlebSi qarTul saxelmwifos edgnen saTaveSi, reformebs
meTaurobdnen, dasavlur yaidaze qveynis gadakeTebis,
sayovelTao siRatakis daZlevis pompezur gegmebs sTa-
vazobdnen xalxs da qveyanas. kacma rom Tqvas, maT daavi-
wydaT, rom maTi umetesoba is xalxia, vinc pasuxs agebda
qveynis uaxloes warsulze, dRevandel mdgomareobaze, mis
momavalze.
demokratia WeSmaritad gulisxmobs azris Tavisufal
gamoxatvas, arsebuli problemebis sajarod gamotanas, sa-
zogadoebis qveynis ganviTarebis ukeTesi gzebis SemuSave-
bas. bunebrivia, rom saqarTveloSi samarTlian arCevnebs,
jansaR politikur konkurencias alternativa ara aqvs,
vinaidan bolo wlebSi saxezea moqmedi xelisuflebis mra-
vali tragikuli Secdoma, gaugebrobebiT aRsavse poli-
tikuri orientacia, sayovelTao korufcia, mosaxleobis
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mkveTri gauareseba, arnaxuli
umuSevroba da siRaribe.

114
 maSfoTebs, rom quCaSi gamoyvanil axalgazrdebs (maT
Soris bevria studenti da mozardi) axali qarTuli sa-
xelmwifo warmoudgeniaT urCxulad, romelic ver Sedga,
maTTvis is maxinji monstria, romelic unda daingres; aqe-
dan sayovelTao anarqiamde, samoqalaqo dapirispirebamde
da qaosamde mxolod erTi nabijia (CvenTan es ukve iyo!) da
rasac SeiZleba mohyves sazogadoebis gaTiTokaceba, sayo-
velTao nihilizmis fonze ki beladis, supermenis gamoCena
da misi, rogorc xdeba xolme, 99,8% xmiT eris winamZRolad
arCeva (savaraudod eris gaerTkaceba!). maimedebs is, rom
saqarTvelo gonieri, brZeni, uaRresad Sorsmxedveli mo-
saxleobis, niWieri axalgazrdebis qveyanaa, romelmac 90-
an wlebSi sakuTar Tavze iwvnies erovnuli ubedureba da
uTuod fiqroben imaze Tu ra Zalebma ar unda gaimarjvon
arCevnebSi, vis ar unda miandon saxelmwifos saWe da saku-
Tari bedi.
cxadia, politikur procesebs politikuri partiebi (am
etapze arCevnebSi monawile) uZRvebian. isini Zalze bevria,
maT Soris mravalia (ar meeWveba) suliT da xorciT mamuliS-
vili, Rirseuli patrioti, bevr maTgans SesaniSnavi, saqme-
Si nacadi, gamocdili politikuri pirovnebebi lideroben,
romlebic qveynis krizisidan gamoyvanis gonivrul recep-
tebs gvTavazoben. didi demokratiis qveynebis gamocdile-
biT Tu vixelmZRvanelebT, mravalpartiuloba bedniere-
baa, magram partiaTa Soris radikaluri dapirispirebis (da
yvelganmyofi radikalizmisa da eqstremizmis) pirobebSi,
Zalze maRalia movlenaTa tragikuli ganviTarebisa da axa-
li erovnuli katastrofis albaToba. aRniSnul safrTxes
aZlierebs isic, rom arCevnebSi monawile partiaTa (maTs
Soris sakmaod xangrZlivi biografiis da gamocdilebis
mqoneTa) msoflmxedvelobriv principebs, programebs,
wesdebebs, mizandasaxulobas da samoqmedo gegmas xalxi ar
icnobs, an Zalze cudad icnobs. am TvalsazrisiT, savsebiT

115
logikuria SekiTxva,_saarCevno yuTTan misulma amomrCe-
velma sakuTari arCevanis gasakeTeblad ar unda icodes
ratom aZlevs xmas ama Tu im partias da mis kandidatebs? ar
unda hqondes saSualeba dafiqrdes imaze Tu riTi gansx-
vavdebian erTmaneTisgan, vTqvaT, axali memarjveneebi Tu
leiboristebi, erovnul-demokratebi Tu socialistebi,
aRorZineba Tu tradicionalistebi, mrewvelebi Tu komu-
nistebi?
samwuxarod, aseTi ram ar xdeba, an gamonaklisi fu-
funebaa. partiaTa umetesoba amJamad guluxvad pirdeba
xalxs uzrunvel cxovrebas, anu saarCevno komunizms (gze-
bis dageba, saxlebis remonti, binebi, dasaqmeba, ufaso same-
dicino momsaxureba, SeRavaTiani eleqtroenergiiT, airiT
uzrunvelyofa, iaf puri, fqvili, didi pensiebi). bevrs arc
qvriv-oxrebi, SesaZlebloba SezRuduli bavSvebisTvis sa-
Cuqrebis darigeba aviwydeba da ase Semdeg. kargia, rom ax-
sovT xalxi, adamianebi, daucveli socialuri jgufebi, ma-
gram ramdenad realuria yovelive es?
Zalian cdeba is, visac miaCnia, rom mxolod saarCevno
saeTero dro, klipebi, mitingebi, xmauriani dapirebebi,
mxardamWeri televarskvlavebis siuxve, e.w. `Savi an Te-
Tri~ piarebi da antipiarebi, cnobil adamianTa simpaTie-
bi da antipaTiebi sakmarisia gamarjvebisTvis, Tu qveynis
mousyidavma eleqtoratma Tavad ar miiRo logikuri, saku-
Tari interesebis adekvaturi, Sedegze gaTvlili da gaaz-
rebuli, Sinagani mrwamsis Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba.
partiam, romelsac surs gamarjveba, aucilebelia dasa-
buTebulad ganmartos, rom xelisuflebisTvis xalxi aris
mizani da ara saSualeba, rogorc es arCevnebSi gamarjvebis
Semdeg irkveva. mebrZoli partiisTvis es Teoriis sakiTxi
ar aris, iseve rogorc realuri valdebuleba qarTveli
erisa da saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi sxva erebis winaSe; au-
cilebelia gangaSi qarTveli erisa da qarTuli enis pro-

116
blemebze, radgan da maTi roli da adgili, rbilad Tu
vityvi, SesaZloa daknindes qveynis cxovrebaSi (rogorc
es bolo wlebSi bevr sxva saxelmwifoSi moxda); amave kon-
teqstSia CemTvis savsebiT misaRebi `axali erTiani nacio-
naluri moZraobis~ idea, Tumca dasafiqrebelia am termi-
nis garSemo sazogadoebasa da qveyanaSi atexili aJiotaJi.
(Tundac saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis saidentifikacio do-
kumentebSi iseTi Canawerebis Setana, sadac ~nacionali~
igivdeba xan moqalaqeobasTan, xan kidev erovnulobasTan).
Tu `nacionali~ namdvilad `moqalaqes~ gulisxmobs, anu
burJuas (safrangeTSi `burJua~ jixuris mflobels niS-
navs) moqalaqeTa moZraobas ratom varqmevT nacionalur
moZraobas? iqneb qarTuli eri-saxelmwifos axali arqite-
qtura yalibdeba?
saqarTvelos namdvilad sWirdeba erovnuli burJua,
patiosani, marTali burJua, saqmis, biznesis adamianebi da
ra aris amaSi samarcxvino, miT ufro, rom, rogorc axla
calsaxad miaCniaT liberal-demokratebs, erovnuli bur-
Juaziis gareSe arsad da arasodes erovnuli saxelmwifo
ar aSenebula!
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT erovnul burJuas gansa-
kuTrebuli sazrunavi aqvs_Cven globalizaciis epoqaSi
vcxovrobT da yvelaferi unda gakeTdes, raTa CvenisTana
patara qveynebma SeinarCunon TviTmyofadoba, didma sa-
xelmwifoebma patara qveynebisTvis uflisgan boZebuli
saarsebod aucilebeli bunebrivi resursebi, aswleulebSi
Seqmnili erovnuli simdidre da kulturuli faseulobani
ar gadaylapon.
ufro rTuli sakiTxia `memarjveneTa~ da `memarcxe-
neTa~ istoriuli dapirispireba, dawyebuli me-17 sauku-
nidan da sadavo dRemde (Tumca sxva saxeliT igi kerZo
sakuTrebis gaCenidan iRebs saTaves), ramac saqarTvelos
istoriaSic datova mniSvnelovani kvali. CvenTan axla mo-

117
daSia mxolod memarjveneoba, rogorc qveynis gadarCenis
panacea, Tumca aris memercxeneobis gadarCenis mcdeloba
evropuli socializmis myari argumentebisa da poziciebis
magaliTad moxmobis safuZvelze. saxezea maTi erTgvari
Serigebis mcdeloba, kerZod, memarcxene-centristuli Tu
memarjvene-centristuli platformebis (an piriqiT) sa-
xiT, rac upiratesad damaxasiaTebelia evropuli saxelwi-
foebisTvis. am sakiTxebTan mWidro kavSirSia politikuri
ideologiebi. maT Soris ki amJamad gamorCeulia libera-
lizmi da konservatizmi, Tumca kacobriobam sakmaod kar-
gad `gausinja gemo~ socializms, nacionalizms, anarqizms,
faSizms, feminizms, ekologizms, religiur fundamenta-
lizms. marad Zveli da marad axali ideologia da praqtikaa
marad cocxali demokratia, bolo da uaxloesi ki demokra-
tiis globalizacia.
qarTuli sinamdvile aseTia: saqarTvelo aris (yovel
SemTxvevaSi cdilobs gaxdes) damoukidebeli, suverenuli
Tanamedrove saxelmwifo Tavisufali konkurenciis sabaz-
ro ekonomikiT. TeoriaSi, es iseTi urTierTobaa, romelic
gadamwyvet rols asrulebs saxelmwifos ganviTarebaSi,
aqvs Sromis maRali stimulireba, uzrunvelyofs energi-
ul pirovnebaTa motivirebas mogebis (maRali Semosavle-
bis) misaRebad, uSvebs Sromis da uSromeli Semosavlis Ta-
visuflebas (radgan samuSao Zalac saqonelia), damqirave-
bels da daqiravebuls, adamianis ekonomikur Tavisufle-
bas da saxelmwifosagan damoukideblobas. bevr eqsperts
miaCnia, rom bazari zogadsakacobrio faseulobaTa kate-
gorias miekuTvneba da msoflio civilizaciis kuTvnile-
bas warmoadgens, da sxva ram, masze ukeTesi, kacobriobas
dRemde ar Seuqmnia, Tumca udides mecnier ekonomistTa
azriT, arc ase martivadaa saqme.
saqarTveloSi bevr mkvlevars miaCnia, rom Tavisufali
sabazro ekonomika idealuri formiT arsad Seqmnila da

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arc Seiqmneba, masac aqvs Tavisi uamravi defeqti. kerZod,
monopolizmisken mzardi miswrafeba, mouTokavi inflacia,
perioduli ekonomikuri krizisebi, depresiebi, mosaxleo-
bis didi nawilis umuSevroba da mravali sxva, romelTa
daZleva SesaZlebelia mxolod da mxolod saxelmwifos
gonivruli CareviT.
erTi ram cxadia, samwuxarod, saqarTveloSic uTuod
iqnebian ukiduresad mdidrebi da ukiduresad Raribebi, ma-
gram arasodes iqneba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis deficiti,
sasaqonlo SimSili. bazars aqvs Tavisi samarTali da sasti-
ki wesebi, romelic ar unda gaigivdes moralis, samarTlia-
nobisa da Tanasworobis xalxSi damkvidrebul tradiciul
gagebasTan.
memarjveneebs, bevr sxva msgavs partias (saqarTveloSi
TiTqmis ar aris partia, romelic sabazro urTierTobis
upiratesobas ar aRiarebdes) miaCniaT, rom qveynis xsna da
saSveli mxolod sabazro ekonomikaSia, rom bevri mdidari
ar niSnavs bevr Raribs, magram ratomRac isini amas amom-
rCevlebs sajarod, Tanac martivad da gasagebad ar ganu-
martaven.
msoflio gamocdileba adasturebs (da amaSi Cvenc male
davrwmundebiT), rom sabazro meqanizmebis SesaZleblobe-
bi sruliadac araa usazRvro. mas ar SeuZlia sazogadoebis
yvela socialur-ekonomikuri problemis gadawyveta. cxa-
dia, im sferoebzea saubari, sadac bazari ar iZleva Sedegs
da saxelmwifos Carevaa aucilebeli.
bazari moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis meqanizmia,
amasTan aris rigi moTxovnilebebi, romelTa fuliT ga-
zomva SeuZlebelia. laparakia saxelmwifoSi erovnuli
moxmarebis iseT saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze, romelTac
uklebliv moixmars yvela moqalaqe (Tavdacva, sazogadoe-
brivi wesrigis dacva, saxelmwifo mmarTveloba, erTiani
energosistema, komunikaciebis erovnuli qseli, socialu-

119
ri dacva). am dovlaTs (mas sazogadoebriv saqonels uwo-
deben) mosaxleobis yvela fenis interesebis dacvis xasia-
Ti aqvs; magaliTad, parlamenti emsaxureba qveynis yvela
moqalaqes, wyalgayvaniloba _ qalaqis da soflis mosax-
leobas da a.S. sazogadoebrivi saqoneli kerZosgan imiT
gansxvavdeba, rom is yvelas eZleva Tanabrad, erTnairi mo-
culobiT. ganviTarebul evropul saxelmwifoebSi sazoga-
doebrivi saqonlis momxmarebelia umuSevarTa uzarmazari
armia, umweo da daucveli mosaxleoba, garkveuli katego-
riis axalgazrdoba, umaRlesi saxelmwifo saswavleblebi,
mecniereba, ganaTleba, kultura da sxva. erTi sityviT, sa-
zogadoebrivi saqonlis daniSnulebaa daakmayofilos sa-
xelmwifos, xalxis, mosaxleobis moTxovnilebani, romel-
Ta uzrunvelyofa bazars pirdapir ar SeuZlia da arc aris
misi funqcia. maT Soris yvelaze rTulad gadasawyveti
da msoflios yvela saxelmwifosTvis dRemde dilemuria
mosaxleobis socialuri dacva. rogor ferebSic ar unda
iyos SefuTuli revolucia (gadatrialeba), misi realuri
safuZvelia socialuri ukmayofileba, anu rogorc xalx-
Si amboben, ~mSivrebs kuWi pirSi aqvT,~ aqedan gamomdinare
yvela SedegiT. msoflio (da Cvens istoriasac) axsovs maga-
liTebi, roca konstitucia, parlamenti, TeTri Tu wiTe-
li respublikebi, demokratiebi, TvalismomWreli media,
politikuri avtoritetebi da samaradJamo gmirebi, samo-
qalaqo samarTali Tu sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi_yvela
isini ~mSierTa buntis~ mier, Tanac arc Tu ise niWieri reJi-
soris xelis erTi aqneviT aRgvila pirisagan miwisa.
sazogadoebrivi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis odenoba,
dafinansebis wyaros gamonaxva, raodenoba da xarisxi sa-
xelmwifos prerogativaa, saxelmwifos biujetis funqciaa.
biujetis formirebasTan ki mWidrod aris dakavSirebu-
li saxelmwifo da kerZo sakuTrebis, Sereuli sakuTrebis
Tanafardoba, saxelmwifo sakuTrebis gasxvisebis done,

120
racionaluri privatizeba (da ara ~prixvatizaciis~), ra-
zedac pirdapiraa damokidebuli saxelmwifos normaluri
ganviTareba, misi usafrTxoeba, xalxis cxovrebis done da
xarisxi, dasaqmeba, Rataki da Raribi adamianebis urTier-
Tobis maradiuli problemis mogvareba.
memarcxene partiebi (mxedvelobaSia Tanamedrove me-
marcxeneebi, memarcxene-centristebi Tu liberali me-
marcxeneebi), miuxedavad maTi saregistracio saxelwode-
bisa, swored rom, Cemi azriT, upirveles miznad isaxaven
socialuri saxelmwifos Camoyalibebas, sazogadoebrivi
saqonlis warmoebasa da ganawilebis samarTliani sistemis
Seqmnas. sxva sityvebiT, es niSnavs mizans, romelmac unda
uzrunvelyos qveyanaSi ara mxolod sabazro samarTliano-
bis miRweva, Tanasworoba (an Tanaswori ganviTarebis piro-
bebis Seqmna), aramed sazogadoebaSi humanuri urTierTo-
bebis uzrunvelyofa, saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dekla-
rirebuli adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa realuri
dacva. maT SeuZliaT ufro mtkiced SeebrZolon koruf-
cias da kuluarul garigebebs, xeli SeuSalon saxelmwifo
mmarTvelobaSi gavleniani jgufebis (oligarqebis) mosv-
las. didi angariSiT `memarcxeneebi~ moiTxoven saxelmwi-
fo regulirebis optimalur dones, saZmakaco Savi kapi-
talis da axali bobolebis dauSveblobas xelisuflebaSi,
gavleniani jgufebis SezRudvas, rom isini politikur Sek-
veTebs ar aZlevdnen prezidents, mTavrobas, parlamentis
wevrebs.
`memarcxeneebi,~ iseve rogorc `memarjveneebi~ xalxs
unda esaubron ufro gulwrfelad, damajereblad, moawy-
on diskusiebi, sxva partiaTa liderebTan pirdapiri da sa-
jaro debatebi. msoflio istoriis analizi adasturebs,
rom ama Tu im qveyanaSi ama Tu im orientaciis orive moZ-
raobas bevrjer hqonia warmateba da warumatebloba, rac
savsebiT bunebrivia da normaluri. bolo wlebSi bevri saa-

121
miso magaliTia msoflioSi, gansakuTrebiT evropaSi.
bunebrivia, rom istoriuli drois, qveyanaSi arsebuli
realuri mdgomareobis, arCevnebisTvis finansebis siuxvis
an deficitis gamo, (rogorc wesi, memarcxeneebs yovelTvis
aqvT es problema) arCevnebSi ama Tu im partias mravaljer
ugemia gamarjveba an damarcxeba, Zalze xSirad ki, amomrCe-
velTa Tanabari mxardaWeris gamo SeuqmniaT koaliciuri
mTavrobebi. iqneb Cvenc ver avcdeT am gzas. minda virwmuno,
rom saqarTveloSic SesaZlebelia politikuri sistemis
srulyofa da sarCevno garemos imdenad gajansaReba, rom
arCevnebi Catardes didi fulisa da didi tyuilis gareSe.
Cven unda SevZloT davumtkicoT Cvens xalxs da ga-
resamyaros, rom ara marto civilizebuli (da ara mxolod
evropuli) qveyana varT, aramed gaWirvebis da ubedurebis
droSic vinarCunebT erovnul Rirsebas, SegviZlia e.w. cru
winaswarmetyvelebis, mwignobrobis da farisevlebisgan
gavarCioT WeSmaritad moazrovne, profesionali da pa-
tiosani moRvaweebi, romelTac SeuZliaT uzrunvelyon
qveynis progresi, mosaxleobis keTildReoba.
vfiqrob ra am urTules sakiTxze da maqvs mware gamoc-
dileba (Zalze adreuli, mogvianebiT ki afxazeTis umaRle-
si sabWos 1991 wlis arCevnebTan dakavSirebiT), magram jer-
jerobiT gadawyvetileba ar mimiRia (razedac Riad vityo-
di), romel partias mivcem xmas. Tumca ueWvelia, rom xmas
mivcem da daufiqreblad davexmarebi im Zalebis mosvlas
qveynis saTaveSi, romlebic yvelafers gaakeTeben qveynis
gasamTlianeblad, romlis gareSe ara marto ar dasrulde-
ba aseul aTasobiT devnilis da ltolvilis tanjva, aramed
saqarTvelos ar eqneba momavali. am TvalsazrisiT Zalian
mokled SevCerdebi afxazeTSi amJamad arsebul (postkon-
fliqtur) viTarebaze, romlis gamoc udidesi politikuri
da ekonomikuri zarali adgas qveyanas, kerZod:
1. konfliqturi regionebis socialuri da ekonomikuri

122
ukusvla; fiskaluri problemebi (saqarTvelos saxelmwi-
fo biujetis danakargebi, igp-Ta socialuri dacvis xar-
jebi da sxva); sazRvrebis daucveloba da kontrabanduli
tvirTebis (navTobproduqtebi, sigareti, Saqari, xorbali
da fqvili, xe-tye, jarTi da a.S.) moZraoba; kriminogenuri
viTarebis gauareseba regionebSi da mTlianad qveyanaSi
(narkotikebi, iaraRiT vaWroba, avtomanqanebis gataceba,
adamianebiT vaWroba); qveyanaSi erTiani fuladi, sakredi-
to da sagadasaxado politikis gatarebis SeuZlebloba;
demografiuli problemebi.
2. devnilTa problemebi, maT Soris Senaxvis xarjebi, po-
litikuri stabilurobis safrTxeebi, humanitaruli sir-
Tuleebi (devnilTa adaptacia da integracia, dasaqmeba,
Senaxvis xarjebi, gansaxleba).
3. konfliqtis zonebSi darCenili mosaxleobis so-
cialuri da kulturuli dacvis problemebi, ekonomikis
reabilitaciisa SeuZlebloba, uflebaTa dacvis mdgoma-
reoba, usafrTxoeba.
4. arastabiluri viTareba galis raionSi, sadac da-
brunebuli mosaxleobis daucveloba xels uSlis uSlian
mosaxleobas aRadginon da ganaviTaron meurneoba, maTi
usafrTxoeba da daucveloba, maT mimarT soxumis reJimis
diskriminaciuli politika, qarTveli bavSvebis swavle-
bisa da ganaTlebis sakiTxebi, rTuli mdgomareoba kodo-
ris xeobaSi, sadac mosaxleoba mudmivi safrTxis winaSe
cxovrobs).
5. emigraciis didi masStabebi, konfliqtur regionebSi
demografiuli balansis darRveva, yvelaze Sromisunaria-
ni jgufebis dakargva.
6. mezobel saxelmwifoebidan, gansakuTrebiT ruseTi-
dan da TurqeTidan kontrabanduli, aRuricxavi da daube-
gravi saqonlis didi masebis Semodineba (sawvavi, sigareti,
sursaTi, farTo moxmarebis nawarmi), romelic konkuren-

123
cias uwevs kanonier imports, angrevs Sida bazars, saqmi-
anobis stimuls ukargavs erovnul bizness; saqarTveloSi
Semosuli sigaretis 75% daubegravia, sawvavis 70-80%, rac
30 procentiT azaralebs saxelmwifo biujets.
7. jarTi saqarTvelos upirvelesi saeqsporto saqone-
lia, romelic ukontrolo teritoriebidan gadis ruseT-
Si, ZiriTadad TurqeTSi; am mizniT iZarcveba saxelmwifo
sawarmoebi da dawesebulebebi, privatizebuli da arapriva-
tizebuli qarxnebi da fabrikebi, romelSic aqtiurad arian
Cabmuli kriminaluri samyaros warmomadgenlebi, agreTve
rigi saxelmwifo moxeleebi (momavali oligarqebi da po-
litikuri biznesis bobolebi), calkeuli samarTaldamca-
vebi; saqarTveloSi Seiqmna da realurad yvelgan gaidga
fesvi e.w. Savi da feradi metalis mopovebisa da damzade-
bis megabiznesma (rasac monopoliurad ganagebs klanuri
gundi, maT Soris deputatobis kandidatebi, romelic Zirs
uTxris qveynis ekonomikas, ganagebs saqarTvelos erov-
nuli ekonomikisa da resursebis gadanawilebas; jarTi da
kontrabanda organizebulad da ukanonod gaaqvT soxumisa
da oCamCiris, aseve foTis da baTumis portebidan.
8. saqarTveloSi iCexeba da morebad iyideba (ZiriTadad
TurqeTSi) xe-tye, nadgurdeba nakrZalebi, erovnuli par-
kebi, daculi teritoriebi. umZimesi mZime mdgomareoba
afxazeTSi, sadac ganukiTxaobis gamo umowyalo iCexeba
adre xeluxlebeli unikaluri tyeebi da mwvane safari, re-
kraciuli Tu samkurnalo daniSnulebis endemuri tyeebi,
koromebi, qarsafari zolebi (saSualod 50 aTasi kuburi
metri weliwadSi), rac gamousworebel zians ayenebs regio-
nis pirvelyofil landSafts, bunebriv garemos, Seuqceva-
dad cvlis ekologiur balanss.
erTi sityviT, konfliqturi da problemuri regione-
bis zemoqmedeba saqarTvelos ekonomikaze mkveTrad ua-
ryofiTia. amdenad, qveynis gamTlianebas alternativa ara

124
aqvs, vinaidan konfliqtis mSvidobiani mowesrigebis gare-
Se saqarTvelos demokratiuli ganviTareba, ekonomikuri
aRorZineba, mosaxleobis socialuri mdgomareobis gaum-
jobeseba da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTareba war-
moudgenelia. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Cemi azriT,
Znelia eleqtoratis mxardaWeras moelodes partia Tu
partiuli bloki, romelic am miznis ganxorcielebis re-
aluri programis gareSe Caebmeba saarCevno maraTonSi.
Tvalwin midgas amerikis axlad arCeuli (1801 weli) pre-
zidenti Teodor ruzvelti; axal prezidents, qveynisTvis
umZimes droSi, sjeroda, rom iq jer kidev aramdgrad demo-
kratiul institutebs sasikvdilo safrTxe elodaT Tuki
oligarqebis xelSi ufro meti Zalaufleba aRmoCndeboda,
vidre es arCevnebSi gamarjvebul mTavrobas eqneboda. maSin
iq cxadi iyo, rom an demokratebs unda gaemarjvaT, an uka-
nonod gamdidrebul mZarcvelebs. cnobilia, rom im wlebSi
amerikis mosaxleobis 9% akontrolebda qveynis erovnu-
li simdidris 72%-s. qveynis gadasarCenad, aSS prezident-
ma progresulad moazrovne inteligenciaze, mwerlebze,
Jurnalistebze, profesional kanonSemoqmedebze, yvela
asakis gamocdil, patiosan saxelmwifo moxeleebze, ideur
da moazrovne politikosebze gaakeTa arCevani. ruzvelt-
ma kargad uwyoda, rom toms uyvarda da pativs scemda be-
lads misi didi fizikuri Zalis, gonierebisa da moxerxebu-
lobis gamo, Tavisi tomis wevrebisTvis TavganwirvisTvis
mzadyofnis gamo. mTeli mosaxleobisgan arCeul liders
fizikuri Zliereba ar moeTxoveboda, radgan am amocanas
saxelmwifo gadawyvetda, ai, goniereba, moxerxebuloba da
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi piradi Tavganwirva ki aucilebeli
iyo. partiebma xalxs aseTi kandidatebi warudgines arCev-
nebSi da xalxmac mousyidavi arCevani gaakeTa.
am politikiT ruzveltma ara marto gaimarjva, aramed,
istoriuli gakveTili Cautara mTel amerikas da msoflio

125
demokratiul institutebs, rom ar SeiZleba ekonomikuri
SesaZlebloba wyvetdes yvelafers; ekonomika fexze unda
dadges, magram patiosani biznesiT, xalxis SromiT, saxelm-
wifos rolis da adgilis pativiscemiT. gauWirda ruz-
velts, imdroindel amerikasac, magram simarTlem da sa-
marTlianobam xalxs Seucvala mentaliteti, prezidentma
da amerikam gaimarjva. gaimarjva ara mxolod kanonis, ara-
med samarTlianobis uzenaesobam!
Teodor ruzvelti vaSingtonis, jefersonis da lin-
kolnis gverdiT daasaflaves.
qarTveli xalxi moelis WeSmaritad samarTlian, patio-
san arCevnebs da qveynis saTaveSi namdvilad saxalxo xeli-
suflebis mosvlas. mec da sxvebic velodebiT Rirseul, ga-
morCeul, profesional da qveynisTvis Tavdadebul poli-
tikosTa sajaro Serkinebas, raTa saarCevno yuTTan uyoy-
manod mivide da Cems arCevanze me TviTon vago pasuxi.

`dilis gazeTi,~ 31 maisi, 2002w.
`svobodnaia gruzia,~ 1 ivnisi, 2002w.

126
 nugzar aSuba _ mteri, megobari
Tu realisti politikosi?
nugzar aSuba daibada oCamCiris raionis sofel
RvadaSi, glexis ojaxSi. warCinebiT daamTavra
jgerdis saSualo skola, Semdgom tyvarCelis
profesiuli saswavlebeli. Cairicxa Tbilisis
politeqnikur institutSi, eleqtronikisa da kav-
Sirgabmulobis specialobaze. iqve gaxda partiis
wevri. samuSaod tovebdnen kaTedraze, magram da-
brunda afxazeTSi, sadac didxans ver moewyo samu-
Saoze.
1976 wlidan erTxans muSaobda oCamCiris kav-
Sirgabmulobis kvanZis ufros inJinrad, Semdeg
afxazeTis komkavSiris saolqo komitetSi instru-
qtorad, ganyofilebis gamged. 1977 wels airCies
komkavSiris oCamCiris raikomis pirvel mdivnad.
1986-1991 wlebSi ekava afxazeTis kulturis mini-
stris Tanamdeboba.
afxazeTSi SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros Se-
qmna repatriaciis komiteti. 1998 wels mSobliur
sofelSi gaxsna Cais mikrofabrika. kargad icis
sadurglo, samWedlo saqme, erkveva mSeneblobis
sakiTxebSi. 2002 wlis 2 marts airCies afxazeTis
de-faqto saxalxo krebis wevrad, 2 aprils _ par-
lamentis spikerad. hyavs meuRle da ori Svili.

gazeTma „respublika afxaziam~ 23-24 aprilis nomerSi

nugzar aSubasTan vrceli interviu gamoaqveyna. intervi-
uSi nugzar aSuba saubrobs afxazeTis parlamentis saqmi-
anobis srulyofisa da afxazeTSi konfliqtis mowesrige-
bis sakiTxebze.
Jurnalistis SekiTxvaze, iqneb, Rirda gaeros mier Semu-
Savebuli „saqarTvelosa da afxazeTs Soris uflebamosi-
lebaTa gamijvnis Sesaxeb~ samuSao dokumenti parlamentSi
gangexilaTo, nugzar aSuba pasuxobs:

127
 _ `1999 wlis referendumze afxazeTis mosaxleobam xma
misca afxazeTis saxelmwifoebriv damoukideblobas da
aranairi sxva winadadeba, vinc ar unda SemogvTavazos is,
parlamenti ar ganixilavs. es SeiZleba moxdes mxolod
xalxis nebis SemTxvevaSi.~
Jurnalisti nugzar aSubas Seaxsenebs, rom igi misi
cxovrebis garkveul periodSi saqarTvelos komkavSirul
da partiul struqturebSi muSaobda da urTierToba hqon-
da saqarTvelos bevr amJamindel Tanamdebobis pirTan. pa-
suxad aSuba aRniSnavs, rom „bevri maTganis Tvisebaa ganu-
sazRvreloba da araTanmimdevruloba msjelobaSi. SeuZ-
lia ki aseT xalxs, gadawyvitos qarTul-afxazuri konfli-
qti mSvidobiani gziT?~
nugzar aSuba adasturebs, rom mas TbilisSi bevri me-
gobari hyavda, romelTa Soris mravals dResac ukavia ma-
Rali Tanamdebobebi, magram, misi azriT, „samwuxarod, vam-
bob „iyvnen~, radgan, rogor SeiZleba megobrad migaCndes
adamiani, romelsac ukavia saqarTvelos Tavdacvis mini-
stris moadgilis posti da ar gagafrTxilos afxazeTSi
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Seyvanaze, omis dawyebaze?.. gana imis
Semdeg, rac aq moxda SeiZleba isini iyvnen Cemi megobrebi?
isini dRemde ar aRiareben Tavis Secdomebs.~
etyoba, baton nugzars mxedvelobidan gamorCa sayo-
velTaod cnobili faqti, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
sabWos SezRuduli samxedro kontingentis afxazeTSi Sey-
vana SeTanxmebuli iyo afxazeTis avtonomiuri respubli-
kis maSindel xelmZRvanelobasTan, piradad vladislav
arZinbasTan, xolo misi megobari generali mravali welia
saqarTveloSi ar imyofeba.
„arsebobs erTaderTi Sansi, _ aRniSnavs aSuba, _ ramenai-
rad Seamsubuqon maT (megobrebma) TavianTi brali Cadeni-
li qmedebebisTvis, anu _ `msoflioSi pirvelebma aRiaron
afxazeTis damoukidebloba.~

128
 qarTul-afxazur folklorSi aris aseTi andaza: marjv-
niv waxval _ mokvdebi, marcxniv waxval _ mokvdebi, win wax-
val _ gaimarjveb! Cven gvinda virwmunoT, rom nugzar aSuba
realisti politikosia da warmatebul gzas airCevs.
nugzaris megobrebs gvjera misi mtkice xasiaTis, prag-
matizmis da swored amitomac gadavwyviteT, misTvis weri-
liT migvemarTa.

nugzar nuris Zev!

afxazeTis tragikulma movlenebma bevri ram Secvala,
magram ara yvelaferi.
ukeTesi momavlis gulwrfeli imediT SevxvdiT afxa-
zeTSi erT-erT umaRles postze Tqvens arCevas. sxva Te-
maa afxazeTis saxalxo krebis_parlamentis ueWveli le-
gitimuroba, magram sjobs, am sakiTxze msjeloba ukeTesi
droisTvis gadavdoT.
pirdapir getyviT, Tqven axsovxarT Tqveni yrmobisa da
studentobis, samsaxuris qarTvel megobrebs.
CvenTvis adamianurad gasagebia (rbilad vityviT) Tqve-
ni eWvnarevi damokidebuleba Tqveni yofili uaxloesi me-
gobrebisa da TanamSromlebisadmi, magram Cven isic viciT,
rom Tqven sxvebze naklebad ar mogexsenebaT Tu vin da ra-
tom daiwyo omi, raTa bolo moeRoT ara marto Cveni mego-
brobisaTvis, aramed qarTul-afxazuri istoriuli erTo-
bisaTvis, iqneb afxazi xalxisTvis. amitomac es Temac, sanam
pirispir ar visaubrebT, ganze gadavdoT.
Cven TbilisSi vufrTxildebiT Tqveni monawileobiT
aSenebul bavSvTa qalaq mziurs, yofili komkavSiruli qa-
laqis afxazur kuTxes da saqarTvelos eTnografiuli mu-
zeumis afxazur ezo-kars!
Cven arasodes gviTqvams uari imaze, rac erTad Segviqm-
nia, ar Segvicvlia afxazeTTan dakavSirebuli moednebisa
da quCebis saxelebi, ar mogviSlia afxaz moRvaweTa Zegle-

129
bi. Cven ar gvinda, davijeroT, rom Tqven ukve ar gawuxebT
im aTeul da aseul aTasobiT Tanamemamulis bedi, maT So-
ris bevri afxazisac, romlebic engurs da fsous gamoRmi-
dan Senatrian iZulebiT mitovebul sakuTar ezo-kars.
Tqven da Cven vin unda gvaswavlos gamosavali im tragi-
kuli yofidan, rac garedan Tavs dagvatexes da ramac ZaZe-
biT Semosa Cveni saTayvano dedebi? kidev ramden xans SeiZ-
leba ase cxovreba? _ cxovreba SiSiT, undoblobiT, uerT-
maneTod, gaurkveveli molodiniT; kidev ramdeni qarTveli
da afxazi unda Cawves samareSi uazro gaugebrobaTa gamo?
nugzar nuris Zev, Tqven SesaniSnavad iciT, rom
qarTvelebi uSiSarni arian da moZme afxazTa darad sisx-
lis bolo wveTamde omi SeuZliaT. dRemde aravis gauxdia
saeWvod, rom Cven, qarTvelebma da afxazebma aTeulobiT
omi gadavixadeT erTad da samkvdro-sasicocxlo Serkine-
bebSi gadavarCineT saerTo qveyana (romelsac mematianeebi
,,afxazTa, qarTvelTa, egrTa, ranTa, kaxTa, herTa, suanTa...’’
qveyanas uwodeben odiTgan). Sua saukuneebSi mraval qveya-
naSi da CvenTanac yofila samTavroTa da feodalTa Soris
Sexla-Semoxla, magram niSnavs es amJamad rames? nuTu gva-
qvs ufleba, rom daviviwyoT samurzayanoeli xutunia Sar-
vaSiZe, romelmac qarTvelebTan erTad Turq momxdureb-
Tan brZolaSi piradad akafa 16 mteri da TviTonac Seakla
Tavi.
nuTu ar dadga dro, axleburad SevxedoT yvelafers,
miviRoT araordinaruli gadawyvetilebebi, swored iseTi,
rogorsac miiRebdnen Cveni didi winaprebi Cvens amJamin-
del yofaSi.
espanelebi uZvelesi kulturisa da tradiciis xalxia,
maT msoflios dasanaxavad caTambjen obeliskze oqros
asoebiT amokveTes samoqalaqo dapirispirebis yvela msx-
verplis saxeli. madlieri xalxisgan es Zegli sadReRamiso
yvavilebis zRvaSia Cafluli. es gafrTxilebaa yvelasTvis,

130
magram, samwuxarod, Cvenc _ qarTvelebmac da afxazebmac
ver avicileT Tavidan samoqalaqo dapirispireba.
samxreT kavkasiam da, ra Tqma unda, saqarTvelom (afxa-
zeTma), axali istoriuli, geopolitikuri da ekonomikuri
funqcia SeiZina; transkavkasiuri derefani qveynis ekono-
mikuri ganviTarebis, warmatebuli mewarmeobisa da bizne-
sis, dangreulis aRdgenis saSualebas iZleva Tu mas go-
nivrulad gamoviyenebT. mxolod yrumunjebs SeiZleba ar
sjerodeT, rom msoflios didma geopolitikurma moTa-
maSeebma kavkasiaSi, centralur aziaSi, axlo aRmosavleT-
Si interesebi SeaTanxmes da yvela Cvengans Tavisi adgili
gangvisazRvres kavkasiis subregionSi da mis farglebs ga-
reT.
kargad mogexsenebaT, rom mTlianad saqarTvelo, misi
dasavleTi nawili, sakuTriv afxazeTi am didi proeqtis
sakvanZo regionebia, romlebmac mdebareobiTa da daniSnu-
lebiT didi evraziuli konturebi unda Sekran. darwmune-
buli brZandebodeT, rom sanam arsebobs konfliqtis mSvi-
dobiani mowesrigebis odnavi Sansic, omi ar daiwyeba (rogo-
ri Zlieric ar unda gaxdes saqarTvelo), rameTu, rac iyo,
ugunuri TviTmkvlelobis tolfasia orive mxarisTvis da
misi xelaxali ganaxlebis yovelgvar mcdelobas, Tundac
msofliom rom Tvali daxuWos (rac gamoricxulia), Cveni
xalxebi ar dauSveben.
amJamad moqmed politikosebs (garda calkeuli piro-
vnebebisa) uZneldebaT Serigebis nabijebis gadadgma. mi-
uxedavad amisa, ar gveeWveba, rom arseboben qarTvelebi da
afxazebi, romlebic mzad arian aseTi nabijebis gadasadg-
melad.
interviuSi Tqven brZanebT afxazeTis mosaxleobis (iq
darCenili) 1999 wlis referendumis nebaze afxazeTis mo-
mavlis Seaxeb. amJamad Tqveni nebaa, Tu ra formiT gauwevT
angariSs gaeros generaluri mdivnis, megobari qveynebis

131
mier SemuSavebul proeqts erTian qveyanaSi afxazeTis mo-
mavlis Taobaze, rogorc Tqven aRniSnavT interviuSi (`это
может пройзойти только в случае волеизъявления народа~), rac
sruliadac ar gamoiyureba uimedo gancxadebad.
nugzar nuris Zev, dRes Tqvenze da Cvenze Zalze bevria
damokidebuli. afxazeTis sakiTxi urTulesia, magram misi
gadawyveta SeiZleba, vidre Cveni Taoba fexze dgas.
konfliqtis mosawesrigeblad saerTaSoriso Taname-
gobroba mxarSi dagvidgeba, magram faqtia, rom progresis
misaRwevad qarTvelTa da afxazTa uSualo daaxlovebas
alternativa ara aqvs, mxolod amis Semdeg aris SesaZlebe-
li problemis gonivruli gadawyveta.
nuTu gulubryvilod ar geCvenebaT intervius boloSi
naTqvami, rom saqarTvelom pirvelma unda cnos afxazeTis
damoukidebloba? nuTu marTla FfiqrobT rom, yvelafer-
Si afxazeTis qarTvelobaa damnaSave da afxazeTSi datri-
alebul codvis kaloSi yvela sxva ucodvelia? aseTi ram
bunebaSi ar xdeba, arc afxazeTSi momxdara!
sxva sakiTxia uflebamosilebaTa gamijvna, erovnuli
damoukideblobisa da Tavisuflebis ufro maRali xarisxi,
rac damaxasiaTebelia Tanamedrove demokratiul, civili-
zebul saxelmwifoa umetesobisaTvis.
mtris xatis Seqmnis Jami TqvenTanac da CvenTanac unda
dasruldes da amaSi Tavisi sityva masmediamac unda Tqvas.
iqneb gavixsenoT Tqveni sayvareli gamoTqma: ,,eniT dakod-
vas, culiT dakodva sjobia.’’
zafxulic movida nugzar nuris Zev, zafxuli, romlis
mzis sxivebSi kvlavac aelvardeba galisa da oCamCiris,
gulrifSis da soxumis, gudauTisa da gagris, biWvinTis da
eSeris xibli, maT wiaRSi ki CvenTvis marad dauviwyari erT-
ad gatarebuli bavSvoba, yrmoba, Wabukobisa da mowifulo-
bis wlebi, drosa da mexsierebaSi marad uWknobi siyvaruli
da, rac mTavaria, saqme, romelsac Cven odesRac soxumsa da

132
TbiliSi erTad vakeTebdiT. raoden guldasawyvetia, rom
Tavs damtydari saerTo ubedurebis gamo Cven erTmaneTs
gazeTis furclebidan vesaubrebiT. warmovidgendiT amas
20_25 wlis winaT?
rogorc erTi Zveli filosofosi brZanebda ,,vazrov-
nebT, maSasadame varsebobT’’ da raki varsebobT, gvinda vir-
wmunoT, rom mivaRwevT ndobis aRdgenas, urTierTgagebas,
Tanadgomas Cveni saerTo mamulis, samSoblos, Cveni xalxe-
bis, Cveni Svilebis sakeTildReod.

rafiel gelantia, suliko beJaniZe, mzia

jalaRonia, sima lataria, murad anjafariZe,
elguja qavTaraZe, oTar Cexeria.

`dilis gazeTi,~
21 ivnisi, 2002w.

133
 Ria werili gazeT
`respublika abxazias~ redaqtors
vitali Camaguas

batono vitali,
gwerT rogorc kolegas da Tanamemamules.
didi interesiT vadevneb Tvalyurs gazeT `re-
spublika abxazias~ yvela nomers.
kidev kargi, rom presis saSualebiT mainc va-
xerxebT saubars erTi miwawylis Svilebi, tragi-
kul gaugebrobaTa gamo mimofantulni enguris
orive napirze.
umZimesi dro gvidgas, es faqtia, magram aris
uryevi rwmenac, rom TandaTanobiT yvelaferi
mogvardeba, raki adamianebi varT da ufalma emo-
ciebTan erTad gonebiTac dagvajildova.

darwmunebuli var, rom SeZlebisdagvarad axerxebT sa-

qarTvelos masmediis (telearxebi, radio, gazeTebi) gacno-
bas. dameTanxmebiT, albaT, rom iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda,
saqarTvelos Tavisufal mediaSi, oficialur sainforma-
cio arxebSi ar moiazreba afxazi xalxi, rogorc mteri, ar
aris omis da Zaladobis propaganda. ufro metic, saqarTve-
los xelisufleba da xalxi erTiania imaSi, rom afxazeTSi
problema mSvidobiani saSualebebiT unda gadawydes.
gaxsovT, albaT, rom saqarTvelos masmediam mraval-
jer aiRo iniciativa da mouwoda mediis muSakebs enguris
orive mxareze dawesebuliyo moratoriumi `mtris xatis~
Seqmnaze, wamogvewia is saukeTeso, rac saukuneTa manZilze
damkvidrebula da dRemde arsebobs Cvens xalxebs Soris.
saWiroa ki meaTase jer imisi mtkiceba, rom Cven naTesavebi,
axloblebi, umeteswilad erTiani sisxlis matareblebi da
Sereuli ojaxebis warmomadgenlebi varT?

134
 Tqven da Cven _ Jurnalistebi, SesaniSnavad vicnobT
msoflios mravali qveynis da xalxis istorias, ufro ukeT
erTiani samSoblos _ saqarTvelos, afxazeTis Soreul, sa-
Sualo da axlo warsuls.
sad ar yofila samoqalaqo dapirispireba, sisxlism-
Rvreli omebi gviandel feodalur epoqaSi Tu uaxloes
TvalsawierSi, maT Soris erTi erovnebis warmomadgenelTa
Soris. Tqvenc da Cvenc gvjera mematianeebis, romlebic aR-
weren dapirispirebebs saqarTveloSi, aseve sakuTriv afxa-
zeTSi erTi eTnosis SigniT.
iyo yovelive es, da samwuxarod, garkveulma sazogadoe-
brivma jgufebma, maTma memkvidreebma Tu monacvleebma, ra
Tqma unda, liderebma arc araferi daiviwyes da verc ver-
aferi iswavles. aseTia, Turme kacobriobis, qveynebis da
maTi nawilebis Sinagan winaaRmdegobaTa logikiTa ganpi-
robebuli.
1991-1992 wlebSi TbilisSi datrialda ZmaTamkvleli
omi, romlis Sedegebsac dRemde vimkiT.
savsebiT SesaZleblad meCveneba, afxazeTSi dapirispi-
reba (miuxedavad uZlieresi garegani dawolisa) SegveZlo
Tavidan agvecilebina, rom Cveni Taoba, ufros TaobasTan
erTad aRmoCeniliyo saWiro simaRleze!
iqneb arc iyos saWiro am tkivilis gaxseneba, Tu ara ime-
di imisa (rogorc sazogadoebis ganviTarebis istoria ada-
sturebs), rom yvela omi molaparakebis magidasTan mTavr-
deba da misi finali samarTliani mSvidobaa.
Cemi aRmoCena ar aris, rom ar arsebobs mSvidoba Seri-
gebis gareSe, ar arsebobs Serigeba dialogis gareSe, ar
arsebobs dialogi mxareTa daaxloebis da TandaTanobiTi
aRiarebis gareSe.
SeiZleba ki Tqven da Cven aseTi urTierTobis winaaRmde-
gi viyoT?
qarTvelebs da afxazebs saamisod amJamad SesaniSnavi

135
Sansi mogvca. gaeros 2002 wlis 31 ianvris rezoluciam sa-
qarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi Tbilissa da soxums Soris uf-
lebamosilebaTa gamijvnis Taobaze samuSao dokumentis
wardgeniT.
es dokumenti, Cemze ukeT mogexsenebaT, SemuSavebulia
msoflios wamyvani qveynebis, maT Soris ruseTis monawi-
leobiT, romelTac aqvT politikuri da ekonomiuri inte-
resebi kavkasiaSi.
ruseTis da amerikis urTierToba amJamad saukeTeso
stadiaSia, da amdenad, gasakviri ar unda iyos 2002 wlis
20 ivniss aSS saxelmwifo departamentis gancxadeba afxa-
zeTTan dakavSirebiT, rac warmoudgenelia darCeniliyo
afxazeTis mosaxleobis da soxumis xelisuflebis yurad-
Rebis miRma.
wina wlebSi afxazurma da qarTulma mxareebma xeli moa-
weres dokuments mtruli ideologiis da omis propagandis
dauSveblobis da aseTi moqmedebisTvis pasuxismgeblobis
Sesaxeb. dokumentma namdvilad warmoSva bevri gaugebroba
orive mxaris mosaxleobis garkveul nawilSi, magram gar-
wmunebT, rom saqarTvelos masmedia am dokuments pativis-
cemiT ekideba. recidivi aris, recidivi iqneba, magram Cven,
`kalmis raindebs,~ romlebic samSvidobo frontis avan-
gardSi varT, gvaqvs ki sxva ufleba?
didxans vyoymanobdi momemarTa TqvenTvis, rom ara
erTi garemoeba, kerZod, Tqveni gazeTis 20-21 ivnisis (#68)
publikacia, romlis avtorebi, samwuxarod, pedagogebi
arian da romlis leqsika, forma, Sinaarsi, paTosi, Tavad
gansajeT, Zalze rbilad Tu vityvi, amazrzenia. gana SeiZ-
leba es paskvili emsaxurebodes sayovelTaod aRiarebul
warmodgenas afxazi eris, rogorc, Tavaziani, kulturuli,
TavdaWerili, bunebiT mamaci, mimtevebeli xalxis Sesaxeb?
me pedagogTa dinastias warmovadgen da mqonda saSu-
aleba vyofiliyavi gudauTaSi, oCamCireSi, tyvarCelSi

136
TanakurselTa cnobil ojaxebSi, romlebic ZiriTadSi pe-
dagogTa klanebs warmoadgendnen. warmovidgine maTi gan-
cdebi am publikaciis wakiTxvisas, miT ufro, roca isini
gaecnobian Tundac galeli pedagogebis werili ~svobod-
naia gruziaSi,~ romelic marTlac gamoxatavs pedagogTa
aRSfoTebas imaT mimarT, vinc moiTxovs qarTvelobas
aekrZalos mSobliur enaze saubari afxazeTSi, ar iqnas
daSvebuli qarTuli skolebis aRdgena.
RmerTo Cemo, rogor maxsovs Cveni drois studentebis
aRSfoTeba imisi gagonebisas, roca (CvenTvis da TqvenTvis
usastikes droSi) afxaz bavSvebs akrZaluli hqoniaT afxa-
zurad swavla da saubari; ra damaviwyebs afxazi adamiane-
bis, soxumis pedagogiuri institutis cnobili profesor_
maswavleblebis (afxazebi, qarTvelebi, somxebi), maT Soris
CvenTvis sayvareli adamianebis mejiT xvarwkias, rufet
buTbas, damiane gogoxias, mixeil bRaJbas, aleko gvaramias,
viaCeslav cugbas da mraval sxvaTa ganmartebas, rom es Sec-
doma iyo, romelic arasodes ganmeordebao.
ganmeorda. axla esaa sanacvlo SurisZieba qarTvel bavS-
vebze?
me Tavs ar mivcem uflebas mciredi SeniSvnac vakadro
damsaxurebul maswavlebels, Sromis veterans, perso-
nalur pensioners qalbaton ana gicbas, radganac me dResac
da mTeli Cemi sicocxle ara mgonia dedamiwis zurgze vinme
iyo ufro didi da saTayvanebeli, vidre maswavlebeli, ped-
agogi, rogori Secdomac ar unda dauSvas man.
erTi wuTiTac ar SemiZlia imis gafiqrebac ki, rom mxco-
vani qalbatoni uaRresad Sewuxebuli ar iyos da ar nanob-
des am werilze xelmoweras, ar awuxebdes galeli bavSvebis
bedi, romlebic dRemde iq arsebul viTarebaSi yru-munje-
bad unda gaizardon, rusul skolebSi iaron, sadac patare-
bi verafers gaigeben, SesZuldebaT skolac da maswavleb-
lebic!

137
 publikaciaSi saubaria a. dudkosa da d. maWavarianze.
mec kargad vicnob maT mraval naSroms, sxvaTa Soris ima-
sac, rom pirveli skola afxazeTSi, swored samurzayanoSi,
oqumSi, 1851 wels gaixsna da swavlebis ena qarTuli, aseve
rusuli iyo. da es iyo carizmis dros, quTaisis gubernia-
Si, romelSic Sedioda afxazeTi. swored, dudkom, maWava-
rianma, a. vekuam, e. narsiam da sxvebma dautoves momaval
Taobebs narkvevebi da kvleva-Zieba im Taobebze, romlebic
samurzayanos skolebSi gaizardnen, pirveli maswavleble-
bi gaxdnen da romlebmac mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes
afxazeTis sxva raionebSi ganaTlebis sistemis SeqmnaSi, maT
Soris gudauTaSi. am maswavlebelTa umetesoba qarTvelebi
iyvnen!
sulac ar mepareba eWvi, afxazeTSi qarTuli enisadmi da-
mokidebulebis saqmeSi Tu rogor pozicias daikavebdnen
Cveni qveynisa da afxazeTis gamoCenili Svilebi dimitri
gulia, zurab anCabaZe, giorgi ZiZaria, simon janaSia, misi
mama nikoloz janaSia, sxvebi da sxvebi.
qalbaton anasTvis, albaT, isic aris cnobili samurza-
yanosa da samurzayanoelTa enis Sesaxeb Tu ras werda cno-
bili afxazi sazogado moRvawe, istorikosi, imdroindeli
SefasebiTac antiqarTvelobiT gamorCeuli simon basaria
afxazeTis istoriis narkvevebSi.
me Tu mkiTxavT, arc simon basarias daveTanxmebi: ar ar-
seboben kargi da cudi enebi, tkbili da avxmovani enebi!
mSobliuri ena gangebisgana Seqmnilia da misi xelyofis
ufleba Cveulebriv mokvdavebs ar gvaqvs.
batono vitali,
publikaciis gacnobisTanave eWvi damebada, rom gaze-
Tis am nomris xelmomweri Tqven ar iqnebodiT da marTalic
aRmovCndi. samwuxarod, werili anaqronizmia: 10-15 wlis
Semdeg am statiis wamkiTxavi mkvlevari (Tu raime mizeziT
gazeTis satitulo nawili ar aRmoaCndeba xelSi) uTuod

138
ifiqrebda, rom saqme hqonda XXI saukuneSi dabeWdil sta-
tiasTan, magram romelic, raRac saswauliT, ase vTqvaT,
Zvel welTaRricxvaSi Seiqmna!
dameTanxmebiT, rom msgavsi statiebi da damokidebu-
leba eTnikurad qarTveli bavSvebisadmi, da saerTod, yve-
la bavSvisadmi (arafers vambob qarTveli maswavleblebis
mimarT), aramc da aramc ar Seuwyobs xels mSvidobis mSe-
neblobas. ar dadga dro, Tundac Jurnalistebi, rogorc
ityvian, eris sindisi, namusi da patiosneba, miuxedavad sx-
vadasxva banakSi yofnisa, gavufrTxildeT erTmaneTs, si-
tyvas da ar gauqroT afxazebsa da qarTvelebs daaxloebis
isedac minavebuli survili?

`saqarTvelos respublika,~
10 ivlisi, 2002w.

139
 saxalxo diplomatia
`gvelsa xvreliT amoiyvans
ena tkbilad moubari.~
rusTaveli

`Cven SegveZlo da gadmovediT zugdidSi, quTa-

isSi, TbilisSi, TelavSi, magram mudam unda gvax-
sovdes, rom afxazebs arsad gasaqcevi ara aqvT. es
maTi erTaderTi adgilia.~

venor axiba _ afxazeTidan devnili afxazi.

adamianebs, sazogadoebriv jgufebs da saxelmwifoebs

Soris konfliqtebis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo da aris inte-
resTa SeuTavsebloba. msoflio omebi didi geopoliti-
kuri interesebis SeuTavseblobis gamoxatulebaa da am
SeuTavseblobis arapolitikuri saSualebebiT gadawyve-
tis mcdeloba mudam iyo, aris da iqneba momavalSic. sam-
wuxarod, rogorc xalxSi ityvian, visac aqvs Zala, is mudam
marTalia.
da mainc, yvela omi, yovelgvari dapirispireba adamian-
Ta da sazogadoebriv jgufebs Soris sabolood mTavrdeba
SerigebiT, usamarTlo an samarTliani zaviT.
Cemi azriT, sayovelTao damkvidrebuli azri kavkasiis
(amieri Tu imieri) istoriuli konfliqturobis Sesaxeb,
metismetad gazviadebulia.
Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac  istoriis eqo ganapi-
robebs kavkasiis regionis ukurnebel konfliqtebs, ukri-
tikod ar unda gaviziaroT. xandaxan istoria imdenadaa
mniSvnelovani, ramdenadac mas amis nebas darTaven marad
cvladi geopolitikuri interesebi, msoflios wamyvani
aqtiorebi. rac ufro Rrmad CavixedavT kavkasiis warsul-
Si, davinaxavT, rom kavkasiaSi iyo bevri omi, magram, aseve

140
iyo xangrZlivi mSvidoba, stabiluroba, qveynebsa da xal-
xebs Soris mravalmxrivi TanamSromloba. kavkasiis Tavi-
sTavadoba imaSic aris, rom saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi aqve
SemuSavda kavkasiis xalxebsa da saxelmwifoebs Soris mS-
vidobiani TanamSromlobisa da solidarobis unikaluri
meqanizmebi.
axali gamokvlevebi adastureben, rom kavkasiis, rogorc
istoriulad konfliqturi regionis Taobaze gabatone-
buli Tvalsazrisi saeWvoa. ufro dasajerebeli isaa, rom
kavkasiis istoria aris msoflios istoriuli ganviTarebis
zogadi principebis qvemdebare, bunebrivia, sakuTari Tavi-
seburebebiT. ai, ramdenime saintereso magaliTi.
1820 wels omSi, romelsac ruseTi otomanTa imperiis
winaaRmdeg awarmoebda, somxebi da azerbaijanelebi ru-
seTis armiaSi erTmaneTis mxardamxar ibrZodnen. im isto-
riul epoqaSi Siitur-suniturma dapirispirebam gadaxa-
za sayovelTaod gabatonebuli Turquli Zmobis ideac ki.
Turme aleqsandre puSkini gaxda mowme imisa, Tu rogor
moqmedebda yarsis misadgomTan `yarabaxis polki,~ romel-
Sic azerbaijanuli kavaleria Sedioda. man am polkis erT-
erT oficers, farhad-beqs aRfrTovanebuli leqsic ki mi-
uZRvna. aris uamravi sxva magaliTic. swored, amitom unda
movekidoT frTxilad nebismier varauds azerbaijanisa da
TurqeTis maradiuli mokavSireobis Sesaxeb, rac xSirad
amwvavebs politikur Tvalxedvas yarabaxTan dakavSirebiT.  
amJamad damkvidrebul tendencias ewinaaRmdegeba is
faqtic, Tu rogor Seicvala afxazur-qarTul-rusuli
urTierTobebi 1850 wlis Semdeg. cnobilia, rom 1801 wels
ruseTma saqarTvelos aneqsia ganaxorciela da mTeli me-
19 saukunis ganmavlobaSi, ruseTis xelisufleba afxazebs
velurebad da proTuqruli tomis wevrebad da dauZinebel
mtrebad miiCnevda. vinme rusi generali grigori filipso-
ni 1852 wels Cioda, rom mis samxedroebs Savi zRvis cixe-

141
simagridan SiSiT ver gamoudgamT fexi, radgan SiSobdnen,
rom afxazi meamboxeebi sicocxles gamoasalmebdnen.
me-19 saukunis bolo meoTxedSi rusebis interesebi
kavkasiaSi realizebul iqna (qarTvelTa sakmaod aqtiuri
monawileobiT!) da afxazebis mimarT damokidebuleba sru-
liad sapirispirod Seicvala.
es da sxva mravali istoriebi namdvilad aCens kiTxvebs
kavkasiis maradiuli konfliqturobis, afxazur_rusuli
urTierTobebis uryeobisa da permanentuli rusul-qar-
Tuli mtrobis Sesaxeb.
am TvalsazrisiT, arc saqarTvelo yofila gamonaklisi.
Serigebis miRwevis (dRemde bolomde Seuswavleli fenome-
ni!) gamocdileba istoriulad Camoyalibda Cvens regionSi,
sadac saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv tradiciebs da gare
samyarosTan urTierTobas metad xangrZlivi istoria aqvs.
saqarTvelos xalxma (maT Soris da gansakuTrebiT afxazeT-
Si) Tavis wiaRSi SeimuSava da dRemde Semoinaxa Serigebis,
anu saxalxo diplomatiis, strategia da taqtika, romels-
ac sazogadoebaSi maRali avtoritetis mqone, gansakuTre-
buli gonierebiTa da niWierebiT gamorCeuli adamianebi
axorcielebdnen.
afxazeTSi Casuli ucxoeli eqspertebi gakvirvebuli
arian imiT, rom afxazebisTvis qarTveli jer kidev rCe-
ba saukeTeso partniorad. afxazur enas floben rogorc
afxazebi, ise qarTvelebi, Tumca, qarTuli enis codnis done
dabalia SvilebSi maT mSoblebTan SedarebiT. miuxedavad
amisa, bevr Sereul ojaxSi yvelaze xSirad swored qarTu-
li gamoiyeneba, Semdeg rusuli, afxazurad ki Zalian cota
ojaxSi Tu saubroben afxazebi yvelaze axlobel xalxad
qarTvelebs da rusebs Tvlian. afxazebs ar surT, saerTa-
Soriso sazogadoebam da organizaciebma isini sxva sazoga-
doebisgan gariyul da egzotikur xalxad miiCnion. ucxo-
elebma isic SeniSnes, rom afxazi ojaxiSvilis gamorCeu-

142
li Tviseba zrdiloba, wesiereba da sityva gautexlobaa.
qarTulma xalxurma folklorma Semoinaxa genialuri
`leqsi vefxisa da moymisa,~ rogorc saxalxo diplomatiis
ganzogadebuli simbolo, maradiuli mtrobisgan Tavis
daRwevis imuniteti da universaluri formula. vfiqrob,
am folkloruli geniis gamomxatveli animaciuri filmi
uTuod gaimarjvebda msoflios saukeTeso kinofestiva-
lebSi.
diplomatia franguli sityvaa da orad gakecil qa-
Ralds niSnavs. masze ori teqsti, anu orive mxaris inte-
resi iyo gamoxatuli da diplomatebis misia am interesebs
Soris balansis gamonaxva iyo. Tumca es, rogorc wesi, advi-
li saqme ar iyo da did dros, moTminebas da qancgamclel
ganmartebas moiTxovda. cxadia, rom am procesis warmateba
mediatorze mTlianad Tu ara, mniSvnelovnad iyo damoki-
debuli.
afxazeTSi, postkonfliqtur adreul wlebSi dasavle-
Teli eqspertebi didi eWviT ganixilavdnen saxalxo di-
plomatiis realur potencials, Tumca, amJamad, rogorc
saqarTveloSi, aseve sazRvargareTis mraval qveyanaSi es
azri radikalurad Seicvala. donorebi uamrav fuls xar-
javen imisTvis, rom uSualod xalxis warmomadgenelTa
monawileobiT momwifdes urTierTmisaRebi Tvalsazrisi.
donorma organizaciebma saxalxo diplomatiis pirveli
fanjrebi afxazeTSi saerTaSoriso da adgilobrivi ara-
samTavrobo organizaciebis meSveobiT gaWres. es iyo qarT-
velTa da afxazTa pirveli kontaqtebi JenevaSi Tu venaSi,
stambulsa Tu aTenSi, ialtasa Tu niu-iorkSi. ase daiwyo
pirveli dialogebi, pirveli Sexvedrebi, _ umZimesi, urTu-
lesi, magram mainc kontaqtebi barikadebis orive mxareze
mdgom adamianTa Soris.
ra Tqma unda, iyo da aris Secdomebi, materialuri da
finansuri resursebis araefeqturi xarjvis faqtebi. um-

143
Tavres naklad gamoikveTa saxalxo diplomatiaSi devnili
mosaxleobis umniSvnelo monawileoba, xSirad maTi moT-
xovnebisadmi angariSgauwevloba afxazuri mxaris pre-
tenziebis sababiT, delegaciebis aramyari Semadgenloba,
molaparakebebSi iseTi adamianebis CarTva, romlebic ar
icnoben afxazeTis problematikas. aris sxva gaugebrobe-
bi; kerZod is, rom calkeuli Tanamdebobis pirisTvis qar-
Tul_afxazur da qarTul_osur SexvedrebSi monawileoba
turistuli mogzaurobis, an politikuri ambiciebis dak-
mayofilebis saSualeba gaxda.
saxalxo diplomatiis meore nakli is aris, rom molapa-
rakebebis procesSi monawileTa raodenoba metad SezRu-
dulia. sinamdvileSi, saWiroa gacilebiT meti adamianis
erTad Tavmoyra da es SesaZlebeli gaxdeba, Tu Sexvedrebi
upiratesad Catardeba ara mxolod metad Zvir qveynebsa da
qalaqebSi, aramed uSualod konfliqtis siaxloves da kon-
fliqtur regionebSi.
gadaudebeli amocanaa saxalxo diplomatiis koordini-
reba. saamisod aucilebelia winadadebebis SemuSaveba, sx-
vadasxva RonisZiebis Catareba, diplomatiis koordinaciis
erTiani centris Seqmna. gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT unda
SeirCes saxalxo diplomatiis liderebi Sesabamisi niWis,
unarisa da ganaTlebis gaTvaliswinebiT. saWiroa dafuZn-
des saxalxo diplomatiis monawileTa swavlebis centri,
romelic aRiWurveba saWiro literaturiT, kompiutere-
biT, internetis qseliT. aucilebelia gamoices biuleteni
an gazeTi `saxalxo diplomati~ qarTul, rusul, inglisur
enebze da gavrceldes engurs gaRma da gamoRma, upiratesad
devnil mosaxleobaSi. dadga dro Seiqmnas da sistematiu-
rad gamoices postkonfliqtur sinamdvileSi dapirispi-
rebul adamianebs Soris dadebiTi urTierTobis amsaxveli
magaliTebis krebulebi.
afxazeTSi saxalxo diplomatiis warmatebaSi mniSvnelova-

144
ni rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia CrdiloeT kavkasiis mosaxleo-
bis warmomadgenelTa da afxazuri diasporebis CarTvas.
saxalxo diplomatiis erT-erTi umTavresi sazruna-
vi unda gaxdes omiT gaxleCili ojaxebis gamTlianeba, anu
SvilebisTvis ded-mamis dabruneba, ojaxebis aRdgena, ty-
veTa da daRupulTa moZieba.
saxalxo diplomatiaSi garRvevisTvis didi mniSvnelo-
ba aqvs sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenebis warmomadgenelTa
kontaqtebis aRdgenas profesiuli, asakobrivi, konfesi-
uri, eTnikuri da sxva niSnebis mixedviT principiT_adami-
ani ar unda ganisazRvros mxolod misi warsulis mixedviT,
radgan man, SesaZloa, momavalSi bevri sikeTe Caidinos da
sakuTari Secdomebi gamoisyidos. samwuxarod, samoqala-
qo dapirispirebam da ZmaTamkvlelma omma bevr CvenTagans
praqtikulad ar dautova arCevani da umZimesi gansacde-
lis winaSe daayena.
sagulisxmoa afxazeTSi mcxovrebi da amJamad msoflios
mraval qveyanaSi momofantuli mogvareebis Tavyrilobe-
bis mowyoba, romlis tradicia didi xania arsebobs saqarT-
velos yvela mxareSi. adamianTa Soris axali kavSirebis or-
ganizacia SesaZlebelia telearxebiT, radiogadacemebiT,
sakabelo televiziis, internetis meSveobiT, mobiluri
satelefono kavSirebiT. sityvam moitana, praqtikulad
amouwuravi rezervi aqvs masmedias. am mxriv, imedis TvaliT
vuyurebT axlad Seqmnil arasamTavrobo organizacias
`konfliqtebi da masmedia,~ romelsac realuri saqmianobi-
sa da manevrirebis didi SesaZleblobebi aqvs saqarTvelo-
Si da mis farglebs gareT, sakuTriv afxazeTSi.
vimedovnebT, rom am organizaciis, da saerTod, devnil-
Ta organizaciebis saqmianoba am mimarTulebiT gaeros da
euTos misiebis, evrokavSiris, diplomatiuri korpusebis
yuradRebis centrSi moeqceva.
postkonfliqtur afxazeTSi viTareba pozitiurad icv-

145
leba, iseve, rogorc devnilTa sazogadoebaSi.N mdinare
enguris orive mxareze adamianebi daiRalnen gaWirvebisa
da usasoobisgan, moenatraT adamianuri cxovreba, realu-
ri saqmeebis keTeba, erTmaneTi.
ufro da ufro iCens Tavs ekonomikuri interesebi
(afxazeTidan uamrav Camosuls naxavT lilos bazrobaze,
quTaisSi, baTumSi, zugdidSi). individualur, mcire Tu
saSualo biznesSi CarTul qarTvelebsa da afxazebs (ase-
ve qarTvelebsa da osebs) konfliqtis gaxseneba ar surT,
ara Tu axali omi. niSandoblivia, rom sxvadasxva erovnebis
kriminalebi, maT Soris qarTvelebi da afxazebi, SesaniSna-
vad TanamSromloben erTmaneTTan da gadanawilebuli aqvT
ekonomikuri da finansuri interesebi.
saxalxo diplomatebma mSvidobis aqtiuri mSenebloba,
unda daiwyon, pirvel rigSi, fsous midamoebSi, galisa da
oCamCires raionebSi (galis raioni TiTqmis mTlianad qar-
Tulia, oCamCire naxevrad afxazuri, fsous midamoebi ki
mravalerovani).
SesaZlebelia erT-erT amosaval variantad ganxilul
iqnas, magaliTad, galisa da oCamCires raionis mezobeli
soflebi, sadac kargad icnoben erTmaneTs, dRemde aqvT na-
Tesauri kavSirebi. faqtia, rom garkveul istoriul gare-
moebaTa gamo iq gverdigverd mdebare soflebSi cxovroben
e.w. gaafxazebuli qarTvelebi da gaqarTvelebuli afxaze-
bi. saxalxo diplomatTa erTi-ori warmatebuli nabijebis
Semdeg procesi TandaTan ganviTardeba, aRdgeba ndoba
soflebs, Temebs da dasaxlebebs Soris, adamianebi ivlian
erTmaneTTan Wirsa da lxinSi, aRorZindeba saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis gacvla, tradiciuli mezobluri Tanadgoma
sacxovrebeli saxlebis mSeneblobaSi, soflis meurneoba-
Si, jandacvaSi da a.S.
metad mniSvnelovani iqneba, rom donorebma xeli Seu-
wyon arasamTavrobo organizaciebis qselis ganviTarebas

146
afxazeTSi, romlebic kavSirSi iqnebian engurs gamoRma ar-
sebul organizaciebTan, qalTa asociaciebTan. aucilebe-
lia upiratesad dafinansdes erToblivi proeqtebi.
mxolod gulubryviloebs SeiZleba sjerodeT, rom sa-
xalxo diplomatia yvela ubedurebis panaceaa. sruliadac
ara, es aris adamianTa kavSirebis aRdgena im fesvebis meS-
veobiT, romlebic ufro adre Seiqmna, vidre e.w. zednaSeni_
saxelmwifo, xelisufleba, politikuri institutebi da
sxva. faqtia, rom xelisuflebaSi myofi adamianebic erTia-
nis da, mTlianobaSi erTi mTelis _ xalxis nawilia, xalxis
Svilebi arian da cnobierad Tu aracnobierad xalxis ze-
gavlenis qveS imyofebian.
advili ar aris, iyo saxalxo diplomatiis lideri, Tum-
ca, arc SeuZlebeli. lideroba mowodebaa da xelovneba.
yvelaferia SesaZlebeli, roca xalxs, adamianebs aqvT saa-
miso survili, roca maTi goneba gaciskrovnebulia ukeTesi
cxovrebis_omze da sakuTar Tavze gamarjvebis, mSvidobisa
da Tanxmobis miRwevis, normaluri, adamianuri cxovrebis
dawyebis garduvalobiT.
vfiqrob, rom konfliqtis mowesrigebaSi saxalxo di-
plomatiis mniSvnelovani roli da adgili eWvis gareSea,
vinaidan:
_ saxalxo diplomatebi muSaoben omiT gaxleCili sazo-
gadoebebis warmomadgenlebTan dapirispirebulTa Soris
ndobis aRsadgenad, romlis TandaTanobiT gaRrmavebiT
Seiqmneba foni afxazeTis mosaxleobisTvis saWirboroto
sakiTxebze soxumisa da Tbilisis poziciaTa dasaaxloeb-
lebad. sawyis etapze saxalxo diplomatebs saqmianoba gu-
lisxmobs gankerZoebuli sazogadoebebis TanamSromlobis
stimulirebas, vTqvaT, usafrTxoebis, ekologiur, humani-
tarul, socialur da sxva aspeqtebze, garda problemuri
statusis sakiTxisa (Tavis aridebas statusis sakiTxebze
diskusiebisTvis, romelic sxva dros da sxva saSualebebiT

147
wesrigdeba). gadametebuli SiSi aq usafuZvloa, vinaidan
mowesrigebis procesSi mxareTa warmomadgenlebis CarTu-
loba aranairad ar gulisxmobs afxazeTis damoukideblo-
bis aRiarebas an afxazeTis teritoriaze Tbilisis de-fa-
qto iurisdiqciis aRdgenis mcdelobas. saubaria mxolod
ndobis aRdgenisa da xalxebs Soris urTierTobebis da-
myarebis iseTi meTod-xerxebis da gzebis gamonaxvaze, ro-
melic gadaudebeli, aucilebeli saWiroebebis safuZvel-
ze adamianebs erTmaneTTan daaaxloebs.
_gadadeba ar SeiZleba, dro Cvens sasargeblod ar mu-
Saobs. cxovrebidan midian biologiuri da socialuri
Taobebi, romlebic erTad qmnidnen afxazeTis warsuls da
myofads, inaxavdnen saerTo fesvebs da Rirebulebebs. cxa-
dia, rom warmoqmnil vakuums omisSemdgomi axali da gauc-
xoebuli Taobebi Seavseben, romelTac eqnebaT sxva menta-
liteti da sxva msoflmxedveloba; saqarTvelos erovnuli
interesebisTvis metad saxifaToa afxazeTSi ucxo qveyne-
bidan Sesuli aralegaluri kerZo kapitali Tu misi suro-
gati, romelic afxazeTSi amJamad savaWro, komerciul Tu
e.w. saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobas xmardeba. gavlen wlebi da
am Ria Tu faruli investiciebis msaxurebi da `kanonieri~
damcvelebi gamoCndebian da Seecdebian afxazeTis aRiare-
bis sakiTxis wamowevas. msoflio praqtika adasturebs, rom
secesirebul regionebSi, sadac sazogadoeba didi xniT
gaixliCa da gaucxovda, daiwyo saxelmwifoebrivi damou-
kideblobis aRiarebis procesi. rogorc ityvian, gayinuli
konfliqti maradiuli ar aris da `yinuls~ is mxare gaal-
Robs, romelsac saamisod meti resursi da motivacia aqvs.

`dilis gazeTi,~
13 seqtemberi, 2002w.

148
 `wavide, mec iq mivide. . .~
`wavide, mec iq mivide,
samZimar uTxra Wirisa,
isic miambobs ambebsa,
mec uTxra Cemi Svilisa~

`leqsi vefxvisa da moymisa~ qarTuli zogadsakacobrio

Rirebulebaa.
advili ar aris dasavleTs, msoflios, bolo aTwleul-
Si kavkasiaSi mravali ZmaTamkvleli omebis da sisastikis
faqtebis Semdeg gaagebino, rom kavkasiuri fenomeni Tavi-
sTavSive qmnida da axorcielebda ara mtrisadmi mtrulad
mopyrobis Teorias da praqtikas, aramed mtrobis, omebisa
da sisastikis uazrobis filosofias. magram dRes, roca
Cven vdgavarT agresiuli nacionalizmis, sisastikis, Zala-
dobis, terorizmis, kacTmoZulebis aRzevebis winaSe, saku-
Tar qveyanaSi gvyavs aseul aTasobiT mamulidan gamoZeve-
buli, valdebulni varT gavagebinoT Sida da gare samyaros
am leqsiT gamoxatuli Cveni xalxis xasiaTis, aTaswleu-
lebSi Camoyalibebuli antikonfliqturi imunitetis da
konfliqtebis daZlevis unikaluri gamocdilebis Sesaxeb.
pirvel rigSi mxedvelobaSi maqvs leqsis (baladis) xelax-
la Targmna inglisur, frangul, germanul, rusul, osur,
afxazur enebze da gavrceleba, raTa igi gaxdes erTgvari
slogani konfliqtis mowesrigebaSi CarTuli mxareebis da
saerTaSoriso organizaciebisTvis, yvelasaTvis, vinc it-
virTa saxalxo diplomatiis patiosani samsaxuri.
magram es kidev cotaa, vfiqrob, rom swored saqarTve-
loSi da qarTvelma xelovanebma am leqsis mixedviT unda
Seqmnan animaciuri Tu sxva saxis filmi, romelic niWieri
reJisoris da scenaristis xelSi miipyrobs msoflio sa-
zogadoebis yuradRebas, warmoaCens Cvens erovnul suls,

149
gaxdeba kidev erTi kavkasiuri wvlili zogadsakacobrio
saganZurSi.
axlaxan didi hemingueis `moxuci mebaduri,~ gardasaxu-
li animaciur filmSi, uaRresad avtoritetul kinofesti-
valze pirveli prizis mflobeli gaxda.
saeWvod ar mimaCnia, rom Cveni baladis mTavari gmiri _
Svilmokluli deda, gaxdeba sasikvdilod gadamterebuli
xalxebis, eTnikuri jgufebis didi Serigebis, uflisgan qm-
nili sicocxlis yovelgvari xelyofis dauSveblobis sim-
bolo.
amJamad CvenSic, Cvens TaobebSi, romlebmac gadavita-
neT Tavsmoxveuli sisxlisRvra, adamianis sicocxlis xe-
lyofis, moyvasTa TavebiT TamaSis koSmarebi, saWiroa ax-
leburad davinaxoT da ganvicadoT monadire, (moyme) da
ganyenebuli mteri _ vefxvi, romelTac hqondaT da aqvT
sakuTari interesebi da am interesTa SeuTavseblobis gamo
samkvdro-sasicocxlo dapirispirebis msxverplni arian.
swored axla gvWirdeba imisi gacnobiereba, rac xalxis
geniam moymis dedis nafiqralsa da ganzraxvebSi gamoxata
Serigebis, mimteveblobis, ugunurebis msxverplTa erTob-
livi Wirisuflobis gardauvaloba.
qarTvel dedebs dRemde acviaT afxazeTSi daRupuli
Svilebis da axloblebis ZaZebi, iseve rogorc afxaz dedebs
gudauTaSi, soxumsa Tu oCamCireSi, os dedebs samaCabloSi
da mis farglebs gareT.
mTeli Tavisi darCenili sicocxle tanjuli suliT da
sxeuliT icxovrebs qarTveli deda, afxazi deda, sxva ere-
bis SvilTa deda, romelTa Svilebi Seewirnen garedan Se-
mogdebul mtrobasa da gaugebar omebs.

`Cem Svils gzad vefxvi Sehyria

gajavrebuli, tiali,
Cems Svils - xmliT, imas totiTa

150
 dRe dauRamdaT mziani.
arc vefxvi iyo jabani,
arc Cem Svil Sexvda Wkviani,
imaT daxoces erTurTi,
ar darCes sircxviliani~

mosTqvams qarTveli deda. zustad imasve, Tavis enaze,

ambobs saflavis borcvTan TvalamoRamebuli afxazi deda.
am naTqvamSi aris siamaye pirmSos mimarT, da imavdrou-
lad, udidesi sinanuli yrmaTa, axalgazrdaTa bedis gamo,
romelTac SeeZloT sxvagvarad moegvarebinaT dapirispi-
reba, magram ver SeZles.
1989 wlis 15-16 ivlisis movlenebis Semdgom, 18 ivliss,
igive, rac leqsSia Tqmuli, erT qarTul_afxazur ojaxSi
tiriliT gamoTqva afxazma qalbatonma, romlis ojaxSi si-
yvaruliT cxovrobdnen qarTvelebi da afxazebi. arasdros
damaviwydeba am qalbatonis gafrTxileba: `Tqvenebi, ampar-
tavanni arian da uSiSarni, Cemebi, ficxni da Seupovarni,
Cvenebs da Tqvenebs Soris, RmerTma dagvifaros, omi iqneba
urTierT amoxocvamde, razedac Semdgom Segvrcxveba Cveni
oblebis winaSe!~

`iqneba vefxvis dedai

Cemze mwareda stirisa,
wavide, mec iq mivide,
samZimar vuTxra Wirisa,
isic miambobs ambebsa,
mec vuTxra Cemi Svilisa,
imasac brali eqnebis
uwyalod xmliT daWrilisa.~

ase fiqroben (Tumca, iqneb, ar amboben xmamaRla) yo-

veldRe engurs gamoRma da gaRma Svilmokluli dedebi,

151
romelTac sZulT, ezizRebaT, ver itanen oms _adamianTa
sasaklaos.
fsiqologebs kargad aqvT Seswavlili: omSi gamarjve-
buli xalxis saerTo sixaruli, Svilmokluli dedisTvis
veraviTari nugeSia, damarcxebuli xalxis dedebisTvis miT
ufro. isini SavebSi, yoveldRe tirilSi, moTqmaSi, sulier
depresiaSi gaasruleben TavianT sicocxles yvela qvey-
anasa da yvela xalxSi.
fsiqologebma isic daamtkices, rom Svilmoklulma de-
debma yvelaze ukeT ician mamulis, samSoblos siyvarulis
sazrisi, misi dacvis aucilebloba, magram Sinaganad ver
eguebian oms, rogorc problemis gadawyvetis saSualebas,
radganac ufalma adamians ara marto fizikuri Zala uboZa,
aramed, guli da gonebac.
dedebi yovelTvis marTlebi arian, radganac, isini re-
alurad droisa da sivrcis mravalganzomilebian SreebSi
arian erTdroulad: yoveldRiur, warmaval wuTisofelSi,
romelSic nebismieri pirovneba Tavis saxelmwifoSi, qvey-
anaSi, ojaxTan erTad cxovrobs da valdebulia daeqvem-
debaros saerTo wesebs, angariSi gauwios sazogadoebriv
azrs, tradiciebs, zneobriv normebs da, meore _ momavalSi,
CvenTvis Znelad gasaWvret Soreul, jer arqmnil samyaro-
Si: maT mier Sobili, gazrdili Svilebis da maTgan warmosa-
Sobi xalxis warmosaxuli cxovrebiT.
Cveul ganzomilebebSi deda Cveulebrivi adamiania, Ta-
visi RirsebiTa da codvebiT. Svilis daRupviT ki dedas
erTmeva is ganzomileba, anu ZiriTadi funqcia, ris gamoc
igi aris deda, kacTagan gansxvavebuli da gansakuTrebuli.
sxva uamrav filosofiur da fsiqologiur siRrmesTan
erTad `leqsi vefxvisa da moymisa~ dedis, anu Cveni sicocx-
lis pirvelyofili da marad uSreti wyaros mraval ganzo-
milebis realuri da unikaluri gamoxatulebaa, romlis
bolomde gaazrebisken aTaswleulebia borZikiT mieSureba

152
kacobrioba. es unikaluri erovnuli memkvidreobaa, rome-
lic msoflios unda gavacnoT. iqneb niWierma adamianebma
am baladis mixedviT Seqmnan animaciuri an sxva saxis filmi,
romelsac uTuod SeamCnevs garesamyaro.
mjera, rom qarTveli xalxis mier Seqmnili es saocreba,
miT ufro niWieri xelovanis xelSi, martivad da genialu-
rad xatqmnili, SeumCneveli da daufasebeli ar darCeba
Cvens rTul, kvlavac konfliqtebiT aRsavse, magram mSvi-
dobis da mitevebis maZiebel droSi da msoflioSi.

`dilis gazeTi,~
8 noemberi, 2002w.

153
 Zvirfaso galelebo!
sadac ar unda iyoT, engurs gaRma Tu gamoRma, ruseT-
Si Tu efro Sors, naTel Tu bnel sadgomebSi, kanonier Tu
ukanono TavSesafrebSi, Wirsa Tu lxinSi, imedsa Tu uime-
dobaSi, siyvarulsa Tu siZulvilSi, bedianobasa Tu ube-
dobaSi _ guliTadad gilocavT Soba-axali wlis dReebis
dadgomas!
cotaa giTxraT, rom miyvarxarT; me TqveniT vamayob, me
TqveniT vcocxlob, radgan mec Tqveni sulis da sxeulis
nawili var, samurzayanos uzado cisa da miwis Svili, rom-
lis gareSe arseboba ver warmomidgenia.
dae, Cveni drois `gmirebma~ iqilikon galelTa Ralat-
ze maTi mSobliur ezo-karSi dabrunebis gamo; neta ras
daakleben barCxala mzes cicqna Savi Rrublebi, _ ifarfa-
ton TavisTvis, dro da istoria gamoutans ganaCens sxvaTa
xmasayolil umecrebsa da eSmakisTvis sulmiyidul gadag-
varebulebs.
Cven, rogorc adre mravaljer, didi saqmeebi gvaqvs sake-
Tebeli deda samSoblos, deda saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis
sakeTildReod. Tqvenze ukeT vin icis, rom ar yofila da
ar aris afxazeTi galelTa gareSe da ar aris saqarTvelo
afxazeTis gareSe!
qveyanas, sadac erTguleba ver fasdeba da orgulebs
aqvT didi gasaqani, Zarcva da momxveWeloba gamxdara mavan-
Ta upirvelesi sazrunavi, gauWirdeba fexze wamodgoma da
mxrebis gaSla, amitomac getyviT daufaravad _ cocxali
micvalebulebis geSinodeT ufro, romlebic uxvad arian
Cvens garSemo da Cvens rigebSi.
galSi daxocil 1600-ze meti adgilobrivi qarTvelis
Tvalis CiniviT naferebi saflavebi gvixmoben erTobisa da
Tanxmobisken, raTa afxazeTs dapatronebuli gadamTiele-
bi ufro metad darwmundnen galelTa WeSmarit rolsa da

154
adgilze afxazeTSi, maTs Zalasa da Zlierebaze.
iqneb soxumis de-faqto xelisufleba maTive simon ba-
sarias (antiqarTveli afxazi istorikosi da politikosi)
1925 wlis Segonebaze dafiqrdnen, romelic mravlismety-
velad ambobda da werda, rom `galSi Casuli gudauTeli
afxazebic ramdenime TveSi qarTvelebi (megrelebi) xdebian
samurzayanos amoucnobi Zalmosilebis, uzomod tkbili da
gasaocrad melodiuri enis gamo~-o.
Cveni da qveynis ubedureba Cveni gaTiSuloba, qarTvel-
Ta da afxazTa dapirispirebaa. amas Cvenma mtrebma miaRwies;
enguris xeobiT qveynis gayofa da adamianebis erTmaneTis-
gan daSoriSoreba ar maqvs mxedvelobaSi mxolod, aramed,
sxva ram, ufro veraguli, ufro saSiSi da saSineli aqac da
iqac.
merwmuneT, droebiTi da warmavalia yovelive es! Cve-
ni saerTo mze isev amova xval Tu zeg, radgan Cveni erTad
yofna uflis nebaa da naklebad damokidebuli Tbilisisa
Tu soxumSi mdgmur xelisufalTa TviTnebobaze.
vici, rom Cven, yvelani erTad varT, axali wlis Rames er-
Tianobis da erTad yofnis sadRegrZelos SevsvamT, Sobis
dReebSi aqac da iqac erTad mivusxdebiT uflisa da mama-
papaTa saxeliT nakurTx sufras da dilis mekvle rixianad
gvigalobs `kuCxibedniers.~
Cven didi da wminda saqmeebi gvelodeba, Cvenma Taobamac
winaparTa wesiTa da rigiT unda aRvasruloT igi Zvelebu-
rad, rigianad da Rirseulad.
qveynis gamTlianebas, uryev janmrTelobas, ulev siy-
varuls, bednieri axli wlisa da Sobis gaTenebas gisurvebT
Cemo galelebo, Cemo Zvirfaso adamianebo!

gazeTi `gali,~
29 dekemberi, 2002w.

155
 informaciuli garemo:
TavisufalTa konkurencia Tu
gladiatorTa brZola?
ganuviTarebeli demokratiis pirobebSi in-
formacia (cnoba ama Tu im movlenis an subieqtis
Sesaxeb) wamaliviTaa: zomieri da gonieri kurnavs,
zedmeti _ amaxinjebs, uares SemTxvevaSi, klavs ki-
dec. informacia (obieqturi cnoba ama Tu im mov-
lenis Sesaxeb), romlis gareSec sazogadoebis de-
mokratiuli ganviTareba, samoqalaqo seqtoris
ganviTareba SeuZlebelia, gamaerTianebelic aris
da damangrevelic; fsevdoinformacias SeuZlia
tragikuli roli iTamaSos.

Jurnalisti xSirad (gansakuTrebiT gardamavali peri-

odisa da aramyari demokratiis qveyanaSi) uamravi, adamian-
uri gansacdelis winaSe dgeba da, rogorc wesi, arCevanis
gakeTeba uxdeba sakuTar mowodebasa da politikuri pro-
pagandis rigiTi msaxuris movaleobas Soris,_kargi vqeni
Tu cudi, simarTlis msaxuri var Tu sicruis madidebeli?
saqarTveloSi boboqroben mitingebi, gamosvlebi, aq-
ciebi, maT Soris parlamentis win. bevrisaTvis es axlo
warsulis asociaciaa (Tanamdevi samarTliani siamayiT!)
roca mizani iyo imperiis borkilebis gadagdeba da nana-
tri Tavisuflebis moaxloeba; bevrisTvis ki avismomaswa-
veblad JRers calkeul oratorTa paTosi, terminologia,
rogorc erovnuli katastrofis winamorbedi. gaugonrad
gaaqtiurdnen Jurnalistebi, bevrma maTganma Tavisi sake-
Tebli Sewyvita da, rogorc ityvian, mxolod da mxolod
avadsaxsenebeli varlamis amoTxriT da gadagdebiT aris
dakavebuli (Tengiz abulaZis genialuri filmis `monanie-
bis~ mTavari gmiri).
cxadia, rom yvela qveyanaSi (arc saqarTveloa ga-

156
monaklisi) yovelTvis moinaxebian Zalebi, romlebic Seec-
debian azris Tavisufali gamoxatvis udides monapovarSi
agresiuli, damangreveli muxti Seitanon. amasTan, rogorc
Zveli indielebi ambobdnen Turme, yvelaze mets axla isi-
ni yvirian, romelTac Tavisi saTqmelis ufleba adre Tavis
belads gadasces. am viTarebaSi, cxadia, rom xalxis gonier
moqmedebas, politikur partiebis da masmediis zomierebas
alternativa ara aqvs.
nebismier qveyanaSi, sadac saxelmwifo manqanis trans-
formacias Seudgnen, xelisuflebisadmi undobloba Cveu-
lebrivi movlenaa. konfuci kiTxvaze, Tu ra sWirdeba qvey-
nis marTvas, pasuxobs: sursaTi, iaraRi da mmarTvelobis-
admi ndobao. misive azriT, Tu dasaTmobia romelime maTga-
ni, pirvel rigSi uari unda eTqvas iaraRs, Semdeg sursaTs,
magram mmarTvelis ndoba Tu daikarga xalxSi, qveyana ver
gadarCeba.
mezobel ruseTSi (yofili ssrk) 1991 wlis da Semdgom
movlenebSi am qveynis progresulma Jurnalistebma xeli
Seuwyves xelisuflebisadmi undoblobis gaRvivebas da
msoflio-istoriuli mniSvnelobis mqone cvlilebebs,
magram mogvianebiT, gadadgomis win elcinis ramdenime
frazisagan Semdgarma gancxadebam (riTac gza gauxsna yve-
lasTvis ucnobi putinis xelisuflebaSi mosvlas da gapre-
zidentebas), bevri Jurnalisti sagonebelSi Caagdo da mii-
yvana daskvnamde, rom maT ar hqondaT sakmarisi dro Rrmad
gaeazrebinaT faqtebi da movlenebi, gadaiqcnen propagan-
distebad da unebur msajulebad gladiatorTa arenaze,
sadac xalxisa da saxelmwifos yofna-aryofnis bedi wyde-
boda. sagulisxmoa, rom maT did nawils Semdgom eWvi See-
para sakuTar Jurnalistur keTilsindisierebaSi, roca: 1.
80-iani wlebis bolos Searyies sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba
da SesaZlebeli gaxades ssrk-s daSla; 2. 1993 wels, putCis
dros, elcinis mxares dadgnen da gaamarTles parlamentis

157
daxvretis precedenti; 3. usaSvelod gaazviades `ucnobi~
elcinis reitingi (praqtikulad nulidan dawyebuli) da
1996 wlis gaugonrad gayalbebul arCevnebze uzrunvely-
ves elcinis da ara komunistebis lideris ziuganovis ga-
marjveba; 4. monawileoba miiRes ruseTis `oligarqebs~ So-
ris gaCaRebul sainformacio omebSi da ara mxolod saku-
Tari simpaTia-antipatiis mixedviT gamoaqveynes SekveTili
`kompromatebi.~
kargad gvaxsovs gasuli wlis oqtomberSi `rusTavi-2~-
is mimarT daSvebuli precedenti, romelsac SemdegSi xe-
lisuflebaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi mohyva. amasTan,
imave dReebSi gamoikveTa dapirispireba Tavisufal mas-
mediasa da saxelmwifo sainformacio saSualebebis gark-
veul jgufebs Soris, rac savsebiT normaluria Tavisufa-
li konkurenciis viTarebaSi, magram ramdenad sasargebloa
radikaluri da agresiuli antagonizmi isedac myife, omis
mdgomareobaSi myofi qveynisaTvis, Zneli misaxvedri ar
unda iyos. adgilobrivi arCevnebis saagitacio da propa-
gandistuli mxare nimuSi iyo imisa, Tu rogor ar unda gax-
des winasaarCevno kompania mtrobisa da SuRlis gaRvivebis,
sazogadoebis gaxleCis katalizatori. es rbiladaa naT-
qvami, radganac erTi wuTiTac ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom
postsabWoTa realoba gamZlea, myaria, inerciis saSineli
Zala aqvs, rac xelisuflebas Tu masmedias kidev did xans
Seuqmnis uamrav problemas. swored amitom sazogadoebaSi
kargad unda gacnobierdes, rom es aris Cveni obieqturi re-
aloba, romlis daZlevas dro da udidesi moTmineba sWir-
deba, rac sakuTar Tavze gamoscades amJamad opoziciis
rigma warmomadgenlebma, romlebic Tavis droze iyvnen mi-
nistrebi, qveynis winamZRolebi, magram Zalze gauWirdaT
danapirebis Sesruleba. cxovrebam gvaswavla, rom advili
ar aris iyo politikosi, magram aTasjer ufro mZimea sa-
xelmwifoebrivad moazrovne da pragmatuli pirovnebis

158
bedi, radgan, rogorc ityvian, pirvelisTvis arCevnebSi
gamarjvebaa mTavari, meorisTvis ki qveynis da xalxis moma-
valze zrunva da pasuxismgebloba.
ukiduresad uWirs gaRatakebul, samuSaosa da Semo-
savlebis uqonel xalxs, mciredi xelfasebisa da pensiebis
momlodine adamianebs. xelSi mxolod ukeTesi momavlis
imediRa SemogvrCa da Tavs imiT vimSvidebT, rom saqarT-
velos istoriaSi uaresic yofila, magram dRemde move-
diT, imitom, rom Cvenma winaprebma imedi ar dakarges, Cveni
mefeebi da winamZRolebi sakuTar qveyanas ar ganudgnen,
xalxi gaWirvebaSi ar miatoves.
es sruliadac ar niSnavs imas, rom xelisufleba xel-
Seuxebelia, piriqiT, igi xalxis msaxuria da mas xalxi
unda akontrolebdes. mxedvelobaSi sxva ram maqvs, ker-
Zod, mTavrobis kritikam, Tundac `gaSavebam,~ xeli ar unda
SeuSalos saqarTvelos axali saxelmwifos aSenebas, de-
mokratiis safuZvlebis Cayras da ganmtkicebas, msoflio
sazogadoebis winaSe qarTuli saxelmwifos axali imijis
damkvidrebas.
Tavisufalma masmediam da saxelmwifom kargad unda gai-
Tavison, rom ar SeiZleba erTmaneTSi agresiuli, provoka-
ciuli omi, roca sakiTxi qveynis beds, Cvens momavals exeba.
SeuZlebelia saxelmwifo, misi xelisufleba an sul `Te-
Tri~ iyos, an sulac `Savi.~ aucilebelia obieqturoba da
samarTlianoba. rogorc ityvian, „sakuTari WeSmariteba,~
anu pirovnuli Tu sxvisi rCeviT danaxuli da mosmenili
`simarTle~ samSobloze, saerTo saxelmwifoebriv inte-
resebze maRla ar unda dadges.
Tanamedrove masmedias dasavleTSi `Tavisuflebis te-
qnologiasac~ uwodeben (televizia, kompiuteri, inter-
neti da sxva), romelic moqalaqeebs aZlevs saSualebas
gaavrcelon axali ambebi, gamoavlinon samarTaldarRve-
vebi, gamoxaton sakuTari Sexedulebebi, moaxdinon sapro-

159
testo moZraobis mobilizacia, Tvali adevnon arCevnebs,
akontrolon xelisufleba, gaaRrmavon CarTuloba da
gaafarToon Tavisuflebis Tvalsawieri. magram, aucile-
belia kanoni, wesi, mxareTa uflebamosilebebis zusti ga-
mijvna da pasuxismgebloba, radgan SekveTili, politize-
buli media saSualebebi (miT ufro privatizebuli), SeiZ-
leba damangreveli stiqia gaxdes ganuWvreteli SedegebiT.
SeiZleba Tu ara am sakiTxSi saerTo enis gamonaxva omisa
da dapirispirebis gareSe? SeiZleba Tu ara mediam akeTos
Tavisi sakeTebeli faqtebsa da argumentebze dayrdnobiT
da imgvarad, rom adamianebi TviTmkvlelobamde ar miiyva-
nos? SesaZlebelia Tu ara media ar iyos imdenad „yviTeli,`
rom saqiliko ar gaxados sakuTari qveynis istoria, adaT-
wesebi da tradiciebi, eris TavisTavadoba da saxelmwifoe-
brivi Rirseba?
Cveni erT-erTi ubedureba, albaT, aris xelisufle-
bis mimarT metismetad maqsimaluri ndoba an undobloba,
rasac aqtiurad uwyobs xels politizebuli masmedia. xe-
lisuflebam bevri Secdoma dauSva bolo aT weliwadSi,
gansakuTrebiT ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis
sakiTxebSi (sad, romel qveyanaSi ar yofila ase, vinaa daz-
Rveuli msgavsi movlenebisgan), magram, umTavresi Secdoma
isaa, rom xelisuflebas da mis samsaxurSi myof medias ar
eyo gambedaoba xalxisaTvis es eTqva. amasTan, umaduroba
iqneboda ar dagvenaxa saqarTvelos teleradiokorpora-
ciis pirveli arxis, damoukidebeli gazeTebis `alias,~ `di-
lis gazeTis,~ `axali Taobis,~ `rezonansis,~ `saqarTvelos
respublikis~ da sxva mravalTa konstruqciuli Jurnali-
sturi saqmianoba da maRali profesionalizmi.
mediis Tavisuflebis aRiareba da realuri damoukide-
blobisken swrafva qarTuli demokratiis udidesi monapo-
varia. es xangrZlivi procesia. am faqtia, rom am etapze sa-
xezea mwvave sainformacio konfliqti, rasac garda demo-

160
kratiuli warmomavlobisa, aqvs sxva mizezebic. eqspertebs
miaCniaT, rom mwvave da qronikuli sainformacio konfli-
qtebis mizezebia ara mxolod xelisuflebis Secdomebi da
arakompetenturoba, politikuri motiviT ganpirobebi
sxva mizezebi, aramed sixarbe da oqromoyvareoba, rac sam-
wuxarod, iSviaToba araa bevri ucxo qveynis erTi SexedviT
Tavisufali, magram realurad garkveuli Zalebis samsa-
xurSi myof media saSualebebisTvisac. cxadia isic, rom
warmoudgenelia Ratak qveyanaSi amtkico yvela Jurnali-
stis absoluturi wesiereba.
saqarTveloSi sainformacio politika sainformacio
garemos monopolizaciis dauSveblobis aRsakveTad, rac
savsebiT normaluri movlenaa Tavisufal qveyanaSi, fa-
qtiurad sxva gziT wavida. axla Znelia imis mtkiceba, swori
iqneboda Tu ara aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sistemaSi
informaciis saministros an rame sxva samsaxuris Seqmna,
rogorc es msoflios mraval qveyanaSia. aseve Zneli saTq-
melia ramdenad gadaWarbebuli iyo mosazreba, rom aseTi
samsaxuri ar iqneboda sainformacio politikis neitralu-
ri gamtarebeli da saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas Soris
obieqturi Suamavali. arc imisi mtkiceba SeiZleba cal-
saxad, rom xelisufleba da media mflobelebi ar gaer-
Tiandebian da gausaZlis tvirTad ar daawvebian WeSmarit
profesional da Sinaganad Tavisufal Jurnalistebs. sam-
wuxarod, aseT viTarebaSi aravis ainteresebs Jurnalistis
mier simarTlis dadgena, Jurnalistis Rirseba da misi, ro-
gorc moqalaqisa da pirovnebis faqtori!
ueWvelia, rom bolo wlebSi gaxSirebul „sagangebo si-
tuaciebSi` Camoyalibebuli sainformacio garemo qveynis
erovnuli interesebis sasargeblod ar warimarTeba. 1992-
1993 wlebSi, afxazeTSi saomari moqmedebebis dawyebisa
da mimdinareobis dros, adgili hqonda xelisuflebasTan
Tavisufali mediis seriozul, magram erTi SexedviT `uwy-

161
inar~ konfliqts, romelmac uaRresad negatiuri roli
Seasrula qveynis SigniT da mis gareT. saqarTvelom waago
sainformacio omi, romlis Sedegebi dRemde aRmofxvrili
ar aris. amis gamo saqarTvelos Sida konfliqtebis xasiaTs
sazRvargareTeli obivateli gulubryvilod da martivad
xsnida_ „ricxobrivad bevri xalxi Cagravs mciresa da usu-
sur ers, romelsac damoukidebloba unda.` ucxoeTSi ki
ara, saqarTveloSic bevrisTvis dRemde gaugebaria omis
dawyebis mizezebi da cdiloben `afxazeTis gayidvis~ yba-
daRebuli versiis dasabuTebas. amiT aris ganpirobebuli,
albaT, rom Tavisufali mediis bevri warmomadgeneli saku-
Tar xelisuflebaSi, sakuTar samxedro ZalebSi axlac dae-
Zebs mters da moRalateebs.
msgavsi viTareba iyo 1998 wlis maisis galis cnobili
movlenebis dros. Seiqmna saxelmwifo komisia, romelic,
samwuxarod, Semdgom yvelas gadaaviwyda, magram droda-
dro axsendeboda opozicias, imisda mixedviT Tu kuli-
sebSi visi diskreditacia iyo gadawyvetili; amaswinaT sa-
megrelos regionSi tardeboda seriozuli antiterori-
stuli RonisZieba, buCqebSi Casafrebuli Jurnalistebi
ki mxolod `saTaviso~ argumentebs eZebdnen imis gasabaTi-
leblad, rasac saqarTvelos xelisufleba msoflios gasa-
gonad amtkicebda.
samwuxarod, yovelive es xdeba afxazeTSi da afxazeTTan
dakavSirebiT, sadac 1993 wlis 8 ivlisidan sagangebo mdgo-
mareobaa gamocxadebuli; metad ucnauri situacia Seiqna
amerikel instruqtorTa SezRuduli jgufis saqarTve-
loSi CamosvlasTan dakavSirebiT, romelTa konkretuli
funqcia da amocana kargad ganimarta xelisuflebisa da
samxedro uwyebis mier, magram Jurnalistebma `moaxerxes~
gamoenaxaT sakmaod maRali rangis politikuri moRvaweebi,
romlebmac mosaxleoba imiT `gaaxares,~ rom amerikelebis
mizani afxazeTSi saomari moqmedebis dawyebaao. aRniSnul-

162
Tan dakavSirebiT, aseve gasakviria Cveni masmediis inertu-
loba afxazeTis Taobaze aSS saxelmwifo departamentis 20
ivnisis gancxadebasTan dakavSirebiT. Seuwyo ki yovelive
aman xeli Cveni qveynis prestiJs ucxoeTSi, rom araferi
vTqvaT separatistebisaTvis mirTmeul ideologiur saCu-
qarze?
11 seqtembers, aSS teraqtebis Semdeg, amerikis xelisuf-
lebam masmediis Tavisuflebaze garkveuli moratoriumi
daawesa, cxadia, kanonis Sesabamisad. CeCneTis respublikis
meore kampaniis dros ruseTis xelisuflebam specialurad
SearCia pasuxismgebeli pirebi informaciis koordinaciis
uzrunvelsayofad. avRaneTSic es problema calsaxad mo-
wesrigda. mimaCnia, rom saomar mdgomareobaSi myof da te-
ritoriebwarTmeul Cvens qveyanas, sadac ayvavebulia Si-
dasazogadoebrivi dapirispireba, sWirdeba SeTanxmebuli,
mowesrigebuli sainformacio garemo saxelmwifosTvis
umniSvnelovanes calkeul sakiTxebSi mainc.
sazogadoeba moelis, rom am saqmeSi demokratiuli da
civiluri Tanxmobis miRwevis iniciatorebi erovnul mas-
mediaSic gamoinaxebian. iqneb Tsu-s Jurnalistikis fakul-
teti da misi winamZRoli batoni nugzar fofxaZe gamovid-
nen Taosnad? iqneb dadga imis aucilebloba, rom Tavisufa-
li da sazogadoebrivi masmediis warmomadgenlebma Seqmnan
sakoordinacio Tu sakonsultacio sabWo, romelic gamon-
axavs yvelasaTvis misaReb sqemas da urTierTobis mowesri-
gebis racionalur meqanizmebs. iqneb mediis muSakTa eTikis
kodeqsia SesamuSavebeli? amdagvari da msgavsi saSualebe-
biT msoflios mraval qveyanaSi aramarto amxelen xeli-
sufalTa TviTnebobas, aramed masmediiT manipulatorebs,
SekveTil statiebsa da telegadacemebs. msoflio praqti-
ka adasturebs, rom ama Tu im qveyanaSi Jurnalistis Tavi-
suflebis problema met-naklebad iqneba yovelTvis, sanam
erovnuli sainformacio saSualebebi da Jurnalistebi ar

163
gaerTiandebian media saSualebaTa msoflio Tu regionul
asociaciebSi, saerTaSoriso holdingebSi.
iqneb saWiro iyos saxelmwifo daexmaros calkeul sain-
formacio saSualebebs, romelTac `sxvagvarad ar ZaluZT~
gadarCena da suls Rafaven usaxsrobis gamo. iqneb saxelm-
wifos TaosnobiT Seqmnas efeqturi samsaxuri mediis mier
wamoweul seriozuli saxelmwifoebrivi da erovnuli
mniSvnelobis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT gansjisa da reagi-
rebisTvis, romelic aseve daakmayofilebda sazogadoebis
dainteresebas, vTqvaT, e.w. gaxmaurebul saqmeebze gamo-
Ziebis mimdinareobiT da SedegebiT, mifuCeCebuli skanda-
lebis xelisuflebisTvis SexsenebiT. iqneb am mizniT spe-
cialuri sazogadoebrivi gazeTis gamocema, telearxis Se-
qmna iyos saWiro (romelic pirvel etapze dafinansdeboda
ucxoel donorTa mier), romelic Cemi azriT, obieqturi,
miukerZoebeli, da aqedan gamomdinare, metad popularuli
iqneboda qveyanaSi. es ki imas niSnavs, rom sxva media mflo-
belTa da xelisuflebis aliansi arsebiTad dakargavda
mniSvnelobas.
bolos, saxelmwifo valdebulia mosaxleobas yvelaze
adre uTxras sruli simarTle, rac qveyanaSi xdeba da rac
SeiZleba moxdes. pirvelwyaros, iniciativis, Semtevis uf-
leba misTvis aravis waurTmevia. Tu aseTi ufleba samoqa-
laqo sazogadoebaSi aqvT iuridiul da fizikur pirebs,
ratom unda morcxvobdes xelisufleba, Tu is marTalia?
cxadia isic, rom operatiulobis informaciis mopove-
bis, dazustebis gavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze xe-
lmisawvdomi resursebi saxelmwifos gaaCnia, Tanac demo-
kratiulad arCeuli (da ara `demokratiulad daniSnuli~)
xelisuflebisTvis aucilebelia obieqturi informaciis
mopoveba da floba, radgan, rogorc Zveli laTinelebi
ityodnen: `vinc flobs informacias, is Secdomebs ar uS-
vebs.~

164
 demokratia procesia, romelic Tavisive fundamen-
taluri principebis safuZvelze viTardeba, magram gansx-
vavebuli ama Tu im konkretuli qveynis TaviseburebaTa
Sesabamisad. Tavisufali qarTuli media demokratiis sa-
darajozec unda idges, radgan demokratias SeuZlia gaake-
Tos is, rasac ver gabedavs tirania da totalitarizmi, Tu
demokratia borotebis samsaxurSi Cadga. borotebis samsa-
xurSi Camdgarma mediam imdeni SeZlo, rom Tavis droze fa-
Sisturi italiis xelisuflebaSi moiyvana duCe (niWieri da
demagogi Jurnalisti), nacistur germaniaSi ki hitleri!
CvenTvis amJamad umTavresia saxelmwifoebrivi aRmSe-
nebloba, qveynis gamTlianeba. amboben, rom napoleonma sa-
frangeTSi akrZala sityva `SeuZlebelia.~ Cvens ers, qvey-
anas yvelafris miRwevis unari aqvs, Tu gare Zalebisadmi
qedmoxris, daudevrobisa da ampartavnobis lamis isto-
riul avadmyofobas Tavs davaRwevT. CvenTanac yvelaferi
SesaZlebelia, Tu masmedia, xalxi da xelisufleba erTad
CavdgebiT obieqturobisa da samarTlianobis samsaxurSi.

Jurnali `politika,~
#4, 2002w.

165
 saqarTvelos arCevania
nato, ruseTi?
mezobelo karisao,
sinaTle xar Tvalisao!

saqarTvelom natosaken pirveli nabiji gadadga. ruseTi

gaRizianebas ver malavs, rubikoni, rogorc ityvian, gada-
laxulia. politikur wreebSi miaCniaT, rom praRis samitze
saqarTvelos ganacxadis daCqarebaSi ~lomis wili~ Tavisi
agresiuli politikis gamo ruseTma Seitana.
konfliqtis mowesrigebis gzebis Ziebis dros Cven savse-
biT vendeT ruseTs, magram moskovsa da Tbiliss Soris mos-
kovis 1992 wlis seqtembris xelSekrulebiT aRebuli val-
debulebebis ruseTis saxelmwifos mier Seusruleblobis
gamo daeca gagra, 1993 wlis ivlisis xelSekrulebiT gani-
araRebuli da demoralizebuli aRmoCnda saqarTvelos
samxedro Zalebi, rac afxazeTis tragediiT dasrulda.
miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelo mainc gaxda dsT-s wevri,
mzad iyo afxazeTis problemis realuri gadawyvetis sana-
cvlod kidev 25 weliwadi daetovebina ruseTis samxedro
bazebi saqarTveloSi, magram aqac molodini ar gamarTlda.
1994 wlidan dsT-s koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis Zalebi
(faqtiurad ruseTis) gaeros egidiT imyofebian konfli-
qtis zonaSi (esec uprecedento gamonaklisia saerTaSo-
riso praqtikaSi), magram, nacvlad Tavdapirveli gegmiT
gansazRvruli etapobrivi gafarToebisa, samSvidobo ope-
racia dakonservda; maT ver uzrunvelyves devnilTa usa-
frTxo dabrunebisTvis saWiro pirobebis Seqmna da realu-
rad sasazRvro dajgufebad gadaiqcnen.
dasanania ruseTis mier saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis mi-
marT diskriminaciuli savizo reJimis SemoReba (imavdrou-
lad faqtiurad uvizo reJimi afxazeTSi da cxinvalis re-

166
gionSi mcxovreblebisTvis), aseve afxazeTSi mcxovrebi
saqarTvelos moqalaqeebisaTvis rusuli pasportebis ma-
sobrivi darigeba, rac saerTaSoriso samarTlis enaze aris
iuridiul eqspansias niSnavs.
ruseTis samxreT regionebis urTierToba soxumis re-
JimTan ueWvels xdis, rom swored ruseTis mier aris xe-
lyofili dsT-s meTaurTa moskovis samitis 1996 wlis 19
ianvris gadawyvetileba, agresiuli separatizmis e.w. izo-
laciis Sesaxeb; mimomxilvelTa azriT, ruseTis garkveuli
Zalebi afxazeTs ganixilaven rogorc federaciis erT-
erT gubernias.
faqtobrivad araviTari `blokada~ ar arsebobs, es sayo-
velTaod cnobilia. cnobilia isic, rom afxazuri ukanono
SeiaraRebuli formirebebi (150 erTeuli mZime teqnika, sa-
raketo sistemebi, aviacia da a.S.) ruseTidan maragdebian,
amasTanave, ruseTma Tavisi samxedro bazebi gudauTidan ar
gaiyvana.
cxadia isic, rom dasavleTTan, aSS-Tan, natosTan ur-
TierTobaSi saqarTvelo ramdenadme Sors ar wasula, vid-
re Tavad ruseTi (rad Rirs Tundac formula `19+1~ nato_
ruseTis urTierTobaSi); globalizacia da integracia
Tanamedrove kacobriobis ganviTarebis magistraluri gz-
adaa miCneuli da savsebiT bunebrivia, rom am procesebis-
gan saqarTvelo ganze ver gadgeba, miT ufro, rom kavkasia,
centraluri azia da evraziis derefani umniSvnelovanesi
regionia energomatareblebis mopovebisa da transporti-
rebis TvalsazrisiT.
qveynis xelisuflebas arasodes daumalavs, rom mzad
aris Tanasworuflebianobis principze agebuli TanamS-
romlobisaTvis ruseTis federaciasTan da amerikis
SeerTebul StatebTan, amasTan saubari ar aris erTmniSvne-
lovan arCevanze; gvinda, rom saqarTvelo gaxdes did geo-
politiukur moTamaSeTa ara paeqrobis, aramed partnior-
obis asparezi.

167
 Cveni saxelmwifo acnobierebs, rom ssrk-s daSlisa da
civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg evropam ruseTi aRiara (re-
alurad ase iyo saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi), rogorc misi ga-
nuyofeli nawili. axali ruseTi ar aris dasavleTis mteri.
ufro metic, praqtikulad laparakia imaze, rom aliansis
programa icvleba da, es aris ara mxolod nato, aramed na-
tos plus ruseTi. mogvwons Tu ara es Cven, aris yvela wina-
piroba imisa, rom evropa-ruseTisa da nato-ruseTis Ta-
namSromloba grZelvadiani iyos. principSi, bolo wlebSi
aqeTkenac midioda didi politikuri cvlilebebis mTeli
logika; miCneulia, rom Tu me-20 saukune kapitalizmisa da
socializmis dapirispirebis saukune iyo, 21-e saukune aris
evro_amerikuli civilizaciisa da agresiuli islamis da-
pirispirebis saukune. aq saubaria, ara islamur civiliza-
ciaze, aramed, radikalur islamizmze, romlisTvisac ru-
seTi, amerika, evropa Tu israeli, erTnairad mteria.
roca dapirispirebis xazi socializmsa da kapitalizms
(dasavluri tipis liberaluri demokratia) Soris gadio-
da, maSin yvelaferi sxvagvarad iyo dalagebuli. sabWoTa
kavSiri ganixileboda antiqristianul Zalad da aqedan ga-
momdinare, islamTan erTgvari ideologiuri erToba hqon-
da, anu, SeiZleba iTqvas, kapitalizmisa da socializmis
dapirispireba imavdroulad, aTeistur sabWoTa komunizm-
Tan dapirispireba iyo. axlo momavalSi maRalia albaToba
imisa, rom ruseTi aRmoCndes evropis mokavSire da, albaT,
asec unda iyos; erTxel adam mixnikma, romlis antikomuni-
stobaSi eWvs ver SevitanT, Tqva: „me var antisabWoeli, ma-
gram ruseTis moyvaruli, vinaidan tolstois, Sostakovi-
Cis, dostoevskis da prokofievis gareSe evropa ver warmo-
midgenia. ` aqedan, gamomdinare, Cven unda gaviazroT, rom
dasavleTisTvis sabWoTa kavSiri sxva iyo da ruseTi sxvaa.
ruseTi ar aris Zveleburi demonuri Zala, igi kapitali-
sturi qveyanaa, romelic ucxoeTSi gazs da navTobs, sxva

168
nedleuls yidis da did fuls Soulobs.
Cveni qveyana da xalxi miesalmeba ruseTis, aSS da saqarT-
velos dialogis dawyebas afxazeTis, aseve kavkasiaSi sxva
konfliqtebis gadawyvetasTan dakavSirebiT. saqarTvelos
prezidentma amaswinaT wamoayena iniciativa afxazeTis
problemebis gadasawyvetad saerTaSoriso konferenciis
mowvevis Sesaxeb ruseTisa da aSS TanaTavmjdomareobiT,
ukrainis, TurqeTis, sxva qveynebis aqtiuri monawileobiT,
rasac gagebiT Sexvdnen afxazeTSic.
afxazeTSi samSvidobo procesis 10 wlianma maraTonma
fuWad Caiara. konfliqtis zonaSi mdgomareoba ar gaumjo-
besebula. gaeros generaluri mdivnis megobari qveynebis
jgufis mier SemuSavebuli samuSao dokumenti _ `saqarT-
velos SemadgenlobaSi afxazeTis statusisa da uflebaTa
gamijvnis Sesaxeb,~ romelic arsebuli mdgomareobis Se-
sacvlelad lamis erTaderTi imedi iyo, afxazurma mxarem
ar miiRo da niRbad damoukidebel saxelmwifod aRiarebis
ybadaRebuli moTxovna aifara.
eqspertTa azriT, `megobarTa jgufis~ da ruseTis fe-
deraciis ZiriTadi Secdoma isaa, rom ruseTisgan zurgga-
magrebul soxums dausrulebeli da absurduli davis gaWi-
anurebis SesaZlebloba mieca. samwuxarod, saerTaSoriso
sazogadoeba daemorCila separatist_teroristTa ambi-
ciebs, ris gamoc politikuri mowesrigebis procesi maTi
ganwyobilebis mZevalia. miCneulia, rom ruseTis mtkice
nebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda (konfliqtis
zonaSi nacvlad teqnikuri sakiTxebis mogvarebisa), yurad-
Rebis gadatana problemis mowesrigebis fundamentalur
aspeqtebze, kerZod:
1. rom darRveulia saqarTvelos, gaeros da dsT-s wevri
qveynis, teritoriuli mTlianoba, afxazeTis e.w. saxelm-
wifoebriv xelisuflebaze pretenzia aqvs ZaladobiT da
eTnikuri wmendiT xelisuflebaSi mosul fsevdo afxazur

169
dajgufebas, romlis marTvis meTodia tirania, SiSi, adami-
anTa masobrivi uufleboba da Zaladoba;
2. rom dRemde grZeldeba e.w. im `Wirveulis morjule-
ba,~ romlis fexiTac gaiTela gaeros 29 rezolucia, euTos
budapeStis, lisabonis, stambulis samitebis gadawyveti-
lebebi;
3. rom 300 aTasze meti mSobliuri adgilebidan gaZevebu-
li adamiani sruliad uufleboa da faqtiurad ganwiruli,
unayofoa maT bedze saerTaSoriso organizaciebis TiTq-
mis aTwliani diskusia;
gaugebaria Tu ratom ar unda ruseTis xelisuflebas
gaigos, rom saqarTvelos mzadaa afxazur mxaresTan pirda-
piri da mravalmxrivi dialogisaTvis, rom savsebiT gazi-
arebulia ialtis gancxadeba ndobis faqtoris uzrunvel-
sayofad garanti saxelmwifoebis institutis Seqmnis Sesa-
xeb, rom Cveni saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs ruseTis kanonie-
ri interesebi ar Seilaxos saqarTveloSi, rom saqarTvelo
yvelafers gaakeTebs afxazeTis mravalerovani mosaxleo-
bis interesebis dacvisTvis, afxazi xalxis TviTmyofado-
bis SenarCunebisa da ekonomikuri ayvavebisTvis.
saqarTvelos prezidentma sajarod ganacxada saqarT-
velos saxelmwifoebrivi teritoriuli mowyobis federa-
ciuli modelis Sesaxeb devnilTa da ltolvilTa sayovel-
Tao da Rirseuli dabrunebis pirobiT. TbilisSi aseve gani-
xileba sxva mravali modifikacia, maT Soris asimetriuli
federacia, romelic ganmtkicebuli iqneba uflebaTa da
kompetenciaTa gamijvnis Taobaze federaciis subieqteb-
Tan konstituciuri xelSekrulebiT. aq pirvel rigSi afxa-
zeTi moiazreba. Seqmnilia saTanado saxelmwifo komisia. am
mimarTulebiT aqtiurad saqmianoben arasamTavrobo orga-
nizaciebi.
msoflioSi bolo dros ganviTarebuli movlenebi Sem-
zarav teroristul aqtebTan dakavSirebiT niu-iorkSi (11

170
seqtemberi, 2001w.), moskovSi (23 oqtomberi, 2002w.) Tval-
naTliv adastureben, rom dauSvebelia ukontrolo teri-
toriebis arseboba, saidanac warmoiSobian da viTardebian
sisxliani teroristuli programebi da proeqtebi.
ueWvelia, rom terorizmis mkvebavi da macocxlebeli
teritoriebi unda `daixuros,~ daeqvemdebaros kontrols,
sisxliTa da ZaladobiT mosuli reJimebis mimarT ganxor-
cieldes saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi devna, araZala-
dobrivi iZulebis Tu Zalis gamoyenebiT iZulebis sxva Ro-
nisZiebebi.
ubedureba iwyeba maSin, roca yuradRebis miRma rCeba
~patar-patara~ konfliqtebi Tavisi beladebiT, romlebic
Tavs uflebas aZleven (Cvens SemTxvevaSi, afxazeTis de-
faqto xelisufleba) abuCad aigdon msoflio gaerTianebis
rekomendaciebi, moTxovnebi, gafrTxilebebi. dauSvebelia
ormagi ~TamaSis wesebi,~ visganac ar unda modiodes is, rac
afxazeTis mimarT ruseTis mxridan samwuxaro gamonaklisi
ar aris.
samwuxarod, axali msoflios Tvalwin xdeba srulad
miuRebeli ram _ msxverplis da moZalades, mizezisa da Se-
degis gaigiveba, aseul aTasobiT devnilis mSobliur ad-
gilebSi daubrunebaze uaris gamarTleba im motiviT, rom
erovnuli umciresobis an mcire eTnikuri jgufebis in-
teresebi ar Seilaxos. brmebic ki xedaven, rom es sababia,
mizani ki sul sxvaa, rasac demokratiulobis imijs amofa-
rebuli msoflios didi aqtiorebi TamaSoben. afxazeTi, am
TvalsazrisiT, rogorc ityvian, klasikuri magaliTia.
erTi sityviT, roca msoflio terorizmis umagaliTo
zeobis problemebis winaSe dgas, axali kuTxiT unda iqnas
danaxuli ukontrolo teritoriebi, Zaladobisa da ukano-
nobis kunZulebi, romelic potenciur safrTxes warmoad-
genen ara marto im saxelmwifoebisTvis, romlis terito-
riaze es xdeba, aramed planetis ufarToesi regionebisT-

171
vis. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, afxazeTi SeiZleba gaxdes is naperw-
kali, saidanac ainTeba didi regionuli xanZari, yvelas omi
_ yvelas winaaRmdeg.
cxadia, rom afxazeTis sakiTxSi ruseTis poziciis mi-
marT imedgacrueba mravalma faqtorma ganapiroba. samS-
vidobo Zalebi, romlebic aRfrTovanebiTa da imediT mi-
viReT afxazeTidan devnilebma, amJamad afxazuri reJimis
mxardamWerad da reJimis SenarCunebis grantad moiazreba.
sxva movlenebTan erTad, swored rom aRniSnulma ganapi-
roba saqarTvelos parlamentis gadawyvetileba samSvi-
dobo Zalebis sxva ZalebiT Canacvlebis, euTos stambulis
gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisad ruseTis samxedro bazebis
gayvanis, dsT-dan saqarTvelos gasvlis Sesaxeb, romelTa
realizacia, bunebrivia, metad rTuli da mtkivneuli iqne-
ba Cveni qveynebis urTierTobaSi.
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos prezidentis
frTxili pozicia ganpirobebulia imiT, rom warmoudgene-
lia kavkasiaSi stabiluroba saqarTvelosa da ruseTis Ta-
namSromlobis gareSe.
momwifebulia sakiTxi afxazeTis gamWoli komunikacie-
bis aRdgenis Taobaze (rkinigza, sagzao, sahaero, sazRvao
transporti, energomatareblebi), rac pirdapir Sedis ru-
seTis, saqarTvelos, somxeTis, sxva qveynebis interesebSi.
am sakiTxebze saWiroa msjeloba. ueWvelia, rom ruseTi
dainteresebulia navTobsadenis afxazeTSi gatarebiT. es
misTvis aranakleb saintereso da seriozuli ekonomikuri
sakiTxia, vidre politikuri. amasTan, savsebiT bunebrivia
isic, rom saqarTvelosTvis, rogorc minimumi, komunika-
ciebis gaxsnis winapiroba unda iyos dialogis dawyeba, vT-
qvaT, e.w. bodenis dokumentTan dakavSirebiT, dsT-s samS-
vidobo Zalebis gafarToeba afxazeTis siRrmeSi da misi
funqcionaluri transformacia, paralelurad, devnilTa
usafrTxo dabrunebis dawyeba galis raionSi da mTlianad

172
afxazeTSi. metad mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia galis raionis
gamocxadeba mSvidobis mSeneblobisa da ndobis zonad.
molodini imisa, saqarTvelos dasavluri orientacia
umal gadawyvets yvela Cvens problemas, Cemi azriT, gaz-
viadebulia. mosamzadeblad wlebia saWiro; aucilebe-
lia qveyanaSi dasavleTis demokratiuli standartebis
damkvidreba, radikaluri politikuri da ekonomikuri re-
formebis ganxorcieleba da mravali sxva, rac metad rTu-
li da xangrZlivi procesia; bevri dasavleTeli eqspertis
azriT, saqarTvelo jer kidev aris qveyana, sadac aris ker-
Zo sakuTreba, magram ar aris kanonis uzenaesoba, Tavisufa-
li sasamarTlo, amitomac, xelisuflebaSi mosuli Zala
Soulobs Zalian bevr fuls da mdgomareobis dakargva ar
moundebao, anu, martivad rom vTqvaT, rodesac kanonis
uzenaesoba ar arsebobs, SesaZloa xelisuflebaSi movides
yaCaRebis banda da Sedegad, warmoudgeneli gaxdes xeli-
suflebis demokratiuli gziT Secvla. iqneb arc is eqsper-
tebi cdebian, romlebsac miaCniaT, rom nato mravali
TvalsazrisiT metad frTxili da mgrZnobiare samxedro_
politikuri organizaciaa da naklebad savaraudoa Tavis
rigebSi miiRos saxelmwifo, romelsac mougvarebeli aqvs
teritoriuli mTlianobisa da sasazRvro sakiTxebi.
cxadia, nato natoa da is mxolod da mxolod iseT ga-
dawyvetilebas miiRebs, romelic natos usafrTxoebas ar
Seuqmnis safrTxes. Cven didxans mogviwevs natos karebTan
dgoma, Tumca qveyanaSi da mis gareT arian radikaluri Za-
lebic, romlebic yvelafers gvpirdebian da ruseTTan
meti konfrontaciisken gvaqezeben.
amasTan dakavSirebiT maxsendeba sokrates erT-erT
mowafe antisTene; igi avadmyofobiT itanjeboda da mosan-
axuleblad misul megobrebs mimarTa,_vin gamaTavisuf-
lebso me tanjvisgan; erTerTma maTganma xanjali gauwo-
da. antisTenem xanjali ukan daubruna da naRvlianad Tqva:

173
me gTxoveT Tqven tanjvisgan da ara sicocxlisgan ganTa-
visuflebao. xom ar xdeba, ise rom, axla bevri axlobeli
Tu Soreuli `megobari~ saqarTvelos mxolod xanjals
awvdis!
natos wevroba martivi saqme ar iqneba, miT ufro ruse-
Tis mezobeli da masTan konfrontaciaSi myofi qveynisT-
vis. rogorc ityvian, sifrTxiles Tavi ar stkiva. albaT
amitomaa, rom rigi Cveni da ucxoeli politikosebi xeli-
suflebas afrTxileben, rom gabeduli survilia natos
wevroba, magram metad Soreuli, Tanac safrTxeebis Sem-
cveli. msoflioSi ZalTa balansi metad dinamiurad icv-
leba da sulac ar aris gamoricxuli, rom ama Tu im glo-
balur sakiTxze amerikam sxva did qveynebTan, maT Soris
ruseTTanac ki gamonaxos saerTo ena da aqedan gamomdina-
re, natom misTvis Cveuli TavazianobiT gviTxras,_axla es
sakiTxi gadavdoT, amJamad Cven amas verafers movuxerxeb-
To; iqneb uaresic, _ diplomatTa enaze gvagrZnobinon, rom
msoflioSi saqarTveloze gacilebiT mniSvnelovani pro-
blemebi arsebobs da maTTvis gvaqvs misaxedio. iqneb, natos
romelime `SeSfoTebul~ wevrs Cvens sayuradRebod aTqme-
vinon, rom Turme is ver xedavs im geografiuli upirateso-
bis, moculobisa da SesaZleblobebis ganeitralebis gzas,
romelic ruseTs aqvso.
sakuTari qveynis istoriac gvaswavlis, rom msoflioSi
yovelTvis arsebobs iseTi problemebi, romelTa mogvare-
bisTvis didebs ufro sWirdebaT erTmaneTi, vidre didsa
da patara partniorebs. kargadaa cnobili isic, rom Zlier-
Ta TanamSromloba sustebisTvis saxifaToa. uaxloesi
msoflios gamocdilebac gvarwmunebs, _ natos rigi we-
vrebi sul ufro metad grZnoben, rom natoSi maTi wevroba
samxedro bazebis fizikuri mxardaWeris gareSe, ubralod
araferia. ucxo qveynis Zalebis qveyanaSi ganlageba ki sxva
damatebiT problemebTan aris dakavSirebuli da saeWvoa,

174
xelisuflebam xalxis Tanxmobis gareSe martivad miiRos
gadawyvetileba.
asea Tu ise, damoukidebeli da suverenuli saqarTve-
lo natos wevrad gaxdomas cdilobs, rac savsebiT logi-
kuria da savaraudoa, rom ruseTisTvis axali biZgi gaxdes
samxreT kavkasiaSi Tavisi geopolitikuri interesebis po-
litikuri saSualebebiT dakmayofilebis dasaCqareblad.
ruseTis federacias realurad SeuZlia da unda uzrun-
velyos kidevac soxumSi misi maRali avtoritetis gamoye-
neba konfliqtis mowesrigebaSi garRvevis misaRwevad.
aravis ar unda eeWvebodes, rom es iqneba ruseT-saqarT-
velos urTierTobis mkveTri gaumjobesebis impulsi, rac
Cvens qveynebs mtkice da xangrZliv strategiul partnior-
obamde miiyvans, rasac didi xania elodebian saqarTveloSi
da ruseTSi.

`dilis gazeTi,~
20 dekemberi, 2002w.

175
 izolacia Tu distancirebuli
TanamSromloba?
afxazeTSi konfliqtis mowesrigebis internacionali-
zaciam naklebad savaraudoa mokle droSi sasurvel Sede-
gamde migviyvanos. globalizaciis sajarod gacxadebulma
principma _ `mSvidoba teritoriebis sanacvlod,~ roca
msoflios wamyvan moTamaSeebs TiTqosda gansakuTrebuli
politikuri da ekonomikuri mizanswrafva ar amoZravebT,
bunebrivad gulisxmobs am etapze (iqneb didi xniTac!) da-
konservebul konfliqtebSi Ria Caurevlobas. speciali-
stebis azriT, arsebobs yvela niSani, rom gare samyaro
afxazeTis konfliqts swored aseTad moiazrebs.
radganac dro da adamianebi icvlebian, magram geopoli-
tikuri interesebi saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi arsebiT cvli-
lebas ar ganicdian, iqneb, Seqmnili Cixidan gamosavali iyos
sakuTriv afxazeTsa da mTlianad regionSi amJamad arsebu-
li viTarebis adekvaturi nabijebis gadadgma (Cveni qveynis
istoriuli gamocdilebis gaTvaliwinebiT), anu samSvido-
bo Zalisxmevis koordinacia afxazeTSi konfliqtis mowes-
rigebis Cveneburi `sagzao rukis~ SesamuSaveblad.
istoria gvaswavlis, rom XV_XVII saukuneebidan afxa-
zeTSi mTis mosaxleobis TandaTanobiTi Camosaxlebis
gamo, romelic CrdiloeT kavkasiis gamahmadianebam da sxva
epoqalurma movlenebma ganapiroba, saqarTvelos es ZirZ-
veli regioni nel-nela kargavda pirvandel socialur
saxes. am viTarebaSi, sakuTriv afxazeTis geografiuli
mezobeli da odesRac erTiani kolxuri socialuri da eT-
nokulturul sivrceSi dominanti samegrelos samTavro,
imereTis samefos mxardaWeriT asrulebda mniSvnelovan
Semakavebel funqcias. miCneulia, rom gviandel Sua sauku-
neebSi afxazeTis da samegrelos samTavroebis dapirispi-

176
reba ar iyo mxolod tradiciuli feodaluri erTeulebis
qiSpoba. am droidan afxazeTSi pirveli gaisma gangaSis xma
islamis moZalebisa da am religiis TaviseburebaTa gamo
(islami alahisadmi erTgulebas ufro maRla ayenebda,
vidre eTnikur warmomavlobas, axasiaTebda sisastike da
moqniloba, gaaCnda adaptaciis unari da asimilaciis didi
SesaZlebloba). ueWvelia, rom Sav zRvaze gasasvleliT me-
zobeli CrdiloeTeli eTnosebis da maT mfarvelis dain-
tereseba kidev ufro amwvavebda am problemas.
Cveni qveynis istoriis am periodis axleburi politiku-
ri Sefaseba aucilebelia, raTa afxazeTis problemasTan
dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos didi istoriuli mezoble-
bis (ruseTi, TurqeTi) geopolitikuri interesebisadmi
calmxriv, xSirad akviatebul gansjas wertili daesvas.
Zlieri mmarTvelobis dros samegrelo, gansakuTrebiT
levan I I dadianis periodSi, energiulad umklavdeboda
afxazeTSi ucxotomelTa Semosevebs. am mizniT aigo kidec
kelasuris didi kedeli CrdiloeTeli Zalebis SesaCereb-
lad. samegrelos mxarSi edga svaneTi, guriis samTavro,
imereTis samefo. zemoaRniSnuli qarTuli politikuri
erTeulebi arsebiTad erTad umklavdebodnen CrdiloeT
kavkasielTa Semotevebs.
1680 wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi arsebuli saerTo mdgoma-
reobis gamo (levan II dadianis uecari gardacvaleba, misi
memkvidreebis, rogorc politikuri figurebis sisuste,
aseve, didi areuloba dasavleT saqarTveloSi) afxazebma
SeZles jer mdinare RaliZgamde gamosvla, Semdgom mdinare
engurze gamagreba. ufro metic, isargebles ra dasavleT
saqarTveloSi ZmaTamkvleli dapirispirebiT da marTvadi
qaosiT, engurs gamoRma qarTvel didebulTa Soris konso-
lidaciis deficitiT, cxeniswylamde moaoxres samegrelo.
es iyo umZimesi periodi, tragikuli wlebi afxazeTisa da
samegrelos mosaxleobis cxovrebaSi. afxazeTidan ahyares

177
qristianuli kolxuri (megruli) mosaxleoba da gamodev-
nes mSobliuri adgilebidan, aTeul aTasobiT adamiani ty-
ved gayides osmaleTSi; gavelurda, gaukacrielda afxaze-
Ti, katastrofulad Semcirda adgilobrivi qristianuli
mosaxleoba. am periodidan intensiuri xasiaTi miiRo iZu-
lebiTma asimilaciam, rasac xels uwyobda afxaz warCine-
bulTa kastis orientaciis Secvla.
am movlenas gverds ver uvlian obieqturi afxazi
istorikosebi, vinaidan auarebeli utyuari dokumen-
turi masala arsebobs, Tumca afxazeTis axali Taobis
`mecnierTa~ didi nawilisaTvis falsifikacia politi-
kuri dividendebisa da `gansakuTrebuli aRmoCenebiT~
samecniero xarisxis mopovebis ZiriTadi saSualeba gax-
da. okupirebul afxazeTSi isini cdiloben `samecniero~
brunvaSi Semoitanon da daamkvidron terminebi `warT-
meulis dabruneba,~ `istoriuli samarTlianobis aRdge-
na~ da sxva.
faqti faqtad rCeba (rac kargadaa cnobili qarTul
istoriografiaSi, magram Tavis droze uxerxul Temad
iTvleboda), rom XVI I saukunidan dasasrulidan cxeniswy-
als gamoRma saqarTvelos mraval naklebad dasaxlebul
teritoriebze mkvidrdeboda afxazeTidan devnili mo-
saxleoba, vrceldeboda afxazeTisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
toponimebi; Zveli afxazeTis qarTuli gvar-saxelebis ma-
tarebeli adamianebi dRemde kompaqturad binadroben iq,
metnaklebad inaxaven afxazeTSi mcxovrebTaTvis damaxa-
siaTebel adaT-wesebsa da tradiciebs.
samtrediis raionSi cnobili soflebia ilori da naba-
kevi Tavisi afxazur-kolxuri warmomavlobis kompaqturi
mosaxleobiT. uamravi aseTi sofeli da dasaxlebaa engurs
gamoRma saqarTvelos sxva regionSi.
saidumlo ar aris, rom miuxedavad aTasi ubedurebisa,
rac ruseTis imperiam (Semdgom modernizebulma sabWoTa)

178
Tavs daatexa afxazeTs, mTlianad saqarTvelos, `urCi~ Cr-
diloeT kavkasiis sruli damorCilebis Semdeg qarTuli
mosaxleobis mniSvnelovanma nawilma kvlav moaxerxa mSob-
liuri adgilebis aTviseba, qarTuli sulis aRorZineba
afxazeTSi. cnobilia isic, rom gansaxlebisa da demogra-
fiuli problemebisadmi sabWoTa xelisuflebis midgoma
gansakuTrebuli iyo; mcocav rusifikacias Tana axlda wo-
nasworobis garkveuli elementi, raSic mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobda qarTveli eris Seupovroba.
saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi istoriuli afxazeTTan
ganuyofel kavSir-urTierTobebs saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi
upiratesad uzrunvelyofda samegrelo da guria, imereTi
da svaneTi. mogvianebiT, sabWoTa periodSic, centralur
xelisuflebasTan erTad, es regionebi axorcielebdnen
afxazeTis realur integracias erTiani saqarTvelos qso-
vilSi tradiciuli ekonomikuri, socialuri, humanitaru-
li, eTnikuri kavSirebis safuZvelze.
zemoaRniSnulSi axali araferia, garda imisa, rom amJa-
madac aris metad didi Sansi da realuradaa miCneuli (ro-
gorc istoriulad mravaljer) imereT-guria-samegrelo-
svaneTis istoriuli mxareebis erTiani, koordinirebuli
moqmedebis aucilebloba afxazeTis problemis mosagva-
reblad; am mxareebs gaaCniaT ara mxolod moraluri val-
debuleba afxazeTis winaSe, aramed Tavadac SeeqmnaT um-
Zimesi ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebi afxazeTis
mougvarebeli konfliqtis gamo. am procesis dawyeba da
gafarToeba xels Seuwyobs postkonfliqtur afxazeTSi
darCenili da mezobel teritoriebis mosaxleobas Soris
dRemde arsebuli kavSirebis SenarCunebasa da gafarToe-
bas, vaWrobis gamococxlebas, erToblivi ekonomikuri da
socialuri proeqtebis SemuSavebasa da ganxorcielebas.
pirdapir Tu vityviT, sakiTxi exeba afxazeTis izolaciis
kursidan zomierad distancirebul TanamSromlobaze ga-

179
dasvlas, am etapze, Tundac zemoT aRniSnuli da sxva dain-
teresebuli regionebis monawileobiT.
Cixidan gamosavali afxazebTan urTierTobis aRdgena-
Sia. es iqneba xangrZlivi procesi, magram igi garduvalia,
Tu namdvilad gvsurs konfrontaciuli realobidan mSvi-
dobiani saSualebebiT gamosvla.
procesis dawyeba advili ar iqneba, magram sruliad Se-
saZlebelia xelisuflebis pozitiuri nebisa da aWaris,
imereTis, guriis, samegrelo-zemo svaneTis mxareebSi Sema-
vali qalaqebis da raionebis xelmZRvanelebis, iuridiuli
da fizikuri pirebis, biznesisa da samoqalaqo seqtoris
warmomadgenelTa koordinirebuli saqmianobis pirobebSi.
afxazeTisadmi Zveleburi, gankerZoebuli, izolacio-
nisturi (faqtiurad TviTizolacia) damokidebulebis
gagrZeleba namdvilad ar SeiZleba.

`saqarTvelos respublika,~
23 seqtemberi, 2003 w.

180
 samSobloze maRla TviT
WeSmaritebac ver dadgeba
informacia, romlis gareSec sazogadoebis demokra-
tiuli ganviTareba, samoqalaqo seqtoris formireba SeuZ-
lebelia, SemakavSirebelic aris da damangrevelic.
xelisuflebisadmi undobloba Cveulebrivi movlenaa
msoflioSi, magram misi dramatizaciiT, usaSvelo lanZ-
Rva-ginebiT, sakralurad miCneuli miznisTvis saxelis
gatexiT, SesaZlebelia qveyanas ubedureba movutanoT. miT
ufro, roca undoblobis sindromi xalxSi Segnebulad in-
ergeba da mas mizandasaxulad xels uwyobs da amZafrebs
masmedia. xelisuflebis da politikosebis yvelaze didi
danaSauli sakuTari qveynis winaaRmdeg tyviis gasrolaa,
rac arc saqarTvelosTvisaa ucxo.
konfuci kiTxvaze, Tu ra sWirdeba qveynis marTvas, upa-
suxebs _ sursaTi, iaraRi da mTavris ndoba. Tu dasaTmobia
romelime maTgani, uari unda eTqvas iaraRs, Semdeg sur-
saTs, magram xalxSi mTavris ndoba Tu daikarga, ver gadar-
Ceba es qveyana.
ramdenad mizanSewonilia politikuri Zalebis Tu cal-
keuli pirebis gladiatoruli Serkineba isedac myife,
omis mdgomareobaSi myofi qveynisaTvis, Zneli misaxvedri
ar unda iyos. adgilobrivi arCevnebis (romelic dRemde
ar damTavrebula) saagitacio mxare brwyinvale nimuSi
iyo imisa, Tu rogor ar unda gaxdes winasaarCevno kampania
mtrobisa da SuRlis gaRvivebis, sazogadoebis gaxleCis
katalizatori. es rbiladaa naTqvami. erTi wuTiTac ar
unda dagvaviwydes, rom komunisturi mentaliteti gamZ-
lea, myaria, adre socialurad daculi adamianebis nost-
algias inerciis saSineli Zala aqvs, rac sakuTar Tavze
kargad gamoscades amJamad opoziciis warmomadgenleb-
ma, romlebic gaxdnen ministrebi, qveynis aRmSeneblobis

181
winamZRolebi, magram Zalze gauWirdaT, bevrma ki gadad-
goma arCia. advili ar aris iyo politikosi, magram aTas-
jer mZimea saxelmwifoebrivad moazrovne da pragmatuli
pirovnebis bedi.
ukiduresad uWirs gaRatakebul, myari samuSaosa da
Semosavlebis uqonel, mciredi xelfasebisa da pensiebis
momlodine (Tanac xSirad „gayinulis`), droebiT terito-
riebdakarguli saxelmwifos devnil mosaxleobas. saqarT-
velos istoriaSi uaresic yofila _ 300-ze meti sircxvili
gviWamia Turme, magram dRemde movsulvarT da xalxs (visi
saxeliTac axla partiebi da liderebi yvelafrisTvis
arian mzad arCevnebSi gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi), sakuTari
Tavis imedi ar daukargavs.
niSnavs, Tu ara es, rom xelisuflebas ar unda akadro
kritika, anda vinme Tavze xels usvamdes? sruliadac ara!
xelisuflebis kritikam, Tundac misma „gaSavebam,~ ro-
gorc axla damoukidebeli masmedia akeTebs, xeli ar unda
SeuSalos saqarTvelos saxelmwifos aSenebas, qarTuli
demokratiuli saxelmwifos safuZvlebis Cayras da gan-
mtkicebas; ara da, ise bevri vinmea gatacebuli am norCi sa-
xelmwifos Ziris gamoTxriT, rom Znelia msgavsi magaliTis
sxvagan povna.
Cemi azriT, masmediam (damoukidebelma Tu saxelmwi-
fom) erTi ram kargad unda gaiTavisos _ ar SeiZleba erT-
maneTSi omi, roca sakiTxi qveynis beds, Cveni Svilebis mo-
mavals exeba. SeuZlebelia saxelmwifo, misi xelisufleba
an mTlad `TeTri~ iyos, an mTlad `Savi.~ aucilebelia zo-
mierebis dacva. rogorc ityvian, calkeuli WeSmaritebebi
samSobloze maRla ar SeiZleba idges, aseTi ram arsad ar
xdeba!
arsebobs Tu ara qveyanaSi winapirobebi, rom `arSemdga-
ri saxelmwifo~ dagvarqvan da ucxoeTSi enataniobis gamo
lamis aparteizmi dagvabralon (farTo gagebiT) adamianis

182
uflebaTa dacvis, eTnikur umciresobaTa, konfesiis da
sxva sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT?
Cvens istoriaSi es yvelaferi iyo pirvel respublika-
Si, Semdegac da Tu riTi damTavrda sazogadoebis gaxleCa,
sayovelTaod cnobilia.
qarTveli xalxis absoluturi umravlesobis Sinagani
ganwyoba, Tu gnebavT, genetikuri instinqtma, rom avaSenoT
Tavisufali, demokratiuli, axali saqarTvelo, amasTan,
xazi ar gadausvaT arc TviTmyofad warsuls, arc awmyos
(ra rTulic ar unda iyos igi), arc momavals, Cvens Svilebs
SevuqmnaT Rirseul, ganaTlebul da zneobriv adamianebad
Camoyalibebis pirobebi. rogor movaxerxoT es, vin gviCve-
nebs saamiso gzas qvena azrebisa da kanonier arCevnebamde
saxelmwifos pirvel savarZelSi Cajdomis moTxovnis ga-
reSe, ai, ra undaT adamianebs Tavisufali Tu saxelmwifo
masmediisagan.
SeiZleba am sakiTxSi saerTo enis gamonaxva omis, dapi-
rispirebis gareSe? SeiZleba da es asec unda moxdes!
sxva sakiTxia mediis Tavisufleba. dae, Jurnalisturi
gamoZiebebi Catardes, oRond es gakeTdes awonili sity-
viT, rkinis logikiT, argumentebiT. Cemgan aravis eswavle-
ba, deputati xalxis rCeulia da mas bevr rames hpatioben
sakuTari qveynis prestiJisaTvis, prezidents ki (vinc ar
unda iyos is, maT Soris moklulebsac) `Cems prezidents~
eZaxian aSS-Si da didi demokratiebis sxva qveynebSi. dasav-
leTSi Jurnalisti gaigivebulia politikosTan, romelic
nelnela burRavs magar qanebs, saxalxo saqmeSi sakuTari
sicocxlis riskiT aqsovs vnebas da gonebas.
dRes Cveni uwinaresi ubedurebaa SiSveli undobloba
xelisuflebis mimarT, romelsac aqtiurad uwyobs xels
metad politizirebuli masmedia, romelic xSirad daumsa-
xureblad, yovelgvari argumentis gareSe uxamsad TaTxavs
qveyanas da xelisuflebas.

183
 bolo 10 weliwadSi xelisuflebam bevri Secdoma dau-
Sva. mxedvelobaSi maqvs saSinao politika, maT Soris eko-
nomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis sakiTxebSi, magram
sakiTxavia Tu sad, romel qveyanaSi ar yofila ase, vinaa
dazRveuli msgavsi movlenebisgan? saqarTveloSi sain-
formacio politika demokratizmis gafurCqnis jansaRi
mosazrebiT, sainformacio garemoSi monopolizmis dauS-
veblobis motiviT, sxva gziT wavida. axla Znelia imis mtki-
ceba, swori iqneboda Tu ara aRmasrulebeli xelisufle-
bis sistemaSi informaciis saministros, departamentis, an
rame sxva samsaxuris Seqmna, rogorc es msoflios mraval
qveyanaSia. ramdenad swori iyo usaSvelo SiSi imisa, rom is
ar iqneboda qveyanaSi sainformacio politikis neitralu-
ri gamtarebeli, Zneli saTqmelia.
1992-1993 wlebSi, afxazeTSi saomari moqmedebebis dros
saxelmwifo da Tavisufali masmedias Soris gaCaRda serio-
zuli, magram, erTi SexedviT, `uwyinari~ konfliqti, ro-
melmac uaRresad negatiuri roli Seasrula qveynis SigniT
da mis gareTac. maSin sainformacio omi qveyanam waago. ru-
seTis sainformacio saSualebebma lamis naxevari msoflio
daarwmunes, rom Tbilisi moZaladea da mravalmilioniani
saqarTvelo mcirericxovan afxaz eTnoss genocids uwy-
obs!
bevrisTvis dResac gaugebaria omis dawyebis mizezi,
Tumca yvelafers aqvs Tavisi saxeli; samwuxarod, politi-
kuri koniunqturidan gamomdinare, zog-zogebi amJamadac
mimarTaven xelisuflebis mier `afxazeTis gayidvis~ yba-
daRebul versias.
gasaocaria, rom Tavisufali masmediis bevri warmomad-
geneli xSirad mterSi ar eZebs mters, aramed sakuTar xeli-
suflebaSi, sakuTar samxedro ZalebSi.
msgavsi viTareba iyo 1998 wlis maisSi galis cnobili
movlenebis dros. tragediis mizezebis Sesaswavlad sa-

184
xelmwifo komisia Seiqmna, romelic Semdgom yvelas gadaa-
viwyda, rac sababs aZlevs Tavisufal medias da opozicias
damnaSave xan aq eZebos, xan iq, imisda mixedviT, Tu visi
`gaSavebaa~ gadawyvetili.
amaswinaT samegrelos regionSi antiteroristuli
profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebi tardeboda, buCqebSi Ca-
safrebuli Jurnalistebi mxolod da mxolod „argumen-
tebs~ eZebdnen imis gasabaTileblad, rasac xelisuflebis
warmomadgenlebi msoflios gasagonad amtkicebdnen, nor-
maluria es?
arafers vambob adgilobrivi mosaxleobis winaaRmde-
gobis moZraobis Sesaxeb, romelTa liderebs gamadide-
beli SuSiT daeZeben Cveni Jurnalistebi, raTa, soxumis
reJimis fantazia rogorme gaamdidron usafuZvlo mtki-
cebebiT.
samwuxarod, yovelive es xdeba afxazeTSi da afxa-
zeTTan dakavSirebiT, sadac 1993 wlis 8 ivlisidan sagan-
gebo mdgomareobaa gamocxadebuli da dRemde aravis gau-
uqmebia.
metad ucnauri situacia Seiqmna amerikel instruqtor-
Ta SezRuduli jgufis saqarTveloSi CamosvlasTan dakav-
SirebiT, romelTa konkretuli funqcia da amocana kargad
ganimarta qveynis umaRlesi xelisuflebisa da samxedro
uwyebis mier. Jurnalistebma mainc `moaxerxes~ gamoenaxaT
sakmaod maRali rangis politikuri moRvaweebi, romlebmac
`mosaxleoba gaaxares~ imiT, rom amerikelebis mizani `afxa-
zeTia~ da ara pankisis xeoba an sxva rameo.
Seuwyo ki yovelive aman xeli Cveni qveynis prestiJis
ganmtkicebas ucxoeTSi, araferi rom ar vTqvaT separa-
tistebisaTvis mirTmeul ideologiur saCuqarze? maga-
liTebis gagrZeleba SeiZleba. gasakviria, Cveni masmediis
inertuloba (garda `saqarTvelos respublikis,~ `sd~-si
da 2-3 satelevizio arxisa, isic erTjeradi gadacemebiT)

185
aSS saxelmwifo departamentis 20 ivnisis gancxadebasTan
dakavSirebiT afxazeTis Taobaze. gvqonda ki bolo wlebSi
soxumis reJimze zewolis ufro Zlieri magaliTi, isic
msoflioSi upirvelesi da uZlieresi qveynisagan?
11 seqtembers, aSS-Si teraqtebis Semdeg, xelisuflebam
Tavis qveyanaSi garkveuli moratoriumi daawesa masmedi-
aze, ra Tqma unda, kanonis Sesabamisad.
CeCneTSi meore samxedro kampaniis dros ruseTis xeli-
suflebam specialurad SearCia pasuxismgebeli piri sain-
formacio politikis koordinaciis uzrunvelsayofad.
avRaneTSic es sakiTxi calsaxad mowesrigda.
faqtobrivad, omSi myof da teritoriebdakargul qvey-
anas, sadac saxezea Sida sazogadoebrivi dapirispirebebi,
gvWirdeba Tu ara SeTanxmebuli, mowesrigebuli sainfor-
macio garemo?
cxadia, rom xelisuflebisadmi undoblobis mizezi sa-
xelmwifo sainformacio politikis deficitSia, rasac ka-
noni unda awesrigebdes da ara esa Tu is Tanamdebobis piri,
calkeuli patrioti Jurnalisti Tu mediasaSualebaTa xe-
lmZRvaneli.
sazogadoeba moelis, rom am saqmeSi demokratiuli, ci-
viluri Tanxmobis miRwevis iniciatorebi gamoinaxebian
Cveni masmediis wiaRSi.
iqneb Tsu Jurnalistikis fakulteti gamovides Taos-
nad? iqneb dadga imis aucilebloba, rom Tavisufali me-
diisa da samoqalaqo seqtoris warmomadgenlebma Seqmnan
sakoordinacio Tu sakonsultacio sabWo, romelic sazo-
gadoebas SesTavazebda am sferosTan dakavSirebiT qveya-
naSi arsebuli mravalmxrivi interesebis daregulirebis
gonivrul gzas da saSualebebs. sabWo daicavda Jurnali-
stebs da sazogadoebas rogorc korumpirebuli Cinovnike-
bis TviTnebobisgan, aseve masmediis „kriSebisganac,` Sekve-
Tili statiebisa da telegadacemebisgan.

186
 da mainc, saxelmwifo valdebulia yvelaze adre uTx-
ras simarTle mosaxleobas. cxadia isic, rom operatiuli
TvalsazrisiT, informaciis mopovebis, dazustebis,
gavrcelebis yvelaze xelmisawvdomi saSualebebi uTod mas
unda gaaCndes. laTinuri Segonebisa ar iyos, `vinc flobs
informacias, is Secdomebs ar uSvebs.~ sagulisxmoa isic,
rom demokratias SeuZlia gaakeTos is, rasac ver gabedavs
tirania da totalitarizmi, Tu demokratia da media boro-
tebis samsaxurSi aRmoCndnen. istorias uamravi aseTi maga-
liTi axsovs.

„saqarTvelos respublika,~
13 Tebervali, 2003w.

187
 qarTvelebi da afxazebi
osmaloTa winaaRmdeg
1992_1993 wlebis SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis
Semdeg soxumSi bevri cdilobs istoriis xelax-
la gadaweras. mizani erTia, daamaxinjon naTes-
avi da moZme qarTveli da afxazi xalxebis Tanac-
xovrebis istoria.

cnobilia, rom XVI_XVI I saukuneebSi osmaleTis imperia

msoflios erT-erTi uZlieresi politikuri erTeuli gax-
da da misi gafarToeba did safrTxes uqmnida mTel evropas.
osmaleTis armia ramdenjerme centralur evropaSic SeiW-
ra, 1683 wels ki venis xelaxali alyiT habsburgTa samflo-
beloebis dapyrobac scada. maTi gandevna mxolod evro-
pisa da ruseTis koaliciuri ZalebiT gaxda SesaZlebeli.
es erTaderTi araevropuli Zala iyo, romelic realur
safrTxes uqmnida dasavleTis civilizaciis aRmavlobas
XV_XIX saukuneebSi. sabolood igi evropis ZalTa dabalan-
sebis politikis integrirebuli nawili gaxda.
sayovelTaod cnobilia osmaleTis imperiis politika
kavkasiaSi da saqarTveloSi. osmaloTa batonobis winaaRm-
deg brZolaSi saqarTvelos saimedod edga mxarSi afxazeTi
da misi saxelovani Svilebi.
cnobilma publicistma, mweralma da sazogado moRva-
wem, afxazeTis mkvidrma valerian zuxbaiam mravali nark-
vevi miuZRvna afxazeTis mTavar ServaSiZeTa gmirobas da
Tavdadebas saqarTvelosa da sakuTriv afxazeTis saerTo
mtrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi; maT Soris erT-erTi ga-
morCeulia istoriuli samurzayanos mTavris xutunia Ser-
vaSiZis gmirobis ambavi. 1757 wels xutunia SarvaSiZe iyo sa-
murzayanos mTavari. osmaloTa winaaRmdeg xresilis omSi

188
igi Tavisi laSqriT (misi samemkvidrodan) imereTis mefe
solomon pirvelis jaris SemadgenlobaSi iyo. xutunia
SarvaSiZem erT-erT SetakebaSi sakuTari xmliT Teqvsmeti
Turqi gangmira da TviTonac daiRupa. pirispir SetakebaSi
erTi meomris mier mtris 16 mebrZolis gangmirva iSviaTo-
baa omebis istoriaSi, arc saqarTvelos istorias axsovs
sxva aseTi faqti.
ruseT_osmaleTis 1877_1878 wlebis omi tragedia iyo
afxazi xalxisTvis, da ra Tqma unda, saqarTvelosTvis,
romlis teritoriazec mimdinareobda saomari moqmedeba
da rasac uamravi qarTvelis da afxazis sicocxle Seewi-
ra, dacarielda afxazeTis centraluri nawili, qveynis-
gareTa wamqezeblebma mahajirad aqcies aTeul aTasobiT
adamiani.
125 wlis winaT, roca termini `afxazi~ jer kidev ar
gulisxmobda araqarTvels (Tumca ukve arsebobda ter-
mini “afsua“), afxazeTSi iyvnen adamianebi, romlebic dau-
faravad mxars uWerdnen osmaleTis imperiis batonobas
afxazeTsa da mTlianad saqarTveloSi da iaraRiT ibrZod-
nen saqarTveloSi ukve fexmokidebuli ruseTis imperi-
is winaaRmdeg. ori mCagvreli imperiuli Zalidan maT, ara
erTmorwmune ruseTs, aramed muslimanur osmaleTs dau-
Wires mxari da nebiT Tu uneblied saqarTvelos gareT dai-
yenes Tavi.
afxazeTis istoriis am periodis gaubraloebuli gan-
xilva dauSvebelia. samwuxarod, soxumis reJimis dakveTiT
bevri axalbeda istorikosi cdilobs rac SeiZleba gazar-
dos motyuebiT Tu iZulebiT am periodSi osmaleTSi gada-
saxlebul afxazTa raodenoba da maTi memkvidreebis ricx-
vi. soxumel mecnierTa azriT, amJamad maTi raodenoba mar-
to TurqeTSi 600_700 aTasidan 2 milionamdea.
XX saukunis 80-ani wlebis bolomde, qarTvel da afxaz

189
istorikosebs ueWvelad miaCndaT, rom qarTvelebi da
afxazebi 1877 wlis gazafxulze (15 aprili) medgrad dax-
vdnen osmalTa pirvel sadesanto Semotevas da afxazeTis
zRvispireTis saartilerio dabombvas. desanti upira-
tesad Sedgeboda kavkasiidan gadasaxlebulebisa da maTi
memkvidreebisgan (mahajirTa pirveli talRa), romlebic
osmaleTis interesebis samsaxurSi iyvnen da afxazeTSi
momxreebi hyavdaT eTnikuri da religiuri niSniT.
omis pirvelsave dReebSi desantma warumatebloba gani-
cada da osmaleTi iZulebuli gaxda afxazeTSi Tavisi re-
gularuli jaris nawilebi Seeyvana. maT SesZles soxumis
aReba, afxazeTis centraluri nawilis da mTeli sanapiros
dapyroba; im droisTvis unaxavi sisastikiT ahyares mkvidri
mosaxleoba, miwasTan gaaswores soxumi, samagaliTod dasa-
jes qarTuli da afxazuri mosaxleobis warmomadgenlebi.
peterburgSi gamomavali gazeT `golosis~ korespon-
denti, cnobili mwerali da sazogado moRvawe giorgi we-
reTeli werda: `bunebidan dawyebuli irgvliv yvelafe-
ri dacarielebuli da gaveranebulia... gaivli ukidegano
sivrceebs da naxav, rom iq, sadac sul axlaxan dasaxlebuli
adgilebi iyo da sicocxle Cqefda, axla mxolod nangreve-
bia da arc erTi cocxali arseba!~ (afxazeTis istoria, ga-
momcemloba `alaSara,~ 1986w.).
1877 wlis 13 ivniss qarTvelTa da adgilobrivi mo-
saxleobis (ZiriTadSi samurzayanoelTa) SeiaraRebuli
razmebi sofel oqumTan (yofili samurzayanos mazris cen-
tri) Seetaknen osmalTa razmebs da adgilobrivi reliefis
moxerxebuli gamoyenebiT sastikad daamarcxes isini. Tavi
gamoiCines samurzayanos Tavad-aznaurobam da ubralo
glexebma.
1 agvistos qarTvelTa da afxazTa gaerTianebulma
razmebma oCamCiresTan zRvidan zurggamagrebuli osmale-

190
bi daamarcxes. avangardSi kvlav samurzayanoeli molaS-
qreebi idgnen.
imave wlis 2 seqtembers, adgilobrivi qarTvelebi ruse-
Tis regularuli nawilebis da qarTuli miliciis mxarda-
WeriT osmaloebisgan aTavisufleben soxums.
osmalTa panikur gaqcevas Tan axlda afxazeTidan mosax-
leobis gasvla TurqeTSi da ZaliT gadasaxleba; osmalebs
meomari Zala sWirdebodaT, rusebsac Tavisi samxedro-po-
litikuri miznebi hqondaT. dacarielebuli miwebi ruse-
Tis xelisuflebas sWirdeboda imperiaSi mzardi sabazro
ekonomikisTvis nedleulis maragebis mosapoveblad, afxa-
zeTis zRvispireTSi momavali sakurorto meurneobis mo-
sawyobad, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis (maT Soris qarTvele-
bis) Sesamcireblad da e.w. kolonistebis Casasaxleblad.
afxazeTis mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg negatiuri roli iT-
amaSa inglismac, romelsac Tavisi politikuri interesebi
hqonda aRmosavleTSi.
cnobili afxazi da qarTveli istorikosebis (g. ZiZa-
ria, z. anCabaZe, a. kuprava, sxvebi) dokumenturi masalebis
mixedviT 1877 wels afxazeTidan gaasaxles 50 aTasi kaci.
maTive daskvniT, 60_70-ian wlebSi afxaz-abazinuri kuTv-
nilebis mahajirTa saerTo raodenobam 135 aTasi Seadgina,
ubixebTan da sxva kavkasiel xalxebTan erTad ki _ 180 aTasi.
bevri maTgani SemdgomSi kvlav daubrunda mSobliur ad-
gilebs, nawili aWaraSi dasaxlda. aRniSnul istorikosTa
azriT, 1986 wlisTvis mahajirTa 100 aTasze meti memkvidre
cxovrobda TurqeTSi, 30 aTasze meti sxva qveyanaSi.
1878 wels soxumis samxedro administraciis xelmZRva-
nelma arakinma afxazeTis mTeli mosaxleoba gamoacxada
`damnaSave~ xalxad, rasac mxari dauWira mefis ruseTis xe-
lisuflebam. cnobilia, rom afxazuri mosaxleoba `damna-
Save~ xalxad iTvleboda 1907 wlamde, sanam ruseTma anti-

191
qarTuli mimarTulebiT radikalurad ar Secvala Tavisi
politika am regionSi.
afxazeTis qarTuli mosaxleoba, romelsac pirdapir
ar Sexebia mahajiroba, didad dazaralda osmalTa xan-
mokle batonobis periodSi; maTi didi nawili ayares mSob-
liuri adgilebidan, aiZules SeecvalaT sacxovrebeli
teritoriebi; afxazeTis qarTvelobam Seifara aTeul
aTasobiT afxazi, miuxedavad maTi religiuri mrwamsis da
politikuri orientaciisa, lukma-puri, sarCo-sabadebe-
li gauyo da tradiciuli samosaxlo adgilebidan miwebi
gamouyo. bevrma CrdiloeTkavkasielma, romlebic kavka-
siis tragikuli movlenebis gamo iZulebulni gaxdnen Se-
moxiznuliyvnen afxazeTSi, miiRes adgilobrivi gvarebi
da amiT Tavi daixsnes mahajirobisgan, gadarCnen devnasa
da Seviwroebas.
saqarTvelos inteligencia, misi gamoCenili warmomad-
genlebi yovelmxriv uWerdnen mxars mahajirobisgan tan-
jul mosaxleobas da cdilobdnen daxmarebodnen maT afxa-
zeTSi dabrunebaSi.
saqarTvelos, afxazeTis qarTveli da afxazi Tavadaz-
naurobisa da qveynis mowinave Svilebis damsaxurebaa, rom
1883 wels soxumis samxedro ganyofileba gadaeca samoqa-
laqo uwyebas da soxumis olqis saxelwodebiT dabrunda
quTaisis guberniis SemadgenlobaSi.
imperiis moxeleTa mier afxazeTis teritoria daiyo gu-
dauTis, gumisTis, kodoris da samurzayanos administra-
ciul erTeulebad. am droidan afxazeTSi saxldebian ru-
sebi, ukrainelebi, berZnebi, ebraelebi, estonelebi, mog-
vianebiT somxebi da sxva erebis warmomadgenlebi.
125 wlis winaT, 1877-1878 wlebis Savbnel droSi, saerTo
gansacdels, rac mohyva kavkasiis regionSi ori udidesi
imperiis interesebis Sejaxebas, erTad daupirispirdnen

192
ZirZveli qarTvelebi da afxazebi da SesZles is, rasac da-
viwyeba ar uweria.
ufalma ineba qarTvelTa da afxazTa erTad cxovreba da
uflis nebas vervin Secvlis, Tundac uZlieresi geopoli-
tikuri Zalebi, romlebsac axlac uWiravT Tvali afxazeT-
sa da saqarTveloze.
samwuxarod, me-20 saukunis 90-ani wlebis dasawyisSi
afxazeTSi (mTeli afxazi xalxisgan gansxvavebiT) kvlav
gamoCndnen Zalebi, romlebic cdiloben sruliad saqarT-
velos mosaxleobisgan gansxvavebuli arCevanis gakeTebas
da saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi interesebisadmi dapirispi-
rebas, rac ewinaaRmdegeba qarTveli da afxazi xalxebis
WeSmarit survilebs da samomavlo miswrafebebs.

gazeTi `afxazeTis xma,~

14 Tebervali, 2003w.

193
 `afxazeTis gzac~ romisken midis?

SabaTs afxazeTis legitimuri xelisuflebis

delegacia, afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis
iusticiis ministris paata daviTaias xelmZRva-
nelobiT, haagaSi gaemgzavra. delegaciis mizania
haagis sasamarTloSi afxazeTSi qarTvelTa geno-
cidTan dakavSirebiT sarCelis Setana da Sesabami-
si procesualuri sakiTxebis garkveva.
amerikelebma Seqmnes molaparakebaTa warmoe-
bis mTeli Teoria. iq arsebobs konfliqtologis
specialuri Tanamdeboba, romelic yovelTvis
monawileobs molaparakebebSi. konfliqtologebi
oficialuri molaparakebebis dawyebamde ecnobi-
an mxareTa mdgomareobas da poziciaTa Sejerebis
SesaZlo albaTobebs, svamen diagnozs da mxolod
amis Semdeg iwyeba oficialuri molaparakebebi.
amerikuli mxare, analizTan erTad, did yuradRe-
bas aqcevs TamaSis gundur wess, valdebulebaTa
ganawilebas da kontrols maT Sesrulebaze. maTi
stili gamoirCeva Zlieri zewoliT, maTi Zala do-
kumentebiTa da konkretuli winadadebebiT mzady-
ofnaSi vlindeba. uyvarT da SeuZliaT e.w. vaWroba,
problemis gadawyvetisas isini mravali variantis
urTierTdakavSirebas aniWeben upiratesobas.

Cveni qveynisa da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis, gaeros

generaluri mdivnis megobari qveynebis jgufis Zalisxmeva
afxazeTSi konfliqtis mSvidobiani da srulmasStabiani mo-
wesrigebis uzrunvelsayofad CixSi Sevida. gaeros samuSao
dokumenti `afxazeTis statusisa da Tbilissa da soxums So-
ris Soris uflebamosilebaTa gamijvnis ZiriTadi principe-
bis Sesaxeb,~ afxazuri mxaris mier ignorirebul iqna.
mdgomareobas kidev ufro arTulebs soxumis reJimis-
admi ruseTis mxardaWeris gaaqtiureba, ramac axali im-

194
pulsi SesZina TviTmarqvia xelisuflebis pretenziebs.
bolo dros aqtiurad iqna wamoweuli sakiTxi afxazeT-
Si genocidisa da eTnikuri wmendis masalebis haagis sasa-
marTlosTvis gadacemasTan dakavSirebiT. es iniciativa
ekuTvnis afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis legitimur
xelisuflebas, romelic am dReebSi genocidis masalebs
haagis sasamarTloSi waradgens. am Taosnobas mxars uWers
saqarTvelos xelisufleba, aseve rigi politikuri Zalebi,
Tumca qveyanaSi arsebobs gansxvavebuli mosazrebac (maT
Soris skeptikuri) am nabijis mizanSewonilobisa da perspe-
qtivasTan dakavSirebiT.
asea Tu ise, cxadia, rom genocidisa da eTnikuri wmen-
dis politikuri sakiTxi saqarTveloSic TandaTanobiT sa-
marTlebriv sferoSi inacvlebs, rogorc gardauvali au-
cilebloba demokratiis, adamianis uflebaTa dacvisa da
kanonis uzenaesobis dasamkvidreblad.
samarTlis specialistebs miaCniaT, rom Hhaagis oTxi
saerTaSoriso tribunalidan, CvenTvis ufro perspe-
qtiulia mivmarToT sasamarTlos `saerTaSoriso sisxlis
sasamarTlos romis statuiT.~ ufro zustad, saWiroa, rom
dadgenili wesiT, arsebuli konkretuli faqtebis safuZ-
velze moviTxovoT im pirebis sisxlis samarTlis pasuxis-
mgeblobaSi gadacema (orive mxridan), vinc afxazeTSi Cai-
dina da Cadis danaSauls kacobriobis da adamianurobis
winaaRmdeg.
samwuxarod bevrma ar icis, rom afxazeTSi ganxorcie-
lebulma genocidma da eTnikurma wmendam Tavisi `klasi-
kuri~ forma miiRo galis raionSi, rac utyuari faqtebiT
aris dadasturebuli. faqtebisa da movlenebis srulyofi-
li mokvleva da mtkicebulebaTa sisrule upiratesad gana-
piroba iman, rom galis raioni teritoriulad xelmisawv-
domia. axla mTavaria, ra formiT da rogori sisruliT
SevZlebT am masalebis iuridiul_samarTlebriv gaforme-

195
bas da saerTaSoriso sasamarTlosTvis miwodebas.
aqve minda aRvniSno, rom aucilebelia energiulad ga-
moviyenoT mSvidobisa da kacobriobis winaaRmdeg Cadenil
danaSaulobebTan dakavSirebiT saerTaSoriso samarT-
lebrivi brZolis arsebuli formebi da saSualebebi, adami-
anis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis samarTlebriv
aqtebSi Cadebuli SesaZleblobebi, terorizmis winaaRm-
deg erToblivi saerTaSoriso moqmedebisTvis bolo dros
gaeros mier miRebuli fuZemdebluri dokumentebi. Tu
amis saSualeba mogveca, Cven gagvaCnia uamravi masala afxa-
zeTSi soxumis reJimisa da maTi mxardamWerebis mier gan-
xorcielebuli genocidis da eTnikuri wmendis, aseve, 1998
wels da Semdgom periodSi afxazeTSi, kerZod, galis rai-
onSi, adamianis uflebaTa sistemuri xelyofis da saxelm-
wifo terorizmis faqtebis samxilad.
metad mniSvnelovania, rom bolo periodSi Sida saxelm-
wifoebrivi konfliqtebis mimarT, rogorc precedenti,
gaeros neba gamoyenebul iqna xorvatiaSi, bosnia_herco-
govinaSi, serbiaSi.
gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos dokumentebis mixedviT
SesaZlebelia konfliqtis inspirator da monawile sa-
xelmwifoebsac daekisroT iseTi valdebuleba, romelic
uTanabrdeba satisfaqcias, rac gulisxmobs: a) bodiSis
moxdas; b) zianis minimalur anazRaurebas; g) zianis anaz-
Raurebas; d) pasuxismgebel pirTa dasjas (roca saerTaSo-
riso samarTaldamcavi waradgens am saxelmwifos Tanamde-
bobis pirTa seriozul gadacdomas an maT maT mier Cadenil
danaSauls).
mniSvnelovani formaa, agreTve, saerTaSoriso mSvido-
bis, samxedro da kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli dana-
SaulTa mimarT saerTaSoriso samarTalSi moqmedi princi-
pis (aut dedere aut judicare) gamoyeneba. kerZod, yvela
saxelmwifo, romelic Tavis teritoriaze an Tavis iuris-

196
diqciis qveS aRmoaCens aseTi danaSaulis Camdens, valde-
bulia gaasamarTlos igi an gadasces sxva saxelmwifos (anu,
Cvens SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelo valdebulic kia, ase moi-
qces). vnaxoT, iqneb, ruseTi, rogorc mSvidobismyofeli,
axal msoflioSi Tavisi prestiJis gadasarCenad ar dau-
pirispirdes gaeros wesdebiT dadgenil am saerTaSoriso
normas.
satisfaqciis magaliTia gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos mier
Seqmnili iugoslaviisa da ruandis tribunalebi. Tu ruse-
Tis moTxovniT saqarTvelos SeezRudeba sisxlis samarT-
lebrivi iurisdiqcia, Cven SegviZlia, daveyrdnoT euTos
budapeStis, lisabonis, stambulis samitebis gadawyveti-
lebebs, rac dafiqsirebulia gaeros aTeulobiT rezolu-
ciaSic da pirdapir adasturebs genocidisa da eTnikuri
wmendis (demografiuli viTarebis Secvlis) faqtebs. xel-
sayrel viTarebaSi CvenTvis misaRebia gaeros egidiT Seqm-
nili nebismieri sxva tribunalic.
garda amis, aqve minda vTqva (ukve meramdened!), rom afxa-
zeTSi genocidisa da eTnowmendis masalebi aucilebelia
ganixilos saqarTvelos sasamarTlom, pasuxi agos yvelam,
vinc Caidina danaSauli saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa da sa-
xelmwifos winaaRmdeg miuxedavad maTi eTnikuri warmomav-
lobisa da amJamindeli Tu yofili Tanamdebobrivi mdgo-
mareobisa. samarTliani sasamarTlo verdiqti moxsnida im
pretenziebisa da gaugebrobaTa umravlesobas, rasac qar-
Tuli da afxazuri mxareebi uyeneben erTmaneTs.
cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kode-
qsis 47-e Tavi `danaSauloebebi kacobriobis mSvidobis,
uSiSroebisa da saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis
winaaRmdeg,~ moicavs iseT danaSaulobebs, rogorebicaa: 1)
agresiuli omis momzadeba an warmoeba; 2) mowodeba agre-
siuli omis gaCaRebisken; 3) genocidi; 4) danaSauli adami-
anurobis winaaRmdeg; 5) eTnocidi; 6) daqiravebuli monawi-

197
leoba SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi an saomar moqmedebaSi; 7)
saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis normebis ganzrax
darRveva SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros; 8) saerTaSori-
so humanitaruli samarTlis normebis ganzrax darRveva
saxelmwifoTaSorisi an Sida saxelmwifoebrivi SeiaraRe-
buli konfliqtis dros janmrTelobisTvis safrTxis Se-
qmniT an fizikuri dasaxiCrebiT; 9) saerTaSoriso humani-
taruli normebis sxva darRveva.
Cemi azriT, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania 408-e muxli
_ danaSauli adamianurobis winaaRmdeg, anu nebismieri qme-
deba, Cadenili samoqalaqo mosaxleobis mimarT, rac gamoi-
xateba mkvlelobebiT, adamianTa masobrivi ganadgurebiT,
deportaciiTa da sxva arahumanuri qmedebebiT, rac dRem-
de grZeldeba.
afxazeTSi danaSaulebrivi konfliqtisa da adaminuro-
bis winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSaulobebisTvis samarT-
lebrivi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis wamoweva kidev erTxel
miipyrobs saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis yuradRebas imis
Taobaze, rom Cven deklarirebuli, arSemdgari qveyana ki
ara, damoukidebeli, suverenuli saxelmwifo gvaqvs, ro-
melic erTgulobs saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da sakuTari
erovnuli samarTlis principebs, amasTan, gvamoZravebs ara
SurisZieba, aramed samarTlianobis aRdgena.
es saWiroa. sasurveli Sedegi moqmedebisa da brZolis
yvela gzisa da saSualebis mosinjvis gareSe ar dadgeba!

`dilis gazeTi,~
10 marti, 2003w.

198
`religiis Sesaxeb~ kanonia misaRebi
`ar arseboben kargi da cudi religiebi, Tu
isini WeSmaritad uflisa da xalxis samsaxurSi
arian.~
napoleon bonaparti

`piradi sargebloba iesos arasodes kacobrio-

bis sargebelze maRla ar dauyenebia. . .~
ernest renani

ieso ityvis: `esroleT, oRond pirveli man es-

rolos, vinc TviTonaa ucodveli.~

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo acxadebs rwmenisa da aRmsa-

reblobis srul Tavisuflebas, amasTan erTad aRiarebs sa-
qarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis gansakuTrebul rols saqarTvelos istoriaSi da
mis damoukideblobas saxelmwifosagan.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos marTl-
madidebeli eklesiis urTierToba gansazRvrulia kon-
stituciuri SeTanxmebiT (konkordati), romelic sru-
lad Seesabameba saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod
aRiarebul principebsa da normebs.
amasTan erTad, sociologiuri gamokvlevebiT dadastu-
rebulia, rom saqarTvelosaTvis egreTwodebuli aratra-
diciuli konfesiuri organizaciebi da jgufebi, garedan
Zlieri ekonomikuri, finansuri da ideologiuri mxarda-
WeriT, farTod ikideben fexs. maT Soris, da gansakuTre-
biT, `ieRovas miwmeebma~ moicves qveynis yvela regioni
afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis teritoriebis CaTvliT.
cnobilia, rom amJamad msoflios 150 saxelmwifo war-
moadgens samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis konven-
ciis monawiles, magram religiuri Tavisuflebis proble-

199
masTan dakavSirebiT Tanamedrove msoflioSi erTgvaro-
vani midgoma ar arsebobs; samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT,
dominirebs `amerikuli midgoma~ da `evropuli midgoma.~
aSS religiis Tavisuflebis Taobaze qveynis SigniT da
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi ayalibebs damoukidebel
politikas. aSS-Si Seqmnilia saxelmwifo departamentis
saerTaSoriso religiuri Tavisuflebis biuro, romlis
erT-erTi ZiriTadi funqciaa religiis Tavisuflebis yo-
velmxrivi xelSewyoba. amerikuli modeli saukeTesod iTv-
leba msoflioSi. es modeli daefuZna amerikis pirvelmo-
saxleTa emigrantul gamocdilebas, kerZod, religiuri
niSniT maT devnilobas mSobliuri qveynebidan, rasac ar
gamouwvevia (da arc SeeZlo gamoewvia) mwvave dapirispi-
reba sjulisa da rwmenis gansxvavebulobis safuZvelze.
SeerTebul StatebSi religiur organizaciebs oficialu-
rad sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis statusi aqvT miniWe-
buli. TavianT saqmianobaSi isini mxolod da mxolod fede-
ralur kanons emorCilebian, Tumca, dasaSvebadaa miCneuli
religiasTan dakavSirebiT adgilobrivi kanonebis miReba.
miuxedavad amisa, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSic kon-
stituciiT aRiarebulma e.w. srulma neitralitetma fa-
qtobrivad sxvagvari Seferiloba miiRo da calkeul reli-
giur gaerTianebebze gavrcelda garkveuli privilegiebi.
evropaSi Seiqmna saxelmwifosa da religiur gaerTia-
nebaTa urTierTobis ramdenime modeli, romelTa Soris
Teoretikosebi gamoyofen saxelmwifosa da religiis kor-
poraciuli gamijvnis, religiuri prioritetis da saxelm-
wifo religiis koncefciebs. evropis saxelmwifoTa umrav-
lesobaSi Camoyalibda religiasTan urTierTobis samsafe-
xuriani sistema:
1. konkordatis sistema, romelic kaTolikur (zogadad,
qveynis winaSe gansakuTrebuli istoriuli damsaxurebisa
da tradiciebis) eklesiasTan urTierTobaSi gamoiyeneba;

200
 2. SeTanxmebebi, romelsac e.w. `Zveli~ religia da sa-
xelmwifo deben;
3. religiuri organizaciebi, romlebic kanoniT dadge-
nili wesiT eqvemdebarebian registracias.
postkomunisturi qveynebi, rogorc wesi, samarT-
lebrivad evropul modelebs misdeven, amasTan, faqtiu-
rad metismetad frTxilad ekidebian `axal~ konfesiur
mimdinareobebs.
cnobilia, rom evropis zogierT qveyanaSi (safrangeTi,
belgia da sxva), daiwyes `totalitaruli seqtebis~ so-
cialur_fsiqologiuri Seswavla; rogorc oficialuri
wyaroebi adastureben, gamoikveTa am seqtebis saqmianobis
ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi:
1. tradiciuli religiebisgan gansxvavebuli mrwamsis
qadageba;
2. sxva religiebis mkveTri kritika;
3. qarizmatuli lideris arseboba, romelic mqadageb-
lad da ZiriTad administratorad iTvleba;
4. aqtiuri misioneruli saqmianoba, maT Soris quCaSi,
moqalaqeTa samuSao da Sekrebis adgilebSi, sacxovrebel
saxlebSi, religiuri literaturis ufaso gavrceleba;
5. masobriv RonisZiebaTa Catareba potenciur momxreTa
mimxrobis mizniT;
6. gamorCeuli mzrunveloba seqtis axal wevrebze;
7. gansakuTrebuli fsiqo-treningis, hipnozis, narkoti-
kebisa da sxva meTodebis gamoyeneba;
8. modernistuli midgoma (Tanamedrove musika, cekvebi,
diskusiebi, uCveulo sakulto ritualebi, sakulto sagne-
bisa da tansacmlis tarebis moTxovna);
9. religiuri disciplinis zustad da mkacrad dacvis
moTxovna, mSoblebTan da ojaxTan ganSorebis aucileblo-
bis deklarireba, swavlis an samuSaos mitovebis valdebu-
leba;

201
 10. samoqalaqo da konstituciuri valdebulebebisa da
movaleobebis Seusruleblobis mowodeba (samxedro samsa-
xuri, sasamarTlo, swavla, ena, sisxlis gadasxmisadmi damo-
kidebuleba da sxva);
11. kanonisa da xelisuflebisadmi formaluri morCile-
bis sajaro deklarireba;
12. saxelmwifo moxeleebTan kontaqti xelisuflebaSi
religiuri gaerTianebis Tu jgufis interesebis lobire-
bisaTvis;
13. dedamiwis mTeli mosaxleobisaTvis erTi xelisuf-
lebis (msoflio mTavrobis) Seqmnis garduvalobis qadage-
ba;
14. seqtidan wasuli pirebis devna.
15. seqtis wevris ojaxisa da sazogadoebisagan mowyveta,
realuri individualizacia.
samwuxarod, zemoaRniSnuli metnaklebad damaxasiaTe-
belia CvenSi totalurad ganviTarebadi seqtebisaTvis,
kerZod, da gansakuTrebiT, `ieRovas mowmeebisTvis.~
niSandoblivia, rom TeoriaSi dRemde ar arsebobs reli-
giuri gaerTianebis erTiani definicia da Sefasebis krite-
riumebi; areulia sayovelTaod aRiarebuli individualu-
ri uflebebi sazogadoebis an jgufis uflebebTan, piradi
Tanasworoba gaigivebulia sazogadoebriv organizaciaTa
TanasworuflebianobasTan, rasac, dainteresebuli pire-
bi potenciuri momxreebis mosapoveblad moxerxebulad
iyeneben.
zogadi ganaTlebis dabali done xSirad aris is mkvebavi
wyaro, romelic rigiT adamians advilad aqcevs ama Tu im
mimdinareobis gavlenis qveS.
aranakleb mniSvnelovani sakiTxia zogierTi seqtis mier
mrevlis gadabireba misi umZimesi socialur-ekonomikuri
mdgomareobis gamo, rac bevrisTvis realuri rwmenis `Ta-
visufali~ gamoxatva ki ara, fizikuri xsnis gzaa.

202
 aRniSnuli ewinaaRmdegeba msoflios wamyvan religiaTa
saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebas prozelitizmis dauSveblobis
Sesaxeb, rac sayovelTaod aRiarebuli da mxardaWerilia.
swored amis gamoa, albaT, rom yvela saxelmwifos, maT
Soris imaTac, romelTac aqvT garkveuli sirTuleebi `re-
ligiis Sesaxeb~ yovlismomcveli kanonis miRebasTan dakav-
SirebiT, gaaCniaT kanoni `prozelitizmis Sesaxeb,~ rac, Ce-
mis azriT, Cveni qveynisTvisac saSuri saqmea.
iSviaTia saxelmwifo, romelsac ar hqondes kanoni re-
ligiis Sesaxeb da es sakiTxi ar regulirdebodes konsti-
tuciis, kanonis da saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebisa da
praqtikis safuZvelze.
`religiis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis amosavali prin-
cipebi, Cemi azriT, unda iyos:
1. religiuri organizaciis (gaerTianebis) cnebis gan-
sazRvra;
2. individualur da sazogadoebriv religiur Tavisuf-
lebaTa da uflebaTa, rogorc gansxvavebuli rangis uf-
lebaTa da TavisuflebaTa erTmaneTisagan gamijvna (bune-
brivia, aq SeiZleba dadges sakiTxi garkveuli saxelmwifo
regulirebis (SezRudvebis) gavrcelebis Taobaze reli-
giur organizaciaTa sazogadoebriv da ara individualur
uflebaze);
3. saxelmwifosa da religiur organizaciaTa koopera-
ciisa da saerTo saxalxo interesebisaTvis TanamSromlo-
bis kanonieri uflebebisa da principebis ganisazRvra, ro-
gorc organizaciis miznebidan da amocanebidan gamomdina-
re gansxvavebuli uflebis dawesebis safuZveli;
4. ar aris gamoricxuli, kanoniT dadgindes gansxvave-
bul religiur gaerTianebaTa (rogorc sazogadoebriv
organizaciaTa klasis nawilis) registraciis wesi da pi-
robebi.
5. saqarTvelosTvis, romelmac konstituciiT aRiara

203
kanonis uzenaesoba, dauSvebloba imisa, rom vinme an rame
idges kanonsa da kanonierebaze maRla.
cxadia, sakiTxis Taviseburebis, masTan dakavSirebiT
sazogadoebrivi Sexedulebebisa da warmodgenebis gark-
veuli polarizaciis gamo, religiur gaerTianebaTa Tao-
baze kanonis miReba advili ar iqneba, magram darwmunebu-
li varT, rom kanonis iniciatorebs mxarSi amoudgebian
dargis cnobili mkvlevarebi, mecnierebi, arasamTavrobo
organizaciebi, cnobili Tu sazogadoebisaTvis naklebad
cnobili religiuri liderebi; kanonis iniciatorebi saWi-
ro daxmarebas miiReben saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa da
eqspertebisgan.
faqtia, rom gadaudebelia saqarTveloSi religiuri
mdgomareobis sistemuri analizi da kompleqsuri gamokv-
levis Catareba, maT Soris okupirebuli teritoriebidan
devnil mosaxleobaSi. am saqmeSi aqtiuri monawileobisT-
vis mzad arian afxazeTis mTavroba, afxazeTis avtonomi-
uri respublikis umaRlesi sabWo, arasamTavrobo seqtori,
romlebic saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan da parlamentTan
mWidro kavSirSi jerovan wvlils Seitanen kanonproeqtis
optimaluri variantis SemuSavebaSi.

Jurnali `politika,~
#4-5, 2003w.

204
 aqvs saqarTvelos afxazeTSi
konfliqtis mowesrigebis
koncefcia?
es SekiTxva, saparlamento arCevnebis moaxloe-
basTan dakavSirebiT, sayovelTao xasiaTs iZens.
paradoqsia, roca TviT konfliqtis zogierTi
,,momwesrigebeli’’ amtkicebs, rom saqarTvelos
xelisuflebas koncefcia ara aqvs, rom qarTul
mxares soxumisTvis araviTari konkretuli gegma
ar SeuTavazebia.
es an gaugebrobaa an mizanmimarTuli winasaar-
Cevno politika.

ra Tqma unda, xelisuflebas aqvs amgvari gegma, sxva sa-

kiTxia, romelia prioritetulad miCneuli_samSvidobo
Tu saomari.
saqarTvelo qristianuli qveyanaa, mosaxleobis ume-
tesoba marTlmorwmune qristiania, amitomac miCneulia,
rom moyvasTa Soris dapirispirebaSi mtyuansa da marTals,
codvilsa da ucodvels mxolod ufali gansjis. qveyana-
Si kargadaa gacnobierebuli isic, rom SeuZlebelia ZmaTa
omSi romelime mxare iyos mxolod damnaSave an mxolod
marTali, amitom pasuxismgebloba orive mxares akisria.
saqarTvelos xelisuflebam aRiara, rom omis dasawyis-
Si qarTvelTa moxalise samxedro formirebebis mxridan
adgili hqonda qveynis politikur xelmZRvanelobasTan
SeuTanxmebel da gaumarTlebel qmedebebs afxazeTis mo-
saxleobis winaaRmdeg (maT Soris qarTveli mosaxleobis
mimarTac), rac arsebiTad Zarcvasa da darbevaSi gamoixata.
amasTan amdagvar faqtebs ar hqondaT winaswar dagegmili,
organizebuli da masobrivi xasiaTi, miT ufro, afxazi an
afxazeTSi mosaxle sxva xalxis mimarT genocidis an eT-

205
nikuri wmendis mizani. piriqiT, garedan provocirebuli
samxedro dapirispirebis pirveli dRidanve saqarTvelos
politikuri xelmZRvaneloba cdilobda saomari moqmede-
bebis lokalizebas, ramac mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba
samxedro-strategiuli da taqtikuri TvalsazrisiT upi-
ratesobis daTmoba, mTlianobaSi ki, samxedro moqmedebe-
bis gaWianureba da isedac SezRuduli resursebis daqsa-
qsva. saqarTvelos samxedro sabWos SeiaraRebul Zalebs
da moxaliseebs SeeZloT dauyonebliv Sesuliyvnen soxum-
Si, aeRoT qalaqi tyvarCeli da sxva, rac ar ganxorcielda
Tbilisis kategoriuli moTxovniT, miuxedavad imisa, rom,
maSin, saqarTveloSi arsebuli samoqalaqo dapirispirebis
da areulobis, erTiani saxelmwifoebrivi xelmZRvanelo-
bis ararsebobis pirobebSi, advili ar iyo antiseparati-
stulad ganwyobili SeiaraRebuli Zalebis, calkeuli pa-
trioti molaSqreebisa da maTTan mitmasnilebis kontro-
li da marTva.
sajarod gacxadda, kategoriulad da gulwrfelad iT-
qva, rom afxazi xalxi, Cveni moZme da naTesavi xalxia, afxa-
zeTis mosaxleoba _ saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, afxazeTi
saqarTvelos istoriuli nawili da amitomac, afxazeTis
problema mxolod da mxolod politikuri da samSvido-
bo saSualebebiT unda mowesrigdeso. Cven es valdebuleba
msoflios winaSec vikisreT.
jer kidev 1994 wlidan Seiqmna konfliqtis srulmasSta-
baiani mowesrigebis saxelmwifo programa, romelic yovel-
wliurad ixveweboda. ufro metic, misi calkeuli fragmen-
tebi, maT Soris afxazeTis Sida mowyobis Sesaxeb, periodu-
lad qveyndeboda msoflio da adgilobrivi mediaSi.
1995 wlis 5 marts gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos Tavmj-
domares gaegzavna da gaeroSi gavrcelda saerTaSoriso
normebis Sesabamisad Sedgenili saqarTvelos mTavrobis
winadadebebi afxazeTis statusis Sesaxeb. cxadia, rom do-

206
kumenti maSinaTve gaxda cnobili afxazuri mxarisTvis.
dokumenti kompromisulia. is iTvaliswinebda, rom sa-
qarTvelo, rogorc erTiani federaciuli saxelmwifo,
Seiqmneboda yofili saqarTvelos ssr sazRvrebSi misi 1991
wlis 21 dekembris mdgomareobiT. am dokumentis mixedviT,
afxazeTs, rogorc federaciis subieqts, eqneboda ufar-
Toesi uflebamosilebani: sakuTari droSa, himni, gerbi,
aseve, saxelmwifoebriobis sxva atributebi, parlamenti,
umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo organoebi, sa-
marTaldamcavi sistema, rac dafiqsirdeboda erTiani sa-
qarTvelos konstituciaSi da afxazeTis konstituciaSi.
aRniSnuli dokumentis Sesabamisad afxazur enas, qar-
Tul enasTan erTad, eqneboda saxelmwifo enis statusi.
afxazeTis xelisuflebas eZleoda afxazeTSi saxelmwi-
foebrivi mmarTvelobis formirebis, biujetis, sagadasa-
xado sistemis da mosakreblebis gansazRvris, sasamarT-
los, prokuraturis, advokaturisa da notariuli samsaxu-
rebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba.
federaluri mTavrobis kompetenciaSi igulisxmeboda
sagareo politika da sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebi, Tav-
dacviTi politikis SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba, Seiara-
Rebuli Zalebi da usafrTxoeba, fulad-sakredito siste-
ma, sabaJo samsaxuri, federaciuli biujeti, saxelmwifo
sazRvris statusis dacva, energetika, erovnuli trans-
porti da kavSirgabmuloba.
arsebuli realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiaraRebuli Za-
lebis, sabaJo da sxva funqciebis Taobaze sakiTxi mogvar-
deboda molaparakebebiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom afxazeTisTvis
SeTavazebuli iyo (misi kompetenciis farglebSi) saerTa-
Soriso xelSekrulebebis dadebis ufleba, Sesabamis fe-
deraciul uwyebebTan SeTanxmebiT. amasTan, mxolod fe-
deraciuli saqarTvelo unda yofiliyo saerTaSoriso sa-
marTlis subieqti.

207
 federaciul sakanonmdeblo organoSi, mxareTa Se-
TanxmebiT, afxazeTis warmomadgenlobisTvis ganisaz-
Rvreboda garkveuli adgilebi. uSualod afxazeTTan da-
kavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebi ki ar iqneboda miRebuli
afxazeTis warmomadgenlobis kvalificiur umravlesoba-
sTan SeTanxmebis gareSe. am dokumentis mixedviT ufleba-
mosilebaTa gamijvnis sakiTxebi, aseve, federaluri orga-
noebis funqciebi, calke molaparakebis sagani gaxdeboda.
samwuxarod, daviwyebas mieca qveyanaSi gaSlili sayo-
velTao diskusia saqarTvelos federalizaciis Sesaxeb.
cnobilia, rom am problemasTan dakavSirebiT, sazogadoe-
brivi azri erTgvarovani ar yofila. cnobilia, rom qveynis
mowyobis sakiTxebSi arsebobs mravali saintereso wina-
dadeba saqarTvelos federalizaciis, asimetriuli fe-
deraciis, racionalizaciis, decentralizebuli Tu uni-
taruli saxelmwifos Sesaxeb. sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT par-
lamentSi, afxazeTis problemebis droebiT komisiaSi Semo-
vida mravali winadadeba (ocamde), maT Soris, radikalurad
gansxvavebuli. maTi umravlesobis avtorebi politikuri
partiebi, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, mecnierebi da
eqspertebi arian.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier ward-
genilma zemoxsenebulma modelma oficialuri soxumi ar
daakmayofila, Tumca, 1995 wlis 25 ivliss, 12 saaTze, mxa-
reTa moskovis molaparakebaze, romelsac uZRveboda ru-
seTis vice-premieri bolSakovi, afxazuri mxaris xelmZR-
vanelma jgerenaiam, soxumTan SeTanxmebiT, mxari dauWira
formulirebas ,,erTiani federaciuli saxelmwifos Sesa-
xeb,“ Tumca, saRamos 21 saaTze, soxumis moTxovniT manve ga-
nacxada uari dokumentis parafirebaze (soxumma igi gaaTa-
visufla delegaciis xelmZRvanelis movaleobisgan).
saqarTvelos xelisufleba amis Semdegac ganagrZobda
afxazuri mxarisaTvis axali winadadebebis SeTavazebas.

208
1999 wlis 22 ivliss saqarTvelos xelisuflebam „afxa-
zeTis statusis ZiriTadi principebis Sesaxeb“ axali do-
kumenti oficialurad gasavrceleblad kvlav gaugzavna
gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos. dokumentSi SenarCunebul iqna
1995 wlis 5 martis dokumentis ZiriTadi winadadebebi; sa-
qarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi afxazeTs kvlav sTavazobdnen:
„saqarTvelos saerTo saxelmwifoSi afxazeTis respubli-
ka iqneba saxelmwifoebrivi teritoriuli warmonaqmni uf-
arToesi uflebebiT; igi maqsimalurad ganaxorcielebs
uflebamosilebebs, romelic gansazRvrul iqneba feder-
aluri saxelmwifos konstituciiT; afxazeTis respublika
ganaxorcielebs sakuTar suverenul uflebebs_afxazeTis
konstituciaSi Seaqvs cvlilebebi, amasTan, im pirobiT,
rom is ar ewinaaRmdegeba federalur konstitucias da mis
principebs; gansazRvravs afxazeTis sakanonmdeblo, aR-
masrulebeli organoebis struqturasa da organizacias,
qmnis respublikur mmarTvelobasa da saxelmwifoebrivi
mowyobis Sesabamis models, adgens afxazeTis simbolikas,
amtkicebs respublikur biujets, axorcielebs sagareo
kavSirebs, monawileobs saqarTvelos sagareo urTier-
TobebSi, monawileobs saerTaSoriso da regionuli orga-
noebisa da organizaciebis muSaobaSi, marTavs misTvis mi-
kuTvnebul saxelmwifo sakuTrebas, wyvets respublikis
moqalaqeobis, socialuri politikis, mecnierebis, ganaT-
lebis, kulturis, socialuri dacvis, postkonfliqturi
mowesrigebis sakiTxebs, uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebriv
wesrigs, qmnis da gansazRvravs Sinagan saqmeTa organoebisa
da policiis funqciebs.“ saqarTvelos xelisuflebis es
da sxva winadadebebi aisaxa saqarTvelos prezidentis, sa-
gareo saqmeTa ministris, sxva oficialuri pirebis gamosv-
lebSi gaeros asambleis da uSiSroebis sabWos sxdomebze,
sxva saerTaSoriso forumebze.
dokumentSi xazgasmulia, rom qarTuli mxaris yvela

209
es winadadeba da pozicia, rogorc winapiroba, moiTxovda
afxazeTSi iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa usafrTxo da-
brunebas, omamde arsebuli demografiuli status-kvos
aRdgenas.
afxazuri mxarisa da misi mfarvelisTvis saqarTvelos
es iniciativac miuRebeli aRmoCnda. soxumis reJimis mxri-
dan gauTavebeli pretenziebis gamo konfliqtis mowesri-
gebaSi garRvevis miRweva verc egreTwodebulma, bodenis
dokumentma `saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi afxazeTis sta-
tusisa da Tbilssa da soxums Soris uflebamosilebaTa ga-
mijvnis Sesaxeb~ SeZlo.
saqarTvelos parlamentma Tavisi 2002 wlis 20 martis
dadgenilebiT daavala afxazeTis sakiTxTa droebiT sapar-
lamento komisias SeemuSavebina afxazeTSi konfliqtis mo-
wesrigebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi. parlamentis biurom
dokumentis proeqti moiwona da gansaxilvelad gadaugzav-
na saqarTvelos prezidents. prezidentis mier dokumenti
arsebiTad mowonebul iqna da male es dokumentic cnobili
gaxdeba sazogadoebisTvis.
bunebrivia, rom konfliqtis mowesrigebis koncefcie-
bis SemuSaveba kvlav gagrZeldeba. am dReebSi gamoqveynda
erovnuli Tanxmobis darbazis mier SemuSavebuli metad
saintereso iniciativa.
afxazuri mxarisa da msoflio TanamegobrobisTvis kar-
gad aris cnobili saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier SemuSa-
vebuli da oficialurad gacxadebuli yvela pozicia afxa-
zeTSi konfliqtis srulmasStabian mowesrigebasTan da-
kavSirebiT, magram soxumis reJims da mis mfarvelebs maTi
gaziarebis survili ara aqvT.

gazeTi `dilis gazeTi,~

28 marti, 2003w.

210
 rogori partia sWirdeba
saqarTvelos?
(Tvalsazrisi)

politikuri partiebis arseboba Tanamedrove

demokratiis aucilebel elements warmoadgens.
partiuli sistemis efeqtiani institucionalu-
ri mowyobas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba
mraval qveyanaSi da demokratiis xarisxis sazo-
mad moiazreba.
politikuri partiebi umniSvnelovanesi Suama-
vali da damakavSirebeli rgolia saxelmwifosa da
moqalaqeebs Soris. bevr qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT
kganviTarebad da gardamaval etapze myof saxelm-
wifoebSi, politikuri partiebi sustia da isini
ver axerxeben srulad warmoaCinon moqalaqeebis
interesebi, ver uzrunvelyofen xelisuflebaSi
mosaxleobis realuri interesebis gamomxatveli
adamianebis mosvlas.
saqarTveloSi moRvawe saerTaSoriso da dono-
ri organizaciebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom Cvens
qveyanaSi Zlieri, efeqturi instituciuri bazis
mqone partiuli sistemis Camoyalibeba aucile-
belia.

metad ritorikuli kiTxvaa, gansakuTrebiT axla, roca

Cveni qveynis damoukideblobisa da Tavisuflebis mopove-
bidan meTormete wlisTavze, saqarTveloSi 163 partiaa re-
gistrirebuli.
sruliadac ar aris gasakviri, rom es asea, radganac mra-
valpartiuloba qveynis demokratiulobis umniSvnelova-
nesi niSania, Tumca partiaTa simravle sulac ar niSnavs
imas, rom klasikuri gagebiT axla Tavze sayreladaa (garda

211
ramdenime gamonaklisisa) partiebi, romelTa programebi,
msoflmxedvelobrivi principebi, ideologia da organi-
zaciuli wyoba realurad asaxavdes mosaxleobis moTxov-
nilebebsa da interesebs.
mkvlevarebs miaCniaT, rom Tanamedrove msoflios bevr
qveyanaSi politikuri saqmianoba biznesia da ara zneobrivi
politika klasikuri gagebiT. etyoba, Cvenc ar viqnebiT ga-
monaklisebSi da es seni saqarTveloSic iCens Tavs, saamiso
niSnebic saxezea.
saidan daviwyoT namdvilad saxalxo partiis mSeneblo-
ba, rogori unda iyos misi msoflmxedvelobrivi ideali da
samarTlebrivi principebi, rom endos mosaxleoba, misces
mas xma yvela donis arCevnebSi, irwmunos partiis xalxuro-
ba da gadasces mas konstituciiT aRiarebuli Tavisi uf-
lebebi da saxelisuflo movaleobebi?
aravisTvis saeWvo ar unda iyos, rom idealuri partia
ar arsebobs, is yovelTvis droisa da qveyanaSi arsebuli
socialuri da ekonomikuri klimatis anareklia, Tumca
qveynisTvis ubedurebaa, roca politikuri partia bizne-
sis, komerciuli saqmianobis nairsaxeoba, gavleniani, SeZ-
lebuli fenis yurmoWrili xelqveiTi, maTi politikuri
nebis mZevali da mliqvneli msaxuria. samwuxarod, bevr
qveyanaSi asea da rigi gavleniani opoziciuri partia biz-
nesia da ara politika.
Cvenma axalma istoriam ukve dagvanaxa rom, partiaTa um-
ravlesoba arCevnebis win cocxldeba da Tavisi `jadoqri~
liderebis mgznebare mowodebebiT xalxis mxsnelis, sa-
xelmwifos gadamrCenis mantiiT imoseba. calkeuli maTgani
arCevnebis win, koniunqturis Sesabamisad, saxelsac icvlis
da cdilobs xelisuflebaSi movides, raTa didi Taflakve-
ri daiTrios an ramdenime Tbili skami mainc moipovos par-
lamentSi, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi Tu
aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi.

212
 strategiuli da taqtikuri TvalsazrisiT partie-
bi, bunebrivia, marTlac Wrelia, magram istoriis sanag-
ve yuTisaTvis ganwiruli arian is partiebi, romelTa
damfuZnebeli (anu Tanamoazre adamianTa gundi) Tavisi
msoflmxedvelobis qvakuTxedad ar gaxdis saqarTvelos
konstituciaSi mkafiod gamoxatuli fundamenturi prin-
cipebis erTgulebas, kerZod, rom saqarTvelos moqalaqe-
Ta uryevi nebaa daamkvidron demokratiuli sazogadoe-
brivi wes-wyobileba, ekonomikuri Tavisufleba, socialu-
ri da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, uzrunvelyon adamianis
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebani da Tavisuflebani,
ganamtkicon saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba. es asea da
esaa qarTveli xalxis neba da istoriuli arCevani, rac unda
iyos safuZveli nebismieri partiis politikuri, ideolo-
giuri da organizaciuli saqmianobisTvis..
aris aseTi partia? aris ideurad da organizaciulad
Sekruli iseTi Zala, qveynisa da xalxisaTvis Tavdadebuli
liderebi, romlebis ikisreben aseTi epoqaluri tvirTis
awevas?
iqneb Tqvas vinmem, Cvenao, magram saeWvoa amJamad rome-
lime partia mzad iyos iseTi pasuxismgeblobisTvis Teo-
riuli Tu organizaciuli TvalsazrisiT. yovel SemTx-
vevaSi, bolo wlebSi amJamad aqtiurma ramdenime partiam
aseT gamocdas ver gauZlo verc parlamentSi mosvliT,
verc aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi Tanamdebobebis mo-
povebiT. gasaocari is aris rom, maT umetesobas xalxi mxo-
lod saarCevno cieb-cxelebis periodSi axsendeba da male-
ve aviwydeba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni saxelmwifo transforma-
ciis calkeuli mimarTulebiT fexze dadga, saerTo md-
gomareoba metad kritikulia, gansakuTrebiT reformaTa
yvelaze fundamentur sferoebSi _saxelmwifoebriv mSe-
neblobaSi, ekonomikaSi, samarTlebrivi sistemis gardaqm-

213
naSi, korufciis daZlevaSi, mosaxleobis materialuri md-
gomareobis gaumjobesebis uzrunvelyofaSi. dainterese-
bul mkiTxvels SeuZlia gaecnos gasuli wlis `saqarTve-
los statistikur weliwdeuls,~ raTa darwmundes qveynis
katastroful mdgomareobaSi.
saqarTveloSic qveynis mTavari materialuri resursi
Tavs iyris adamianebis umciresi jgufis xelSi da sazoga-
doebis udidesi nawili Ratakdeba. yvelaze uxeSi gaTvliT
mxolod qalaq TbilisSi ukve 2 aTasamde ojaxia, romelmac
dakarga bina da axla TavSesafars eZebs. qveyana sul ufro
kargavs ekonomikur damoukideblobas da xdeba msoflio
bazris danamati, Warbi ucxouri produqciis gasaRebis mo-
edani. Sromisunariani mosaxleobis da specialistebis ab-
soluturi umravlesoba dausaqmebelia. saqonels Tu mom-
saxurebas, romelic avad Tu kargad qveyanaSi iqmneboda,
axla ucxo qveynis muSaxels asaqmebs. samwuxarod, es pro-
cesi Rrmavdeba da arc viTarebis ramenairad Secvlas api-
rebs vinme. ufro metic, garedan SekveTili uTavbolo pri-
vatizebis Sedegad ucxoelebs da saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa
mcire nawils, romlebic marTaven xelisuflebas, miTvise-
buli aqvT qveynis mTeli simdidre da ekonomikuri aqtive-
bi. gamomdinare aqedan saxezea sazogadoebrivi pretenzie-
bi, romelic dRiTidRe izrdeba da ukmayofilebaSi gada-
dis revoluciuri perspeqtiviT. aseTi albaTobis xarisxi
maRalia, vinaidan dasavleTis qveynebis gavleniT Cvenma
mosaxleobamac demokratia (TavisTavad politika da ideo-
logia) gaaigiva TiToeulisa da yvelas realur politikur
da ekonomikur TavisuflebasTan, samarTlian arCevnebTan,
mzard keTildReobasTan. cnobilia, rom Cveni malmorwmu-
ne moqalaqeebi jer kidev wina saukunis 90-ani wlebidan mo-
elodnen myisier ekonomikur saswauls, magram, radganac
aseTi ram bunebaSi ar xdeba, axla sxva gzis ZiebaSi arian.
bevri maTgani, gulgatexili imiT, rom cxovreba dRiTidRe

214
autaneli xdeba, iqamdec ki mivida, rom moiTxovs adamia-
nis uflebaTa deklaraciaSi Caiweros „cxovrebis ufleba,
rogorc upirvelesi da upirobo adamianuri ufleba` da
yvela wevrma saxelmwifom uzrunvelyos am uflebis dacva,
maT Soris da upiratesad saqarTvelom, romelsac saamisod
yvela resursi gaaCnia.
faqtia, rom aseTi partia da liderebi jerjerobiT ar
Canan, radgan dRemde Cveni mTavari senia dasavleTis ganvi-
Tarebuli qveynebis partiuli modelebisa da ideebis mim-
baZveloba da adgilobr TaviseburebaTa gauTvaliswineb-
lad Rarib da Ratak saqarTveloSi maTi damkvidrebis idea-
listuri mcdeloba.
aris ki saqarTveloSi 2-3 Zlieri, socialuri da sa-
marTlebrivi saxelmwifos mSeneblobis uzrunvelmyofi
partiis formirebis resursi?
aris, RmerTma nu qnas, rom ar iyo. Cveni qveynis yvelaze
didi simdidrea aTaseulebiT gonieri adamiani, aseulobiT
saxelmwifoebrivad moazrovne pirovneba, romelTac SeuZ-
liaT pasuxismgeblobis aReba qveynisa da xalxis winaSe. isi-
ni arian xelisuflebaSi xelisuflebis gareT, regionebSi,
qalaqebsa da raionebSi, dasaqmebulTa da dausaqmebelTa
Soris. qveyanas gaaCnia arsebuli mZime realobis Secvli-
sa da progresis uzrunvelyofis unikaluri bunebrivi da
materialuri resursi. saqarTvelos SeuZlia xelgawvdil
maTxovrad ar ijdes kontinentebisa da civilizaciebis
gzajvaredinze da dasavluri mowyalebiT irCendes Tavs!
riTi daviwyoT, ra gavakeToT, rogoro partia gvinda?
1) imisi analiziT, rac iyo, ra gza gaviareT, saiTken mi-
viswrafiT, rogori qveyana unda avaSenoT, anu Seiqmnas
partiis yovlismomcveli Teoriuli platforma, socialu-
rad orientirebuli saxelmwifos mowyobis msoflmxedve-
loba; ubralod, qveynis mowyobis 10-15 wliani gegma, iseTi
gegma, romelsac qalaqisa da soflis mcxovreblebs, me-

215
warmes, muSas, fermers Tu inteligents daarwmunebs, rom
igi, miuxedavad Tavis eTnikuri warmomavlobisa, sqesisa
Tu rwmenisa, adamianurad icxovrebs Tavisufal qveyanaSi,
rom saqarTveloSic iqnebian mdidrebi da Raribebi, magram
yovel e.w. saSualo adamians eqneba daculi sakuTreba, mya-
ri samuSao adgili, sakuTari SromiT da mowadinebiT nor-
maluri arsebobisa da ganviTarebis pirobebi. amdagvaria
amJamad dasavleTis qveynebSi lamis erTaderTad miCneuli
liberaluri demokratiis, sxvanairad Tu vityviT, `bato-
nebad~ da `monebad~ dayofis nebayoflobiTi aRiarebis gza.
magram gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom sxva sinamdvilidan
movdivarT, socialurad daculi sazogadoebidan move-
diT, amitomac gvWirdeba Tanamedrove msoflios ganviTa-
rebis adekvaturi qarTuli modeli, romlis prioriteti
gaxdeba ekonomikur Tanasworoba, erovnuli TviTmyofa-
dobis SenarCuneba, qveynis gamTlianeba, mSobliur adgi-
lebSi devnilTa da ltolvilTa dabruneba, samarTlis da
samarTlianobis garemos damkvidreba.
2) sakuTari mediis SeqmniT, romelic Tavisufali iqneba
zewolisgan da qveyanas etyvis simarTles sazogadoebisT-
vis saintereso yvela sakiTxze, daakmayofilebs adamianTa
interesebs, saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs miscems saSualebas
gamoxaton yovelgvari azri sajarod, argumentirebulad
da ufasod.
3) gvinda partia, romelic Tavis rigebSi da garSemo
mozidavs adamianebs, romelTac yovelgvari angarebis da
gamorCeuli piradi ambiciebis gareSe surT TavianTi niWi,
codna, gamocdileba moaxmaron XXI saukunis saqarTvelos
aRmSeneblobas, qarTvelTa da araqarTvelTa niWisa da ge-
nis realizaciis pirobebis Seqmna, sayovelTao siduxWi-
ridan qveynis gamoyvana da Tanamedrove msoflioSi misi
kuTvnili adgilis dabruneba.
4) gvinda partia, romelic Tavis garSemo da rigebSi

216
Tavs mouyris mowodebiT da xelobiT politikosebs, sa-
marTlis, finansebisa da ekonomikis, ganaTlebis, kultu-
ris, socialuri da jandacvis, sportis, vaWrobisa da biz-
nesis, saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis, saerTaSoriso urTier-
Tobebis, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis specialistebs, rom-
lebic CaerTvebian Tanamedrove erovnuli saxelmwifos
mSeneblobis proeqtebis SemuSavebaSi.
5) gvinda partia, romelic gansazRvravs Tavis opti-
malur struqturas qveynis masStabiT, regionebSi Seqmnis
pirvelad ujredebsa da mxardamWerTa klubebs, lidere-
bad wamoswevs Sesabamisi unar-Tvisebebis mqone adamianebs.
6) gvinda mebrZoli partia, romelic principulad ga-
moxatavs Tavis pozicias qveyanaSi mimdinare yvela mniSvne-
lovan movlenasTan dakavSirebiT, monawileobs arCevnebSi,
moRvaweobs konstituciiTa da kanonmdeblobiT gansaz-
Rvruli TamaSis wesebis sruli dacviT. igi Tavis rigebs
wvrTnis ara mxolod opoziciuri oponentobisTvis, ara-
med xelisuflebaSi mosasvlelad; partia, romelic Tavs
Seikavebs pompezuri RonisZiebebis, piar-sanaxaobebis Ca-
tarebisa da populisturi dapirebebisgan, qmediTunariani
partia, romlis Semosavlebis ZiriTadi wyaroa partiis we-
vrTa sawevro Sesatanebi, agreTve kanoniT dadgenili sxva
Semosavlebi; partia, romelic amxels da ibrZvis saarCevno
RonisZiebebSi saxelmwifo resursebis gamoyenebis aRsak-
veTad, moiTxovs kanonis miRebas politikuri partiebis
ganviTarebisTvis saxelmwifo biujetidan resursebis mi-
saRebad, rogorc es aris bevr evropul saxelmwifoSi. par-
tia yvela misi SemosavlebiTa da xarjebiT sruliad gamW-
virvale unda iyos partiis SigniT da xalxis winaSe.
7) gvinda partiis, romlis upirvelesi mizania saqarTve-
loSi mcxovrebi yvela sxva xalxebis realuri pativiscema,
qveynis Sida konfliqtebis mSvidobiani mowesrigeba, teri-
toriuli mTlianobis aRdgena konstituciuri saSualebe-

217
biTa da suverenuli saxelmwifosTvis Tvisebrivad ganuyo-
feli sxva uflebebisa da movaleobebis aRsrulebiT.
8) gvinda partia, romelic iRvawebs aRadginos xidi qvey-
nis saxelovan warsuls, mZime awmyosa da momavals Soris, Tva-
lisCiniviT gaufrTxildeba qveynis unikalur sulier faseu-
lobebsa da Rirebulebebs, yvela saSualebiT Seecdeba gaam-
didros igi msoflio civilizaciis saukeTeso miRwevebiT.
9) gvinda partia, romelic ibrZolebs adamianis ufle-
bebisa da Tavisuflebebis ara deklaraciuli, aramed re-
aluri dacvisTvis, erovnuli, simdidris Seqmnis, dagrove-
bisa da samarTliani gadanawilebis Tanabari wanamZRvrebis
Sesaqmnelad, kanonis da samarTlianobis uzenaesobis prin-
cipebisa da normebis ganuxreli dacvisTvis.
10) gvinda brZolisunariani partia, romelic yvela Ro-
nisZiebiT ganamtkicebs da ganaviTarebs saqarTvelos sa-
xelmwifos damoukideblobasa da suverenitets, mis axal
saxelmwifoebriv da politikur funqcias, uzrunvelyofs
qveynis saimedo Tavdacvisunarianobas da usafrTxoebas,
saqarTvelos erovnuli interesebis uzenaesobas msoflio
geopolitikur ZalTa balansSi.
raa is resursi da sajarod gacxadebuli mizani, rom
partia ar daemsgavsos im partiebs, romlebmac gaitexes sa-
xeli da daimsaxures sazogadoebis eWvi da undobloba?
1) ra Tqma unda, partiis saqmis erTguli adamianebi da
upirvelesad xalxi, rogorc partiis Zlierebis wyaro, misi
mizani da am miznis miRwevis saSualeba.
2) erovnuli ekonomikis aRorZinebis upiratesi pirobe-
bis Seqmna, misi transformacia upirvelesad sakuTari Sina-
gani SesaZleblobebisa da ucxouri kapitalis mozidvis
safuZvelze; qveyanaSi kerZo, saxelmwifo da sazogadoe-
brivi samewarmeo potencialis ganaxleba, axali profesiis
adamianebis momzadeba da Tanamedrove teqnikur energo-
tevad dargebSi, agrarul seqtorSi, turizmis sferoebSi

218
dasaqmeba, individualuri da kooperaciuli mewarmeebis
xelSewyoba, perspeqtiuli saeqsporto produqciis Seqmna
da sagareo bazris mopoveba.
3) sakuTrebis yvela formisadmi pativiscema, garda-
maval periodSi saxelmwifo da saxalxo sakuTrebisadmi
mzrunveli damokidebuleba, TviTmiznad qceuli privati-
zebis SeCereba da saxelmwifo sakuTrebis gasxvisebis zo-
mieri sakanonmdeblo regulaciis safuZvelze warmarTva,
raTa SeCerdes qveynis mosaxleobis gaRatakeba da masobri-
vi umuSevrobis tragikuli procesi.
4) ganaTlebis reformis garedan Tavsmoxveuli standar-
tidan misi erovnul da civilizebul niadagze gadayvana,
mSobliuri enisa da kulturis faseulobebis Senaxvasa da
ganviTarebaze saxelmwifoebrivi zrunva, jansaRi cxovre-
bis wesis damkvidreba, axalgazrda Taobis axali ideebis
da miznebis mxardaWera, sportis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba,
mosaxleobisTvis jandacvis umZimesi tvirTis Semsubuqeba
pirveladi, gadaudebeli da alternatiuli samedicino sa-
xelmwifo seqtoris Seqmnis bazaze.
5) saqarTvelos yvela regionis, maT Soris maRalmTia-
ni regionebis ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis
potencialis Seswavla, regionuli ganviTarebis strate-
giis da konkretuli samoqmedo gegmis SemuSaveba. ekono-
mikis perspeqtiuli dargebis, upiratesad saqarTvelos
umdidresi hidroresursebis bazaze axali eleqtrosadgu-
rebis mSenebloba, eleqtroenergiis umTavres saeqsporto
saqonlad gadaqceva, gadamamuSavebeli seqtoris ganviTa-
reba saxelmwifo da gare investiciebis mozidvis safuZ-
velze, am miznisTvis adgilobrivi SesaZleblobebis amo-
qmedeba saaqcio sazogadoebebisa da safondo resursebis
racionalur dabandebis gziT.
6) sagadasaxado da saSemosavlo politikis optimizacia,
erToblivi sazogadoebrivi produqtis ganawilebis Seje-

219
rebuli sabazro da saxelmwifoebrivi sistemis Seqmna. mo-
nopolizmisa da ukanono garigebebis aRkveTis mZlavri sa-
xelmwifo meqanizmebis Seqmna da sajaroobis uzrunvelyo-
fa. liberalizmis tendenciis pirobebSi administraciuli
resursebis adekvaturi zomiT gamoyeneba.
7) korufciis realuri aRmofxvris saxelmwifo me-
qanizmebis Seqmna, yvelganmyofi elitaruli korufciis
daZlevis sakanonmdeblo uzrunvelyofa. sisxli samarT-
lebrivi devnis gaZlierebis civiluri samarTlebrivi
bazis Seqmna, marTlmsajulobis sajaroobis pirobebSi
marTlwesrigis ganmtkicebis sagangebo RonisZiebebis
gatareba. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis aparatis gamartiveba,
yvela saxelmwifo Tanamdebobaze qveynisa da saqmis erTgu-
li, sazogadoebrivi avtoritetis mqone profesionalebis
SerCevis da daniSvnis gamWvirvale meqanizmis Seqmna (gamW-
virvale sakonkurso wesi), maT Sori regionuli principis
gaTvaliswinebiT, sakadro sakiTxebSi proteqciisa da Zma-
kacobis (e.w. gundurobis) tradiciuli praqtikis daZleva.
8) saxelmwifo politikuri sistemis reforma, Zlieri
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis (mTavrobis, saministroe-
bis, uwyebebis), aseve evropuli tipis adgilobrivi TviTm-
marTvelobis organoebis formireba, konstituciaSi adek-
vaturi cvlilebebis Setana, xelisuflebis yvela rgolSi
pasuxismgeblobisa da angariSgebis sistemis aRdgena.
9) saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis struqturebSi
axalgazrdebis mozidva da patiosani seleqcia maTi safe-
xurebrivi zrdis yvela etapze; dawinaurebis upirvelesi
piroba unda gaxdes codna da unar-Cvevebi, adamianebTan
muSaobis gamocdileba, Tanmimdevrulad gavlili samoxe-
lo klasi da Cini. xalxma unda icodes, rom socialurad
orientirebul saxelmwifoSi biujetis formireba xor-
cieldeba erToblivi sazogadoebrivi produqtis 20-45%-
is mobilizebis bazaze da ara 10-15%-isa, raTa saxelmwifo

220
biujeti ar iyos mudmivad deficituri da socialuri pro-
blemebi qronikulad mougvarebeli.
rogori unda iyos partiis msoflmxedvelobrivi prio-
riteti?
evropis mowinave saxelmwifoebis sinamdvileSi Tavisi
funqcia ar daukargavs memarjveneobas da memarcxeneobas,
centrizms marjvena Tu marcxena amplitudiT. istoriis
avanscenidan arc neofaSisturi da radikalur-fundamenta-
li memarcxeneebi wasulan, arc konservatizmi da nacionaliz-
mi, arc anarqizmi da religiuri fanatizmi, arc realuri so-
cializmis idea damarcxebula globalurad. isini arseboben
rogorc kacobriobis istoriuli gamocdileba da praqtika
da SeWirvebul, korumpirebul, metismetad polarizirebul
da socialurad aramdgrad qveynebSi xandaxan zRaprul ur-
Cxulebad wamoyofen Tavebs. SedarebiT axali moZraobebia
ekologizmi, feminizmi, globalizmi da antiglobalizmi, ro-
melTac, rogorc politikur moZraobebsa da ideologiebs
hyavT Tavisi momxreebi da mowinaaRmdegeebi.
mosaxleobis SekveTa saqarTvelos saxelmwifos so-
cialur saxelmwifod transformaciaze logikurad unda
aisaxos postkomunistur sinamdvileSi Seqmnili partie-
bisa da moZraobebis msoflmxedvelobis filosofiaze,
Tumca, Cvens sinamdvileSi am niSniT partiaTa klasifika-
cia metad pirobiTia. aSlaraa, rom qarTuli sazogadoebis
azri sul ufro metad ixreba socialuri saxelmwifosken,
romelSic, rogorc wesi, moiazreba saxelmwifo, romelic
mudmivad gaWirvebasa da siRatakeSi ar amyofebs sakuTar
moqalaqeebs, qmnis optimalur pirobebs, raTa ar iyos sa-
zogadoebis ukiduresi qonebrivi polarizacia, masobrivi
siRatake da autaneli siduxWire destabilizaciis Tanam-
devi safrTxeebiT.
saqarTvelos masStabis omisSemdgomo evropuli so-
cialuri saxelmwifoebis gamocdileba adasturebs, rom
socialurad orientirebuli ori-sami erTgvarovani

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msoflmxedvelobis da myari struqturis mqone partia
aris da iqneba stabiluri saprezidento Tu saparlamento
mmarTvelobisa da qveynis mdgradi ganviTarebis saimedo
garanti. xalxi xelisuflebis wyaroa demokratiis klasi-
kuri gagebiT da igi imden uflebamosilebas unda aZlevdes
xelisuflebas, rogorc mas ama Tu im etapze miaCnia saWi-
rod. samwuxarod, bevr qveyanaSi amJamad sayovelTaod qe-
buli liberaluri demokratia da misi pirmSo parlamenti
gadaqceulia formalur warmomadgenlobiT demokratiad,
anu adamianTa garkveuli jgufis monopoliad parlament-
Si Tu adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi. aseT
viTarebaSi xalxi arsebiTad mowyvetilia xelisufleba-
ze ramenair gavlenas. ufro metic, seriozul dafiqre-
bas moiTxovs proporciuli da maJoritaruli saarCevno
sistemebis Tanafardoba; maJoritaruli arCevnebisadmi
eWvis daTesva realurad niSnavs demokratiis umTavresi
principisadmi uaris Tqmas, pirdapiri saarCevno uflebis
demontaJs arCeviT organoSi mdidari da gavleniani saZ-
makacos mosayvanad, anu, rogorc ityvian, politikaSi e.w.
naTlimamaTa saZmos taqsiT mosayvanad.
qarTveli eris upirvelesi amocanaa saarCevno kanonmde-
bloba da procesi gaxdes samarTliani, daiZlios sayovel-
Taod gavrcelebuli azri, rom: `visac aqvs fuli da gavlena,
mxolod da mxolod isini igebs arCevnebs.~ miuRebelia da ab-
surduli mtkiceba imisa, rom Tavisi bunebiT xalxi pasiuri
momxmarebelia da misi mosyidva yovelTvis da yvelafriT
SeiZleba. samarTliani arCevnebis erTaderTi garanti ki
aris miukerZoebeli saarCevno garemo da partiaTa jansa-
Ri konkurencia, maTi arCevnebiT monacvleobis tradiciis
damkvidreba, rac CvenTvis gasavleli etapia. mxolod am
gziT aris SesaZlebeli arsebuli xelisufleba im politi-
kurma Zalebma Secvalon, romelTa umTavresi Rirebuleba
qveyana da adamiania da ara e.w. mdidari katebi, romlebic ise

222
galaRdnen, rom arad miaCniaT sakuTari saxelmwifo, qvey-
ana da xalxi, arad dagideven kanons da kanonierebas. ufro
metic, xelisufleba, rogorc aseTi, maTi Zalauflebis in-
strumentia maTive usafrTxoebis, privilegiebisa da qone-
bis dasacavad, mosaxleobis kidev metad saZarcvad.
saqarTvelos sWirdeba partia, romelic masiuri siRa-
takisa da cxovrebis dabali donis pirobebSi eleqtorats
moizidavs qveynis momavlis dasabuTebuli xedviT, mTeli
mosaxleobis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis realuri poli-
tikuri da ekonomikuri sistemis damkvidrebiT. gadasaxedia
kanoni `politikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb~ da `saarCevno
kodeqsi~ saarCevno garemos gajansaRebis, arCevnebSi xeli-
suflebis momgebiani mdgomareobis gauqmebis, saxelmwifo
resursebis gamoyenebis dauSveblobis, ukanono da arale-
galuri Semosavlebis mopovebis aRkveTis, Semosavlebis da
xarjebis sajaroobis nawilSi.
ra uSlis xels socialuri orientaciis axali tipis
partiis mSeneblobas?
Zalian mZime viTareba gvaqvs, rogorc ekonomikurad, ise
moralurad da fsiqologiurad. saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa
umetesobas Tavis rCenis saSualeba ar aqvs. qarTvel kacs
omi da SimSili ki ara, sasowarkveTileba da monur reJimSi
cxovreba hkveTs muxlebs. katastrofulia afxazeTidan
da cxinvalis regionidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa
mdgomareoba, SeiaraRebuli dapirispirebis damTavrebi-
dan aTi wlis Semdegac maT ojaxebis naxevarze meti kerZo
seqtorSia TavSefarebuli an aralegalad iricxeba (e.w. Se-
Wrili) saxelmwifo sakuTrebis Senoba-nagebobebSi. bevri
maTgani, mSieri da mwyurvali, mieCvia erTi dRis movlene-
biT cxovrebas, gauCnda arasrulfasovnebis kompleqsi, xe-
lisuflebis batonad maRiarebeli monis fsiqologia, eWvi
Seepara saqarTveloSi da mis farglebs gareTac WeSmariti
demokratiis arsebobaSi.

223
 faqtia, rom mSieri, Rataki yvelasa da yvelaferze gabo-
rotebuli masa, marginalTa fena verasodes gaakeTebs swor
arCevans verc qveynis da verc sakuTari Tavis sasargeblod.
samwuxarod, istoriam uamravi magaliTi icis, roca sa-
zogadoebrivi nihilizmisa da sayovelTao isteriis piro-
bebSi mosaxleobis udidesi nawili advilad wamoego gaqni-
li demagogisa da avantiuristis ankesze. am TvalsazrisiT
CvenSic arsebobs seriozuli safrTxe. mxedvelobaSia uki-
duresad populisturi (mesianuri) lozungebiT da mowo-
debebiT gaWirvebuli xalxis gadabarebis mcdeloba. para-
doqsia, rom aseTi lozungebi swored imaTi iaraRi gaxda,
vinc sul axlaxan daufiqreblad angrevda im wyobilebas,
romlis nostalgia jer kidev cocxlobs sazogadoebis did
nawilSi da iqamde ar gaqreba, sanam adamianebi ukeTesad ar
iqnebian uzrunvelyofili materialurad da ufro Tavi-
sufalni, vidre am ociode wlis winaT.
axalma partiam unda SesZlos daarwmunos amomrCeveli,
rom sanam qveyanas Tavisi Zlieri ekonomika da samuSao adgi-
lebi, socialuri ganviTarebis sakuTari biujeti ar eqneba,
kargi cxovrebis dapireba avantiuristTa morigi satyuaraa.
axal partia axali liderebi sWirdeba, Zlieri, ganaTle-
buli, Sorsmxedveli, suliT da xorciT erovnuli adamian-
ebi, patriotebi. qveynis evropul orientaciaze dRedaRam
gaiZaxian rigi Cveni partiuli liderebi, Tumca didi eWvia,
mxolod ramdenimes Tu Cauxedia evropuli kapitalizmis
(ufro zustad socializmis) politikuri sistemis safuZv-
lebSi, ganviTarebuli evropis socialuri saxelmwifoebis
arsSi, realuri demokratiis safuZvlebSi.
yvela drosa da yvela qveyanaSi tyuili, sicrue, Tvalis
axveva xSirad yofila xelisuflebis mopovebisa da qveynis
marTvis iaraRi. am TvalsazrisiT Tanamedrove televi-
zias, sxva sainformacio saSualebebs, universaluri SesaZ-
leblobebi gaaCniaT absoluturi simarTlisa da absolu-

224
turi sicruis TanabarZalianad warmosaCenad. faqtia, rom
vinc flobs televizias (da Sesabamisad did fuls) marTavs
xalxs da qveyanas. es problema ar aris martivad mosagvare-
beli, igi winaaRmdegobrivia dasavleTis qveynebSic, Tumca
maT SesZles e.w. pozitiuri SezRudvis qmediTi sakanonmde-
blo bazis Seqmna. da mainc, simarTle, mxolod gulwrfeli,
sajaro simarTle, ai, ra unda iyos yoveli sicocxlisuna-
riani partiis umTavresi principi da saqmianobis wesi.
Cvenma xalxma unda icodes sruli simarTle postso-
cialisturi transformaciis udides sirTuleTa Sesa-
xeb, romelic, magaliTad, CineTSi sul sxva gziT warimar-
Ta, CvenTan ki industriuli epoqis veluri kapitalizmis
forma miiRo. komunisturi sazogadoebis transformaciis
gonivruli gegma bunebaSi ar arsebobda. 1991 wlis 22 ivniss
saqarTvelos pirvelma prezidentma wamoayena e.w. konver-
genciis Teoria (socializmisa da kapitalizmis upira-
tesobaTa Serwyma), magram misi es idea da mowodeba riTic
damTavrda, sayovelTaod cnobilia. saqarTvelos Semd-
gomma xelisuflebam upirobod miiRo postsabWoTa qvey-
nebis ganviTarebis bzeJizinkis samfaziani ganviTarebis
TxuTmetwliani sqema, romelsac dRemde yovelgvari eWvis
gareSe brmad axorcieleben. yvelaferi ise ar gamovida,
rogorc es Tavidanve iyo Cafiqrebuli, Tumca amisTvisac
xelisuflebas yvelaze xSirad isini akritikeben, romle-
bic am sqemis ganxorcielebis avangardSi iyvnen.
saqarTvelo, bunebrivia, globalizaciis procesebs da
garedan daxmarebas ver gaeqceva, magram cxadia, rom igi
qveynis kolonizaciis nairsaxeoba ar unda gaxdes. saqarT-
velom ganviTarebis sakuTari gza unda gamonaxos, rac sa-
kuTar fesvebsa da axal realobaze iqneba dafuZnebuli. am
gzis ZiebaSi axal partias mouwevs pasuxi gasces rig uxer-
xul kiTxvebs, kerZod, arian saqarTveloSi klasebi? Tu
arian, rogor SeiZleba maT Soris antagonizmis daZleva;

225
kanonzomierad viTardeba sazogadoeba, Tu sabazro qao-
sidan iqmneba sayovelTao wesrigi? ra adgils daikavebs sa-
zogadoebriv cxovrebaSi zneobis normebi da principebi?
axali partia mzad unda iyos mSvidad Sexvdes gamarjvebasa
da damarcxebas, gamoimuSavos saTanado imuniteti. klasiku-
ri gagebiT, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, memarcxeneebi socialu-
ri xarjebis zrdas moiTxoven, memarjveneebi ki mis Semcire-
bas. yvela ganviTarebul qveyanaSi istoriulad Camoyalib-
da gansxvavebul partiul msoflmxedvelobaTa amdagvari
balansis (memarjvene-centristuli, memarcxene-centristu-
li), romlebic monacvleobiT modian xelisuflebaSi, Tumca
saqarTveloSi mraval mizezTa gamo gansxvavebuli viTarebaa.
axalma partiam unda SeZlos, rom qveynis moqalaqeebma
gaiTavison Tavisi roli da adgili saxelmwifos mowyo-
baSi yvela donis arCevnebis da uSualo demokratiis sxva
formebis meSveobiT. fuWia ocneba, rom mTeli qveyana erT
Wkuaze ivlis. arc aris saWiro da arc unda iyos. sxva saqmea
qveyanaSi aqtiuri, mamuliSvilurad ganwyobili da uSiSari
nawilis-lideris faqtori, rac mudam iqneba saqarTvelos
erovnuli interesebis sadarajoze.
saqarTvelos axal partiebs mouwevT sakuTari qveynis
istoriuli gadasaxedidan kritikulad ganixilon demo-
kratiuli qveynebis gamocdileba, ganacalkeon miTi da
realoba, gaaanalizon saqarTvelos pirveli respubli-
kis partiuli sistemis pozitiuri da negatiuri mxareebi.
ityvian, rom axali, kargad daviwyebuli Zveliao, amitomac
mafrTxobs moaruli xmebi, rom TiTqosda partiuli saqmi-
anoba biznesi da gamdidrebis saSualeba gaxdao. gamoric-
xuli araferia, am sakiTxSi udides germanel moazrovnes
da universalurad ganswavluli maqs vebers (samoqala-
qo sazogadoebis, anda rogorc TviTon uwodebs sakuTar
Tavs, kapitalizmis Teoretikosi, da amave dros, misi erT-
erTi yvelaze didi kritikosi) namdvilad ver SevekamaTe-

226
bi. samwuxarod, CvenTanac gaigonebT ukve,_gana aris vinme
dRevandel politikaSi qalwuli? politikur saqmianobas,
miT umetes, aqciebs, winaaRmdegobis farTo frontis gaS-
las fuli rom sWirdeba, axali ambavia? romeli WkuaTmyo-
feli daijerebs, rom politika ufulod keTdeba da poli-
tikosebi ciuri mananaTi ikvebebian?
miuxedavad amisa, arc erT droSi da arc erT qveyanaSi,
arc erT saxelmwifoSi mebrZoli Tanamoazreebis gundi-
sa da moqmedi partiebis gareSe rame saxelmwifoebrivi da
mniSvnelovani ar Seqmnila da arc Seiqmneba.
da bolos, axali partiis programasa da samoqmedo
gegmebSi gansakuTrebuli adgili unda daeTmos moqnili,
msoflio realobis adekvaturi sagareo da saSinao poli-
tikis programis SemuSavebas. realobaa, rom qveynis moq-
medma xelisuflebam calsaxad gadawyvita saqarTvelos
dasavlur orbitaze gayvana da saqarTvelo natos aliansSi
gawevrianeba. amasTan erTad, ueWvelia, rom teritoriebda-
karguli qveyana yovelTvis mzad unda iyos sakuTar saga-
reo da saSinao politikaSi viTarebis adekvaturi cvlile-
bebis Sesatanad. didi mixvedra ar sWirdeba imas Tu kidev
ra siurprizebs gvimzadebs ruseTi afxazeTsa da cxinva-
lis regionSi. amitomac aucilebelia strategiul saxelm-
wifoebriv RonisZiebebs mudam Tan axldes konfliqturi
regionebis mosaxleobasTan partiaTa dialogi, iq darCeni-
li mosaxleobis mimarT im sikeTeTa gavrcelebaze zrunva,
rac dadgenilia mTeli qveynis mosaxleobisTvis. calsaxaa,
rom nebismieri partiis efeqturobis sazomi aris da moma-
valSic iqneba is, Tu ras gaakeTebs da rogor imoqmedebs igi
saqarTvelo teritoriuli mTlianobis aRsadgenad, qvey-
nis gasamTlianeblad.
Jurnali `politika,~
#4-5, 2003w.

227
 Tavdadeba Tu Ralati?
afxazeTSi SeiaraRebuli dapirispirebis da-
sasrulisaTvis (1993 wlis seqtembris bolo,
oqtombris dasawyisi) galis raionis mosaxleobam
TiTqmis mTlianad (darCa ramdenime aseuli umweo
adamiani) datova mSobliuri adgilebi da ZiriTa-
dad engurs gamoRma raionebs Seafara Tavi.
adgilobrivma mosaxleobam gulTbilad miiRo
devnilebi, romelic qveynisaTvis im mZime droSi
isedac mwir lukmas ubedurebaSi myof adamianebs
unawilebda. devnili mosaxleobis sameurneo na-
gebobebSi, sastumroebSi, skolebSi, sabavSvo ba-
RebSi, kerZo saxlebSi dabinavebisTvis yvelaferi
gaakeTa samegrelo-zemo svaneTis regionma, ime-
reTma, aWaram, guriam, mTelma saqarTvelom.

mraval mizezTa gamo (maT Soris 1993-1994 wlebis um-

kacresi zamTari, faqtiuri SimSiloba, elementaruli
sayofacxovrebo mouwyobloba, Selaxuli Tavmoyvareoba)
devnilebma 1994 wlis dasawyisidan usafrTxoebis yovelg-
vari garantiebis gareSe daiwyes mSobliur adgilebSi da-
bruneba.
arsebuli monacemebiT, amJamad galis raionSi omamdeli
mosaxleobis (TiTqmis 100 aTasi e.w. Zvel sazRvrebSi) 45%
dabrunebulia an mimoqcevaSia, gansakuTrebiT sezonuri
samuSaoebis dros. qarTuli mosaxleobis mciredi nawili,
aseve, dabrunda, soxumSi, gagraSi, gudauTis, gulirifSis,
soxumis, oCamCiris raionebSi.
samwuxarod, afxazeTSi qarTvel devnilTa stiqiur da-
brunebasTan dakavSirebiT azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobda
da dRemde arsebobs, zogjer metad uaryofiTic.
nebismieri xalxis istoriaSi odnav Caxedulma adamian-
ma icis, rom sakuTari teritoriis dakargvis Semdeg adgi-
lobrivi mosaxleoba Tavad, sakuTari sicocxlis riskiT

228
akeTebda arCevans dabrunebuliyo mSobliur adgilebSi da
met-naklebad Segueboda Secvlil realobas.
saqarTvelo mravaljer daupyriaT ucxo Zalebs, qvey-
nis ama Tu im nawilis mosaxleoba bevrjer gamxdara Sida
dapirispirebis msxverpli. qarTuli mosaxleoba fizikuri
gadarCenisTvis tovebda sacxovrebels, Tavs afarebda usa-
frTxo adgilebs, mogvianebiT ki kvlav brundeboda mSob-
liur adgilebSi, ferflidan aRadgenda mamuls, agrZeleb-
da cxovrebas.
Seguebis garkveuli elementebisa da TviTgadarCe-
nis instinqtis gareSe saqarTvelo dRemde ver moaRwevda.
Cvens bedkrul istorias uamravi msgavsi magaliTi axsovs,
Tundac aWara, romelic 300 wliani monobis uRelqveS na-
myofi, daubrunda dedasamSoblos, samxreT saqarTvelos,
lazeTis da sxva teritoriebi, romelTa dabrunebis imedi
dRemde bJutavs yvela qarTvelis gulsa da sulSi.
galis miwaze da am miwisTvis 1993-1998 wlebSi xuT e.w.
afxazur wmendas Seewira (daxoces, cocxlad dawves) uamra-
vi adamiani raionis yvela sofelSi da qalaqSi (monacemebi
aRebulia vladimer Wanturias wignidan „sisxliani dReebi
samurzayanoSi~). CxorTolidan _ 8; bediidan _ 6; sididan
_ 16; reCxo cxiridan _ 8; aCigvaridan _ 63 (maT Soris erTi
ojaxis sami wevri_deda nazi, mama kolia da maTi qaliSvili
nineli Sakaiebi); refo-SeSeleTidan _ 48; xumuSquridan _ 7;
warCidan _ 49; nabakevidan _ 32; fiCoridan _ 11; dixazurgi-
dan _ 19; zemo barRebidan _ 28; qvemo barRebidan _ 29; le-
kuxonidan _ 6; otobaiidan _ 36; muxuridan _ 32; SeSeleTi-
dan _ 24; RumuriSidan _ 9; saberiodan _ 5; Tagilonidan _
23; mziuridan _ 43; ganaxlebidan _ 40; pirveli galidan _
60; Wuburxinjidan _ 49; gudavidan _ 79; oqumidan _ 74 (amave
soflidan ugzo-ukvlod dakargulia xuTi adamiani); qalaq
galidan _ 110 (maT Soris ugzo ukvlod dakargulad iTv-
leba _ 26).

229
 es iyo ugunuri nadiroba adamianebze, romelSic mona-
wileobdnen daqiravebuli mkvlelebi ruseTidan, maT So-
ris CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikebidan, samxreT ruse-
Ti mxareebidan, aseve uricxvi moalafeebi, Tavgadasavlis
maZieblebi, saSovarze mosulebi, mawanwalebi, SurismaZie-
beli afxazebi (maT Soris qalebic). daxocilTa umetesoba
asakovani adamiania (Sua asaks gadacilebulebi, avadmyofe-
bi, loginad Cavardnilebi, umweoebi), agreTve axalgazrda
kacebi da qalebi; daxocilTa mimarT iSviaToba ar iyo sqe-
sobrivi Zaladobis faqtebi, magram TviTmxilvelTa mier
miCumaTebuli, radgan am mxareSi qalis patiosneba da Rir-
seba ufro Rirebulia, vidre Tavad sikvdilis faqti.
galis raionSi masobriv xocva-Jletasa da adamianebze
nadirobaSi ucxo qveynis moqalaqeTa upiratesi monawi-
leobis erT-erTi sarwmuno dasturia 1994 wlis maisSi biZis
dakrZalvidan Sin mimavali rabo Sonias, keTilSobilebiT
gamorCeuli adamianis, galis raionuli sabWos aRmaskomis
yofili Tavmjdomaris da misi SemTxveviTi Tanamgzavrebis
(maTi umetesoba qali iyo) daxvreta zemo barRebi-mziuris
gzaze boevikebis mier. mkvlelebma msxverpls ganucxades,
rom gali qarTvelebisgan erTxel ukve gaiwminda da vinc
dabrundeba, TqvensaviT daixvritebao. msgavs velurobas,
TviTmxilvelTa azriT, rogorc wesi, afxazi boevikebi ar
Cadiodnen.
galelebi mainc dabrundnen galSi mamulis, mSobliur
ezo-karis aRsadgenad, winaparTa da axlobelTa saflave-
bis mosavlelad.
afxazeTSi dabrundnen suliT, sisxliT da xorciT
qarTvelebi, simamaciT gamorCeuli mamuliSvilebi, ro-
melTa gareSec Zneli warmosadgenia ra iqneboda gali
dRes; gveqneboda ki afxazeTSi mciredi placdarmi (kodo-
ris xeobasTan erTad), romelic aris da yovelTvis iqneba
yvelaze didi Tavsatexi soxumis reJimisa da maTi mfarve-

230
lobisTvis? vis unda moubrundes ena, rom moRalated Se-
racxos galelebi da sxva qarTvelebi, romlebmac sxvadasx-
va gzebiT aseve moaxerxes dabruneba qarTvelebisgan dac-
lil soxumSi, gagraSi, tyvarCelSi, gulrifSis, soxumis Tu
oCamCiris raionebSi.
mSobliur adgilebSi aborigeni mosaxleobis dabruneba
bunebrivi da Sorsgamiznuli qmedebaa Tumca, Cvenda saube-
durod da samarcxvinod, kvlav grZeldeba mavanTa ugun-
uri avyioba. SeuZlebelia ar gamoxato SeSfoTeba amas
winaT erT-erT gazeTSi gamoqveynebuli statiis mimarT,
romlis saTaurSive aRniSnulia, rom `afxazeTSi mcxovre-
bi qarTvelebi arZinbas xelisuflebas afxazebze ukeT
emsaxurebian~-o.
sWirdeba Tu ara am paskvils komentari? _ ra Tqma unda,
ara, magram riTi vanugeSoT galSi (ara marto galSi) da-
brunebuli aTasobiT is adamiani, romelic ukiduresad
aRSfoTebulia am metad Seuracxmyofeli statiisa da Se-
fasebebis gamo?
soxumis reJimis mfarvelebs ganzraxuli hqonda arc
erTi qarTveli ar darCeniliyo galis raionSi, raTa tyes
da Waobs daefara (afxazebisa da maTi stumrebisTvis sa-
nadiro adgilebad eqciaT!) es mTlianad qarTvelebiT
dasaxlebuli, uaRresad mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri da
politikuri regioni, istoriuli xidi samegrelo_afxa-
zeTsa da danarCen saqarTvelos Soris. maTi mizani iyo ram-
denime sanukvari kurdRlis erTbaSad daWera: afxazeTSi
demografiuli viTarebis radikalurad Secvla (`afxaze-
Ti qarTvelebis gareSe~), dacarielebul teritoriebze
ucxotomelTa Casaxleba (carizmis cnobili istoriuli
gegma), mxardamWerTa daxmarebiT mdinare engurze e.w. afxa-
zeTis saxelmwifo sazRvris mowyoba da Seuvali samxedro-
strategiuli barieris formireba.
afxazeTis de faqto reJimi ar moeloda qarTvelTa da-

231
brunebas, amitom ufro mkacr RonisZiebebs mimarTa; Te-
bervalSi e.w. partizanebisgan gawmendis sababiT boevikebma
mTlianad gadawves qveda da zeda zonis soflebi, cecxl-
ma STanTqa 5000-ze meti sacxovrebeli saxli da ezo-kari;
1993-1994 wlebis seqtember-TebervalSi galis raionSi sa-
stiki wamebiT daxoces 1200-mde mSvidobiani mosaxle. ama-
sTan, galis raionis erTi nawili miuerTes oCamCiris rai-
ons, meore _ q. tyvarCels, riTac Seqmnes dabrunebuli mo-
saxleobis asimilaciis winapiroba.
miuxedavad amisa, galSi brundebodnen galelebi, mi-
hyavdaT micvalebulebi, apatiosnebdnen winaparTa safla-
vebs, Tavidan iwyebdnen cxovrebas miwurebSi, avtomanqanis
farexebSi, kibeebis qveS, saZroxeebSi, saqaTmeebSi, axerxebd-
nen qoxmaxebis aSenebas, ramac reJimi aiZula Seecvala taqti-
ka; soxumma gadawyvita `SubliT~ ar datakeboda avtoqton
mosaxleobas (Tumca arZinbas mogvianebiTi gancxadebiT,
man galSi ufro meti afxazi meomari dakarga, vidre mTeli
konfliqtis periodSi) da Seecada galis raionis uCveulod
tradiciuli, amtani da mSromeli mosaxleoba gamoeyenebina
soflis meurneobis produqciis Semqmnelad, raTa moemara-
gebina afxazeTis dedaqalaqis damSeuli mosaxleoba.
samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom arc Semcdar-
an; galis `sakolmeurneo bazari~ dRemde yvelze mdidari
da uxvia afxazeTSi da mniSvnelovanwilad amaragebs zug-
didis raionsac. faqtia, rom raionis mosaxleoba sursaT-
sanovages awvdis da exmareba engurs gamoRma myof devnil
ojaxebsa da axloblebs.
xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebasac, rom qarTvelTa na-
Tesavi da axlobeli afxazi mosaxleoba, romelsac gulwr-
felad afiqrebs devnili mosaxleobis mimarT gamoCenili
usamarTloba, SeZlebisdagvarad urCevda reJims xeli ar
SeSloda afxazeTSi qarTveli mosaxleobis dabrunebas,
upirvelesad, galis raionSi.

232
 reJims eSinia qarTvelebis, amitomac periodulad mi-
marTavs eTnikuri niSniT wmendas; 1995 wlis martSi, 1996
wlis ivnisSi, 1997 wlis ivlisSi, gansakuTrebiT,_1998 wlis
maisSi, xelaxla gadawves galis raioni, daxoces mSvidobia-
ni mosaxleoba, praqtikulad xelaxla devnilebad aqcies
raionis mTeli mosaxleoba.
darCebian Tu ara galeli qarTvelebi galSi, es mxolod
da mxolod maTi gadasawyvetia, pozitiuria, Tu negatiuri
maTi roli da adgili, esec gonieri mkiTxvelisa da serio-
zuli saxelmwifo moRvaweebis gansasjelia. am movlenis
filosofiur, fsiqologiur, anTropologiur, humani-
tarul Tu sxva mizezTa axsna ki mecnierTa problemaa.
erTi ram ki dResaviT naTelia: afxazeTSi, galis raionSi
arian qarTvelebi, cxovroben, mravldebian, agrZeleben si-
cocxles; gausaZlisia maTi yofa, magram isini iyvnen, arian
da iqnebian sakuTari miwis, winaparTa samSoblos, mama-papa-
Ta saflavebis erTgulni da uRalatoni. gavlen wlebi da
moinaxebian adamianebi, romlebic ityvian, rom swored gal-
elTa Svilebma gadaarCines engurhesi, qveynis energetikis
giganti, qarTvelTa da afxazTa urTierTobis erTaderTi
Zafi; iqneb bevrma ar icis, rom engurhesi, Tu ara misi Tavka-
cis, aw gansvenebuli giorgi miqavasa da misi Tanamoazree-
bis piradi Tavganwirva, didi xnis winaT iqneboda daSlili
da jarTad gayiduli.
Tu ara galelebi, vin icis ramdeni tura da mgeli moiwy-
obda bunags erT dros ayvavebul galis raionis soflebSi,
romelic gauval tyed da Waobad gadaiqceoda mSromeli ka-
cis Toxisa da celis gareSe.
Tu ara galelebi, vin icis, rogori iqneboda afxazuri
`rkinis farda~ engurze (galelma devnilebma 1994 wlis Se-
modgomaze, qalaq zugdidSi myofi aSS saxelmwifo mdivani
madlen olbraiti gavafrTxileT `axali berlinis kedelis~
safrTxeze, rac imJamad farTod gaaSuqa msoflio mediam),

233
vin Seakavebda sxvaTa miwis maZieblebs Tu saqmosnebs ucxo
da mezobeli qveynebidan, vis Caasaxlebdnen galSi, iqnebo-
da ki skolebi da saavadmyofoebi, klubebi, qarTuli sityva,
simRera Tu Wiris moTqma, mSobliuri zne da wesi afxazeTSi.
Tu RmerTma ineba (ar meeWveba, rom ase iqneba), galis
mosaxleoba iqneba afxaz mosaxleobasTan didi Serigebis
erT-erTi mTavari Zala, vinaidan afxazeTs momavali ara
aqvs galis mosaxleobis gareSe, rac gudauTaSic Zalian
kargad moexsenebaT.
ucxoel eqspertebs, romlebic Cadian afxazeTSi, miaCni-
aT, rom Tu ara galis mosaxleobis dabruneba, afxazeTSi sa-
qarTvelos ar eqneboda kompaqturi qarTuli dasaxleba, so-
cialuri da kulturuli erToba, romelic udrtvinvelad
emsaxureba saqarTvelos erovnul interesebs afxazeTSi.
galsa da galelebs kritika ki ara, efeqturi Tanadgoma,
yoveldRiuri yuradReba, adekvaturi materialuri, fin-
ansuri, socialuri, samarTlebrivi, moraluri Tanadgoma
sWirdeba, Tumca kargad viciT, rom amJamad es araa advi-
li, ufro metic, metad mZimea. mxedvelobaSi maqvs bolo
aTwleulSi saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi, eko-
nomikuri da sulieri dacema. rogorc ityvian, aRmarTi
CamTavrdeba da uTuod gavivakebT; Cvens istorias uare-
sic axsovs, magram Rirseulad gamovsulvarT, Tanac ufro
Zlierebi. amaswinaT uwmindesma da unetaresma dagvmoZRv-
ra _ ar unda SevSindeT, uflis madli, rogorc moqmedebda
qristeSobidan, iseve moqmedebs XXI saukuneSic.
esec kargad ician galSi, ician da loculoben deda sa-
qarTvelosTvis, aravis ganikiTxaven ganukiTxavad, ar kar-
gaven sasoebas. maT sjeraT, rom mtyuansa da marTals dro
da istoria gansjis, yvelas da yvelafers Tavis adgils mi-
uCens.
`saqarTvelos respublka,~
23 agvisto, 2003w.

234
 afxazeTis gansakuTrebuli raioni
es axali saxelwodeba separatistebisgan bolo
dros miiRo me-17 saukunis dasawyisidan afxazeT-
Si Semavalma da didi xniT `samurzayanod monaT-
lulma~ galis raionma.

saqarTveloSi da sakuTriv afxazeTSi istoriuli qar-

texilebis Jams galis raionis teritoriaze mcxovrebi ab-
origeni qarTuli mosaxleoba erTgvari buferisa da qar-
Tul-afxazuri urTierTobis upirvelesi momwesrigeblis
rols asrulebda.
xalxSi da akademiur wreebSic miCneulia, rom mdinare
bzifis aqeTa teritoria, Zveli sabediano, maT Soris galis
raionis miwebi, iyo upirvelesi akvani im adamianebisa (adre
afxazeTis mefeebis sagvareulo, giorgi Wyondidelis de-
duleTi, mogvianebiT ServaSiZeebis, emxvarebis, marSanie-
bis, marRaniebis, Cqotuebis da mraval sxvaTa, aseve gamo-
Cenil adgilobriv qarTvel TavadaznaurTa), romlebic
qmnidnen afxazeTis istorias, ziar TviTmyofad kultu-
ras, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi ayalibebdnen qarTvelTa da
afxazTa tradiciul ndobasa da megobrobas, awesrigebd-
nen qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaSi drodadro TavCenil
problemebs.
soxumis reJimma am gansakuTrebuli politikuri misiis
gamo galis raioni mizanSi amoiRo da klasikuri formiT ga-
naxorciela adgilobrivi mosaxleobis genocidi da eTni-
kuri wmenda. soxumis saokupacio reJimi saTanado eTniku-
ri warmomavlobiT SerCeuli adamianebis meSveobiT (mxed-
velobaSia qalaq galis da galis raionis administraciis
xelmZRvanelebi, soflebis gamgeblebi, miliciis, uSiSroe-
bis samsaxuris raionuli ganyofilebis ufrosebi da sxva)
galelTa mimarT dRemde axorcielebs veragul politikas.

235
 visac aqvs saSualeba xandaxan mainc miadevnos Tvali
soxumSi gamomaval samTavrobo Tu opoziciur (metad pi-
robiTia es terminebi) gazeTebs, darwmundeba, rom reJimi
cdilobs galis raioni gadaaqcios engurgamoRma saqarT-
velos mimarT warmoebuli ideologiuri omis placdarmad.
mxedvelobaSi maqvs provokaciuli da cilismwamebluri
publikaciebi samegrelos avtonomiis Seqmnis aucileblo-
bis, megrelebisa da samegrelos mimarT centraluri xeli-
suflebis negatiuri damokidebulebis, megruli eTnosis
genocidis, mSobliuri enis warTmevis Sesaxeb da mravali
sxva. paradoqsia, rom am paskvilebis avtorebad, rogorc
wesi, gvevlinebian Cveni moZme somexi eris warmomadgen-
lebi, maT Soris da upiratesad, somexTa didi genocidis
periodSi (1915-1916 wlebi) afxazeTSi gadmosaxlebulTa
memkvidreebi. samwuxarod, isini daufarav zizRs avlenen
adgilobrivi qarTvelebis mimarT. maTi `mtkicebiT~ isini
devnilebi ki ar arian, aramed istoriuli samarTlianobis
aRdgenis Sedegad TavianT saxlebSi dabrunebulebi.
amas winaT, gazeT `respublika afxaziaSi~ (29-30 marti,
#32) gazeT `moskovski komsomolecze~ dayrdnobiT da sa-
kuTari mimomxilvelis komentariT gamoqveynda morigi
antiqarTuli nayalbevi saTauriT_`berZenTa eTnikuri
wmenda, anu xalxTa megobroba qarTulad.~ mizani kvlav ve-
ragulia: `veluri svanebi,~ Turme, berZnebs aviwroebdnen
afxazeTSi da aiZulebdnen mSobliuri adgilebis datove-
bas.~ niSandoblivia, rom gazeTis es nomeri mTlianad daa-
riges galis raionSi.
bolo dros soxumis oficialur wreebSi galis raionis
mosaxleobis `metismeti proqarTuli ganwyobis~ Taoba-
ze laparaks mouxSires. axali termini_`afxazeTis gansa-
kuTrebuli raioni,~ swored am sakiTxs ukavSirdeba. Znelia
imis ganWvreta, Tu kidev ras upireben galis mosaxleobas,
magram faqtia, rom raRac axalia mosalodneli, Tumca, Se-

236
saZloa, es aramarto galis mosaxleobaze iyos gaTvlili.
galSi ki grZeldeba okupacia, seriozuli Ria da faru-
li muSaoba qarTuli sulis Casaklavad, adamianTa, gansa-
kuTrebiT axalgazrdebis, iseTi jgufebis Sesaqmnelad,
romlebmac raionis qarTuli mosaxleobis sulis gasatexad
destruqciuli roli unda Seasrulon. am mizniT qmnian
mudmivi SiSis atmosferos, dasmenis sistemas, avrceleben
gaugonar Worebs, Zlieri da udreki adamianebis winaaRm-
deg mimarTaven saxelis gatexas, damcirebas, Rirsebis Se-
laxvas, `mouTviniereblebs~ ki fizikurad uswordebian.
am mizans emsaxureboda mimdinare wels galSi ramdenime
niWieri da unariani axalgazrdas gataceba da mowamebrivi
aRsasruli; afeTqebebi da mkvlelobebi; gaerosa da euTos
erToblivi Semmowmebeli misiis (eSma-s) mier 2000 wels Ca-
tarebuli monitoringis Sedegebis uyuradRebod dato-
veba; galis raionSi mSobliur enaze swavlebis sakiTxis
mowesrigebis dakonserveba, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis
soxumis ofisis galis filialis gaxsnis moTxovnisadmi
wayrueba da sxva. reJimis mesveurebs sasacilod ar yofniT
saqarTvelosa da ruseTis prezidentebis Sexvedraze mi-
Rebuli erToblivi deklaraciis Sesruleba, romelic gu-
lisxmobs samSvidobo Zalebis mandatis Secvlas, afxazeTSi
devnilTa dabrunebis dawyebas, raionis marTvis gardamava-
li organos Seqmnas. ufro metic, erTgvari siamayiT lapa-
rakoben rkinigzis calmxrivad gaxsnaze, babuSeras aero-
portis aRdgenaze da sxva.
SemaSfoTebelia, rom egreTwodebuli afxazuri mili-
ciis saxeliT, amJamad galis raionSi mkvidrad moikides
fexi afxazeTSi cnobili kriminaluri avtoritetebis_
kirTaZis, buTbas, turanbas jgufebma, romlebic daZrwian
soflebSi, adgilobriv `niRbianebTan~ erTad ayaCaReben
mosaxleobas, itaceben avtomanqanebs, fizikurad uswor-
debian avtoritetul adamianebs. arsebobs informacia,

237
rom afxazuri da rusuli specsamsaxurebi raionis yvela
dasaxlebaSi cdiloben dasayrdenis povnas.
reJimi demoralizaciis tradiciul formebsac mimar-
Tavs. faqtiurad waxalisebulia narkotikuli mcenareebis
moyvana, warmoeba, gadamuSaveba, realizacia da moxmareba.
samwuxarod, mTlianad afxazeTSi da maT Soris galis rai-
onSi arsebuli umZimesi socialuri foni xelsayrel piro-
bebs qmnis narkotikuli nivTierebebis masobrivi moxmare-
bisTvis.
mosaxleobaSi matulobs ieRovas mimdevarTa raodeno-
ba. gaWirveba da uimedoba aiZulebs adamianebs ieRovas
da sxva seqtebis `mxsnelad~ gamocxadebuli mimdevrebis
(romlebic materialurad exmarebian mosaxleobas) qada-
gebebi isminon. samwuxarod, afxazeTSi, galSi ver moxerxda
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gaxsna, romlis kategoriuli
winaaRmdegia soxumis reJimi.
separatistebi xels uSlian raionSi avtoritetuli da
ganaTlebuli adamianebis dabrunebas.
galSi mosaxleoba xSirad SimSilobs da amisi upirvele-
si mizezia saxnav-saTesi teqnikis da sasuqebis uqonloba,
miwebis xelaxali daWaobeba. metad Zviria Sxamqimikatebi,
pirutyvs musrs avlebs epidemia, xelmiuwvdomelia vete-
rinaruli saSualebebi. gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobaa
qveda zonis soflebSi.
samwuxarod, yovelive es `SeumCneveli~ rCebaT afxazeT-
Si moqmed saerTaSoriso organizaciebs, `mSvidobis mSe-
neblobisa da Serigebis calkeul arqiteqtorebs,~ romle-
bic mravali welia reJimis mZevlebi gaxdnen. cxadia, amgvar
`saxalxo~ diplomatias araviTari pozitiuri Sedegi ar
moaqvs, piriqiT, Tavisdauneburad xels uwyobs afxazeTis
damoukideblobis iluziis ganmtkicebas.
miuxedavad amis, galis mosaxleoba mTlianobaSi mt-
kicea da sulierad gautexeli, Tavisi genetikuri kodisa

238
da erTiani samSoblos erTguli. reJimi iZulebulia, rom
am faqts angariSi gauwios. es gamoixateba qarTuli enis,
Tundac farul swavlebaze Tvalis daxuWviT, simRerisa da
cekvis raionuli ansamblis, fexburTis, Ziudos, sxva spor-
tuli jgufebis Seqmnis daSvebiT.
gali cocxlobs, gali ibrZvis, galelebs undaT daije-
ron, rom maTTan aris mTeli saqarTvelo, maTTan arian
qveynis gamoCenili Svilebi da Tu kidev ufro gauWirde-
baT, mxolod uflis imediT ar darCebian.
galis raioni namdvilad iyo da aris gansakuTrebuli
Tavisi roliT da adgiliT sruliad saqarTvelos isto-
riaSi da qarTul_afxazur urTierTobebSi. amaswinaT sa-
qarTvelos prezidentma da parlamentma SeimuSaves da
sazogadoebas waredgina afxazeTSi, pirvel etapad galis
raionSi, igp-Ta nebayoflobiT da etapobrivad dabrunebis
koncefcia, rac moiwona saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobam,
Tumca am sakiTxisadmi qveynis SigniT gansxvavebuli mosaz-
reba dRemde arsebobs.
galSi mosaxleobis dabrunebas alternativa ara aqvs,
vinaidan raionis mosaxleobis eTnikuri erTgvarovnebis
gamo nakleb savaraudoa konfliqtis ganaxlebis riski; ga-
lis raioni (romelic ganfenilia Zveli samurzayanos teri-
toriaze, yovelTvis iyo afxazebis da qarTvelebis gamaer-
Tianebeli rgoli da xidi, sanaTesavo, saZmo, saaxloblo
areali, sadac qarTvelebi da afxazebi uxsovari droidan
aTasi adamianuri ZafebiT arian gadabmuli erTmaneTTan,
warsulTan da momavalTan; raionis mosaxleobis kultu-
ra da yofa warmoadgens saukeTeso qarTuli da afxazuri
tradiciebis, zne-Cveulebebis urTierTgavleniT da Ser-
wymiT miRebul originalur nazavs, unikalur fenomens,
romelze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebelia konfliqtis mogvare-
bis pozitiuri fonis Seqmna. swored amitom galis raionma
unda Seasrulos is misia, romelic mas istoriulad akisria

239
qarTul_afxazuri konfliqtis mSvidobiani gziT mogvare-
bis saqmeSi. am optimizmis safuZvelia adamianuri siaxlo-
visa da ndobis faqtori, mezoblobis da megobrobis tra-
diciuli instrumentebi, ekonomikuri solidarobis ber-
ketebi da fizikuri da sulieri gadarCenisTvis Seucvle-
li resursebi. miuxedavad omisa da ubedurebisa, rac Tavs
dagvatyda afxazebsa da qarTvelebs, optimizmisa da didi
Serigebis rwmenis sawindaria Cveni xalxebis didsulovneba
da sibrZne, qristianuli mimteveblobis amouwuravi unari,
saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mzadyofna, didi saerTaSori-
so Tanadgoma.
`afxazeTis gansakuTrebul raions~ Zalian unda ir-
wmunos, rom xelisuflebisTvis erTmaneTTan brZolaSi
qancgaclil partiebs afxazeTis da galis mosaxleoba-
ze zrunvasTan dakavSirebiT Tavisi dapirebebi saarCevno
oromtrialis dasrulebisTanave ar daaviwydebaT.
erTma galelma axlgazrdam gamoxata Tanatolebis azri
da gvTxova Zveli ebraelebis darad erTmaneTi gavamxne-
voT SemoZaxiliT: `male iq Sexvedramde!~
marTalia es axalgazrda kaci, sxva gza, jerjerobiT, ar
Cans soxumis reJimisTvis e.w. gansakuTrebul raionSi da
mTlianad afxazeTSi.

`dilis gazeTi.~
12 maisi, 2003w.

240
 saqarTvelos parlamenti:
rogor gaxdes igi ufro qmediTi?
(Tvalsazrisi)

`dRiTidRe miZlierdeba rwmena, rom Cveni po-

litikuri aristokratia, Cvens parazitul ele-
mentebTan erTad, klavs ingliss. imedis mcire na-
perwkalsac ver vxedav. rac Seexeba xalxs, man ise
mkveTrad aqcia zurgi parlamentsac, mTavrobasac
da orives mimarT iseTi gulgrilia, rom es mdgo-
mareoba me Zalian maSfoTebs.~
Carlz dikensi

sakiTxi metad rTulia da damokidebulia mraval fa-

qtorze. amovideT iqidan, rom idealur SemTxvevasTan gva-
qvs saqme da saparlamento arCevnebze xalxma im politikur
Zalas dauWira mxari, romelsac aqvs myari msoflmxedve-
loba, qveynis krizisidan gamoyvanis realuri programa,
anu qveyanas hyavs mravalpartiuli sistemiT da samarTli-
an saarCevno viTarebaSi arCeuli parlamenti.
2 noembris saparlamento arCevnebTan dakavSirebuli
movlenebi sayovelTaod cnobilia. mosalodnelia, rom
jer kidev arsebuli vnebaTaRelva male Cacxreba da ar
iqneba daSvebuli sisxliani konfrontacia; rogorc sa-
kuTari istoriis mware gamocdilebidan viciT, qveyanaSi
mkveTri dapirispireba aravis moutans sikeTes: 1918-1921
wlebis, aseve 1991-1992 wlebis dekember-ianvris sastiki
gakveTilebi ar unda dagvaviwydes!
rogoric ar unda iyos sazogadoebis garkveul nawilSi
damokidebuleba sxvadasxva mowvevis saqarTvelos parla-
mentisadmi, sayovelTao TvalsazrisiT, qarTuli demokra-
tiis es axalgazrda instituti Sedga da Tavis movaleobas
asrulebs. parlamentarizmis xangrZlivi praqtikis mqone

241
qveynebis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba CaiTva-
los, rom saqarTvelos parlamentma urTules pirobebSi,
roca sabWoTa saxelmwifo daingra da dadga gardamavali
periodi (aseT radikalur cvlilebebs istoriaSi analogi
ara aqvs) parlamentma, misma wevrebma metnaklebad gaarT-
ves Tavi maTze dakisrebuli movaleobas.
iyo problemebi, naklovanebebi, tragikuli Secdome-
bi, gaugebrobani, krizisebi, magram iyo saxelmwifoebrivi
aRmSeneblobis mcdeloba, ramac saqarTvelos damoukide-
bel, suverenul saxelmwifod gadaqcevaSi, mis saerTaSo-
riso aRiarebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana.
bunebrivia, rom miuxedavad konstituciis Sesabamisad
xelisuflebis mkacri danawilebis (gamijvnis) principis
deklarirebisa, uzenaesi saxelmwifoebrivi interesebidan
gamomdinare, nebismier qveyanaSi urTierTgawonaworobis,
urTierTganpirobebis da erTmaneTis winaSe pasuxismge-
blobis gareSe (raSic upiratesad adamianuri faqtoria
gadamwyveti) xelisuflebis da saxelmwifos mdgradoba da
stabiluroba SeuZlebelia.
saqarTvelos parlaments ukve aqvs TviTmyofadi saxe,
TviTmmarTvelobis Camoyalibebuli meqanizmebi, saparla-
mento moRvaweobis sakuTari tradiciebi, rac unda Senar-
Cundes da ganviTardes qarTveli xalxis mentalitetis
da adgilobrivi Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. erTi
sityviT, SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom didi demokratiebis sa-
xelmwifoTa gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT saqarTvelom
moaxerxa Seeqmna sakuTari xalxis, sakuTari sinamdvilis
adekvaturi saparlamento sistema, Tumca is Zalze norCia.
magram cxadia, rom parlaments, rogorc yovel cocxal
organizms, aqvs Tavisi ganviTarebis etapebi, stadiebi,
srulyofis amouwuravi potenciali.
xalxi, gansakuTrebiT misi aqtiuri nawili fiqrobs, rom
parlamenti mowodebis simaRleze dadgeba; mxedvelobaSi

242
maqvs amomrCevlebisa da mosaxleobisadmi, erTguleba, sa-
xelmwifosa da misi moqalaqeebis interesebis sadarajoze
dgoma, pirovnebis Tavisuflebis, wesrigis, samarTliano-
bis, keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa, kanonis uzenaesobaze
dafuZnebuli, samarTlebrivi, socialurad orientire-
buli axali saqarTvelos aRmSenebloba, qveynis terito-
riuli mTlianobis aRdgena.
am didi miznis misaRwevad axal (ama Tu Semdgomi mowve-
vis) parlaments mouwevs saqmianobis Semdgomi srulyo-
fa, organizaciuli wyobisa da struqturis ganviTareba
(transformacia), axali politikuri speqtris Sesabamisad
muSaobis optimizacia ise, rogorc yvela ganviTarebul
demokratiul saxelmwifoSia aprobirebuli, mWidro, ara-
formaluri TanamSromloba aRmasrulebeli xelisufle-
basTan, sadavo sakiTxebze konsensusis miRwevis efeqturi
berketebis Seqmna.
Cveni cametwliani saparlamento gamocdilebis analizi
adasturebs, rom parlamentis efeqturi saqmianoba SeuZ-
lebelia parlamentis da misi struqturis, xelmZRvaneli
organoebis imgvari formirebis gareSe, rom uzrunvelyo-
fil iqnas xelisuflebis sxva StoebTan wonasworoba, Ta-
namSromloba, rac tradiciuli saprezidento_saparla-
mento wyobilebis qveynebSic sruliadac ar gulisxmobs
koliziebis, mwvave diskusiebis ararsebobas.
nebismieri parlamentis saqmianobaSi gadamwyvetia fraq-
ciaTa roli da adgili. met-naklebad asevea CvenTanac. bu-
nebrivia, rom arCevnebSi gamarjvebuli partiebi CvenSiac
Seqmnian umravlesobas da umciresobas, sxva fraqciebs,
romlebic mniSvnelovan wvlils Seitanen parlamentis saq-
mianobaSi, qveyanaSi demokratiuli procesebis ganviTare-
basa da demokratiuli kulturis damkvidrebaSi.
vfiqrob, rom qveyanaSi politikur ZalTa amJamad ar-
sebuli balansis Sesabamisad axalarCeul parlamentSi

243
aucilebelia fraqciaTa rolis axleburi gaazreba; Cvens
sinamdvileSi saWiroa fraqciaTa didi saTaTbiros Seqm-
na, romelic, rogorc dasavleTis mTel rig sxva qveynebSi,
ZiriTad rols iTamaSebs mTeli parlamentis stabilur da
efeqtur muSaobaSi, erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi mniSv-
nelobis sakiTxebze Sejerebuli gadawyvetilebis miRe-
baSi. eqspertTa mier pozitiurad aris miCneuli saTaTbi-
roSi e.w. uxucesTa sabWos Seqmna gamocdili deputatebis
monawileobiT.
metad mniSvnelovania parlamentis mmarTveli orga-
nos formireba, rogorc muSa organosi, romelic unda
iyos gawonaworebuli saparlamento saqmianobis kolegi-
uri lokomotivi. amasTan, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
aqvs mmarTvel organoSi didi cxovrebiseuli gamocdile-
bis mqone, gamWriaxi, konsensusis unaris mqone adamianebis
monawileobas, raTa naklebi iyos ganxeTqilebis albaToba.
parlamentis Tavmjdomare gadamwyveti figuraa. gamoc-
dileba adasturebs, rom mis kompetenturobaze, erudi-
ciasa da pirovnul Tvisebebzea bevri ram aris damokide-
buli. mravali qveynis gamocdileba adasturebs, rom par-
lamentis efeqturi saqmianoba mniSvnelovanwilad gansaz-
Rvrulia parlamentis Tavmjdomaris profesiuli da pira-
di adamianuri TvisebebiT.
bunebrivia, rom mravalpartiul, miT ufro Wreli po-
litikuri mozaikis parlamentSi, Tavmjdomaris moadgi-
leTa SerCevaSi Tavisufali arCevani garkveulad SezRu-
dulia, magram yovelTvis aris SesaZlebeli iseTi adamiane-
bis gamonaxva, romelTac aqvT kargad Serwymuli partiuli
da saxelmwifo moRvawis niWi da unar-Cvevebi, komunika-
beluroba, adamianebTan muSaobis gamocdileba, amasTan,
aucilebelia parlamentis Tavmjdomaris yvela moadgiles
reglamentma mkafiod ganusazRvros uflebebi da mova-
leobani, zusti kompetenciebi da pasuxismgeblobis ubnebi.

244
vfiqrob, rom am TvalsazrisiT, wina parlamentSi yvelafe-
ri Tavis adgilze ar iyo.
wina mowvevis parlamentSi mmarTveli organo iyo par-
lamentis biuro sakmaod farTo SemadgenlobiT. eqsper-
tebs miaCniaT, rom misTvis damaxasiaTebeli pozitiur mo-
mentebTan erTad, ricxobrivi da Tvisobrivi parametrebi
yovelTvis ar iZleoda optimaluri marTvis garantias,
miT ufro, partiuli dapirispirebis viTarebaSi. rig qvey-
nebSi, Cveni parlamentis biuros nacvlad, mmarTvel or-
ganod moiazreba Tavmjdomare da moadgileebi, romlebic
mWidrod (yoveldRiurad) urTierToben fraqciebTan da
uxucesTa sabWosTan. es sakiTxic ganxilvas moiTxovs.
qarTul parlaments fraqciaTa mravalricxovnobis
pirobebSic met-naklebad awyobili sakomiteto sistema
hqonda, romelic partiaTa mkveTri dapirispirebis war-
moSobamde da dapirispirebis pirobebSic kargad arTmevda
Tavs dakisrebuli movaleobis Sesrulebas. bzari gaCnda,
roca warmoiSva Seurigebeli dapirispireba parlamentSi
warmodgenil fraqciaTa Soris. cxadia, rom aseTi dapi-
rispireba TiTqmis yovelTvis ganapirobebs SeuTanxmeblo-
bas (konfrontacias) aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasTan,
ramac SeiZleba ara marto xangrZlivi xasiaTi miiRos, ara-
med ganapirobos politikuri krizisi, saTave daudos sa-
moqalaqo ganxeTqilebasa da ukmayofilebas mosaxleobaSi
Sorsmimavali SedegebiT.
parlamentis Tavmjdomares, rogorc politikur moR-
vawes konstitucia ar ukrZalavs iyos opoziciaSi prezi-
dentTan, iyos prezidentobis kandidati, magram aseT viTa-
rebaSi, logikuria politikuri krizisis maRali albaToba,
xelisuflebis mTlianobis Seryeva, vakuumi mmarTvelobis
garkveul ubnebSi. aseTi mdgomareoba didi demokratiis
bevr qveyanaSic gansakuTrebul simwvaves iZens saparlamen-
to da saprezidento arCevnebis periodSi. xelisuflebaSi

245
myari stabilurobis SesanarCuneblad, iqneb, saWiro iyos
dakanoneba imisa, rom parlamentis Tavmjdomarem Tavis
movaleobaTa garkveuli nawilis (an mTlianad) Sesruleba
dadgenili wesiT da vadiT daavalos erT-erT politiku-
rad neitralur moadgiles, raTa parlamentma gaagrZelos
normaluri saqmianoba. amasTan dakavSirebiT eqspertebi
Tvlian, rom prezidentisadmi opoziciurad ganwyobili
Tavmjdomarem droulad unda datovos Tanamdeboba. gansa-
kuTrebiT maRalia parlamentis Tavmjdomaris pasuxismge-
bloba, roca mas uwevs qveynis prezidentis movaleobis Ses-
ruleba. politikis istorias mravali magaliTi aqvs imisa,
roca qveyanas aralegitimurad (kanongareSe) marTavda e.w.
droebiT gadamdgari prezidenti da misi gundi, saarCevno
kompaniaSi SeuzRudavad iyenebda saxelmwifo resursebs,
gaqtiurad mitacebuli hqonda saxelmwifo xelisufleba.
es sakiTxebi, Cemi azriT, imdenad seriozuli da proble-
muria, rom politikuri krizisisa dapirispirebis Tavidan
asacileblad axleburad unda aisaxos konstituciaSi.
parlamentis komitetebis funqciebi ganisazRvreba
qveynis winaSe mdgari amocanebiT, magram, radganac kon-
stituciiT parlamenti gansazRvravs qveynis saSinao da
sagareo politikis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs da, amdenad,
parlamentis komitetebis politikuri funqciebi mniSv-
nelovanwilad identuria aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
(mTavrobis), saministroebis, uwyebebis, saxelmwifo da-
wesebulebebisa kanonSemoqmedebis da zedamxedvelobis
TvalsazrisiT. amiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom ganviTare-
buli demokratiis qveynebSi saxelisuflebo Stoebis saq-
mianobis koordinaciisa da SeTanxmebuli muSaobis uzrun-
velsayofad maTi saxelwodebebic, rogorc wesi, identu-
ria. aRniSnuli ar niSnavs maT saqmianobaSi paralelurobas,
aramed jansaR TanamSromlobas konstituciiTa da kanoniT
dadgenili kompetenciebis farglebSi.

246
 germaniis federaciuli respublikis me-14 mowvevis
bundestagSi 23 komiteti iyo, kerZod, arCevnebis Sedegebis
Semowmebis; saparlamento imunitetisa da reglamentis; pe-
ticiebis; sagareo saqmeTa; saSinao saqmeTa; samarTlisa da
TavisuflebaTa sakiTxebis; finansTa; biujetis; ekonomiki-
sa da teqnologiebis; agrarul sakiTxTa; tyeTa da resur-
sebis; Sromisa da socialur sakiTxTa; Tavdacvis sakiTx-
Ta; ojaxis, moxucTa, qalTa da axalgazrdobis; jandacvis;
transportis; mSeneblobis da samSeneblo saqmis; garemos
dacvis sakiTxTa; adamianis uflebaTa da humanitaruli sa-
kiTxebis; ganaTlebis; gamokvlevebis da teqnikuri ganviTa-
rebis; turizmis; evrokavSirTan urTierTobis; kulturisa
da masobrivi informaciis saSualebaTa. Sesabamisad TiTq-
mis amdenive iyo Tanamosaxele centraluri saministroebi,
uwyebebi da dawesebulebebi.
Cvens parlamentSic SesaZlebelia metnaklebad msgavsi
modelis SerCeva da Sejereba iseTi komitetebiT, romle-
bic aucilebelia Cveni qveynis realobis gaTvaliswinebiT.
swori iqneboda komitetebisa da saministroebis saxel-
wodebebi da politikuri uflebamosilebani uaxlovde-
bodnen an emTxveodnen erTmaneTs, raTa uzrunvelyofil
iqnas konstruqciuli TanamSromloba, kolegialuri sa-
qmianoba, konfrontaciis albaTobis Semcireba, saerTo
enis gamonaxvis maRali albaToba urTules sakiTxebSic ki.
komitetebisa da saministroebis `dabal doneze~ miRweu-
li SeTanxmeba Searbilebs orive saxelisuflo Stos zeda
eSelonebs Soris SesaZlo dapirispirebas, miT ufro mwvave
konfrontaciis warmoSobas.
germaniis bundestagSi qveynisaTvis umniSvnelovanes
sakiTxebze komitetebs aqvT uflebamosileba Caataron e.w.
gafarToebuli sxdomebi, sajaro mosmenebi, anu iqcnen `mini
parlamentebad,~ romelic SeiZleba translirebul iqnas
telearxebiT qveynis masStabiT. am gziT Zlieri komitete-

247
bi gaaTavisufleben parlaments wvrilmani, yoveldRiuri
rutinuli procedurebisgan.
wina mowvevis parlamentSi deputatis imunitetTan da-
kavSirebiT azrTa mravalgvarobis gamo, saWiroa momzad-
des kanonproeqti `parlamentis wevris statusis Sesaxeb~
kanonSi cvlilebebis Setanis Taobaze. deputati daculi
unda iyos, magram imdenad ara, rom, rogorc xalxSi amboben,
parlamenti gaxdes saeWvo reputaciis adamianTa TavSesa-
fari. sazogadoebaSi, rogorc ityvian, bolomde gacnobie-
rebuli aris sakanonmdeblo lobirebis praqtika, romelic
SeiZleba gaxdes sakanonmdeblo saqmianobisa da dadgenili
procedurebis gamrudebis wyaro.
komitetSi, bunebrivia, iqnebian qvekomitetebic. iqneb
dadga dro, Cveni parlamentis sagareo sakiTxTa komitet-
Sic Seiqmnas farTo uflebebis mqone qvekomiteti, maga-
liTad, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciasTan an regio-
nalur da subregionalur saerTaSoriso gaerTianebebTan
urTierTobis sakiTxebze, raTa am mimarTulebiT saqmiano-
ba atarebdes sistemur xasiaTs.
aSS kongresSi damkvidrebulia kongresis mudmivmoqme-
di komisiebis Seqmnis praqtika da TviT es komisiebi senatsa
da warmomadgenlobiT palatebSi, identuria. miCneulia,
rom es metad efeqturia da politikurad mizanSewonili.
SedarebisTvis, sainteresoa aSS warmomadgenelTa pala-
tebis mudmivmoqmedi komisiebi: soflis meurneobis miz-
nobrivi dafinansebis; samxedro samsaxuris; sabanko, safin-
anso da saqalaqo sakiTxebis; sabiujeto; kolumbiis olqis;
ganaTlebis da Sromis; energetikisa da vaWrobis; sagareo
saqmeTa; mTavrobis saqmianobis; palatis administraciis;
Sinagan saqmeTa; iuridiuli; savaWro flotisa da TevzWe-
ris; safosto da samoqalaqo samsaxuris; sazogadoebriv
samsaxurTa da tranzitis wesebis; mecnierebis, kosmosisa
da teqnikis; mcire biznesis; qcevis normebis; veteranTa sa-

248
qmeebis dafinansebis; gzebisa da saSualebebis. iqneb saWiro
iyos am gamocdilebis Taobaze dafiqreba.
axali parlamentis muSaobis dawyebisTanave, albaT,
saWiroa fraqciaTa Sorisi komisiis Seqmna parlamentis
struqturuli reformis Taobaze.
metad sainteresoa aSS kongresis orive palataSi
samTavrobo saqmeTa komisiis arsebobis faqti, romelmac
istoriulad umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula mTavrobi-
sa da kongresis normaluri urTierTobis uzrunvelyofa-
Si. Sesabamisad, kongresTan urTierTobis samsaxuri (sadac
ramdenime aseuli TanamSromeli muSaobs), arsebobs aSS sa-
xelmwifo departamentSi, romelsac TiTqmis yoveldRi-
uri kavSiri aqvs kongresis Sesabamis komitetebTan, awes-
rigebs bunebrivad warmoSobil gansxvavebul poziciebs da
axsenebs Sesabamis xelmZRvanelebsa da saxelisuflo Stoe-
bs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom germaniis bundestagSi dawesebulia
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis sakiTxSi bundestagis uflebamosi-
lis Tanamdeboba, romelsac savsebiT zustad gansazRvru-
li funqcia aqvs. samxedro sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT Cven-
Si arsebuli problemebisa da natoSi gawevrianebis perspe-
qtivasTan dakavSirebiT, iqneb mizanSewonili iyos saqarT-
velos parlamentSic Sesabamisi Tanamdebobis arseboba.
xelisuflebis Stoebs Soris mowesrigebuli urTier-
Tobis uzrunvelyofaSi umniSvnelovanesi roli akisria
qveynis prezidents. aSS prezidenti (asevea saprezidento
respublikebis umetesobaSi) ama Tu im mniSvnelovan sa-
xelmwifo sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT xvdeba fraqciebis
xelmZRvanelebs, wamyvan komitetebs, deputatTa jgufebs.
rogorc wesi, es yvelaze mokle gzaa konsensusis misaRwe-
vad.
mravali obieqturi da subieqturi mizezis gamo wina
mowvevis parlamentebSi bevri sakanonmdeblo aqti miiRe-

249
boda naCqarevad da zereled. amaze metyvelebs Tundac is
faqti, rom zogierTi kanonis moculoba masSi Setanili
cvlilebebiT da damatebebiT 5-6 jer aRemateba Tavdapir-
vel kanons, amasTan, cvlilebebis Setana xdeboda kanonis
miRebidan ramdenime kviraSic ki. imedia, rom saqme ar gva-
qvs kanonproeqtebis morgebasTan gavleniani jgufebisa da
msxvili kapitalis interesebTan (sakanonmdeblo kalkula-
cia), rasac Tavis droze amxelda maqs veberi da dRemde aqvs
adgili rigi axali demokratiis qveynebSi.
samwuxarod, Cveni parlamentic arc Tu ise iSviaTad mi-
marTavs ucxo qveynebis kanonebis meqanikur morgebas sa-
qarTvelos gansxvavebul realobasTan an pirdapiri gad-
moweras. am TvalsazrisiTac parlamentisa da deputatTa
saqmianoba moiTxovs kardinalur gadaxedvas. rig demokra-
tiul qveynebSi, rogorc wesi, kanonproeqti gadis sazoga-
doebriv eqspertizas, rac gamoricxavs mis aRsrulebasTan
dakavSirebiT SesaZlo garTulebebs da sxvadasxva inter-
pretaciis SesaZleblobas.
zemoaRniSnulTan mWidro kavSirSia miRebuli kanonis
aRsruleba, dayvana mosaxleobamde, sajaroobis uzrun-
velyofa. SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom seriozul gadasin-
jvas moiTxovs saqarTvelos parlamentis sakontrolo da
sazedamxedvelo saqmianoba.
bolo wlebSi didi demokratiis qveynebis parlamente-
bis saqmianobaSi uCveulod gaizarda aparatis roli da,
Sesabamisad, uflebamosileba. aparatis muSakebi warmoad-
genen TavianTi ufrosebis interesebs kanonproeqtebis
SemuSavebasa da ganxilvaSi. erTma amerikelma mkvlevarma
SeniSna, rom `personalizebuli, daxelovnebuli TanamS-
romlebis gamoyenebam kongress misca saSualeba SeenarCu-
nebina Tavisi, rogorc federaluri politikis umTavresi
iniciatoris pozicia, miuxedavad aRmasrulebeli xeli-
suflebis mzardi gavlenisa.~

250
 wina wlebSi saqarTvelos parlamentis aparatis xelmZR-
vanelobam SeZlo Tavi moeyara saqmis erTguli, profesio-
nali muSakebisTvis, magram maTi garkveuli nawili gadavi-
da sxva samsaxurSi parlamentSi Sromis dabali anazRaure-
bis gamo. sakiTxi seriozulia, amitomac axal parlamentSi
es problemac elodeba mogvarebas kvalificiuri muSake-
bis SesanarCuneblad da axli Zalebis mosazidad. cnobilia
isic, rom rigi didi demokratiis qveynebSi parlamentis
aparatis muSakis xelfasi parlamentis wevris Sromis anaz-
Raurebis 2/3-ze naklebi ar aris, dadgenilia mravali sxva
SeRavaTic.

Jurnali `politika,~
#12, 2003w.

251
 WeS­ma­ri­te­ba sa­eW­vo ro­dia
ga­zeT „afxa­ze­Tis xmis` 2003 wlis 19 seq­tem­b­ris no­mer­Si
ga­moq­vey­n­da ofi­ci­a­lu­ri pub­li­ka­cia „viR­va­woT mru­de is­
to­ri­is ga­WeS­ma­ri­te­bis­T­vis.~
sta­tia exe­ba afxa­ze­Tis av­to­no­mi­u­ri res­pub­li­kis
umaR­le­si sab­Wos mim­di­na­re wlis 7 ag­vis­tos dad­ge­ni­le­bas
afxa­ze­Tis te­ri­to­ri­a­ze gan­la­ge­bu­li ek­le­sia-mo­nas­t­re­
bis, maT So­ris Zve­li sa­kul­to na­ge­bo­be­bi­sa da nan­g­re­ve­bis
sa­qar­T­ve­los sa­pat­ri­ar­qos daq­vem­de­ba­re­ba­Si moq­ce­vas. am
dad­ge­ni­le­bis mniS­v­ne­lo­bas am­Ja­mad gan­xil­vis sag­nad ar
vxdi, ram­de­na­dac sa­qar­T­ve­los sa­xel­m­wi­fo­sa da sa­pat­ri­
ar­qos So­ris da­de­bu­li xel­Sek­ru­le­bis (kon­kor­da­tis) Se­
sa­ba­mi­sad ek­le­si­is sa­kuT­re­ba mis ka­no­ni­er me­sa­kuT­res un­
da da­ub­run­des.
sav­se­biT ve­Tan­x­me­bi sta­ti­is av­to­rebs, rom es me­tad
mniS­v­ne­lo­va­ni, saS­vi­liS­vi­lo saq­mea da auci­le­be­lia sa­zo­
ga­do­e­bas xel­Sewyo­ba ek­le­sia-mo­nas­t­re­bis, ma­Ti nan­g­re­ve­
bis da sxva is­to­ri­u­li Zeg­le­bis nus­xis da­zus­te­ba­Si.
mec, ro­gorc ga­lis ra­io ­ ­nis mkvid­ri, mzad var xe­li Se­
vuwyo maT WeS­ma­ri­tad pat­ri­o­tu­li saq­mis bo­lom­de miy­va­
na­Si, mag­ram Ta­vi­dan­ve da­me­ba­da ram­de­ni­me kiTx­va, rom­le­
bic, al­baT, sxveb­sac ga­uC­n­de­bo­daT, miT uf­ro se­pa­ra­tist
fal­si­fi­ka­tor­Ta wre­Si:
1. iyo ki sa­Wi­ro am sa­kiTx­ze am for­miT msje­lo­ba, ri­Tac
Se­saZ­loa eW­vi ga­vu­Ci­noT ma­vans im ab­so­lu­tur WeS­ma­ri­te­ba­
Si, rom afxa­ze­Tis te­ri­to­ri­a­ze ar­se­bu­li ek­le­sia-mo­nas­t­
re­bi, sa­kul­to na­ge­bo­ba­ni, ma­Ti nan­g­re­ve­bi da sxva Zeg­le­bi
yo­vel­T­vis mo­i­az­re­bo­da sa­qar­T­ve­los sa­pat­ri­ar­qos, sa­qar­
T­ve­los sa­xel­m­wi­fos daq­vem­de­ba­re­ba­Si (kuT­v­ni­le­ba­Si).
2. iq­neb mxed­ve­lo­ba­Sia ram­de­ni­me me­Ce­Ti an sxva re­li­gi­
u­ri sa­kul­to na­ge­bo­ba, rom­le­bic, ro­gorc am­bo­ben, afxa­
zeT­Si kon­f­liq­tis Sem­d­gom aSen­da?

252
 mo­mi­te­von dad­ge­ni­le­bis pro­eq­tis Sem­d­gen­leb­ma, mag­
ram, mi­maC­nia, rom ra­sac isi­ni ax­la iTxo­ven sa­zo­ga­do­e­bis­
gan ga­dawy­ve­ti­le­bis pro­eq­tis mom­za­de­bis pe­ri­od­Si un­da
ga­ke­Te­bu­li­yo, ra­Ta xdo­ma­ze gan­xil­vi­sas afxa­ze­Tis sa­ka­
non­m­deb­lo or­ga­nos wev­re­bis­T­vis zed­me­ti Tav­sa­te­xi ar
ga­e­Ci­naT.
afxa­ze­Tis, ro­gorc uZ­ve­le­si qris­ti­a­nu­li mxa­ris te­
ri­to­ri­a­ze ar­se­bu­li ek­le­sia-mo­nas­t­re­bi, sxva sa­kul­to
na­ge­bo­ba­ni da ci­xe-si­mag­re­Ta nan­g­re­ve­bi Se­sa­ba­mis kom­pe­
ten­tur sam­sa­xu­rebs, ga­mo­Ce­nil mec­ni­er-mkvle­va­rebs, sa­
ek­le­sio moR­va­we­ebs, Zeg­l­Ta dac­vis uwye­bebs Ta­vis dro­ze
Se­sa­niS­na­vad aqvT Ses­wav­li­li, aR­ricxu­li, da­su­ra­Te­bu­li
da dad­ge­ni­li we­siT ar­qi­veb­Si da­bi­na­ve­bu­li.
afxa­ze­Tis av­to­no­mi­u­ri res­pub­li­kis sa­ka­non­m­deb­lo
or­ga­nos wev­reb­ma es xom Se­sa­niS­na­vad ici­an, miT uf­ro kon­k­
re­tu­li vi­Ta­re­ba im qa­laq­Si, ra­i­on­Si, rom­leb­sac isi­ni war­
mo­ad­ge­nen?
Ce­mi mi­za­ni araa vin­mes mi­marT ra­me­na­i­ri pre­ten­zi­is ga­
mo­xat­va, mag­ram sa­kiTx­Tan da­kav­Si­re­biT meq­m­ne­ba STa­beW­di­
le­ba, rom afxa­ze­Tis qar­T­ve­lo­ba TiT­qos­da mxo­lod ax­la
da­vin­te­res­diT im fas­da­u­de­be­li kul­tu­ru­li gan­ZiT, rac
ux­so­va­ri dro­i­dan Cve­ni wi­nap­re­bis xe­liT Seq­m­ni­la afxa­
zeT­Si.
asea Tu ise, me ga­lis ra­i­on­ze Se­vec­de­bi sak­ma­od sru­li
(mag­ram ara yov­lis­mom­c­ve­lis pre­ten­zi­is mqo­ne) in­for­
ma­cia mo­ga­wo­doT, rad­gan ga­zeT­Si ga­moq­vey­ne­bul Zeg­l­Ta
nus­xa­Si, ga­lis ra­i­o­ni (miT uf­ro sru­li­ad sa­mur­za­ya­no)
TiT­q­mis ga­mor­Ce­ni­aT. uR­r­mes pa­ti­e­bas vTxov im Tav­da­de­
bul mec­ni­e­rebs, mkvle­va­reb­sa da moR­va­we­ebs, Jur­na­lis­
tebs, ro­mel­Tac Zal-Ro­nis da­u­zo­ga­vad fex­da­fex mra­val­
g­zis mo­uv­li­aT sa­mur­za­ya­no, mo­u­xi­lavT da aRu­we­ri­aT is
siZ­ve­le­ni, rac iq dRem­de Se­mo­na­xu­la.
ra uf­le­ba maqvs mo­wi­we­ba ar ga­mov­xa­to pa­tiv­ce­mul ba­ton

253
an­d­ria afa­qi­Zi­sa da sxva di­di mec­ni­e­re­bis mi­marT, rom­leb­mac
XX sa­u­ku­nis 70_80-ian wleb­Si Ta­vad mo­i­na­xu­les ga­lis ra­i­o­ni,
ase­ve rCe­u­li ma­mu­liS­vi­lis va­le­ri­an zux­ba­i­as, cno­bi­li ar­qe­
o­lo­gis mal­xaz ba­ra­mi­Zis, aw gan­s­ve­ne­bu­li leo Ser­va­Si­Zis da
sxva moR­va­we­Ta mi­marT, rom­leb­mac udi­de­si Rvaw­li das­des am
mar­T­lac­da saS­vi­liS­vi­lo saq­mis Ses­wav­las da ga­moq­vey­ne­bas;
vis aqvs uf­le­ba da­i­viwyos en­Tu­zi­as­ti mkvle­va­re­bi, ga­lis ra­
i­o­nis mkvid­re­bi no­dar So­nia, go­gi xu­bu­tia, re­zo xvis­ta­ni da
sxve­bi, ro­mel­Tac Ta­vi­an­Ti Se­u­pov­ro­biT, uan­ga­ro Sro­miT
Se­uwy­ves xe­li mSob­li­ur afxa­zeT­Si qar­T­vel­Ta is­to­ri­u­li
naR­va­wis Ses­wav­las da sa­Ta­na­dod war­mo­Ce­nas.
arc is un­da ga­mog­v­r­Ces mxed­ve­lo­bi­dan, rom ev­ro­pel­ma
sa­ek­le­sio moR­va­we­eb­ma, ka­To­li­ke mi­si­o­ne­reb­ma, rom­leb­mac
ga­lis ra­i­on­Si (wi­fu­ri­as sa­mo­nas­t­ro kom­p­leq­si) ori aTe­u­
li we­li­wa­di icxov­res, jer ki­dev me-17 sa­u­ku­nis Sua wleb­
Si uni­ka­lu­ri na­beW­di da gra­fi­ku­li ma­sa­le­bi dag­vi­to­ves
(ar­qan­je­lo lam­ber­ti, kas­te­li da sxva) sa­meg­re­lo­sa da sa­
kuT­riv afxa­zeT­ze.
ga­ze­Tis pub­li­ka­ci­is moTxov­nas, ra Tqma un­da, pa­tivs
vcem da Se­vec­de­bi ga­moq­vey­ne­bul nus­xa­Si ga­lis ra­i­on­Si
da­fiq­si­re­bul oTxi ek­le­si­is sia, SeZ­le­bis­dag­va­rad Se­vav­
so, ra­Ta mkiTx­ve­li dar­w­mun­des, rom ga­lis ra­i­o­ni am Tval­
saz­ri­si­Tac arc ise Ra­ri­bia, ro­gorc es er­Ti Se­xed­viT Se­
iZ­le­ba mo­eC­ve­nos ma­vans.
aR­sa­niS­na­via isic, rom Ji­u­li Sar­ta­vas ini­ci­a­ti­vis pa­su­
xad wi­na sa­u­ku­nis 80-ian wleb­Si ga­lis ra­i­o­nis ma­Sin­de­li Tav­
ka­ce­bis ba­ton vax­tang yol­ba­i­as da aw gan­s­ve­ne­bu­li So­Ta Sa­
ran­gi­as Ta­os­no­biT ra­i­o­nis te­ri­to­ri­a­ze ar­se­bu­li TiT­q­mis
yve­la ek­le­sia, mniS­v­ne­lo­va­ni is­to­ri­u­li Zeg­li ekal-bar­dis­
gan ga­iw­min­da, SeZ­le­bis­dag­va­rad Se­keT­da da mo­wes­rig­da.
ga­lis ra­i­o­nis te­ri­to­ri­a­ze ar­se­bu­li ek­le­sia-mo­nas­t­
re­bis, sa­kul­to na­ge­bo­be­bis, is­to­ri­u­li Zeg­le­bi­sa da Se­
mor­Ce­ni­li nan­g­re­ve­bis nus­xa:

254
 Zeglis Zeglis aSenebis
adgilmdeb. dasaxeleba TariRi

ziganeosi_romis, Semdeg
1. sofeli
bizantiis saepiskoposo III-IX ss.
gudava
kaTedra, nangrevebi.
saeklesio kompleqsi
2. meore
(fSauri), iqve samJano XIV s.
bedia
(ekvderi), nangrevebi.

3. sofeli
`fiWerisTes~ eklesia. XVI-XVII ss.
warCe
dedoflis eklesia
4. sofeli
(`mafaSi oxvame~), iqve XV s.
warCe
meore eklesia.
eklesia (mdinaris
marjvena napirze), kargad
5. sofeli
Senaxuli, irgvliv XVII-XVIIIs.
warCe
galavani da nangrevebi,
samsxverplo qva.

didi cixe-simagre koSkiT,

galavniT, saydris
6. sofeli
nangrevebiT, IX-XI ss.
warCe
iqve galavani
da koSkebi.
eklesia soflis centrSi,
7. sofeli nangrevebi mTaTa ferdo- adreuli, Sua da
RumuriSi bebze, cixe-koSkebi, gv. saukuneebi
galavnis naSTebi.
kirilis mTaze grandi-
8. sofeli adreuli, Sua da
ozuli������������������
cixe-simagre koS-
�����������������
RumuriSi gv. saukuneebi
kebiT (nangrevebi).
eklesia, iqve,
9. sofeli axlos�������������������
cixe-simagre, koS-
������������������
Sua saukuneebi
CxorToli kebiani
`CxoroToli.~

255
10. sofeli cixe `jixu~
Sua saukuneebi
CxorToli koSkebiT.
11. sofeli wkelkaris eklesia
X s.
reCxi (naSTebi)
saTanjos koSki didi ga-
lavniT („santa anjelo“),
12. sofeli yvelaze maRali koSki
XII_XVss.
dixazurg afxazeTSi, iqve karstuli
miwisqveSa gasavleli
md. engurze.
13. sofeli cixe „ocarce,“
XIV-XV ss.
dixazurga md. engurTan.
wminda barbales
14. sofeli saswaulmoqmedi ekle-
�����
adr. saukuneebi
dixazurga sia-monasteri, naSTebi,
galavnis nangrevebi.
15. sofeli warmarTuli samlocvelo,
adr. periodi
pirv. gali cixis nangrevebi.
eklesiebi: `Ce oxvame,~
`zeniS oxvame~ (kargad
Senaxuli), `geanaTi~
16. sofeli
(nangrevebi),�����������
sameTvaly-
���������� adr. saukuneebi
Wuburxinji
uro koSkebi, galavanTa
naSTebi, `olagvane~
(Seuswavleli).
wifurias samonastro
kompleqsi (naSTebi),
17. sofeli
eklesiebi, koSkebi XI-XVIII
Tagiloni
galavniT, didi
bazrobis naSTebi.
eklesiaTa naSTebi,
18. q. gali XVI- XVIII ss.
galavnis nangrevebi.
19. sofeli eklesia, cixis nangrevebi
XV-XVIII ss.
muxuri gorakebze.
gviani periodis eklesia,
20. sofeli
cixe-koSkebis nangrevebi, Sua saukuneebi
oqumi
saydris naSTebi.

256
 21. sofeli eklesiis nangrevebi, sa-
adr. periodi
reCxi-cxiri kulto Senobis naSTebi.
eklesia (naSTebi), dix-
����
22. sofeli
aguZubaTa��������������
unikaluri si-
������������� adr. periodi
fiCori
stema.
23. sofeli eklesiaTa N
Sua saukuneebi
nabakevi naSTebi.
eklesiis naSTebi,
24. sofeli gviani
XIX sauk. 20-ian wlebSi
okvinore saukuneebi
marSaniaTa xis eklesia.
25. sofeli sakulto nagebobaTa
adr. periodi
gagida naSTebi, Seuswavleli.
26. sofeli eklesia (nangrevebi), cixe-
Sua saukuneebi
saberio koSki galavniT.

ga­lis ra­i­on­Si, gan­sa­kuT­re­biT zRvis­pi­reT­Si, mrav­lad

yo­fi­la qvi­Ta da xiT na­Se­ni ek­le­si­e­bi (o­to­baia, gu­da­va,
bar­Re­bi, re­fi, xu­muS­qu­ri da sxva), Tav­dac­vi­Ti na­ge­bo­ba­ni,
di­xa­guZ­be­bi, sam­loc­ve­lo­e­bi.
mi­si­o­ner­Ta ru­keb­ze ra­i­o­nis te­ri­to­ri­a­ze da­fiq­si­re­
bu­lia 28 ek­le­sia-mo­nas­te­ri (va­le­ri­an zux­baia, `ga­li~).
aR­niS­nu­lis utyu­a­ro­ba­Si eW­vis Se­ta­na war­mo­ud­ge­ne­lia, vi­
na­i­dan mi­si­o­ne­re­bi did­xans cxov­rob­d­nen sa­meg­re­lo­sa da
afxa­zeT­Si da bev­ri ram ru­keb­ze ga­dah­qon­daT.
sa­qar­T­ve­los pat­ri­ar­qi, uw­min­de­si da une­ta­re­si ilia I, me­
o­ce sa­u­ku­nis da­sas­ruls (o­mis­wi­na pe­ri­o­di) pi­ra­dad Ca­vi­da
ga­lis ra­i­on­Si da qa­laq ga­lis cen­t­ra­lur na­wil­Si, um­S­ve­ni­e­
res go­rak­ze akur­Txa ek­le­si­is asa­Se­ne­be­li ad­gi­li, ro­me­lic
erT-er­Ti yve­la­ze di­de­bu­li un­da yo­fi­li­yo afxa­zeT­Si.
omis ga­mo, aR­niS­nu­li ek­le­si­is mSe­neb­lo­ba Se­uZ­le­be­li
gax­da, mag­ram ax­lo mo­ma­val­Si, uf­lis ne­biT, uTod aaSe­ne­
ben ga­le­le­bi.
`afxa­ze­Tis xma~, 7 no­em­be­ri, 2003w.

257
 gamarjveba Tu damarcxeba?
verc Cven da verc afxazebma verafri SevZeliT, raTa ar
momxdariyo is, rac afxazeTSi moxda, rac dResac xdeba da
romlis daZlevas mravali aTwleuli dasWirdeba.
vinc bolo periodSi afxazeTSi yofila, visac unaxavs
danaxSirebuli, gaCanagebuli, tyeebiTa da ekalbardebiT
dafaruli Cai da citrusovanebi, gaveranebuli dawesebule-
bebi, daqceuli sanatoriumebi da dasasvenebeli saxlebi, ga-
Zarculi kerZo saxlebi, adamianTa sasowarkveTili saxeebi,
ucxo qveynis jariskacebi da javSanteqnikT gadaTxril gzeb-
ze uvlia, ueWveli gaxdeba afxazeTis tragediis namdvili
masStabebi da im adamianTa ugunureba, romlebmac gadawyvi-
tes izeimon saqarTveloze `gamarjvebis` aTi wlisTavi.
ra gamarjvebiT, riTi amayobs soxumis reJimi, ra aqvs sa-
zeimo?
romeli afxazisTvis ar aris cnobili, rom ruseTidan
daqiravebuli da, aseve, ruseTis regularuli samxedro
nawilebis daxmarebiT afxazeTSi ganxorcielda iq isto-
riulad mosaxle qarTvelTa genocidi da eTnikuri wmenda,
ramac aTasobiT mSvidobiani moqalaqe Seiwira. daiWra da
dasaxiCrda 17 aTasamde adamiani, mSobliuri adgilebidan
gaZevebul iqna 240 aTasze meti qarTveli, ltolvilad iqca
30 aTasi rusi, 35 aTasi afxazi, aTasobiT somexi, berZeni,
ebraeli da sxva eris warmomadgeneli.
saerTaSoriso TanamegobrobisTvis kargadaa cnobili,
rom 1990 wlis 25 agvistodan agresiulma separatistul-
ma Zalebma, isargebles ra saqarTvelos imJamindeli cen-
traluri xelisuflebis uZlurebiT, afxazeTSi konsti-
tuciuri gadatrialeba moaxdines da gamoacxades afxaze-
Tis damoukidebloba, Seqmnes ukanono saxelmwifo stru-
qturebi, miitaces marTvis sadaveebi.
cnobilia, rom qarTvelTa da maT TanamgrZnobTa devna
da fizikuri ganadgureba konfliqtis dawyebamdec xor-

258
cieldeboda gudauTis raionSi, soxumSi, gagraSi, ramac
SeiaraRebuli dapirispirebis dawyebisTanave masobrivi da
sastiki xasiaTi miiRo.
soxumSi daangries rusTavelis, akaki wereTlis, sxva
gamoCenil qarTvel moRvaweTa Zeglebi, gaZarcves qarTuli
Teatri, quCebs gadaarqves saxelebi. galis raionis sofel
SeSeleTSi dawves afxazeTis saamayo Svilis, msoflioSi
aRiarebuli maTematikosis ilia vekuas saxl-muzeumi.
galis raionSi, sadac 1994 wlis ivnisidan ganlagebulia
dsT-is samSvidobo Zalebi da gaeros damkvirveblebi, dRem-
de TareSoben kriminaluri bandebi, mZvinvarebs Zaladoba,
ganukiTxaoba, mravlada adgilobrivi mosaxleobis monur
SromaSi gamoyenebis faqti. autanelia afxazeTSi afxazTa
da sxva erovnebis adamianTa mdgomareoba.
afxazeTis unikaluri sakurorto dawesebulebebi, sa-
warmoebi ucxoelebze iyideba. carieldeba tradiciuli
afxazuri soflebi, sul ufro realuri xdeba afxazTa ga-
rusebis safrTxe, gardauvalia maTi Seuqcevadi asimilacia.
saamiso winapirobaa afxazeTis skolebSi mSobliuri enis
swavlebis SezRudva, omisSemdgom afxazeTSi darCenili 130
aTasi mosaxlisaTvis ruseTis moqalaqis statusis miniWeba.
afxazeTi TandaTanobiT kargavs msoflio mniSvnelo-
bis turistul da rekreaciul daniSnulebas. iCexeba da
ucxoeTSi gaedineba unikaluri xe-tye da qarsafari zole-
bi, nadgurdeba zRvis fauna, Tevzis Zvirfasi jiSebi, ganu-
kiTxavad iyideba Zvirfasi liTonis Semcveli mowyobilobe-
bi da danadgarebi, sakomunikacio saSualebebi, jarTad gaa-
qvT rkinigzis relsebi, eleqrtroboZebi, feradi metali.
kontrabanda, kriminaluri garigebebi, masobrivi ko-
rufcia axrCobs adgilobriv ekonomikas da tradiciul
meurneobas.
bolo dros gamoCnda calkeuli niSnebi, rom mamaci, ma-
gram motyuebuli, afxazi xalxi bedTan Seguebas ar apirebs.
afxazeTis inteligenciis saukeTeso nawili acnobierebs,

259
rom afxaz eTnoss didi rusul okeaneSi mouwevT danTqma
da `ukanaskneli ubixis~ bedis gaziareba.
ara mgonia, rom soxumSi arc is adardebT Tu rogor aya-
lbebs somxuri masmedia saqarTvelos da sakuTriv afxaze-
Tis istorias. arc is, rom zogi maTgani ufro Sors wavida
da dRemde gulmodgined arkveven namdvilad visia afxa-
zeTis miwa-wyali_somxebis Tu rusebis (anu afxazebic da
qarTvelebic TamaSgare mdgomareobaSi varT datovebuli!).
ufro metic, isini drodadro imazec weren Tu rogor gaer-
Tianda mTeli somxoba bagramianis batalionSi (1992-1993
wlebis omSi) da rusi Zmebis daxmarebiT rogor gaaTavisuf-
la afxazeTi.
ician es soxumSi, kargadac ician, amitomac eZeben gamosa-
vals Tavs datexili ubedurebidan. rogorc ar unda iyos soxu-
mis mier Sefasebuli `amcaxaras, `aitairas,~ sxva patriotuli
sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis politika da msoflmxedve-
loba, cxadia, rom esaa stiqiuri protesti im viTarebis gamo,
rac `damoukidebelad~ TviTgamocxadebul afxazeTSia.
afxazeTis, damoukideblobis 10 wlisTvis aRniSvnis mc-
deloba soxumis morigi Secdomaa, romelic arc afxazeTis
mosaxleobam, arc saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobam ar unda
dauSvas, vinaidan igi saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi, devni-
lebSi aRqmul iqneba rogorc terorizmis, Zaladobis,
adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedebis gamarTle-
ba, destabilizaciis damatebiTi faqtori.
Cven gvaqvs Cveni simarTle, aseve, afxazebsac.
`qarTvelebze gamarjvebis~ aTi wlisTavis soxumSi zei-
miT aRniSvnas maTTvis, Cvenda samwuxarodac, erTi poziti-
uri Sedegi namdvilad eqneba _ quCaSi gamoyvanili afxaze-
bi, maTi stumrebi irgvliv mimoixedaven da dafiqrdebian, _
davmarcxdiT Tu gavimarjveT?!

`saqarTvelos respublika,~
27 seqtemberi, 2003w.

260
 warsulis landebi `kmaras~
mowveviT?
 
`rusTavi­-2~-is SabaTis `fsiqoSi~ gasulma dokumentu-
ri filmma, vfiqrob, saqarTvelos mosaxleobas did nawils
sakuTar gulSi Caxedvisa da bevri ramis xelaxali gaazre-
bisken ubiZga.
Cvens niWier, Zlier, TavisTavad xalxs, romelsac sami
aTaswlovani saxelmwifoebriobis istoria aqvs, mravali
ram unaxavs, magram sakuTari problemebi upiratesad saku-
Tari ZalebiT gadauwyvetia, SeuZlebelia am filmis gans-
jis Semdeg dedaqalaqSi mimdinare movlenebsa da masSi `kma-
ras~ rolisa da adgilis Taobaze ar dafiqrebuliyo.
amdenad, savsebiT bunebrivia, sazogadoebis protesti
`otporis~ tipis `demokratiis~ garedan Semotanis gamo,
wuxili im xalxis memkvidreebisa, romelmac istoriis aTas-
wleulTa siRrmeSi Seqmna sakuTari demokratiis origi-
naluri modeli (rac mraval, `eqsportirebuli demokra-
tiiT~ Tavmomwone qveyanasac SeSurdeboda), da rac dResac
Zalumad feTqavs saqarTvelos soflebSi, qalaqSi, mTel
qveyanaSi, rogorc erovnuli da kulturuli TavisTavado-
bis ganuyofeli nawili.
`kmaras~ gamoCenas garkveuli axsna aqvs, radganac
qarTvelebsac gvaxasiaTebs erTgvari `sulwasuloba~,
cnobili winmabrZoloba, romelsac, rogorc wesi, bevri
ubedureba moutania qveynisTvis. didi angariSiT, Cveni es
`erovnuli nakli~, sulac ar iyo erovnuli, magram iyo dro
da konkretuli viTareba, roca gare Zalebi sazogadoebis
nawils Tavs axvevdnen sakuTar interesebs da da poulobd-
nen adamianebs, romlebic raime motiviT dgebodnen maTs
samsaxurSi.
Cvens xalxs Zalian uWirs, qveyanaSi lamis maTxovar-

261
Ta da gaWirvebulTa sakrebulod iqca, damkvidrda ganu-
kiTxaoba, zeobs korufcia, rasac Tan axlavs sazogadoebis
sayovelTao ukmayofileba, adamianTa Rirsebis Selaxva.
yovelive aman isini quCaSi gamosasvlelad ganawyo; amasTan,
faqtia isic, rom maTi mizani ufro didi, ufro seriozu-
li, ufro saxelmwifoebrivia, vidre is, rac `kmaras~ Semqm-
nelebs da damfinanseblebs aqvT warmodgenili.
iugoslaviasa da miloSeviCze istoria Tavis droze ity-
vis simarTles. faqtia rom, msoflioSi erTerTi umamacesi
serbi xalxi (romelmac osmaleTis imperiis swrafva evro-
pis dasapyrobad aTeul aTasi sakuTari Svilis sisxlis
fasad evropis SuagulSi SeaCera, bolo msoflio omSi ki
marto umklavdeboda aTeulobiT faSistur divizias), um-
Zimes gansacdelSi aRmoCnda. mxedvelobaSia am xalxis mra-
valsaukunovani brZola Tavisi teritoriuli mTlianobis,
ZirZveli miwebis SesanarCuneblad (maT Soris istoriuli
kosovos gadasarCenad). didi iyo dasavleTis dainterese-
ba, rac natosa da maTi mxardamWerebis mier serbeTis (bel-
gradi da sxva qalaqebis) dabombviT, sxva saxis zewoliT
gamoixata, da rasac am gmirma da Seupovarma xalxmac ver
gauZlo.
Cveneuli `kmaras~ protomodelma (`otpori~) iq arse-
buli wyobileba daamxo, raSic ucxo saxelmwifoebma aseu-
lobiT milioni dolari daxarjes, magram Zneli saTqmelia
amiT Tu ra moigo serbma xalxma. qveyana umwvaves politi-
kur da ekonomikur krizisSia. xelisuflebisadmi nihili-
sturi damokidebulebisa da sazogadoebis gaxleCis piro-
bebSi serbeTis ganuyofeli nawilidan_kosovodan mTlia-
nad gamoaZeves adgilobrivi serbi mosaxleoba, serbeTis
saxelmwifosTvis es teritoria faqtiurad dakargulia da
rodis dabrundeba is serbeTis SemadgenlobaSi da ra sta-
tusiT, Zneli saTqmelia.
filmSi daufaravadaa gamoxatuli `otporis~ Seqmnis

262
namdvili mizani, mis SemqmnelTa veragoba ama Tu im xalxis
erovnuli mentalitetis mimarT; arasrulwlovan bavS-
vebs da axalgazrdebs iataqveSeTidan aZleven did fuls,
raTa afrialon droSebi, aCvenon muStebi, daamciron,
Seuracxyon ufrosi Taoba; mSier da mwyurval axalgazr-
debs aqeifeben saukeTeso restornebSi, uwyoben Zvirad
Rirebul diskoTekebs, xalxisTvis `Tavdadebuli adami-
anebis~ imijiT `akeTeben~ politikuri liderebs (roca
isini sulac ar arian aseTebi), raTa daamxon konstituci-
uri wyoba da miaRwion garedan Tavsmoxveuli miznebis gan-
xorcielebas. es maSin, roca realurad `xalxosnobis~ da
nacionalizmis ideologia dasavleTis demokratiisTvis
sruliad miuRebelia da isini am miznisTvis erT centsac
ar daxarjaven.
saerTaSoriso samarTlis enaze, am movlenas ewodeba
qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi Careva, garedan inspirirebuli
antisaxelmwifoebrivi moqmedeba, misi damoukideblobis
da suverenitetis xelyofa; Cveulebriv adamianur enaze
ki niSnavs ukiduresad gaWirvebuli da marginaluri sa-
zogadoebrivi jgufebisa da adamianebis mosyidvas da maT
brbod gadaqcevis mcdelobas. am speqtaklebs, rogorc
wesi, Tan axlavs misi Tavzardamcemi apoTeozi _ sayovel-
Tao qaosi, vandalizmi da sisastike, umarTavi situaciebi,
romelSic iRupebian umweo da udanaSaulo adamianebi, ase-
ve msoflios sanaxavad mimarTuli mizinmimarTuli sain-
formacio da propagandistuli gazviadeba.
yvelaferi icvleba, axali dro axal liderebs moi-
Txovs, wasasvleli unda wavides, damnaSavem pasuxi unda
agos, magram ratom ZaladobiT, cinikuri da TvalTmaqcu-
ri meTodebiT, konstituciis, kanonebis, samarTlis norme-
bis, tradiciuli adamianuri da qristianuli eTikis xe-
lyofiT? nuTu aravin auxsna `kmarelebs~ da qveyanas axlo
warsulSi Tu ra moutana mSoblebis, axloblebis, ufrosi

263
Taobis sastikma lanZRvam, ginebam da Zaladobam serbeTis
mezobel saxelmwifoebs, sxva qveynebs?
wesierma qarTvelma Tu ara qarTvelma SesaniSnavad icis,
rom bevri rame Sesacvlelia, Tanac radikalurad, gadasa-
keTebelia, Tavidan dasawyebia, raTa adamianebma adamian-
urad icxovron, magram amisTvis gana aucilebelia qveynis
arev-dareva, avad nacadi qaosi da daumorCilebloba, yove-
lives umowyalo ngreva da ganiaveba, ojaxebSi, soflebSi,
qalaqebSi, adamianTa samkvdro-sasicocxlo dapirispire-
ba?
araferia sakamaTo imaSi, rom qveynis xelisuflebaSi
mosvlis survili politikuri partiebis da maTi lidere-
bis sruliad bunebrivi moTxovnilebaa, magram saWiroa
ki amisTvis `demokratiuli diqtaturis~ farsi, konsti-
tuciasa da kanonierebaze fexis gadabijeba, gaWirvebul
adamianTa motyueba, maTi xmosan `instrumentad~ gadaqce-
va? RmerTma dagvifaros, politikosis yvelaze didi dana-
Sauli sakuTari qveynis winaaRmdeg tyviis gasrolaa, rac
saqarTveloSi ukve iyo da misi tragikuli Sedegebi kidev
didxans Segvaxsenebs Tavs. miT ufro, roca lamis yvelam
viciT, rom sayovelTao Tanasworoba lamazi miTia, yvelas
Tavisufleba _ kargi zRapari, yvelas keTildReoba _ la-
mazi ocneba. bevrma `urwmuno Tmamac~ irwmuna ukve, rom
es asea yvelaze ganviTarebuli liberaluri demokratiis
qveynebSic ki.
Cveni `kmara~ axalgazrdebis organizaciaa da vimedov-
neb, rom iq arian qaliSvilebi da Wabukebi, romelTac ara
marto moqmedeba, aramed fiqric SeuZliaT da aqvT pasuxis-
mgebloba Cveni da maTi momavali qveynis winaSe.
minda virwmuno, rom `kmaras~ gulwrfelad patrioti
wevrebi, qveynis moyvaruli axalgazrdebi, im sarkeSi kar-
gad Caixedaven, im safrTxes gaacnobiereben, razedac `fsi-
qom~ saqarTvelos mosaxleoba gaafrTxila.

264
 `kmaras~ Zala, energia, uSiSari SemarTeba namdvilad
sWirdeba qveyanas dakarguli teritoriebis dasabruneb-
lad, miT ufro, rom Cvenc gvaqvs Cveni kosovo _ afxazeTi.
minda davijero, rom `kmara~ warsulis aCrdilTa ga-
moZaxili ki ara, axali saqarTvelos winamorbedia, Tumca
bevri ram aqvs saswavli da xelaxa gasaazrebeli.
gaixseneT Svilebo `daTa TuTaSxias~ mamis mkvleli
guduna da sabediswero gasrolis win mama-Svilis dialo-
gi buxarTan, sasikvdilod ganwiruli daTas gauCinareba,
raTa gudunas mamis mkvleli Svilis upatiebeli codviT
damZimebuls ar evlo dedamiwaze.
Cven, mSoblebi, xels ar SegiSliT, Tanac yvelafers gapa-
tiebT Svilebo, magram aris cisa da miwis uzenaesi msajuli,
romelsac gamoaqvs yvelze samarTliani ganaCeni TqvenTvis
da CvenTvisac.

gazeTi `axali era,~

12 noemberi, 2003w.

265
 maTTvis, visac ukve daaviwyda
galis 1994 wlis Tebervlis tragedia

1994 wlis 6 Tebervals afxazTa da volonterTa razmeb-

ma galis raionSi daiwyes samxedro operacia koduri sa-
xeliT _ `wmenda.~ samxedro moqmedeba (javSanteqnikis ga-
moyenebiT) oCamCires sazRvrebidan wamoiwyes da ramdenime
dReSi galis raions mTlianad gadauares. operacias, ufro
zustad, adamianebze nadirobas, Seewira 841 mSvidobiani
mcxovrebi (490 kaci _ 60 wels gadacilebuli, 102 _ oTxmoc
wels miRweuli, 172 qali, 27 mozardi).
adamianis uflebaTa calkeuli damcvelebi (maT Soris
Cveneburebic) ratomRac miiCneven, rom es ar iyo genocidi
da eTnikuri wmenda `klasikuri gagebiT~ da SurisZiebis mo-
rig gamovlinebad CaTvales (afxazeTSi saomari moqmedebis
damTavrebidan oTxi Tvis Semdeg!).
rogori saxelic ar unda mounaxon saqarTvelos erT-
erTi udidesi da mTlianad qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli ra-
ionis aoxrebas, mosaxleobis ganurCevel xocva-Jletas,
erTi ram ueWvelia, es iyo mSvidobiani da daucveli qarT-
veli mosaxleobis mimarT gaugonari Zaladobisa da ter-
oris aqti, raTa iq darCenilebs sabolood daetovebinaT
afxazeTi, mSobliuri adgilebi, sakuTari ezo-kari, wina-
parTa saflavebi.
imaT, visac ukve daaviwyda galis Tebervlis tragedia,
Sevaxseneb, rom:
sofel CxorTolSi mokles amiran gamisonia (50 wlis),
jer kidev cocxals moaWres xelebi, amoTxares Tvalebi da
avtomatiT dacxriles;
sofel refSi boevikma WiWiko sxuluxia (sayovelTaod
cnobili pirovneba, 72w.) sakuTar saxlSi daxvrites, masve
miayoles misi meuRle Zaba sxuluxia (70w.), Svili venori

266
(44w.), rZali izolda (40w.), Semdeg saxls cecxli waukides
da daxocilTa cxedrebi Cawves;
sofel gudavaSi cocxlad dawves indiko alania (84w.) da
daTiko lataria (65w.). maT rZlebs, margaritasa da Julias
Tavebi eleqtro xerxiT waacales;
sofel Wuburxinjis mkvidr boCia yolbaias (43w.) naja-
xiT moCexes xel-fexi da daxvrites;
sofel RumuriSSi culiT Tavi mohkveTes 75 wlis firox-
man zuxbaias (vaJkacobiTa da pirdapirobiT ganTqmuli
kaci) da zedve daakles misive biZaSvili daTiko kakubava;
sofel ganaxlebaSi erT ezoSi 9 moxuci (qalebi da ka-
cebi) daxvrites, maT Soris col-qmari serapion da olia
lagvilavebi, aseve meore msoflio omis monawileebi gvan-
ji rurua da SoTa axalaia. imave dReebSi aseTive bedi awies
amave soflis 17 umweo adamians, maT Soris soflis 5 rCeul
axalgazrdas, romlebic ar `gamotydnen~ galel parti-
zanebTan kavSirSi, maT kidurebi gadaumtvries, awames da
cocxlad damarxes.
es sul mcire siaa im 857 adamianisa da ojaxebisa, romel-
Tac 6-23 Tebervals ZaladobiT da wamebiT waarTves si-
cocxle. maTi umetesobis gampatiosnebeli da dammarxveli
raionSi TiTqmis aravin iyo.
boevikebma (maT Soris qalebic iyvnen) codvis kalo daa-
triales raionis yvela sofelSi da qalaq galSi. gansa-
kuTrebuli sisastikiT gadawves qveda zonis soflebi:
refi, ganaxleba, gagida, mziuri, zemo barRebi, qvemo bar-
Rebi, otobaia, fiCori, xumuSquri, nabakevi, Tagiloni, Wu-
burxinji. mTispira soflebi_dixazurga, saberio, leku-
xona, reCxi, aCigvara, RumuriSi, CxorToli, warCe, muxuri,
SeSeleTi, pirveli gali.
zeda zonis da mTiswineTis mosaxleoba aiZules Tov-
liani mTebiT (oWake, oxaCque, mimdebare borcvebi) gadasu-
liyvnen engurgaRma (or metromde Tovlsa da yinvaSi). gza-

267
Si gaiyina vladimer Sarangia (83w.), goCa xasaia (16w.), luiza
daviTuliani (50w.), aleqsandre jguburia (60w.).
am dReebSi boevikebma dawves 4500 sacxovrebeli saxli
da sameurneo Senoba-nageboba, gaZarcves kerZo saxlebi, sa-
xelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi Senobebi da obieqtebi.
gadarCnen mxolod isini, romelTac Cais plantaciebs,
tyeebs, ekalbardebsa da miwayrilebs Seafares Tavi. cocx-
lebi RamiT poulobdnen micvalebulebs, apatiosnebdnen
da adgilzeve marxavdnen.
gvinda yvelam icodes engurs gaRma da gamoRma, rom ga-
lis Tebervlis movlenebi SurisZieba ar yofila, radgan
e.w. aRmosavleTis frontis xazze saqarTvelos saxelm-
wifo sabWos laSqari, adgilobrivi moxaliseebi afxazur
soflebSi ar Sesulan. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom gu-
dauTis teritoriaze, sadac arsebiTad mxolod afxaze-
bi cxovroben, saomari operaciebi ar ganxorcielebula,
qarTvelebs afxazuri soflebi ar gadauwvavT; da es maSin,
roca, afxazuri soflebisa da dasaxlebuli punqtebis
ukontrolod datoveba dauSvebeli iyo samxedro-poli-
tikuri TvalsazrisiT. aRniSnulma Secdomam ki separati-
stebs da maT mxardamWerebs saSualeba misca saqarTvelos
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis zurgSi mZlavri samxedro dajguf-
ebebis Sesaqmnelad.
cnobilia, rom `am wmendas~ mohyva sxva wmendebi_mesame
(1995 wlis ivnis-ivlisi,), meoTxe (1997 wlis zafxuli), me-
xuTe (1998 wlis maisi), rac sxvadasxva intensivobiT dRemde
grZeldeba.
galis raionSi mosaxleobis tragediis yovlismomcve-
li (TiTqmis yoveldRiuri) masalebi Tavmoyrilia galis
raionis zugdidis gamgeobis (aseve afxazeTis avtonomiuri
respublikis adamianis uflebaTa dacvis ofisis) arqivebSi,
romelic afxazeTis tragediis pirvelive dReebidan ra-
ionis mosaxleobis, aseve im adamianTa pirveli maspinZeli

268
da Wirisufalia, romlebic mdinare enguris gadmokveTiT
axerxeben samegrelos teritoriaze gadmosvlas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom 1993 wlis oqtombris pirveli dReebi-
dan (faqtiurad saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sabWos SeiaraRe-
buli Zalebis mier afxazeTis datovebisTanave) galelTa
TaosnobiT q. zugdidSi Seiqmna e.w afxazeTis xsnis komite-
ti, romelic sadReRamiso saqmianobas eweoda devnili mo-
saxleobis gansaxlebis, fizikuri gadarCenisa da winaaRm-
degobis moZraobis organizaciisTvis, magram imJamad mT-
lianad regionSi arsebuli rTuli viTarebis gamo komite-
ti iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina qalaqi. galis raionis
oficialuri gamgeoba (Seiqmna saqarTvelos saxelmwifos
meTauris gankargulebiT) muSaobas Seudga 1993 wlis no-
emberSi da droebiT ganTavsda saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa
akademiis enaTmecnierebis institutis SenobaSi (q. Tbili-
si, ingoroyvas quCa). Ggamgeobis xelmZRvaneloba daevala
saqarTvelos parlamentis wevrs, afxazeTis avtonomiuri
respublikis ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris moadgiles
vaxtang yolbaias. 1994 wels galis raionis gamgeoba faqti-
urad gadavida zugdidSi, vinaidan galis raionidan dev-
nilTa umetesoba Tavmoyrili iyo samegrelos regionSi.
raionis gamgeobas misi Seqmnis pirvelive dRidan mra-
vali funqcia daekisra. maT Soris, devnilTa dabinaveba,
jandacva, sursaTiT uzrunvelyofa, pirveladi aRricx-
va, dakarguli piradobis mowmobisa da sxva dokumentebis
aRdgena, separatistebis mier afxazeTSi qarTuli mosax-
leobis mier ganxorcielebuli genocidis, eTnikuri wmen-
dis faqtebis damdgeni samuSao jgufebis koordinacia.
TviTmxilvelTa cnobebis safuZvelze Seiqmna afxazeTSi
adamianurobis winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSaulobebis amsax-
veli masalebi. galis raionis gamgeoba dRemde maspinZlobs
konfliqtis mowesrigebasTan dakavSirebiT regionSi (aseve
afxazeTSi) Casul ucxoel stumrebs (1994 wels gamgeoba-

269
Si imyofeboda aSS saxelmwifo mdivani madlen olbraiTi),
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis xelmZRvanelebs, maRali
rangis politikosebs da samxedro moRvaweebs, saqarTve-
los centraluri xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs. Ggam-
geobam (aseve afxazeTSi konfliqtis mowesrigebis sainfor-
macio uzrunvelyofis centrma, romelic 1994 wlis ivnisSi
Seiqmna saqarTvelos saxelmwifos meTauris gankargule-
biT da garkveuli periodi q. zugdidSi funqcionirebda)
mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana konfliqtis mxareebs Soris
ndobis aRdgenaSi, dsT-s koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis samS-
vidobo Zalebis sardlobasaTan urTierTobis mowesrige-
baSi. praqtikulad galis raionis gamgeobam uzrunvelyo
afxazeTSi devnilebis etapobrivi dabrunebis Taobaze mxa-
reTa SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad galis raionis ekonomikuri
da socialuri reabilitaciis programis SemuSaveba.
samwuxarod, konfliqtis mowesrigebis procesSi
mxareebs Soris 1995-1997 wlebSi miRweuli erTgvari pro-
gresi ukugdebul iqna galis 1998 wlis maisis movlenebiT,
roca kvlav aiZules 40 aTasamde galeli daetovebina mSob-
liuri adgilebi. bevri maTgani gansaxlda saqarTvelos
did qalaqebSi, maT Soris dedaqalaqSi, umetesoba e.w. ker-
Zo seqtorSi da DdRemde gare vaWrobiT irCens Tavs.
galis raionis meore wmendidan aTi wlis Semdegac soxu-
mis reJimi kategoriulad acxadebs uars afxazeTis poli-
tikuri statusis SemuSavebaze, romelic uzrunvelyofda
devnilTa da ltolvilTa mSobliur adgilebSi Rirseuli
dabrunebis dawyebas, afxazeTSi afxazi eTnosis arsebobisa
da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso garantiebis Seqmnas, rome-
lic daefuZneboda afxazeTis omamdeli mosaxleobis Ta-
nasworuflebianobas.

`dilis gazeTi.~
18 Tebervali, 2004w.

270
 aq Cemi prezidentia
madlierma amerikelma xalxma amerikis erT-
erT damaarsebels _ Tomas jefersons memoria-
li daudga. qandakebis irgvliv warweraa: ~me da-
vifice uflis sakurTxevelTan, rom samaradiso
brZola gamovucxado adamianis gonebaze yovelg-
var tiranias.~

qveynis, saxelmwifos liders da winamZRols uZvele-

si droidan pativs miagebs xalxi da qveyana. yuradReba da
pativi gansakuTrebulia yvelaze gamorCeulTa mimarT,
romlebmac Seqmnes Zlieri saxelmwifoebi, gaimarjves did
omebSi, Secvales qveyana, uzrunvelyves Tavisi xalxis Ta-
visufleba, usafrTxoeba, keTildReoba.
istorias tiranTa batonobis uamravi magaliTic axsovs,
maT xalxma, drom da istoriam gamoutana ganaCeni, magram
isini iyvnen, maT ver waSli istoriidan da maTi xsovnac
unda arsebobdes rogorc gafrTxileba yvela TaobisTvis.
mraval saxelmwifoSi, gansxvavebul kulturul, reli-
giur, fsiqologiur Tu sxva faseulobaTa mimdevar qvey-
nebsa da xalxebSi tradiciad iqca pirvel pirTa pativce-
ma maTive sicocxleSi, gardacvlil Tanamdebobis pirTa
ritualuri dakrZalva, saamisod samudamo gansasvenebeli
adgilis SerCeva da misTvis kanoniT gansazRvruli statu-
sis miniWeba.
samwuxarod, bolo wlebSi am sakiTxisadmi Cveni xalxis
damokidebulebis araerTgvarovneba ganapiroba bevrisT-
vis axla avadsaxsenebelma mavzoleumebma mezobel qvey-
anebSi, aseve CvenSi sakmaod fexmokidebulma istoriulma
tradiciam, romlis mixedviT mefe Tu gamorCeuli didgva-
rovani TviTon irCevda Tavis gansasvenebel adgils (ander-
Zi) an dinastiuri gvari da ojaxi wyvetda am sakiTxs.
cxadia, rom qveynis pirveli pirebis savane, maTi neSti

271
da saZvale yovelTvis ganixileboda, rogorc im droisa da
momavali Taobebis winaprebTan uwyveti kavSiris miwieri
simbolo, erovnuli kuTvnilebis, erovnuli da saxelmwi-
foebrivi siamayisTvis TaobaTa aRzrdis saSualeba.
evropis civilizebul qveynebSi, aSS-Si da sxvagan, pir-
vel pirebze, miT ufro gardacvlilebze, augs veravin
getyviT, radganac arCeuli pirveli piri piradad misi,
xalxis da saxelmwifos umcdarobis anareklia. gansxvavebas
ver SeniSnavT _ cocxalia prezidenti, postze gardaicva-
la, impiCmentiT gadaayenes Tu moklul iqna. prezidenti
xalxis rCeulia, da amdenad, dafasebulia sicocxleSi da
sicocxlis Semdgomac.
amerikelTa gulebs siamayiT avsebs ould greneris
sasaflao bostonSi, sadac sxvebTan erTad dasaflavebu-
li arian bostonis xocva-Jletis msxverplni da damou-
kideblobis deklaraciis sami xelmomweri, masaCuseTsis
eqvsi gubernatori, aseve rigi gamoCenili disidenti
didi britaneTidan. RvTismosavma, fxizelma, mkacrma
puritanebma da maTma ufro zomierma STamomavlebma am
did qveyanaSi daamkvidres Tavisuflebis, muyaiTi Sro-
mis, iniciativis, TviTganviTarebis da ganaTlebis tra-
diciebi, ramac mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra amerikis
saxelmwifos Semdgomi ganviTareba da Tavisuflebisken
swrafva.
savsebiT bunebrivia arsebobdes azri, rom demokrati-
ul saqarTveloSic moewyos prezidentTa (aseve eris su-
lier mamaTa, saxelmwifo moRvaweTa) samudamo savane, ga-
Sendes tye-parki (iqneb e.w. demokratiis xeivani), romelic
moewyoba qveyanaSi arsebuli adaT-wesebisa da tradiciaTa
gaTvaliswinebiT da gaxdeba qveynis erT-erTi gamorCeuli
RirsSesaniSnaoba.
iqneb es Tvalsazrisi im tkiviliTac aris nakarnaxevi,
rom qarTvelma xalxma dRemde ar icis sadaa saqarTvelos

272
mefeT-mefis Tamaris, eris rig sxva winamZRolTa Tu ga-
morCeul adamianTa ZvalSesalagi.
udavod sworia qveyanaSi momwifebuli azri saqarTve-
los yofili prezidentebis samSobloSi gadmosvenebisa
da maTi saxelebis ukvdavyofis Sesaxeb. saqarTveloSi es
problema axlebur gaazrebas moiTxovs, radgan demokra-
tiuli samyarosTvis, saiTkenac Cven miviswrafiT, xalxis
mier arCeuli pirveli piri sicocxleSi da mis Semdgomac
aris xalxis da qveynis kuTvnileba yvela misi RirsebiT da
nakliT. bunebrivia, ojaxisa da axloblebis azri angariS-
gasawevia, magram gadamwyveti ar unda iyos.
iqneb dadga dro qveynis dedaqalaqSi (iqneb sxva qalaqSi,
regionSi) Seiqmnas prezidentTa (aseve gamoCenil saxelm-
wifo moRvaweTa) panTeoni, memoriali, romelic momavali
TaobebisTvis gaxdeba xalxis nebisa da arCevanis pativis-
cemis wminda adgili.
Cvenc unda SeveguoT im azrs, rom unaklo, uSecdomo
adamianebi ar arian da arc iqnebian, miT ufro xelisufle-
baSi, radganac pirveli piri, rogorc wesi, gansxvavebuli
politikuri Zalebis Widilis produqtia da mxolod dro
da istoriaa uSecdomo msajuli.
laTinelebs daejerebaT: `micvalebulebze an kargs am-
boben an dumils arCeven~ iqneb dadga dro, Cvenc mivagoT
pativi Cveni xalxis tradicias, gardasul adamianTa mimarT
didsulovani mimteveblobis RvTiur niWs da uzenaesi mi-
wieri msajulis_xalxis arCevans, raTa saqarTvelos yvela
Taobam siamayiT Tqvas: aq Cemi prezidentia!

„dilis gazeTi,~
17 aprili, 2004w.

273
 galis maisis tragedia _
usaxelo Tavdadeba?
`qarTvelebma afxazeTis zRvispira soflebSi,
saberioSi, dixazurgaSi, saTanjos mTaze qarTu-
li droSa aafriales, romelic rusebma Camoxsnes.
es is droSa iyo, xuTi weliwadi gulis gulSi, rom
inaxavda afxazeTis mravaltanjuli qarTveloba.
qveynisTvis im mZime droSi Seupovarma qarTveleb-
ma xuTi umSvenieresi dRe aCuqes saqarTvelos, es
brZolis, imedis, qarTuli sulis zeoba iyo. maT
xuTi dRiT welSi gamarTes afxazeTis qarTveloba,
xuTi dRiT moxsnes galelebs sakuTari ezo-kari-
dan gaZevebulis samarcxvino damRa da isev gal-
elebad, soxumelebad, gagrelebad aqcies.~

gazeTi `saqarTvelos respublika.~ maisi, 2001w.

galis maisi movlenebi (mexuTe wmenda) namdvilad aris

gakveTili imisa, Tu rogor ar unda gaimeto sakuTari
xalxi, ar iTamaSo qveynisTvis gulanTebul, magram mamu-
lidan gaZevebiT RirsebaSelaxuli mamaci mamuliSvilebis
grZnobebze, ar wamoiwyo avantiura, windauxedavi samxedro
operacia moxalise mebrZolebis, moxucebis, qalebisa da
bavSvebis imediT. es aris iSviaTi magaliTi imisa, Tu ro-
gor SeiZleba uTavbolo da moTamaSe xelisuflebis mier
arCeuli mizani jojoxeTad gadaeqceT imaT, vinc didi
fiqrisa da gansjis gareSe yovelTvis mzadaa pirnaTlad
moixados Tavis adamianuri vali samSoblosa da mamulis
winaSe. es aris gakveTili imisa, Tu rogor gadaaqcia xeli-
suflebis ugunurebam okupirebul afxazeTSi, mis zRvispi-
ra soflebSi, maRalmTiani saberios centrSi Tu saTanjos
mTaze amayad mofriale saqarTvelos droSa usaxelo da-
marcxebis da laCruli danebebis samarcxvino bairaRad.
Cveni valia mudam gvaxsovdes 1998 wlis maisis movlene-

274
bi iseTad, rogorc is Tavs daatexes galis isedac gatan-
jul mosaxleobas, arasodes daviviwyoT 76 gulanTebuli
qarTveli patrioti, romlebic daufiqreblad gadaeSvnen
uTavbolo oromtrialis ganwirulTa morevSi da Tavisi
ukanaskneli brZola gadaixades galis miwaze saqarTvelos
saxeliT da saqarTvelosTvis.
qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis met-naklebad cnobilia,
rom afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis Sinagan saqmeTa
saministros, ZiriTadad galis raionuli ganyofilebis
muSakebma Tavis Tavze miiRes afxazuri Zalebis mier galis
raionSi (ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebis veragobiT) mZime te-
qnikiTa da SeiaraRebiT Semoyvanili samxedro SenaerTebis
ZiriTadi dartyma mTiswineTis gorakebSi da fexi ar moi-
cvales winaaRmdegobis kerebidan. maT iomes, martodmar-
to ibrZoles, ar danebdnen ricxviT aTjer met mowinaaRm-
deges. roca saTanjos brZolebis monawile ukanaskneli
policielic mwyobridan gamovida, adgilobrivma qalebma
TeTri bairaRi aRmarTes, raTa daWrilebi da daxocilebi
engurs gaRma gamoeyvanaT.
mainc vin da ratom dagegma da wamoiwyo galis e.w. galis
ganTavisuflebis operacia, ra garigeba iyo am provokaciis
ukan da ra iyo namdvili mizani, vin ago an agebs pasuxs daxo-
cili da dasaxiCrebuli adamianebis, xelaxla gadamwvari
saxlebis, awiokebuli da xelaxla devnilad qceuli aTaso-
biT adamianis tanjva-wamebisTvis?
es is kiTxvebia, razedac pasuxi tragediidan xuTi wlis
Semdegac ar gacemula. am `uxerxulobas~ ar imCneven tra-
gediis organizatorebi, `saavtoro~ uflebebi, rogorc
etyoba, dRemde mkacradaa daculi.
***
1997-1998 wlebSi galis raionSi, afxazeTis konfliqtis
egreTwodebul usafrTxoebis zonaSi, SedarebiTma simS-
videm daisadgura. miuxedavad araerTgzis `wmendisa,~ mo-

275
saxleoba mainc ubrundeboda gadamwvar da gapartaxebul
ezo-kars.
xalxma nel-nela aaRorZina saojaxo meurneoba, gaum-
klavda SimSils, Seiqmna primitiuli sacxovrebeli piro-
bebi. devnilebis am nakads mxarSi amoudgnen pedagogebi,
SemorCenil saxlebSi gaxsnes skolebi, da yovelive es keT-
deboda, rogorc qarTuli, ise afxazuri xelisuflebis pa-
siuri dumilis pirobebSi, yovelgvari daxmarebis gareSe.
raionis qveda zonis zRvispira da engurispira sofle-
bis mosaxleoba nel-nela agrZelebda Zveli, ubatono sa-
murzayanos tradicias, anu rodesac qarTvel da afxaz Ta-
vadTa gauTavebeli qiSpobiT gadaRlili xalxi ar emorCi-
leboda arc ServaSiZeebs da arc dadianebs.
galSi oficialurad Sesvlis da usafrTxoebis garan-
tias mosaxleobas aravin aZlevda, Semosulebs ki viTom
icavdnen ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebi, romelTa imedi didi
xania amoewura mosaxleobas (`mirotvorcebs~ xalxma `vor-
tovocebi~ Searqva). am wlebSi, afxazur mxaresTan e.w. sta-
tus-kvos inarCunebdnen partizanebi, romlebic uxmaurod
akeTebdnen TavianT saqmes da, rac mTavaria, ramdenadac
SeeZloT icavdnen adgilobriv mosaxleobas, yovel SemTx-
vevaSi, swored maTi SiSiT afxazuri administracia cxvirs
ar hyofda qveda zonis soflebSi.
1998 wlis gazafxulidan viTareba mkveTrad Seicvala.
soxumis separatistulma mTavrobam jer kidev aprilis
Sua ricxvebSi galSi Seiyvana afxazuri miliciis 150 kacis-
gan Semdgari razmi, romelmac mosaxleobis darbeva daiwyo.
Zaladobas win aRudgnen adgilobrivi mosaxleebi. cal-
keul soflebSi moxda Setakebebi, ris Sedegadac afxazma
milicielebma danakargi ganicades da datoves zRvispira
mxare.
saqarTvelos xelisuflebaSi, rogorc etyoba, iyvnen
Zalebi, romelTac galSi arsebuli viTareba gaazviades da

276
Tavis sasargeblod gamoyeneba ganizraxes, magram movlene-
bi sxvisi da sxva scenariT ganviTarda.
`moqalaqeTa kavSiris~ mier enguris xidTan dawyebuli
aqciebi sofel fiCorSi gamarTul marulaSi gadaizarda,
rasac afxazuri mxaris gaRizianeba mohyva. 20 maiss, gamTe-
niisas, galis raionSi sadamsjelo operaciis Casatareb-
lad ruseTis samSvidobo jaris formaSi gadacmuli afxaz
boevikTa razmebi Seiyvanes, romlebmac Seuties sidas, xu-
muSqurs, zemo barRebs, refs, raionis sxva soflebs. pro-
vokatorebi adgilobriv mosaxleTa ezoebSi, gzebze yrid-
nen proklamaciebs: `sikvdili qarTvelebs!~, `gaecaleT
aqaurobas!~.
daiwyo qarTvelTa farTomasStabiani `wmenda,~ xocavd-
nen adamianebs, idevneboda mosaxleoba, iwvoda asobiT saxli.
mosaxleobis dacva partizanebs daakisres. kvlav gaCaR-
da brZolebi qveda da zeda zonis soflebSi, zogan aqtiuri,
zogan poziciuri. ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebi e.w. neitra-
litets icavda da movlenebSi Riad ar ereoda, Tumca afxa-
zur mxares neba misces SezRuduli SeiaraRebis zonaSi See-
tanaT tankebi, artileria, naRmsatyorcnebi da daebombaT
galis raionis engurhesebis arxis gamoRma mdebare teri-
toriebi, partizanebisa da adgilobriv moxaliseTa gan-
lagebis adgilebi. gauWirda afxazur mxares da kvlav uxmo
saSvelad kavkasiel volonterebs, rusuli armiis profe-
sionalebs.
metad garTulda viTareba da 24 maiss galis raionis da-
bal zonaSi Seyvanil iqna saqarTvelos samxedro Zalebisa
da policiis SezRuduli SenaerTi mZime teqnikis gareSe.
maT gasasvleli derefani mouwyves devnil mosaxleobas,
magram samxedro operaciebSi monawileoba ar miuRiaT.
25 maiss gagraSi gaimarTa qarTuli da afxazuri mxaree-
bis warmomadgenelTa Sexvedra, romelzec xeli moewera
oqms cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb.

277
 afxazurma mxarem galis raionSi Cveuli veragobiT da
sisastikiT gaagrZela soflebis gadawva. awames da daxo-
ces adgilobrivi mSvidobiani mcxovrebi, maT Soris Jur-
nalisti giorgi Wania. ugzo-ukvlod daikarga aTeulobiT
adamiani, engurs gamoRma gadmovida 40 aTasamde usaxl-
karod xelaxali devnili.
brZolis velidan TeTri bairaRiT gamoqceuli xeli-
sufleba aTeul aTasobiT axlad devnilis pirispir aR-
moCnda, magram advili ar iyo maTi problemebis minimalu-
rad mogvareba. es tvirTi isev sakuTar Tavze aiRo mxedrio-
nis mier mravaljer darbeulma da awiokebulma, Tavadac
gaZvaltyavebulma samegrelos mosaxleobam da kidev erTi
weli uyofda maT Tavis mwir lukmapurs.
xelisuflebam, rogorc Semdeg gairkva, xalxis risx-
vis Semarbileblad zugdidSi, ase vTqvaT, mZevlad datova
soflis meurneobis maSindeli ministri, cnobili saxelm-
wifo da sazogado moRvawe bakur gulua da afxazeTis av-
tonomiuri respublikis ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomare
zurab erqvania.
gamwarebuli xalxis mrisxane Setevebs igeriebdnen isi-
ni, aseve sadReRamiso igeriebda afxazeTis isini TavCaqin-
druli usmendnen da Tavis Tavze iRebdnen metad mware, ma-
gram xelisuflebis mier damsaxurebul, rbilad Tu vity-
viT, sayvedurebs.
gamwarebuli xalxi mimarTvas mimarTvaze ugzavnida sa-
qarTvelos prezidents, saqarTvelos parlaments, gaeros,
saerTaSoriso organizaciebs.
samTavrobo komisiam da zugdidis administraciam mxo-
lod oqtombris bolos moaxerxa droebiTi TavSesafrebi-
dan xalxis gadayvana mitovebul da gaZarcul SenobebSi.
naTqvamia, gaWirvebuls lodi aRmarTzec wamoewevao da
samegrelo_zemo svaneTis samxareo administraciis Seno-
baSi daudgeneli pirebisgan dadebuli naRmi afeTqda, ro-

278
melmac erTi devnilis sicocxle Seiwira da aseulobiT da-
Savda.
gaerom kvlavac Cveuli wesiT dagmo galis morigi tra-
gedia, dapirispirebis axali eskalacia da eTnikuri wmen-
dis recidivi, magram aravis gaucia saqarTvelos, sakuTriv
afxazeTisa da galis mosaxleobisTvis pasuxi kiTxvebze:
`rogor gaCnda sazenito danadgarebi, e.w. usafrTxoebis
zonaSi, vin agebs pasuxs daRupul xalxze?~
saqarTvelos 1999 wlis mowvevis parlamentma ise daas-
rula saqmianoba, rom arc ganuxilavs galis tragediis mi-
zezebi da ar dausaxelebia misi organizatorebi.
JurnalistebTan erTerT Sexvedraze yofilma saxelm-
wifo ministrma afxazeTis sakiTxebSi giorgi xaindravam
ganacxada, rom aucileblad gamoviZiebT galis tragediis
mizezebso, magram, ase ar moxda.

`afxazeTis xma,~
27 maisi, 2004w.

279
 beslani afxazeTSi

beslanis tragediam ukiduresad aRaSfoTa msoflios
yvela normalurad moazrovne adamiani. Cven vixileT ter-
orizmis yvelaze veluri forma ruseTSi _ SiSveli Zala-
doba bavSvebis mimarT, kacobriobis winaaRmdeg Cadenili
umZimesi danaSauli.
faqtis mimarT saqarTvelos mtkice pozicia msoflios
gasagonad gacxadda. ufro metic, ar darCenila saqarT-
veloSi ojaxi, adamiani, romelmac sakuTar tkivilad ar
aRiqva beslaneli bavSvebis, maTi mSoblebis, maswavleb-
lebis, da saerTod, CrdiloeT oseTis (alania) ubedure-
ba.
samwuxarod, im dReebSi ruseTis mediaSi daiwyes sauba-
ri teroristTa Soris raRac qarTul kvalze, Tumca male-
ve uaryves. magram amiT `saqarTvelos kvalis~ sakiTxi ar
amowurula. qarTuli mediis informaciiT samxreT oseTis
prezidentma im dReebSi ganacxada: `maqvs mtkiceba, rom
beslanSi bavSvebze TavdamsxmelTa Soris iyo saqarTvelos
moqalaqe. misi daRupvis Semdeg pankisis xeobaSi, mSobliur
sofelSi, panaSvidi gadaixades.~
am informaciam sazogadoebis moTminebis fiala aavso.
masmedia Tavis simaRleze aRmoCnda, ueWveli gaxada (rusu-
li gazeTebi, sxva wyaroebi), rom beslanis teraqtSi sxva-
dasxva erovnebis moZaladeebi monawileobdnen, maT Soris
rusebi da osic ki. Ziebam marTlac daadastura, rom besla-
nis tragediaSi monawileobdnen ramdenime eris warmomad-
genli, magram qarTveli _ ara!
vinaidan amdagvar danaSauls xandazmuloba ara aqvs,
minda qarTveli, afxazi, osi, CeCeni, rusi da sxva mkiTxve-
lis yuradReba mivapyro realur faqtebze Tu sad gaiares
bavSvebsa da qalebze Zaladobis pirveli wrToba beslanis
tragediis organizatorebma da uSualo Semsruleblebma.

280
 ***
1993 wlis 19 seqtembers afxazebma da eqvsasamde kon-
federantma alyaSi moaqcies mdinare kodoris marcxena
napirze mdebare didi qarTuli sofeli axaldaba. tyved
ayvanili yvela mamakaci daxoces, xolo samasamde qali da
bavSvi saSualo skolis SenobaSi Serekes.
tyve qalTa banakma 25 dRe da Rame iarseba. SedarebiT
asakovani qalebi Senobis pirvel sarTulze datoves, xolo
gogonebi _ meSvide da ufro maRali klasis moswavleebi da
25-30 wlamde asakis maswavleblebi zeda sarTulSi gadaiy-
vanes.
am dRidan daiwyo boevikebis mier mcirewlovani da
ufro mowifuli asakis gogonebis masiuri wameba: indi-
vidualurad, jgufurad, Tanac dReRameSi ramdenjerme,
visac saamiso survili hqonda da ar ezareboda; iyo sanaZ-
leoebi mamakacur siZliereze, wagebul banqoze, mizanSi
srolaze, araysa da e.w. narkowamlis erT wilze. arsebuli
gadmocemiT, galeSili da wamliT gabruebuli boevikebi
bavSvebs ukrZalavdnen Cacmas, daZinebas, gare samyarosTan
urTierTobas. aravin aqcevda yuradRebas bavSvebis crem-
lebs, xvewna-mudaras, mamaSvilur namusze Segdebas. fizi-
kurad gamorCeul bavSvebs sxeulze, romlebzedac `moT-
xovnileba~ maRali iyo, momxmareblebi sakuTar saxelsac
asviringebdnen. dadgenilia, rom boevikebma namusi axades
im oTx arasrulwlovan moswavle gogonasac ki, romelTa
mama wina dRes daxvrites.
qarTvel qalTa banakis arsebobasa da iq mimdinare saSi-
nelebebze xma pirvelad aRumaRlebiaT afxaz pedagogebs,
romelTac mouxerxebiaT tyveTa banakis daSla, Tumca zo-
gierT boeviks sxvagan gadauyvania gamorCeuli bavSvebis
nawili, maT Soris afxazeTis farglebs gareT.
faqtis Taobaze qarTvelma sazogadoebam gangaSi atexa
qveynis SigniT da gareT, magra maSin am ambis momsmeni, miT

281
ufro damjerebeli cota vinme Tu iyo.
Catarda samarTlebrivi mokvleva, arsebobs saTanado
sabuTebi, magram adamianurobis winaaRmdeg Cadenil am mov-
lenas, iseve, rogorc afxazeTSi Cadenil sxva danaSaulo-
bebs, dRemde da samarTlebrivi Sefaseba ar mohyolia.
aRsaniSnavia, rom moZaladeTa absoluturi umravle-
soba daqiravebuli boevikebi iyvnen, romlebic gogonebs
gamarjvebuli meomris alafad Tvlidnen, Tanac, mxolod
qarTvelebs!
axaldabis amkleb boevikebs Soris, amboben, iyvnen osi
erovnebis mebrZolebi, magram Cveni xalxebis istoriuli
Zmobis, naTesaobis, osi xalxis qristianuli keTilsindi-
sierebis gaTvaliswinebiT, qarTulma masmediam maSin am Te-
maze TavSekaveba arCia. ufro metic, iqneb Cveni erovnuli
xasiaTisa da gadaWarbebuli mimteveblobis gamo konkre-
tulad arc erTi xalxis warmomadgeneli ar dadanaSaule-
bula, radganac qarTvelebi vTvliT, rom borotmoqmedebs,
teroristebs, moZaladeebs arc samSoblo aqvT da arc ero-
vneba.
omebis istorias adamianurobis winaaRmdeg Cadenili
danaSaulis uamravi faqti axsovs. cnobilia isic, rom omis
mTeli simZime qalebis zurgze gadadioda xolme, magram
pedofilia, bavSvebze Zaladoba, sxva gaugonari sisastike
specialistebs axal movlenad miaCniaT.
amitomac migvaCnia, rom terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZo-
lis RonisZiebaTa sistemaSi bavSvTa dacvas gansakuTrebu-
li yuradReba unda mieqces, miRebul iqnas yvela saxelm-
wifosTvis savaldebulo saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi
normebi da gatardes prevenciis gansakuTrebuli Ronis-
Ziebebi.
beslanis teraqtis dros bavSvebisa da mozardebis
mimarT Cadenili danaSauliT gamowveuli zizRi da zo-
gadsakacobrio aRSfoTeba SesaZlebelia wamoweul iqnas

282
Zlier ideologiur faqtorad terorizmis namdvili bu-
nebis samxelad, gamoyenebul iqnas moqnil instrumentad
terorizmSi CaTreul adamianTa rigebSi dapirispirebis
Sesatanad.
ueWvelia, Tavis droze saTanado Sefaseba da msoflio
rezonansi rom miscemoda afxazeTSi, kerZod axaldabaSi,
qarTveli bavSvebis winaaRmdeg Cadenil umZimes danaSauls,
SesaZlebelia ar yofiliyo beslanis tragedia, ar yofili-
yvnen misi iniciatorebi da Semsruleblebi.
beslanis teraqtis Semdeg, romelsac amdeni msxverpli
da adamianuri tragedia mohyva, sxva Tu araferi, ubralod
uzneobaa TiTis gaSvera romelime saxelmwifos moqalaqe-
ze an erovnuli niSniT teroristze, roca aravis da araso-
des gauxdia saeWvod, rom teroristebs, bavSvebze moZala-
deebs ara aqvT, arc arasodes hqoniaT Rirseba, miT ufro
adamianoba.
axaldabam da beslanma ufro mWidrod unda dagvakavSi-
ros qarTvelebi da osebi, sxva erovnebis adamianebi kaco-
briobis axali `Savi Wiris~ winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, am
saqmeSi yovelgvar gaugebrobaTa erTad dasaZlevad.

`afxazeTis xma,~
24 dekemberi, 2004w.

283
 mSvidoba, damoukidebloba Tu
konstituciuri wesrigis ZaliT
aRdgena?

`saqarTvelo aris damoukidebeli, erTiani

da ganuyofeli saxelmwifo.~

`aravis ara aqvs ufleba miiTvisos an ukanonod

moipovos xelisufleba.~

(saqarTvelos konstituciidan)

mSvidoba adamianTa yvela modgmis maradiuli ocnebaa,

magram, samwuxarod, kacobriobis, saxelmwifoebis, xalxe-
bis istoria, upirveles yovlisa, konfliqtebis da omebis
istoriaa.
yvelaze didi ubedureba samoqalaqo omi da Sida kon-
fliqtebia, romelic Zmebs, naTesavebs, mezoblebs, moxu-
cebs, qalebs Tu bavSvebs barikadis sxvadasxva mxares
ayenebs.
afxazeTis omma didi ubedureba moutana damoukidebel,
magram ucxo qveynis borkilebisgan axlad ganTavisufle-
bul da demokratiis gzaze Semdgar saxelmwifos, sasikv-
dilo dartyma miayena qveynis gardamaval ekonomikas; omma
Seiwira qveynis saukeTeso adamianebi, ganadgurda afxaze-
Tis ekonomikuri da sawarmoo potenciali, saxezea uzarma-
zari materialuri da finansuri danaxarjebi. Ggaeros mo-
nacemebiT 2000 wlis bolosTvis saqarTveloSi cxovrobda
272 aTasi iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piri, romelTagan
96% aris afxazeTidan devnili. iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli
pirebi umetesad cxovroben samegreloSi (42%), TbilisSi

284
(33%), imereTSi (12%). ukanasknel wlebSi maTi didi nawili
sacxovreblad gadavida qalaqebSi, sadac dasaqmebisa da
fizikuri gadarCenis meti SesaZleblobaa. qalaq TbilisSi
maTi raodenoba 40 aTasidan (1997w.) 2001 wlisTvis 90 aTa-
samde gaizarda.
Sida konfliqtebiTa da afxazeTSi damarcxebiT gaCa-
nagebuli saxelmwifosTvis metad rTulia devnilTa da
ltolvilTa Senaxva. 2001 wels saxelmwifo biujetma igp-
Ta Sesanaxad gaiRo 57,2 milioni lari, rac mTeli biuje-
tis 6,4 procentia, rac ufro metia, vidre TavdacvisTvis
gamoyofili xarjebi (4,1%), aseve meti, vidre ganaTlebisa
da jandacvisTvis erTad aRebuli xarjebi. garda amisa,
devnilebi garkveul daxmarebas Rebuloben adgilobrivi
biujetebidan maTi kompaqturi dasaxlebis adgilebSi. qa-
laq TbilisSi devnilTa transportiT ufaso momsaxureba
8,2 milioni laris jdeba, rac dedaqalaqis biujetis 5 pro-
centia. mTavroba afinansebs koleqtiuri Casaxlebis cen-
trebSi Casaxlebul devnilTa komunalur xarjebs.
devnilebisTvis gaicema individualuri Semweoba 14 la-
ris odenobiT. 2001 wlisTvis am saxis fuladi daxmarebis
danaxarji Seadgenda 44,3 milion lars. devnili bavSvebi
saxelmwifo xarjze swavloben skolebsa da umaRles sas-
wavleblebSi. saxelmwifo sadazRvevo kompania afinansebs
igp-Ta garkveul samedicino daxmarebas. aris sxva ara-
pirdapiri danaxarjebi. es ki qveynis mwiri biujetisTvis
metad mZime tvirTia, ris gamoc 2002 wlisTvis mTavrobis
davalianebam 25 milion lars gadaaWarba.
saxelmwifo, cxadia, ver SeZlebda devnilTa fizikur
gadarCenas mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso daxmarebis gareSe
(gaero, euTo, donori organizaciebi, arasamTavrobo or-
ganizaciebi, samoqalaqo seqtori). ucxoeTidan uwyvet na-
kadad modioda humanitaruli daxmareba, ZiriTadad sur-
saTi, tansacmeli, sayofacxovrebo nivTebi. saerTaSoriso

285
humanitaruli daxmareba SemdgomSi Seicvala e.w. daxmare-
biT ganviTarebisTvis, rac gulisxmobda yovelwliurad
saxsrebis gamoyofas saxelmwifosTvis, rac programuli
wesiT ganawildeboda da moxmardeboda devnilTa dasaqme-
bas, jandacvas, sacxovrebeli pirobebis Seqmnas, gansax-
lebis obieqtebis reabilitacias. am formiT saerTaSori-
so daxmareba dRemde grZeldeba, magram Zneli saTqmelia
Tu ramdenad xmardeba igi devnilTa uSualo saWiroebebs;
devnilTa ubedurebasa da gaWirvebaze, samwuxarod, bevri
dRemde iTbobs xels, mdidrdebian calkeuli saxelmwifo
moxeleebi Tu samoqalaqo seqtoris mesveurebi.
asea Tu ise, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos igp-Ta saxiT akis-
ria udidesi politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri, hu-
manitaruli da moraluri pasuxis mgeloba da movaleoba,
romlis gamklaveba gauWirdeboda evropisa Tu aziis eko-
nomikurad Zlier saxelmwifosac ki.
aseTia visTves gamarjvebuli Tu visTvis marcxiani ome-
bis Sedegi, rac kargad icis msoflio istoriam, magram,
etyoba, omebs kidev didxans ver Seeleva adamianTa modg-
ma, radgan maradiulia is interesebi, romlebic `rCeul~
adamianTa yvelaze sasicocxlo da Timosuri miswrafebe-
bis dakmayofilebas emsaxureba, mCagvrelTa da CagrulTa
(gamarjvebulTa da damarcxebulTa) did sazogadoebebs
warmoSobs, romelTa Soris realurad ganviTarebuli ant-
agonizmis gadawyveta gonebis ZaliT da civilurad SeuZ-
lebeli xdeba.
afxazeTSi konfliqti aRniSnulis mkafio dadasture-
baa, Tumca garegnuli niSnebiT yvela konfliqti erTmane-
Tisgan gansxvavdeba.
Znelia iseTi magaliTis moxmoba istoriidan, roca ne-
bismieri konfliqtis Ria an faruli monawile mesame mxare
ar yofiliyo. aseTebad didi da Zlieri, rogorc wesi, me-
zobeli da geopolitikuri dainteresebis mqone saxelmwi-

286
foebi gvevlinebian. es savsebiT bunebrivi movlenaa, razec
kamaTi uadgiloa, iseve, rogorc uazroa, davuSvaT da sx-
visi imediT yofnis gamarTleba; moulodnelobisgan aravin
da araferia dazRveuli, radgan, rogorc ityvian, „ar ar-
seboben mudmivi megobrebi, arseboben mudmivi interesebi.~
sajaro gancxadebebis gakeTeba Zlieri Tu uZlieresi pa-
tronis povnaze, romelic mZlevis mZlevi gaxdeba, rbilad
Tu vityviT, politikuri sibecea. roca ase xdeba, terito-
riebwarTmeul qveyanaSi dundeba Zalisxmeva sakuTari pro-
blemis sakuTari ZalebiT gadasawyvetad da mosaxleoba,
romelic dReRam tangauxdeli unda iwves mSobliuri miwis
dasabruneblad, sulierad Ratakdeba. ara da, Cvens mier ga-
saReb sisxls sxva ar gaiRebs; Tu gaiRebs da gaimarjvebs,
nayofic misi iqneba.
vinc zedapirulad mainc icnobs afxazeTidan devnilTa
mdgomareobas, es ar gaukvirdeba. es TiToeuli CvenTaganis
samwuxaro realobaa da mkafiodaa asaxuli afxazeTSi kon-
fliqtis Sesaxeb gaeros rezoluciebSi. samwuxarod, gae-
ros yoveli muxlis SesrulebisTvis Seupovari brZolis
nacvlad, saxezea qirqili gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos yovel
morig rezoluciasTan dakavSirebiT.
gaeros dokumentebisadmi qarTuli mxaris aseTi damo-
kidebuleba ki savsebiT misaRebia soxumSi mravali Tval-
sazrisiT. Tundac egreTwodebuli bodenis dokumentis-
admi damokidebuleba rad Rirs: soxumma, gaeros uSiSroe-
bis sabWos mudmiv wevrebTan SeTanxmebuli es dokumenti
gansaxilvelad miRebis Rirsadac ar CaTvala, Cven gaeros
wevrebi ara varTo!
visac aqvs Tvali da yuri, am situaciidan `oqros Tev-
zis~ daWeras unda cdilobdes, daJinebiT moiTxovdes re-
zoluciis yoveli muxlis Sesrulebas, radganac dokumen-
ti, swored rom, gaeros wevr saxelmwifoebs uxsnis xel-
fexs moqmedebisTvis, TviTmarqvia subieqts ki Tavazianad

287
afrTxilebs, rom, roca dadgeba saamiso dro, am rezolu-
ciebs sabraldebo skamTan dagilagebTo.
Cven sajarod, Riad, yvela saSualebebiT, maT Soris
araZaladobrivi iZulebiT, gaerosagan unda moviTxovdeT
dokumentSi Cadebuli yvela punqtis Sesrulebas, raTa mi-
vipyroT msoflios yuradReba, pirvel rigSi ki vaiZuloT
soxumis reJimi dafiqrdes, rom gaeros mimarT misi aseTi
damokidebuleba erT dros uTuod gaxdeba maTi Tavxedo-
bis dasasrulis dasawyisi.
soxumis reJims hyofnis Tavxedoba kategoriulad amt-
kicos, rom aqvs ufleba devnilebi, TiTqosda maTi Zveli
Tu axali „danaSaulobebis~ gamo, ar daabrunos mSobliur
adgilebSi, SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dasrulebidan came-
ti wlis Semdegac ar Seasrulos gaero 35 rezoluciis ar-
cerTi moTxovna, dsT-s saxelmwifos meTaurTa samitebis
arc erTi gadawyvetileba. omis wlebSi da Semdgom vladis-
lav arZinba Tavxedurad acxadebda, rom misi mizania „isto-
riuli samarTlianobis aRdgena,~ anu stalinisa da berias
mier afxazeTSi ukanonod Casaxlebuli mTieli megrele-
bis, raWvelebisa da leCxumelebis TavianTi warmoSobis
adgilebSi dabruneba, rasac, samwuxarod, rigi ucxoeli
voiaJori Tavis katuniT eTanxmeboda kidec.
politikuri brZola da SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba
sastiki da ulmobelia. imarjvebs is, vinc ar daerideba go-
nivrul sisastikes qveynis damaqcevarTa mimarT, da ara sim-
RerebiTa da koncertebiT danamusebis mcdelobiT.
saxelmwifos Sida konfliqtSi SeuZlebelia mxolod
da mxolod romelime mxare iyos damnaSave. centri, Tavisi
statusis gamo, yovelTvis damnaSaved Cans, magram es for-
mula arsad da arasodes yofila absoluturi; ueWvelia,
rom Tavgasulobisa da ganukiTxavi moqmedebis uflebas
arsad da aravis aZleven, ase rom ar iyos, uZlieresi sa-
xelmwifoebic daiSlebodnen regionebad, raionebad, qa-

288
laqebad da soflebad. soxumsa da cxinvalSi unda icodnen
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sajarod gacxadebuli pozicia,
rom xval iqneba Tu zeg, meamboxeebs pasuxisgeba mouwevT.
dRemde aravis gauxdia saeWvod, rom centri valdebu-
lia qveynis konstituciis Tu avtonomiuri erTeulis kon-
stituciis xelyofas, miT ufro maT fexqveS gaTelvas upa-
suxos moqnilad, adekvaturad, xolo viTarebis Semdgomi
eskalaciis SemTxvevaSi, ganaxorcielos qirurgiuli Care-
va yvela gonivruli da kanonieri saSualebebiT, romelic
mas aqvs.
samwuxarod, amJamad, am gadasaxedidan bevri ram sxvanai-
rad Cans, muSaobs garkveuli koniunqturac, magram isto-
riisTvis miuRebelia sityva `iqneb,~ radgan yvelaferi xde-
ba konkretul drosa da konkretul sivrceSi da Tu ra iyo
maSin mTavari Tu upirvelesi, rogori iyo aisbergis qveda
nawilSi ZalTa balansi, amas axla arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara
aqvs. swored amitom, Cveni mxridan faqtebisa da movlenebis
mecnieruli analizis da ganzogadebis gareSe damnaSavis
Zieba da zedapiruli ritorika, miT ufro zRvars gadasuli
TviTgvema, mtris wisqvilze asxams wyals, zurgs umagrebs
meamboxeTa politikas da ideologias. samiso dasturia sa-
qarTvelos bolo samSvidobo iniciativaze soxumis gaco-
febuli antiqarTuli reaqcia, romlis analogi adre ar yo-
fila. istoria ityvis Tavis droze simarTles, magram isic
ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom samarTliani daskvnebi iSviaTad
Tu gakeTebula istoriis gakveTilebidan.
afxazeTis politikosTa da istorikosTa axalma Taobam
gulwrfelad unda Caixedos realur qarTul-afxazur ur-
TierTobaSi. Zneli misaxvedri ar aris Tu ratom surT `Sek-
veTil~ istorikosebs afxazeTis istoriis fesvebi eZebon
Soreul aTaswleulebSi da ar Caixedon TiTqmis axlaxan,
Tundac 1623 wlidan 29 weliwadi wifuriaSi moRvawe ro-
maeli misionerebis wignebsa (lamberti, kasteli, sxva) da

289
rukebSi, sadac naxaven, rom mdinare koraqsamde (kodori)
gadaWimul samegrelos vrcel teritoriaze afxazuri,
ufro zustad, afsuuri kvali ar Cans.
es imaT sayuradRebod, vinc soxumidan gahyviris, rom
qarTvelebi me-19 saukunemde ar Canano afxazeTis dRevan-
del teritoriaze da mogvianebiT SemoiWrneno mahajiro-
bisgan daclil afxazeTSi; iqneb imiTac dainteresdnen Tu
ramdenjer ganxorcielda mTis gaRmamTielTa mier qarT-
velTa ayra afxazeTidan; iqneb imiTac dainteresdnen Tu
ratom hqvia dasavleT saqarTveloSi,_imereTSi, samegre-
loSi 23 sofels ilori, nabakevi, xumuSquri, zeni da a.S., da
ratom cxovroben am soflebSi im gvaris matarebeli adami-
anebi, romelTa adgilwarmoSobis areali mxolod afxaze-
Tia.
ar aris es danaSauli qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg? aris, ma-
gram imdeni xnis winandeli, rom amisTvis mosTxovo vinmes
pasuxismgebloba, igive iqneba mosTxovo amerikelebs kon-
tinentis datoveba da evropaSi an afrikaSi dabruneba.
me afxazebTan mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba msurs, iseve
rogorc, mTeli devnil mosaxleobas, magram es mSvidoba
unda iyos mxolod samarTliani, konstituciiT garantire-
buli, urTierTmitevebasa da pativiscemaze dafuZnebuli,
sxvanairad kvlav vulkanis kraterze aRmovCndebiT.
bolo dros CvenSic gamoCndnen pacifistebi, romle-
bic yvelaferSi damnaSaves saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebSi
xedaven, amitom mxareTa oficialur dokumentebze dayrd-
nobiT Sevecdebi zogi ramis Tqmas imaze, rac 1989 wlidan
afxazeTSi da mTlian qveyanaSi xdeboda:
_1989 wlis 15-16 ivlisis tragikuli dapirispireba,
saidanac saqarTvelos saxelmwifom jerovani daskvnebi
ver gaakeTa, agresiuli separatizmis mimdevrebma ki Sesa-
niSnavad gamoiyenes saqarTvelos daqucmacebis dasawy-
ebad;

290
 _ saqarTveloSi wes-wyobilebis Secvla separatisteb-
ma Riad da daufaravad miiCnies samarTlebriv safuZvlad
saqarTvelos konstituciuri sivrcidan gasasvlelad da
yovelgvar saSualebas mimarTes gayalbebuli e.w. referen-
dumis CaTvliT;
_ afxazur enas mianiWes saxelmwifo enis statusi, qar-
Tul enas ki CamoarTves aseTi statusi;
_ saqarTvelos umaRlesi sabWo Rebulobda dadgenile-
bebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofdnen saqarTvelos saxelmwi-
foebrivi interesebis dacvas afxazeTSi, magram mas aravin
iziarebda. ufro metic, afxazeTis umaRles sabWos da mis
prezidiums umalve gamohqonda dadgenilebebi afxazeTis
teritoriaze saqarTvelos xelisuflebis gadawyvetile-
bebis baTilad cnobis da sakuTari gadawyvetilebebis uze-
naesobis Sesaxeb;
_ 1990 wlis 25 agvistos, afxazeTis assr umaRlesi sab-
Wos XI mowvevis meaTe sesia, saqarTvelos da afxazeTis kon-
stituciebis, afxazeTis uzenaesi sabWos sesiis Catarebis
procesualuri normebis uxeSi darRveviT, Rebulobs de-
klaracias, romliTac sazeimod acxadebs afxazeTis sabWo-
Ta socialisturi respublikis saxelmwifo suverenitets,
anu afxazeTs ayenebs saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifos
gareT;
_ 1990 wlis 4 dekembers afxazeTis uzenaesi sabWo (vla-
dimir arZinba ukve afxazeTis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdo-
marea saqarTvelos xelisuflebis morigi daTmobis Sede-
gad), TbilisTan SeuTanxmeblad, Rebulobs kanons afxa-
zeTis konstituciaSi cvlilebebis da damatebis Setanis
Taobaze, riTac afxazeTis uzenaesi sabWos prezidiumi
TviTneburad isakuTrebs afxazeTSi erTaderTi umaRlesi
saxelmwifo, warmomadgenlobiTi da aRmasrulebeli orga-
nos statuss, prezidiumis SemadgenlobaSi gzas uxsnis eT-
nikurad afxazTa kvalificiur umravlesobas, miitacebs

291
uflebas yvela sakiTxze gamosces brZanebulebebi da gan-
kargulebebi;
_ 1991 wlis 21 Tebervals saqarTvelos respublikis
samxedro sabWom miiRo deklaracia saqarTvelos pirveli
demokratiuli respublikis konstituciis aRdgenis Tao-
baze, romlis pirveli muxli `saqarTvelos respublikis
dRes arsebuli sazRvrebis da erovnul-saxelmwifoebri-
vi mowyobis (afxazeTis da aWaris statusis) Seucvlelad
aRiarebs saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtebis da saqarT-
velos demokratiuli respublikis 1921 wlis 21 Tebervlis
konstituciis uzenaesobas da mis amoqmedebas dRevandeli
realobis gaTvaliswinebiT,~ razedac soxumSi maSinaTve
daiwyo spekulacia;
_ afxazeTis axali xelisufleba faqtiurad ukve ar cn-
obs saqarTvelos kanonebs da normatiul aqtebs;
_ saqarTvelo ar monawileobs ssr kavSiris 1991 wlis 17
martis referendumSi, afxazeTi assr xelmZRvaneloba ki
manipulaciebiT `axerxebs~ ssr kavSiris SenarCunebis mxar-
daWeras;
_ saqmes ver uSvela saqarTvelos xelisuflebis morig-
ma, politikurad umniSvnelovanesma (faqtiurad apartei-
dulma), gadawyvetilebam (afxazeTSi daZabulobis mosaxs-
nelad da SeiaraRebuli dapirispirebis Tavidan asacileb-
lad) afxazeTis umaRles sabWoSi 26 qarTvelis, 28 afxazis
da 11 sxvadasxva erovnebis deputatis arCevis Sesaxeb.
_ 1991 wlis 29 dekembers afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos pre-
zidiumma moskovTan SeTanxmebiT miiRo dadgenileba `afxa-
zeTis teritoriaze ganlagebuli samxedro da miliciis
nawilebis afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos TavmjdomarisTvis
daqvemdebarebis da maTi saqmianobis koordinaciis droe-
biTi samxedro sabWos Seqmnis Sesaxeb.~ aRsaniSnavia, rom
samxedro sabWos SemadgenlobaSi ar Seiyvanes arc erTi
qarTveli. amiT Seiqmna afxazeTis ukanono SeiaraRebuli

292
Zalebi (gaZlierebuli rusuli samxedro SenaerTebiT), anu
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis erTerTi umTavresi
atributi;
_ separatistebma afxazeTis Sinagan saqmeTa qarTveli
ministri Zalis gamoyenebiT Secvales, afxazeTis uSiSroe-
bis saministro afxazeTis umaRles sabWos dauqvemdebares
da ukanono iaraRis amoRebis sababiT ganaiaraRes qarTve-
li mosaxleoba;
_ afxazeTSi SemoiRes moqalaqeTa qcevis gansakuTrebu-
li wesebi, moqalaqeTa Caweris gansakuTrebuli norma, rom-
lis namdvili mizani iyo afxazeTSi monoeTnikuri (afxazu-
ri) jgufis mier xelisuflebis uzurpaciiT ukmayofilo
mosaxleobis mzardi winaaRmdegobis CaxSoba;
_ 1992 wlis 2 ivliss afxazeTis assr uzenaesi sabWos pre-
zidiumi iuridiuli Zalis armqoned miiCnevs da afxazeTSi
krZalavs `Sinagani jaris _ erovnuli gvardiis Seqmnis Se-
saxeb~ saqarTvelos respublikis kanonis amoqmedebas;
_ 1992 wlis 23 ivliss afxazeTis uzenaesma sabWom miiRo
dadgenileba `afxazeTis assr 1978 wlis konstituciis mo-
qmedebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb~ da gamoacxada afxazeTis ssr
1925 wlis konstitucia, riTac sabolood gaemijna saqarT-
velos konstitucias, Seqmna winapirobebi saqarTvelosa
da mis ZirZveli nawilis_afxazeTs Soris arsebuli da kon-
stituciurad garantirebuli samarTlebrivi urTierTo-
bis gasawyvetad.
afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumma miiTvisa ra
afxazeTis respublikis umaRlesi sabWos funqciebi da
uxeSad daarRvia saqarTvelos xelisuflebasTan morige-
ba mniSvnelovani kanonebis miRebisas damcavi meqanizmis
gamoyenebis Taobaze, aiZula afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos
fraqcia `demokratiul afxazeTi~ Tavisi saqmianobisTvis
mieniWebina sakanonmdeblo aqtebis miRebis uflebamosi-
leba.

293
 amiT dasrulda qarTvel da afxaz politikosTa erToba,
afxazeTSi damyarda monoeTnikuri afxazuri mmarTveloba,
Camoyalibda afxazuri SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, anu afxazeTi
gavida saqarTvelos Semadgenlobidan da moamzada niadagi
afxazeTSi konfliqtis provocirebisTvis.
arZinba niSnis mogebiT acxadebs, rom `didi politika
TeTri xelTaTmanebiT ar keTdeba, rom mas sWirdeba deda-
qalaqi da sazRvari, da Tu es ase ar moxda, igi yvelafers
gaakeTebs, raTa pirveli qarTvelebma esrolon afxazebs.~
arZinba asrulebs Tavis sityvas da didi reJisoris da-
valebas. afxazeTSi dRiTidRe iZabeba viTareba, ewyoba
provokaciebi, raTa afxazi da qarTveli mosaxleoba daupi-
rispiron erTmaneTs, amasTan amuSavda mZlavri ideologi-
uri manqana. afxazeTis qarTveloba daayenes alternativis
winaSe: an aRiaron afxazeTis damoukidebloba an datovon
afxazeTi.
afxazeTis qarTvelobam es miuReblad miiCnia da uzar-
mazar imperiasTan Rirseulad ibrZola, Tumca, rogorc
mosalodneli iyo, damarcxda.
ras gaakeTebda am situaciaSi nebismieri normaluri sa-
xelmwifo, romelic pativs scems Rirsebas, qveynis teri-
toriul mTlianobas, sakuTar konstitucias, sakuTar da-
weril Tu dauwerel istorias, saerTaSoriso samarTlis
normebs?
faqtia, rom gardamavali periodis qarTulma saxelm-
wifom, romelic Cabmuli iyo urTules politikur brZo-
lebSi imperiidan Tavis dasaxsnelad, Semdeg samoqalaqo
dapirispirebaSi, ver moaxerxa garedan marTuli separati-
stuli ganwyobilebis SeCereba, viTarebis adekvaturi sa-
xemwifo RonisZiebebis gatareba.
qveynis teritoriis da konstituciis xelyofa mis ro-
melime regionSi, mosaxleobis gaxleCa eTnikuri niSniT,
maT Soris SuRlis Camogdeba da sisxlisRvris dawyebisT-

294
vis provokaciuli xafangebis mowyoba, aris Tu ara dana-
Sauli saxelmwifos mimarT?
meamboxeebma icodnen rom gaimarjvebdnen, amasTan
acnobiereben sakuTar danaSauls viTarebis Secvlis maRa-
li albaTobis pirobebSi, amitomac dasWirdaT garkveuli
`konstituciuri SeRavaTebi~ SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis
maT sasargeblod damTavrebisa da qarTuli mosaxleo-
bis afxazeTidan gaZevebis Semdeg. mxedvelobaSi maqvs e.w
afxazeTis respublikis 1994 wlis 26 noembris konstitu-
ciaSi afxazeTis gamocxadeba ara `damoukidebel,~ aramed
`suverenul~ saxelmwifod (damoukidebloba, rogorc es
msoflio sakonstitucio praqtikaSia miRebuli, `gamor-
CaT~). daijerebs vinme, rom konstituciis Semdgenlebs da
maT moskovelma mrCevlebma ar ician iuridiul-politi-
kur kategoriebs Soris arsebuli (`damoukidebloba~ da
`suvereniteti~) gansxvaveba?
Cemi azriT, es kargad gaTvlili ukandasaxevi bilikia,
afxazeTis momavlisadmi is frTxili midgomaa, romelic,
Secvlil viTarebaSi, SesaZlebelia gaxdes konfliqtis mo-
wesrigebis sastarto pozicia. miT ufro, rom afxazeTis
damoukideblobis Taobaze 1999 wels Catarebuli referen-
dumSi erTaderTi SekiTxva iyo afxazeTSi darCenili mo-
saxleobis mier zemoaRniSnuli konstituciis aRiareba Tu
araRiareba. Zneli saTqmelia, aseTi formulireba gakeTda
gonieri afxazi mosaxleobis SiSiT Tu meamboxeTa garkveu-
li fandia TviTgadasarCenad. miuxedavad konstituciis
SemqmnelTa savaraudo Canafiqrisa, saxezea konstituciis
iseTi konstruqcia, romelze dayrdnobiTac, afxazuri
mxarisadmi principuli damokidebulebis da gonivruli
kompromisebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia realuri pro-
gresis miRweva. Tumca, arc is aris gamoricxuli, rom Cemi
es varaudi mcdari iyos da `SeRavaTis~ veqtori Crdiloe-
Tis mimarTulebaze iyos gaTvlili.

295
 da mainc, Cems versiaze vrCebi.
darwmunebuli var, rom saqarTvelos axali xelisufle-
bis mier (romelsac monawileoba ar miuRia Zveli xelisuf-
lebis qmedebebSi) afxazeTis mimarT samSvidobo iniciati-
va, gajerebuli zomierad xisti politikiT, TandaTanobiT
Secvlis soxumis wregadasul ambiciebs, radgan afxazeTis
axali de-faqto xelisuflebac SedarebiT naklebad aris
SeboWilia meamboxeTa codvebiT.
minda virwmuno, rom konfliqts mowsrigebasTan da-
kavSirebiT saqarTvelos xelisuflebis axali, mraval-
veqtoruli da kompleqsuri iniciativebi process gamoi-
yvans gayinvis mdgomareobidan da gzas gauxsnis saerTa-
Soriso organizaciebs, megobar saxelmwifoebs imoqmedon
ufro Tamamad, roca darwmundebian, rom Cven ukuvagdeT
saqmis sanaxevrod keTebis mankieri praqtika, xeli movki-
deT radikalur reformebs, aRmSeneblobas da ZalgviZs
yoveli Cveni gancxadebis ukan dadges realuri politika
da Zala.
Cvenma da momavalma Taobebma unda gaacnobieron, rom
Cven xSirad gvcemdnen daqsaqsulobis, erTmaneTis gautan-
lobis, politikuri meryeobis, sxvisi moimedobisa da dau-
devrobis gamo, roca saTaveSi erovnuli sulis matarebeli
xelisufleba da lideri ar gvyavda.
sakiTxis mSvidobiani mogvarebis Sansi jer kidev aris,
magram mSvidoba unda daefuZnos istoriul da iuridiul
samarTlianobas, saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis
aRdgenas, devnilTa upirobo dabrunebas, afxazeTis aR-
Wurvas uprecedentod farTo uflebebiT da usafrTxoe-
bis Seuvali garantiebiT.

„saqarTvelos respublika,“
26 seqtemberi, 2004w.

296
 iqneb realurad dagvewyo saqme?

afxazeTidan devnil mosaxleobas gulwrfelad

gvaxarebs saqarTvelos axali xelisuflebis pir-
veli nabijebi, romelic gviRviZebs imeds, gvawy-
narebs, gvimsubuqebs risxvas sakuTari xelisuf-
lebisa da kacobriobis „demokratiuli mamebis`
mimarT, rac 12 weliwadia dabudebula CvenSi mSob-
liuri adgilebidan ZaladobiT gamodevnis Semdeg.

afxazeTSi mSidobiani mosaxleobis mimarT gaugonari

Zaladoba grZeldeba. gasaocaria, rom yovelive es xdeba
demokratiuli msoflios Tvalwin, romelsac adamiani da
misi uflebebi upirveles faseulobad aqvs gamocxadebu-
li, magram ratomRac ar awuxebs samas aTasze meti adamia-
nis bedi, misi yvela uflebisa da Tavisuflebis gaugonari
darRveva. da es marto gaeros ar exeba, romlis gardacva-
lebis Sesaxeb cnobebi, vfiqrob, gazviadebulia; gaeros
wesdeba Sida konfliqtebis mogvarebas ar iTvaliswinebs.
es misTvis damatebiTi da araformaluri valdebulebaa,
rac mas Tavs moaxvies. ara da, konfliqtebTan dakavSire-
buli eqskluziuri uflebamosileba realurad msoflios
did moTamaSeebs aqvT sakuTar Tavze aRebuli. magaliTebis
motana saWiro ar aris, mimoixedeT irgvliv,_visac didi pa-
troni hyavs, mas yvelafris uflebac aqvs!
afxazeTSi SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dasrulebis pir-
veli dReebidanve problemis mSvidobiani mogvareba qar-
Tulma mxarem daiwyo (mxedvelobaSia Jenevis memorandu-
mi; 30 noemberi da 1 dekemberi, 1993 weli) da mas realuri
Sinaarsi mianiWa saqarTvelos prezidentis sajarod gacxa-
debulma samSvidobo iniciativam, romlis Sesasruleblad
qveynis xelisufleba mzadaa gaiRos yovelgvari politi-
kuri da materialuri resursi.

297
 afxazuri mxare, Tumca dRemde dgas Tavisi e.w. damou-
kideblobis poziciaze, magram, misive gancxadebiT, mzadaa
qarTul mxaresTan iTanamSromlos ekonomikur, socialur
da humanitarul sakiTxebze.
am TvalsazrisiT, rogorc qarTvelebs, ise afxazebs,
gaaCniaT aTeulze meti saintereso winadadeba, programa,
proeqti, magram problemuria maTi dawyeba, pirveli nabi-
jebis gadadgma.
yoveli SemTxvevisTvis, Tu survili realuria da miz-
nad ar isaxavs drois gayvanas, romelic aSkarad maTi da
maTi mfarvelebis sasargeblod muSaobs, devnilebs, qarT-
velTa da afxazTa saerTo istoriidan gamomdinare, SegviZ-
lia erTi, Cveni azriT, metad perspeqtiuli winadadeba Sev-
TavazoT mxareebs, romelic uTuod sruldeboda maSinac
ki, roca afxazeTi da misi mezobeli qarTuli samTavroebic
erTmaneTSi feodaluri SinaomebiT sisxlisagan iclebod-
nen, radganac, rac winaparTagan wmidad da xelSeuxeblad
iyo gacxadebuli, uTuod unda aRsrulebuliyo; afxazebs
da qarTvelebs arasdros daurRveviaT es wesi, radganac am
tradicias da adaT-wess gaaCnda didi materialuri da wa-
ruvali sulieri Rirebuleba.
mxedvelobaSia afxazeTSi, samegreloSi, imereTSi, gu-
riaSi, aWaraSi didi bazrobebis mowyobis tradicia, romel-
Sic monawileobda ara mxolod adgilobrivi mosaxleoba,
aramed osmalebi, sparsebi, rusebi, somxebi, axlo aRmo-
savleTisa da xmelTaSua zRvis auzis qveynebi. iqneb es iyo
Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis pirveli, im drois krite-
riumebis Sesabamisad dadgenili modeli, romelic maRla
idga omsa da uTanxmoebaze.
es, rom mxolod sityvebi ar aris, SesaniSnavad ician afxa-
zeTSic. amis dasturia arqanjelo lambertis sayovelTaod
cnobili `samegrelos aRwera~ (arqanjelo lambrti sxva
cnobil misionerebTan erTad 1631 wels Camovida TbilisSi,

298
16 weliwadi icxovra samegrelosa da afxazeTSi, Seiswavla
adgilobrivi enebi, damegobrda regionis mTavrebTan, iyo
im drois politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri movlenis
saqmis kursSi da monawile, msoflio istoriul movlenaTa
TviTmxilveli, Tavad moiara Savi zRvispireTi, exmareboda
mosaxleobas, qmnida rukebs, megobrebTan erTad akeTebda
RirsSesaniSnaobaTa Canaxatebs).
Tu ramdenad iyvnen im drosac saqarTvelos mefe da
mTavrebi dainteresebuli evropis saxelmwifoebTan
mWidro urTierTobis damyarebiT, evropasTan Zveli poli-
tikuri da ekonomikuri kavSirebis aRdgeniT, adasturebs
TbilisSi qarTlis mefis, vaxtang Sahnavazad wodebulis
saubari frang mogzaur SardenTan: `Zlier miyvars evrope-
lebi, Zlier msurs evropelebi dabanakdnen saqarTveloSi.
Tu aReb-micemobisTvis movlen isini, gavaTavisufleb yo-
velgvari gadasaxadisagan da mivaniWeb yovelgvar upira-
tesobas, rasac ki isurveben. evropelebi indoeTSi misvla-
mosvlisTvis ver ipovian Cems saxelmwifoze ukeTes gzas.
garwmunebT, rom Tu erTxel scades am gzaze wamosvla, mere
sxva gzas aRar daadgebian.~
arqanjelo lamberti „samegrelos aRweraSi~ aRniSnavs:
`bazroba imarTeba sxvadasxva adgilas da sxvadasxva dros.
umTavresi bazroba imarTeba seqtembris pirvel kviraSi
wifurias, eklesiasTan. am bazrobaze Zalian bevri xalxi
ikribeba; zogjer Seiyreba oci aTas kacamde. xuTSabaTs mo-
dian vaWrebi Tavisi saqonliT. somxebs moaqvT nair-nairi
tiloebi, iranuli da Turquli Salebi, romlis safasurad
iReben yovelnair saqonels, oRond ki didad saxeiro iyos.~
avtors aRwerili aqvs vaWrobis detalebi, romelSic
ucxoelebTan erTad ZiriTadad adgilobrivi mosaxleoba
monawileobda, Tumca mezobeli saxelmwifoebi yovelTvis
modiodnen TavianTi gemebiT da qaravnebiT. vaWrobas sa-
qonlis gacvlis xasiaTi hqonda, magram fexs ikidebda uc-

299
xouri fulic, magaliTad, ungruli da italiuri oqros
fuli, espanuri realebi, iranuli abazebi. am periodSi sa-
megrelos mTavarma levan II dadianma adgilobrivi fulis
moWrac daiwyo.
avtoris gadmocemiT bazrobebi, wifurias (adgilia ga-
lis raionis sofel TagilonSi, sadac idga ori didi ekle-
sia, romlebSic misionerebi cxovrobdnen) garda, ewyoboda
ilorSi (giorgobis dRes), wminda giorgis eklesiis ezoSi,
aseve bediaSi, korcxelSi, anakliaSi. bazrobebze xdeboda
adamianTa gacnoba da daaxloeba, imarTeboda nadimebi, Se-
jibrebebi. bazroba, rogorc wesi, saxalxo zeimSi gadaizr-
deboda.
cota vinmem Tu icis, rom afxazeTSi SeiaraRebuli kon-
fliqtis damTavrebidan ramdenime kviraSi engurs gaRma
da gamoRma ganaxlda aralegaluri vaWroba. afxazi da sxva
erovnebis adamianebi gagridan da gudauTidanac ki, dRemde
savaWrod Cadian zugdidSi, senakSi, quTaisSi, TbilisSic ki.
saidumlo ar aris, rom ruseTi, krasnodaris mxare afxaze-
Tis seriozuli savaWro partnioria, iseve, rogorc Tur-
qeTi, rigi sxva qveynebi da es procesi garduvalia, radgan
blokadiT, qvemexiT mas Seayovneb, magram ver SeaCereb.
iqneb afxazur mxares SevTavazoT afxazeTSi tradi-
ciuli bazrobebis aRorZineba, vTqvaT, galis raionSi, eng-
uris xidTan, an gamoRma, saamisod Sesaferisi adgilebia,
sadac usafrTxoebis pirobebis dacva ar gaWirdeba.
cxadia, bazrobis organizacia advili ar iqneba, magram
ara SeuZlebeli da miuRweveli; cxovreba grZeldeba da
adamianebs undaT adamianuri cxovreba! am sakiTxTan da-
kavSirebiT gamoCndeba isic, Tu ramdenad gulwrfelia
afxazuri mxaris gancxadebebi qarTul mxaresTan savaWro
da ekonomikuri urTierTobebisTvis mzadyofnis Taobaze.
ufro metic, es iqneba humanitaruli aqcia im adamianebisT-
vis, romlebic marTlac saWiroeben pirveli moxmarebis sa-

300
gnebs, aqvT gasayidi an gasacvleli saqoneli. cxadia, rom
bazroba miizidavs biznesmenebs, orive mxridan gamoCnde-
bian iniciativiani adamianebi, Camovlen sxva qveynebidan,
naxaven realur situacias, daiwyeba axali ideebis da saq-
meebis generacia.
iqneb Rirdes am sakiTxze dafiqreba, upirveles yovlisa
soxumSi da TbilisSi.
erTi ramec. gamoCenili qarTveli da msoflio masSta-
bis mecnierebis da mkvlevarebis azriT, arqanjelo lam-
berts gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia im evropel mweral-
Ta Soris, romelTac odesme raime cnoba dautovebiaT sa-
qarTvelos Zveli da axali istoriis Sesaxeb. am niWieri da
patiosani mkvlevaris naSromSi araferia SemTxveviTi da
mogonili, radganac TiTqmis ori aTeuli weliwadi iyo im-
droindeli istoriuli qartexilebis mowme da TviTmxil-
veli. ueWvelia, rom wifurias kompleqsi, iq warsulSi moR-
vawe adamianTa danatovari seriozul Seswavlas moiTxovs,
rac bevri ramis xelaxali gaazrebis saSualebas mogvcems
Cvenc da momaval Taobebsac.

gazeTi `Cveni gazeTi,~

#3(56), 2004w.

301
 moimedeobis dro damTavrda,
moqmedebis droa
saparlamento skamebisTvis `civma~ da `cxelma~
Sinaomebma, romelic `xalxis da samSoblos~ saxe-
liT mZvinvarebs qveyanaSi, gverdze gadado afxa-
zeTTan dakavSirebuli sayuradRebo movlenebi,
romlebic, Cemi azriT, mniSvnelovan muxts Seica-
ven mowesrigebis procesisaTvis biZgis misacemad.
demokratiuli xelisuflebis formirebisTvis
civilizebuli brZola aucilebelia da gardauva-
li, magram afxazeTis (dakarguli teritoriebis)
miCumaTeba, miT ufro, daviwyeba, roca dro Cvens
sawinaaRmdegod muSaobs, erisa da saxelmwifos
winaSe danaSaulia.

ganvlili aTi weliwadi CvenTvis umZimesi dro iyo. mxed-

velobaSi ar maqvs isini, vinc afxazeTisTvis „Tavdadebu-
lis~ mantia moirgo da satelevizio keklucobiT dRemde
ar daiRala. arc isini, vinc viTarebas moergo da afxazeTi-
dan gamoyolili TanamdebobiT sakuTar ezo-kars iwyobs.
igp-Ta cxovrebis (Tu mas cxovreba hqvia!) ase gagrZeleba
ar SeiZleba, arc imaTi dandoba SeiZleba, vinc devnilTa
gaWirvebaze gamdidrda, miwebisa da qonebis ukanono mox-
veWiT saxeli gaitexa, afxazeTiT parazitobs, xalxis sa-
xeliT gandidebis da pativmoyvareobis mona gaxda. aseTi
xalxi winamZRolad da meTaurad ar gamodgeba. dasanania,
rom maT yovelgvar sikeTeze miuwvdebaT xeli, maSin, roca,
aTeul aTasobiT devnili SimSilobs, araadamianur piro-
bebSi cxovrobs, fizikurad iSriteba, engurs gaRma ki ma-
sobrivi monoba da tirania mefobs.
gasul seqtembers separatistebma soxumSi damoukide-
blobis aTi wlisTavi aRniSnes, _ samxedro aRlumi Caata-
res, gvaCvenes Zala, TavianTi moralur-politikuri erTo-

302
ba, Tanac gagvafrTxiles, TiTi dagviqnies. Cven? Cven ki kv-
lavac gvmoZRvraven_mere ra, es ukanonoa da separatistebs
saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba ar apatiebso!
mere ra? arafers niSnavs is, rom afxazeTi TandaTan xde-
ba damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, saqarTvelosgan mezobel
saxelmwifod aRiarebas moiTxovs, mSobliuri adgilebidan
mosaxleobis iZulebiT gayras ar aRiarebs (`istoriuli
samarTlianobis aRdgenis~ faqtad miiCnevs) da ruseTiT
zurggamagrebuli abuCad igdebs saerTaSoriso Tanamego-
brobis moTxovnebs.
ar iyo saWiro msoflios yuradReba migvepyro soxumSi
demonstrirebul ukontrolo SeiaraRebaze, mZime teqni-
kasa da sxva SeiaraRebaze, romelic safrTxes uqmnis mSvi-
dobasa da usafrTxoebas kavkasiis regionSi? ar iyo saWiro
gangaSi agvetexa evropaSi Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebis dadge-
nili normebis uxeSi darRvevis faqtis gamo?
ramdeni axali iniciativis, winadadebebis, araordi-
naluri politikuri modelis wamoweva SeiZleba, magram
araferi keTdeba imis gamo, rom xeli CaviqnieT, sxvaTa imed-
ze varT, sxvebs SevcicinebT TvalebSi. swored es aris yofi-
li xelisuflebis miutevebeli Secdoma Tu danaSauli ara.
mamulis dasabruneblad devnilTa erT muStad gaerTian-
eba wesiT da rigiT afxazeTis legitimur xelisuflebas
ekuTvnis. samwuxarod, Cveni ubedureba aris umoqmedoba,
daqsaqsuloba, gamokveTili („dauniSnavi`) lideris aryo-
la, rac afxazeTidan gadmogvyva da dRemde grZeldeba!
mSvidobian mowesrigebas alternativa ar aqvso, magram
droc unda daiTqvas da vadebic ganisazRvros, raTa soxum-
Sic kargad icodnen, rom ase gagrZeleba ar SeiZleba, rom
devnilTa moTmineba usazRvro ar aris da arc Cveni Tavmoy-
vareobaa bolomde gaTelili.
cnobilia, rom gaeros uSiSroebis sabWom qarTul da
afxazur mxareebs gaeros generaluri mdivnis megobarTa

303
jgufTan SeTanxmebuli e.w. bodenis dokumenti warudgina.
samwuxarod, oficialurad gamoqveynebul da samuSao va-
riantad wodebul am dokuments qarTvelma politikosebma
da mediam qvebi dauSines, xolo afxazurma oficiozma gana-
cxada, _ es Cven ar gvexebao!
nuTu amiT unda amowuruliyo yovelive, gansakuTrebiT
Cveni mxridan? nuTu ver vxvdebiT, rom afxazeTi iseTi Ci-
xia, rom Cven iseT xafangSi varT gamomwyvdeuli da soxums
iseTi Zalebi umagreben zurgs, rom SeiZleba es miwebi samu-
damod davkargoT? kacma rom Tqvas, gansacvifrebelia Cve-
ni politikuri fantaziis simwire da SezRuduloba, Tund-
ac formaluri diplomatiuri TvalsazrisiT.
gaeros uSiSroebis sabWom 2003 wlis 30 ivlisis rezo-
luciaSi, romelic erT-erTi saukeTesoa afxazeTze bolo
wlebSi miRebul rezoluciebs Soris, ara marto daafiqsi-
ra gaeros wevri saxelmwifoebis uryevi pozicia saqarTve-
los teritoriuli mTlianobis mimarT, aramed kategori-
ulad moiTxova saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi afxazeTis
politikuri statusis gansazRvra. uSiSroebis sabWom ga-
daWriT mosTxova mxareebs, gansakuTrebiT afxazur mxares,
`Tbilissa da soxums Soris uflebamosilebaTa gamijvnis
ZiriTadi principebis Sesaxeb~ dialogis dauyovnebliv
dawyeba, kompromisebis gamonaxva. Tavisi suliskveTebiT
dokumenti soxumis da Tbilisis erTgvari gafrTxilebaa
da samSvidobo procesSi CarTvas moiTxovs yvelasgan, visac
es xelewifeba, maT Soris engurs gaRma da gamoRma moqmedi
arasamTavrobo organizaciebisgan. aseT viTarebaSi sru-
liad gaugebaria saqarTvelos oficiozis inertuloba!
politikuri manevrirebis diapazonis TvalsazrisiT me-
tad tevadia aRniSnuli rezoluciis 9-12 muxlebi, rogorc
mxareebisTvis SeTavazebuli sabaziso formula konfli-
qtis mowesrigebisTvis energiuli moqmedebis dasawyebad.
rezoluciis miRebidan ramdenime Tve gavida. ra gavake-

304
TeT, ras mivaRwieT am xnis ganmavlobaSi? pasuxi martivia_
arafers, an TiTqmis arafers!
dauSveblad mimaCnia saqarTvelos saxelisuflebo
wreebisgan rezoluciis me-14-15 muxlebis uyuradRebod
datoveba. saintereso faqtia, rom afxazeTSi, galis rai-
onSi ltolvilTa da devnilTa dabrunebis xelSeuxebeli
ufleba ase mkafiod adre ar gamoxatula. vfiqrob, gaeros
mier am sakiTxSi afxazuri mxarisadmi pasuxismgeblobis
dakisreba metad sayuradRebo momentia da Sors gamiznul
qveteqstebs Seicavs. ufro zustad, minda virwmuno, rom es
gafrTxilebaa imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom axal msoflio-
Si gaeros wesdebis me-7 Tavi bevrjer iqna gamoyenebuli
adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa xelyofis
aRsakveTad, rac soxumis reJimis mimarTac araa SeuZlebe-
li.
obivatelic ki kargad xedavs, rom arasakmarisia muSao-
ba soWis Sexvedris morigebaTa sarealizaciod. yvelaferi
Cvenze ar aris damokidebuli, magram rac SegviZlia vake-
TebT ki?
samwuxarod, ar Cans Seupovari Zieba, alternatiuli mo-
delebis SemuSavebis mcdeloba. vyoymanobT imitom, rom vi-
Racebis azriT, es da am rangis sxva Sexvedrebi da molapara-
kebebi idumali safrTxeebis Semcvelia da SesaZloa mtris
xafangSi amovyoT Tavi. iqneb asec aris, magram vis aqvs uf-
leba afxazeTisa da samaCablosTvis yoymani da umoqmedoba
mxolod SesaZlo riskiT gaamarTlos, yoymani da lodini
amjobinos moqmedebas? Znelis saTqmelia Tu vinaa da ra
miznebi amoZravebs TbilisSi dabadebul da gazrdil evge-
ni primakovs, ruseTis arc Tu umniSvnelo saxelmwifo moR-
vawes, sakmaod cnobil mecniersa da politikoss, magram man
moindoma da vladislav arZinba TbilisSi, rogorc ambo-
ben, lamis Zalis gamoyenebiT Camoiyvana. axla es primakovi
acxadebs, rom ruseT_saqarTvelos urTierTobebis gaum-

305
jobesebis perspeqtiva mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iarsebebs,
Tu saqarTvelo raime formiT yofil samxreT oseTeTan
da afxazeTTan Zalis gamouyeneblobis Taobaze morigebas
miaRwevso. rogorc ityvian, fui satanas, magram iqneb aris
am azrSi racionaluri ram fiqrisa da gansjisTvis, diplo-
matiuri manevrisa Tu pragmatuli moqmedebis dasawyebad?
raRac xom unda gavriskoT, raRac gza xom unda vipovoT Ci-
xidan gamosasvlelad, sanam uaresi ar momxdara da soxumTan
da afxazebTan dialogis Sansi da resursi kidev arsebobs?
afxazeTis sakiTxiT dainteresebul saxelmwifo moR-
vaweebs, romelTac akisriaT pasuxismgebloba qveynis da
xalxis winaSe (da ara yovelgvari saSualebebiT arCevnebSi
monawile politikosebs!), umoqmedobis ufleba ara aqvT.
maTve, Tundac zemoaRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, yuradRe-
bis miRma ar unda datovon `mSvidobisa da stabilurobis
mxardaWeris Sesaxeb~ dsT-is saxelmwifoebis meTaurTa
alma-aTis 1995 wlis 10 Tebervlis samitis memorandumis
moTxovnebi, aseve moskovis samitis (1996 wlis 19 ianvari)
gadawyvetileba, romelic saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mx-
ridan seriozuli moqmedebis safuZveli unda gamxdariyo.
sxva sakiTxia Tu rogorc arRvevda mas ruseTis federacia
da Cven ra davupirispireT mas. amasTan dakavSirebiT amJa-
mad gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens Tu rogor gamo-
viyenebT dsT-s saxelmwifoTa meTaurebis sabWos ialtis
gancxadebas, romelic `kvlav aRiarebs saqarTvelos teri-
toriul mTlianobas da suverenitets da moiTxovs adre
miRebuli dokumentebis yvela debulebis ganuxrel Sesru-
lebas.~
martivad Tu vityviT, dsT-s saxelmwifos meTaurTa
sabWos bolodroindeli dokumentebis Sesrulebam unda
uzrunvelyos separatizmis realuri izolacia dsT-s
sivrceSi, agresiuli separatizmisa da terorizmis aRk-
veTa. mxedvelobaSia afxazuri mxaris mier e.w. blokadad

306
miCneuli gadawyvetileba, romelic gamorCeulia katego-
riulia soxumis reJimis mimarT da zemoqmedebis Zlieri
muxtis matarebelia. cxadia, rom blokada realurad arc
arsebobs, vinaidan saqarTvelos xelisufleba mzad aris
farTod gaaRos kari da sazRvrebi afxazeTSi saqonlisa
da tvirTebis Sesasvlelad, afxazeTis mosaxleobisTvis
cxovrebis jerovani pirobebis Sesaqmnelad.
vinc ra da rogor ar ilaparakos saqarTvelos saxelm-
wifos pirveli rigis prioritetebze, Cveni qveynisTvis ar
arsebobs ufro mniSvnelovani da da gadaudebeli, vidre
moqmedeba teritoriuli mTlianobis aRsadgenad, devnil-
Ta da ltolvilTa uflebebis dasacavad. ra SeiZleba iyos
qarTveli xalxisTvis uaresi, vidre teritoriebis dakarg-
va? vis an ras unda velodoT, _ saarCevno saswauls, xeli-
suflebaSi bibliuri goliaTis gamoCenas Tu kidev ras?
Cveni mamuliSvilebi, Wkviani, ganaTlebuli da gamoc-
dili adamianebi, aseve Cveni ucxoeli megobrebi gvirCeven,
rom gaRmelTa moimedobis, sxvis xelebSi yurebis dro das-
rulda, rom moqmedebis droa.

gazeTi `Cveni gazeTi,~

#3(56), 2004w.

307
 federalizmi: qveynis gaerTianeba
Tu daqucmaceba?
`vxedav da mesmis, celis SrialiT rogor miax-
lovdeba sikvdili. meSinia.
sikvdilisa ki ara, imisi meSinia, vaiTu ise wa-
vide am qveynidan, Cems SviliSvils ise gavuparta-
xo saqarTvelo, iis Zir-Teslic ki gavuwyvito da
oriaTasocdaxuT wels, sxva qveyanaSi sayideli
gavuxado iebis Taiguli.
meSinia da Tan imeds vitoveb, radgan aqedan
vxedav, ra gaRimebuli da bednieri modis Cems
saflavTan Cemi SviliSvili. saflavze axaldamS-
ral mzoreSi mokrefil iebis konas dadebs da
meubneba: - ai, papa, mogitane Seni sayvareli iebi!
RmerTo, nu momiSli am imeds!~

fragmenti goderZi Coxelis werilidan, ro-

melic man momaval _ 2025 wlis saqarTvelos gaug-
zavna.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis gan-

mtkicebis gzaze umTavres problemas teritoriuli mT-
lianobis aRdgena warmoadgens.
problema uSualo kavSirSia saqarTvelos saxelmwi-
foebrivi teritoriuli mowyobis sakiTxTan, rac saqarT-
velos xelisuflebis mier principuli politikuri da
samarTlebrivi xasiaTis gadawyvetilebis miRebas moiT-
xovs. saxelmwifoebrivi teritoriuli mowyobis sakiTxSi
saqarTvelos moqmed konstituciaSi garkveuli vakuumis
arseboba (e.w. molodinis reJimSi yofna), Cemi azriT, gau-
marTlebelia.
am TvalsazrisiT niSandoblivia konstantine kublaSvi-
lis, arCil gegeSiZis, iuliane xaindravas, paata zaqareiS-

308
vilis mier amaswinaT gamoqveynebuli dokumenti „saqar-
Tevlos saxelmwifoSi afxazeTis gansakuTrebuli statu-
sis Sesaxeb.~
dokumentis avtorebi afxazeTis sakiTxs saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis konteqstSi ganixilaven da
mxars uWeren am problemis qveynis federaluri modelis
safuZvelze mowesrigebas.
cxadia, rom qveynis federalizaciis sakiTxze gadawyve-
tilebis miReba advili ar iqneba, vinaidan arsebobs sakiTx-
Ta da problemaTa farTo wre, romelTa gaTvaliswineba au-
cilebelia.
separatizmis da federalizmis urTierTdamokidebu-
leba aucileblad unda ganixilebodes konkretul isto-
riul da pilitikur konteqstSi, da ara zogadi da abstra-
qtuli Tezisebis moSveliebiT. cnobilia, rom viTarebis
Tavisebrebidan gamomdinare, federalizmma SeiZleba xeli
Seuwyos separatistuli moZraobebis Senelebas, Tumca Se-
saZloa waaxalisos kidec separatistuli ideologia da
gaaRrmavos erTmaneTisgan gaucxoebis sindromi.
faqtia, rom separatizms moaqvs Tanacxovrebis tra-
diciuli wesebis akviatebuli uaryofa. agresiuli sepa-
ratistebi nebismieri saSualebebiT gamodian erTiani sa-
xelmwifos winaaRmdeg. msoflio praqtika metyvelebs, rom
separatizmi, mudmivi dapirispirebebi, secesiis mcdeloba
uaryofiTad moqmedebs saxelmwifos stabilur ganviTa-
rebaze, mosaxleobis cxovrebis doneze. mecnierTa pro-
gnoziT, belgiaSi separatistebis gamarjveba mosaxleobis
cxovrebis dones 10-12 procentiT dascemda, xolo kanadis
daSlis SemTxvevaSi _ 26-30 procentiT.
federalizmis ideisadmi saxelmwifos SedarebiT
frTxili damokidebuleba ganpirovnebulia imiT, rom te-
ritoriuli mowyobis federaluri modeli moicavs cen-
tridanuli moZraobis gaRvivebis safrTxes. es iyo erT-

309
aderTi argumenti, romlis gamoc samxreT afrikam uari
Tqva qveynis federalur mowyobaze. Ffederalizmis prin-
cipebis ganxilva mwvaved mimdinareobda evropis mraval
ganviTarebul qveyanaSi, maT Soris cxovrebis xarisxiT
gamorCeul belgiis samefoSic. marTalia, saboloo jam-
Si belgia Camoyalibda rogorc federaluri saxelmwifo,
magram amiT ar moixsna mis SigniT arsebuli winaaRmdegoba-
ni. belgiis magaliTi, mravali Zalze sagulisxmo aspeqtis
gamo, gasaTvaliswinebelia qarTvelTa da afxazTa Tanac-
xovrebis wesis perspeqtivis prognozirebis procesSi. mc-
daria kategoriuli mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom federaliz-
mi srulad moxsnis afxazTa swrafvas secesiisken (gamoyo-
fa srul damoukideblobamde).
Cveni azriT, zedmetad pretenziulia dokumentis
avtorTa mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom afxazebma uari unda
Tqvan Tundac de-iure arSemdgar damoukideblobaze sa-
qarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi afxazeTis momavlis sasar-
geblod, rac avtorebs miaCniaT mowesrigebis dokumentis
SemuSavebis daCqarebis pozitiur argumentad. ufro zu-
stad, afxazeTis garantirebuli momavali miCneulia kon-
fliqtis mowesrigebis mTeli konstruqciis erTaderT
realur winapirobad; afxazuri mxare ki Tavis politikur
strategias dRemde agebs afxazeTis uTuo saxelmwifoe-
brivi aRiarebis molodinze da am poziciis sasargeblod
msoflios uaxloesi istoriidan uamrav konkretul fa-
qtebs iSveliebs.
ase, magaliTad, norvegia 1905 wels gamoeyo SvedeTs,
fineTi _ 1917 wels ruseTs, irlandia _ 1918 wels did bri-
taneTs, bangladeSi _ 1971 wels pakistans, senegali _ 1960
wels malis federacias, singapuri _ 1965 wels malaizias.
rogorc Cans afxazuri separatizmis ideologebi msgavs
molodinze ageben TavianT varauds, rac qarTuli mxarisT-
vis damatebiTi fiqris da konfliqtis mogvarebis araor-

310
dinaruli gadawyvetilebis SemuSavebis safuZveli unda
gaxdes, radgan dro qarTuli mxaris sawinaaRmdegod mu-
Saobs.
Cvenis azriT, ufro mniSvnelovania ara is, arsebobs Tu
ara secesiis msoflio praqtika, aramed, aqvs Tu ara afxa-
zeTs gamoyofis kanonieri safuZveli. saerTaSoriso sa-
marTali ganmartavs, rom TviTgamorkvevis uflebis sub-
ieqtad SeiZleba ganixilebodes mxolod e.w. saxelmwifo
xalxi da es aRniSnulia adamianTa samoqalaqo da politi-
kuri uflebebis paqtis 27-e muxlSi, gaeros dokumentebSi.
koncefciaSic saxelmwifo xalxad miCneulia mxolod sa-
qarTvelos moqalaqeebi. im SemTxvevaSi Tu saxelmwifoe-
briv warmonaqmnebs miecemaT secesiis ufleba, mosalodne-
lia msoflioSi mosaxle 700 msxvilma eTnosma moindomos
damoukidebloba, rac Zirs gamouTxris saerTaSoriso wes-
rigs, safuZvels daudebs msoflio qaoss.
Cven unda vaRiaroT, rom afxazur nawils aqvs TviTga-
morkvevis ufleba, magram ara ise, rogorc es afxazur da
rusul mxareebs esmiT, aramed ise, rogorc amas ganmartavs
saerTaSoriso samarTali, anu, TviTgamorkvevis ufleba
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom afxaz xalxs hqondes iseTi poli-
tikur, socialur da kulturul garemoSi cxovrebis Se-
saZlebloba, romelic uzrunvelyofs maT individualur
Taviseburebebs, daicavs da ganaviTarebs sakuTari iden-
turobis ganmsazRvrel istoriul, kulturul, socialur
da sxva aspeqtebs.
gaeros da euTos amJamad moqmedi praqtikis Sesabamisad
(gaeros deklaracia #2625, euTos helsinkis 1975 wlis sa-
boloo dokumenti) ar aris savaldebulo TviTgamorkve-
vis ufleba realizebul iqnas secesiaSi. TviTgamorkvevis
mizani SeiZleba iyos teritoriuli avtonomiis gansxvave-
buli formebi (magaliTad, separatistuli statusis mqone
espanuri provinciebi, italiuri samxreT tiroli, fare-

311
ris kunZulebi da mravali sxva) an federalur sistemaSi
misi nawilis gansakuTrebuli statusi (magaliTad, kvebeki
kanadaSi). Cvens SemTxvevaSi TviTgamorkvevis ufleba unda
gulisxmobdes, rom afxazebs (rogorc eTnikur jgufs)
SeeZlebaT ilaparakon da aswavlon TavianT enaze, ganavi-
Taron sakuTari kultura da TviTSegneba, tradiciebi,
ganaviTaron saxelmwifoebriobis adre miRebuli niSnebi
da uflebamosilebani. da sxva. amdenad, aq mTavaria is, rom
Tavisi warmoSobisa da gansaxlebis teritoriaze maT aqvT
ufleba mouaron, SeinarCunon da ganaviTaron garkveuli,
iqneb Zalian farTo, magram mxolod da mxolod konstitu-
ciiT garantirebuli uflebamosilebani.
koncefciis avtorebi emxrobian saqarTvelos asime-
triuli federalizmis principiT mowyobis models, ma-
gram, Cemi azriT, avtorebis mier SemoTavazebuli modeli
moicavs rogorc bipolaruli, ise asimetriuli federa-
lizmis elementebs gacilebiT ufro farTo uflebebiT,
vidre es am saxeobebis teritoriuli mowyobisTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli. aqve unda aRvniSno, rom rogorc pirvels,
ise meores aqvs Tavisi politikuri da ekonomikuri CarCo,
romlis arakonstituciuri gafarToeba gamoiwvevs sece-
siisken swrafvis gaZlierebas. vfiqrob, saqarTvelosTvis
miuRebelia orsubieqtiani federalizmis tradiciuli mo-
deli, amasTan, asimetriul federacias aqvs, rogorc ity-
vian, Tavisi axirebani da Taviseburebani. ase, magaliTad,
asimetriulia SvedeTis federacia, sadac aris eqvsi e.w.
naxevrad kantoni, romlebsac naklebi uflebebi aqvT, vid-
re danarCen kantonebs, rac gansakuTrebiT mkafiodaa gamo-
xatuli federalur organoebSi gawevrianebisa da konsti-
tuciaSi cvlilebebis Taobaze proceduraSi monawileoba-
sTan dakavSirebiT.
asimetriuli federalizmiT gamoirCeva kanada. es ga-
mowveulia imiT, rom, Tu anglo_kanadelebi kanadas ganixi-

312
laven rogorc Tanasworuflebiani provinciebis gaerTia-
nebas, franko _ kanadelebs (kvebekelebs) is miaCniaT ori
eris gaerTianebad.
asimetriul federalizms Tavisi zRvruli CarCo gaaC-
nia, romelic farTo sazogadoebriv konsensusze unda ga-
diodes, vinaidan afxazeTisTvis gansakuTrebuli statu-
sis miniWebam SesaZloa saTave daudos politikuri da eko-
nomikuri decentralizaciis ganwyobas sxva regionebSi.
koncefciis 32-e punqtSi miTiTebulia, rom swored `sa-
xelmwifoebriobis~ an saxelmwifoebriobis xarisxis gamo
aqvs afxazeTs ara vinmesgan miniWebuli, aramed sakuTari
suvereniteti.
aRsaniSnavia, rom federaciis subieqti ar SeiZleba iyos
saxelmwifo, realurad is aris saxelmwifoebrivi warmona-
qmni. iuridiuli mecniereba klasikuri federaciis subie-
qtebs warmoaCens rogorc saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmnebs.
tradiciuli federaciuli saxelmwifoebis konstitu-
ciebSi saerTod ar gamoiyeneba saxelmwifos cneba, magram
arsebobs (gansazRvrulia) misi sinonimuri saxelwodebe-
biT; kerZod, Statebis saxelwodebiT (aSS, indoeTi), pro-
vinciebi (kanada), miwebi (germania, avstria).
klasikuri unitaruli saxelmwifosgan gansxvavebiT,
federalur saxelmwifoSi federaciis subieqtebis damou-
kidebloba, rasakvirvelia, ufro farToa. es aris:
1) erTiani saxelmwifos konstituciiT gansazRvruli
damoukidebeli politikuri sistema da avtonomiuri sa-
xelmwifoebrivi institutebi;
2) federaciis subieqtis ZiriTadi funqciebi gansaz-
Rvrulia sakuTari konstituciiT;
3) federaciis subieqtebi monawileoben federaluri
nebis formirebis procesSi.
aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT koncefciaSi, cxadia,
afxazeTisa da federaciis sxva subieqtebis mimarT aris

313
mniSvnelovani, magram bolomde dauzustebeli sakiTxebi.
koncefciis 34-e muxlSi avtorebi ganixilaven afxaze-
Tis, rogorc federaciis subieqtis warmomadgenlobas
saqarTvelos parlamentSi, afxazeTis politikuri mowyo-
bis, parlamentisa da prezidentis arCevis wess. am sakiTx-
Tan dakavSirebiT koncefciaSi moyvanili argumentacia
arasrulyofilebis STabeWdilebas tovebs. sasurveli iyo
afxazeTis uflebamosilebaTa gafarToebis TvalsazrisiT
avtorebs CamoeyalibebinaT TavianTi pozicia ara mxolod
warmomadgenlobiT organoSi, aramed aRmasrulebel da sa-
samarTlo xelisuflebaSic. gasaTvaliswinebelia e.w. ara-
standartuli saerTaSoriso sakanonmdeblo gamocdileba,
romelic aregulirebs tradiciulad rTulad miCneul ur-
TierTobebs federaciis subieqtsa da federalur saxelm-
wifos Soris. ase, magaliTad, aSS warmomadgenlobiT palata-
Si federaciis subieqtebi warmodgenili arian mosaxleobis
proporciulad, magaram TiToeul Stats warmomadgenelTa
palataSi hyavs sul cota erTi senatori mainc. igivea Svei-
cariis parlamentis erovnul sabWoSic, sadac adgilebi kan-
tonebis mosaxleobis proporciulad aris ganawilebuli.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, omamde mosaxleobis ric-
xovnobis Sesabamisad afxazeTs, SesaZlebelia, hyavdes
farTo warmomadgenloba saqarTvelos senatSi, rac gar-
duvalia orpalatiani parlamentis, rogorc federaluri
saxelmwifos sakanonmdeblo atributis formirebis pro-
cesSi.
ndobis metad mniSvnelovani garantia unda gaxdes afxa-
zeTis monawileoba saqarTvelos aRmasrulebel xelisuf-
lebaSi. sainteresoa germaniis federaciuli respublikis
magaliTi, sadac aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi maRali
donis federaluri moxeleebi warmodgenili arian qvey-
nis yvela kuTxidan. aucilebeli iqneba afxazeTis uzrun-
velyofa Sesabamisi kvotebiT.

314
 sainteresoa, Tu rogor aqvT warmodgenili federaciis
subieqtis warmomadgenloba marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi;
amerikis senati monawileobs umaRlesi federaluri moxe-
leebis da Tanamdebobis pirebis daniSvnaSi. uzenaesi sasa-
marTlos wevrebis daniSvna xdeba federaciis subieqtebs
Soris SeTanxmebis safuZvelze. am gamocdilebidan gamom-
dinare, iqneb mizanSewonili iyos winadadebis ganviTareba
uzenaes da sakonstitucio sasamarTloebSi afxazeTisTvis
kvotebis gamoeyofis Sesaxeb.
didi eWviT Tu SeiZleba avtorTa poziciis gaziareba
imis Taobaze, rom afxazeTis prezidenti unda iyos mxo-
lod da mxolod erovnebiT afxazi pirovneba. es ewinaaRm-
degeba demokratiuli saxelmwifos fundamentur normebs,
federalur saxelmwifoSi civilizebuli Tanacxovrebis
msoflio praqtikas, Tumca gardamaval periodSi e.w. pozi-
tiur diskriminaciaze didi demokratiis qveynebSic dau-
xuWavT Tvali.
federalur saxelmwifoSi federaciasa da federaciis
subieqtebs Soris uflebamosilebis gamijvnisas aucile-
beli iyo koncefciis 42-e muxlSi daesabuTebinaT feder-
alizmis romeli modelisken ufro ixrebian: frangulis,
germanulis Tu amerikulis. am konteqstSi SesaZlebeli
gaxdeboda ganexilaT afxazeTis, rogorc federaciis su-
bieqtis, gansakuTrebul gamgeblobas mikuTvnebuli sakiT-
xebi. vfiqrob, met argumentacias moiTxovs restituciis
meqanizmi. aseve gaugebaria, avtorebma Tu ratom auares
gverdi ruseTis saokupacio (vTqvaT, samSvidobo) jaris
afxazeTSi yofnis problemurobas.
miuxedavad am SeniSvnisa, koncefcia aris metad sain-
tereso dokumenti, romlis upirvelesi mizania xeli Seu-
wyos afxazeTis problemis mogvarebaSi garRvevis dawy-
ebas. avtorTa sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom maT Rrmad
Seiswavles konfliqtis wina periodSi qarTul-afxazuri

315
urTierTobis metad rTuli monakveTi da, Cemi azriT,
savsebiT logikuri safiqrali SesTavazes sazogadoebas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom koncefciaze muSaobis erT-erT Suale-
dur etapze (romelsac mec veswrebodi), xazi gaesva afxazi
eTnosis tragikul istorias da gamocdilebas, rasac ad-
gili hqonda mefis ruseTSi da Semdgom sabWoTa period-
Si. mxedvelobaSia XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi ruseTis
mier adiReuri modgmis xalxTa, maT Soris afxazTa mimarT
mowyobili genocidi, romlis Semdeg afxazTa umTavre-
si mizani gaxda brZola afxazuri eTnosis gadasarCenad.
miCneulia, rom mTeli XX saukune swored es mizani aerTia-
nebda, didi angariSiT, gansazRvravda (da amJamadac gan-
sazRvravs) afxazTa qcevas. gansxvaveba mxolod am miznis
miRwevis gzebsa da saSualebebSia; afxazTa erT, SedarebiT
mcire nawils, amisTvis TbilisTan urTierTobis mogvare-
ba miaCnda saWirod, xolo meore, radikalur frTas, ruse-
Tis meSveobiT saqarTvelosgan Tavis daxsna da mokavSire
respublikad gaxdoma ewad (sabWoTa afxazeTis istoria,
albaT, amitomac aris winaaRmdegobrivi da tragikuli).
roca sabWoTa kavSiris daSla cxadi gaxda, separatist-
Ta liderebi xelmZRvanelobdnen ara moskovis miTiTebiT
(romelic dainteresebuli iyo qarTul-afxazuri Seiara-
Rebuli dapirispirebiT, rac daadastura Semdgomma mov-
lenebma), aramed da ufro afxazTa erovnuli interesebiT
da wamovidnen saqarTvelos xelisuflebasTan garigebasa
da saarCevno SeTanxmebaze. miTumetes, rom am SeTanxmebiT,
afxazTa erovnuli interesebi afxazeTis avtonomiuri re-
spublikis umaRles sabWoSi garantirebuli iyo (28-26-11),
gadawyvetilebis misaRebad aucilebeli iyo xmaTa 2/3, rac
mxolod da mxolod qarTvelTa da afxazTa SeTanxmebiT
iyo SesaZlebeli. es ki mniSvnelovani garantia iyo rogorc
qarTvelebisTvis, ise afxazebisTvis. iyo sxva SeTanxme-
bac, romelic ZiriTadad aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi

316
adgilebis ganawilebas Seexeboda. amgvari urTierTdaT-
moba afxazeTSi mcxovrebi ori mkvidri eris Zireul inte-
resebs asaxavda da uzrunvelyofda mSvidobas. cxadia, rom
zemoaRniSnuli rogorc sabWoTa, ise rusuli imperiis in-
teresebis sawinaaRmdego iyo. miuxedavad amisa, afxazuri
elita wamovida am SeTanxmebaze da am nabijiT daamtkica,
rom SeuZlia imperiisgan damoukideblad moqmedeba. es iyo
istoriuli Sansi orive mxarisTvis, rac maSin xelidan ar
iqna gaSvebuli. samwuxarod, SeTanxmebis realizacia ver
moxerxda mravali obieqturi da subieqturi mizezis gamo,
magram amaSi mxolod afxazebis dadanaSauleba ar iqneba
swori. arc imisi daviwyeba SeiZleba, rom 1992 wels gaeros
mier saqarTvelos saxelmwifos aRiareba saqarTvelos ssr
teritoriul farglebSi, eyrdnoboda 1991 wlis 31 martis
referendums. am aRiarebaSi, cxadia, mniSvnelovani wvlili
miuZRvis qarTul-afxazur saarCevno SeTanxmebas, romel-
mac ara mxolod uzrunvelyo mSvidoba, aramed damoukide-
beli saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi saTave daudo axleburi
politikuri da samarTlebrivi meqanizmebis SemuSavebas.
amiT imisi xazgasma minda, rom qarTveli da afxazi xalis
cxovrebaSi aris saerTo, orive mxarisTvis sasicocxlod
mniSvnelovani intersebi, romelTa gadawyveta mxolod da
mxolod erTadaa SesaZlebeli. swored, rom amdagvari fun-
damenturi intersebis sauZvelze aris SesaZlebeli saer-
To cxovrebis principebis SemuSaveba da konfliqtis mo-
wesrigebis Taobaze konceptualuri gawyvetilebis miReba.
istoriuli gamocdileba gvaswavlis, rom rTuli kon-
fliqtebi arsad gadawyvetila Tundac saucxood daweri-
li koncefciis doneze. konfliqtis mowesrigeba moiTxovs
saxelmwifos da sazogadoebis, samoqalaqo seqtoris mxri-
dan xangrZliv, sistematur da mizanmimarTul saqmianobas,
romlis gadadeba ar SeiZleba.
1945-1985 wlebSi msoflioSi registrirebuli iyo 127

317
eTnikuri konfliqti, romelTa ZiriTadi mizezi iyo sece-
sia. 1993_1995 wlebSi msoflioSi 50 eTnokonfliqti gan-
axlda; ase, rom afxazeTis garda msoflio Tanamegobrobas
sxva seriozuli sazrunavic aqvs recidiuli, SedarebiT
axali Tu progresirebadi eTnokonfliqtebis saxiT.
naklebsaimedoa molodini, rom afxazeTis konfliqti
mxolod da mxolod saerTaSoriso organizaciebis Zalisx-
meviT daregulirdeba. ueWvelia, rom upirvelesi da gadam-
wyvetia saqarTvelos dainteresebuli da sistemuri mid-
goma am sakiTxisadmi. am TvalsazrisiTac misasalmebelia
koncefciis avtorTa mcdeloba axali impulsi mieniWos
afxazeTis problemis fundamenturi mowesrigebis kon-
ceftualuri safuZvlebis Camoyalibebas.
Zieba da sistematiuri muSaoba garduvalia, raTa momz-
adebuli SevxvdeT movlenaTa yovelgvar ganviTarebas,
Tundac ufro garTulebul viTarebas. afxazeTis kon-
fliqti amJamad gayinulia, magram ramden xans darCeba igi
aseTad, Zneli saTqmelia. rogorc ar unda ganviTardes
movlenebi, federaciuli mowyobis sakiTxi, Cemi azriT, au-
cileblad dadgeba dRis wesrigSi. aseTi tendencia qveynis
demokratiis procesis ganuyofeli nawilia. Cven gvWirdeba
iseTi federalizmi, romelic uzrunvelyofs qveynis gaer-
Tianebas da ara daqucmacebisTvis samarTlebrivi winapi-
robis Seqmnas. mraval subieqtur Tu obieqtur mizezTa
gamo, Cven sxva istoriuli warsulidan movdivarT da be-
vrjer mogviwevs axali realobis aRiareba da adekvaturi
(iqneb metad rTuli) nabijebis gadadgma.
saqarTveloSi da mis farglebs gareT amJamad arsebu-
li viTarebidan gamomdinare, sanam saxelmwifo realurad
mohkidebs xels qveynis federaciul mowyobaze zrunvas,
saWiroa Sromatevadi mosamzadebeli samuSaoebis Sesru-
leba. kerZod, ndobis aRdgena dapirispirebul mxareebsa
da mosaxleobas Soris, omiT gaxleCili teritoriebisa da

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mosaxleobis etapobrivi daaxloebisa da TanamSromlobis
saxelmwifo strategiis SemuSaveba da amoqmedeba, saxelm-
wifosa da sazogadoebis erToblivi ZalisxmeviT sistemu-
ri da konkretuli muSaobis warmarTva.
mxedvelobaSi maqvs iseTi formatis Seqmna da wamaxali-
sebeli meqanizmebis SemuSaveba, rac xels Seuwyobs secesi-
rebuli regionebis CarTvas saerTo mniSvnelobis saxelm-
wifoebriv RonisZiebebSi. am miznis misaRwevad, vfiqrob,
aucilebelia:
a) konfliqtebis Sedegad gancalkevebul Temebs Soris
ekonomikuri urTierTobis xelSewyoba; orive mxaris mo-
saxleobis socialuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaum-
jobeseba; afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis etapobrivi
monawileoba saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso ekonomikur ur-
TierTobebSi;
b) iseTi infrastruqturis reabilitacia da ganviTa-
reba (maT Soris sarkinigzo, saavtomobilo, sahaero, saz-
Rvao), romelic SesaZlebels gaxdis da waaxalisebs e.w. ga-
myof sazRvrebs Soris mosaxleobis mimosvlas da saqonlis
moZraobas;
g) afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi adamianis fundamen-
turi uflebebis, maT Soris aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebisa
da mSobliur enaze ganaTlebis miRebis uflebebis dacvis
mizniT arsebuli meqanizmebis da instrumentebi gaZliere-
ba;
d) omis Sedegad dazaralebuli mosaxleobis yvela fe-
nis jandacvis da socialuri mxardaWeris gaumjobeseba,
ganaTlebis miRebisTvis farTo SesaZleblobis Seqmna;
e) erToblivi saqmianoba ekologiuri, anTropogenuri,
humanitaruli, ekonomikuri, socialuri problemebis,
adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis sa-
kiTxebis mosagvareblad;
v) saerTo interesebis gansazRvrisa da saerTo inte-

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resebze dafuZnebuli erToblivi TemTaSorisi proeqte-
bisa da saqmianobis mxardaWeris meSveobiT Tavisufali ga-
daadgilebis, administraciuli sazRvrebis gaRma-gamoRma
mcxovrebTa Soris kontaqtebisa da TanamSromlobis xel-
Sewyoba;
z) kulturuli memkvidreobisa da TviTSegnebis Senar-
Cunebis xelSewyoba da popularizacia qveynis SigniT, aseve
saerTaSoriso doneze.
vfiqrob, ase ufro moigebs qveyana. amgvar midgomas
afxazebic gaiTvaliswineben da osebic, radgan saerTo in-
teresebi, erTian saxelmwifoSi Tanacxovrebis da keTil-
mezoblobis tradicia jer kidev cocxlobs TaobebSi da
Serigebis survili sabolood ar gamqrala.

gazeTi `Cveni gazeTi,~

#2, 2004w.

320
 TviTmmarTveloba galSi
`TviTmmarTveloba ukeTesi wamalia xalxis yo-
velgvari saWiroebisa. sad unda dargo, igi yvel-
gan xarobs~

`yoveli saxelmwifo, rigian weszed cotaTi Tu

damdgari, nawilnawilad aris dayofili, rom mov-
la da patronoba advili iyos.~
ilia WavWavaZe

`istoriulad igi (TviTmmarTveloba) win usw-
rebda sabazro ekonomikas da saxelmwifos warmo-
Sobasac ki.~
kevin keli

`rasac cal-calke ver vaxerxebT, erTad kargad

gamogvdis.~
galelTa monaTxrobi

afxazeTSi SeiaraRebulma dapirispirebam galis raioni

gaaCanaga. afxazeTSi ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebis (dsT-s
egidiT) Sesvlis Semdeg, soxumis reJimma raionis `gatye-
vebis~ strategia Secvala e.w. mcocavi aneqsiis taqtikiT.
vinaidan galis raioni odiTgan iyo afxazeTis ekonomikis
safuZveli da beReli, politikuri mizanSewonilebidan
gamomdinare, saWirod CaTvales misi teritoriis gadana-
wileba oCamCirisa da axlad Seqmnili tyvarCelis raionebs
Soris.
raionis mosaxleoba (romelzec Tbiliss xeli ar mi-
uwvdeboda, soxums ki ar ainteresebda) pirispir darCa Ta-
vis ekonomikuri, socialuri, humanitaruli, politikuri
problemebis winaSe. 1994 wels da Semdgom wlebSi galSi da-
brunebuli adamianebis upirvelesi sazrunavi gaxda gadam-
wvari da ganadgurebuli saxlebis aRdgena, TavSesafrebis

321
gamarTva, saojaxo meurneobis ganaxleba, pirutyvis moSe-
neba, rac metad Zneli iyo.
stiqiurad Seikribnen sofelSi dabrunebuli asakova-
nebi da axalgazrdebi: imsjeles, ikamaTes da gadawyvites
mcire saxerxi saamqros gamarTva. saxerxis mowyobas fuli
sWirdeboda. moawyves Sekreba da daadgines yoveli ojaxi-
dan erTi sulis monawileoba fizikur samuSaoTa Sesrule-
baSi, saerTo salaroSi Tanxis mogroveba (visac ramdenic
SeeZlo).
sam Tu oTx TveSi, mravali winaaRmdegobis gadalaxvis
Semdeg, zugdidSi mcxovreb devnilTa daxmarebiT, saxerxi
saamqro gaimarTa. es iyo soflis TviTmmarTvelobis ara-
formaluri Canasaxi.
Tavdapirvelad xe-tyes (morebs) sakuTar ezoebSi amz-
adebdnen, Semdeg ki SeTanxmebiT, soflis mimdebare tyeSi,
cxenebiT da kameCebiT gadahqondaT saxerxSi. mokle droSi
sofeli sakuTari xe-tyis masaliT maragdeboda.
saqmem moiTxova da isev Seikriba sofli. gadawyvites
samSeneblo brigadis Seqmna, romelic usaxlkaro ojaxe-
bisTvis aaSenebda oroTaxian ficrul saxlebs da damxmare
nagebobas.
msgavsi viTareba iyo raionis bevr sofelSi, garkveul-
wilad raionul centrSic.
moinaxa praqtikuli Wkuis, moxerxebuli da dauzare-
li adamianTa jgufi, romelsac mosaxleobam `soflis
ufrosoba~ Searqva, magram `ufrosobis~ organizaciul ga-
formebamde jer kidev Sors iyvnen.
omis Semdgom raionis mosaxleobisTvis eleqtroener-
giis miwodeba ar Sewyvetila, magram Sidaraionuli da Si-
dasasoflo qselebi ganadgurebuli iyo. isev Seikriba mo-
saxleoba `xelmZRvanelobasTan.~ gadawyvites elqselebis
aRdgena. mTeli sofeli gamovida boZebis damzadebisa da
gamocvlis samuSaoTaESesasruleblad. mavTuli zugdidSi

322
SeiZines. specialistis gareSe saqme ar gamodioda da yvela
ojaxi daTanxmda TiTo laris gaRebas ramdenime eleqtri-
kos-montioris Sesanaxad.
soflis `xelmZRvanelobaSi~ axali adamianebi gaCndnen,
umetesad cnobili meurneebi da Seiqmna e.w. aRmasrulebel-
Ta jgufi.
magaliTi gadamdebia. am gziT da amdagvarad raionis
TiTqmis yvela soflis mosaxle uzrunvelyofil iqna ele-
qtroenergiiT; zamTarSi problemebi Seiqmna, kerZod, saWi-
ro gaxda transformatorebis SekeTeba, zeTiT gamarTva,
mowesrigeba. gaagzavnes delegacia raionul centrSi, sa-
dac raionis elqselis samsaxurSi jer kidev SemorCenili
iyvnen specialistebi (xelmZRvaneli gogi SagiZe, metad
ganaTlebuli da keTilSobili adamiani, romelic raionSi
dabrunda). Sedga garigeba, raionis elqselebis speciali-
stebma Tbilisidan Seitanes zeTi, moawesriges transfor-
matorebi da mkvebavi mowyobilobebi. soflis `xelmZRva-
nelebsa~ da raionuli qselis warmomadgenlebs Soris `ga-
formda~ urTierTvaldebulebaTa zepiri garigeba. mog-
vianebiT, aseTive garigeba Sedga mosaxleobis wyalmomara-
gebis saqmeSic. raionuli centri da soflebi gadaudebel
saWiroebaTa gamo (ekonomikuri interesebi) mieba erTma-
neTs.
mouvlelobam da, upirveles yovlisa, muxluxianma jav-
Santeqnikam sabolood gaanadgura soflebis centraluri
da Sida sasoflo gzebi.
yvelaze metad dazianebuli gzebis ganapiras mcxovreb-
lebma soflis liderebTan daayenes gzebis SekeTebis sa-
kiTxi. moxerxda gzebis SekeTeba: zugdididan gadmoiyvanes
ori `pogruJateli,~ Tumca erTi maTgani `afxazma mebaJeeb-
ma~ waarTves, rogorc afxazeTis saxelmwifos sakuTreba;
aucilebeli gaxda satvirTo manqanebisa da teqnikuri sa-
Sualebebis afxazeTSi gadayvanaze nebarTvis miReba. ra-

323
ionul centrSi da soxumSi, aseve TbilisSi gaigzavna `pe-
ticia.~ roca am sakiTxiT afxazuri mxare ar dainteresda,
saWiro gaxda `delegaciis~ gagzavna soxumSi, rac am adami-
anebisTvis metad Zneli da miuRebeli iyo. saqmeSi Tbili-
si Caeria da gaeros damkvirvebelTa monawileobiT aseTi
droebiTi sityvieri nebarTva gaica; afxazur administra-
cias da ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebsac sWirdebodaT gamar-
Tuli gza.
am da msgavs problemebze soflebis kavSiri raionul
centrTan, soxumTan da saqarTvelos parlamentSi afxa-
zeTidan arCeul deputatebTan iZulebiTi aucilebloba
gaxda, Tumca am nabijma azrTa sxvadasxvaoba da kamaTi ga-
moiwvia. rig soflebSi moewyo krebebi. xmebis umravleso-
biT gadawyda, rom winaswari konsultaciebi gaemarTaT
saqarTvelos xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan (miiwvies
zugdidSi), raTa soxumTan kavSiri gagebuliyo ara rogorc
ukanono xelisuflebasTan TanamSromloba, aramed, gar-
dauvali aucilebloba. rig sofelSi mizanSewonilad miiC-
nies msgavsi sakiTxebiT rCeva ekiTxaT galis raionis afxa-
zuri sakrebulos wevrebisTvis (maT Soris qarTvelebic
arian), romelTac afxazebi formalurad mainc uwevdnen
angariSs, rogorc maT warmomadgenlebs.
soflis liderTa jgufi stiqiurad gaxda mosaxleo-
bis interesebis gamomxatveli. am jgufTan urTierTo-
bebis damyareba daiwyes raionSi momuSave saerTaSoriso
da erovnulma arasamTavrobo organizaciebma, romlebic
1995_1998 wlebSi, maisis tragikul movlenebamde, exmare-
bodnen mosaxleobas, gaeros, euTos da sxva programebiT
aremontebdnen sacxovrebel saxlebs, skolebs, saavad-
myofoebs, sayofacxovrebo obieqtebs, SehqondaT medi-
kamentebi da sxva; gaeros meTvalyureebi, rogorc wesi,
upirvelesad soflis liderebs xvdebodnen morigi mkvle-
lobis, yaCaRobis an sxva Zaladobis faqtebis mokvlevasTan

324
dakavSirebiT. saqarTveloSi didi britaneTis maSindeli
elCis jegkinsis meuRle (romelic saqarTveloSi moRvawe
erTerT saerTaSoriso organizacias xelmZRvanelobda)
daexmara qvemo barRebelebs mozrdili saamqros mowyoba-
Si, romelic citrusovanTa nayofis yuTebs amzadebda.
1994-1995 wlidan, dabrunebuli mosaxleobis iniciati-
viT, raionis calkeul soflebSi daiwyes qarTuli skole-
bis aRdgena, magram afxazuri administraciis kategori-
ul winaaRmdegobas waawydnen. pedagogTa riskiTa da maTi
gmirobis fasad swavleba (saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sami-
nistros programiT) TandaTanobiT organizebul formas
iRebda saamisod SerCeul ramdenime SemorCenil Zvelebur
oda-saxlSi. rigi soflis saerTo krebis gadawyvetilebiT
saxerxi saamqrodan Semosuli mciredi Tanxebi maswavleb-
lebze gaica simbolur jamagirad.
afxazurma administraciam, igrZno ra, rom skoleb-
ze kontroli xelidan usxlteboda, neba darTo saswavlo
procesi legalizebuli yofiliyo, amasTan daadgina, rom
pirveli klasidan swavleba soxumSi Sedgenili programe-
biT ganxorcielebuliyo, anu, arsebiTad rusulad da afxa-
zurad.
saWiro gaxda krebis mowyoba. soxumis muqaris gamo
formalur daTmobaze wasvla gadawyvites, sxva gamosavali
ar Canda. skolebis Senaxva advili ar iyo, maswavlebleblo-
ba_metad saxifaTo. SeTanxmeba Sedga: skolebis umetesoba
formalurad afxazuri da rusuli gaxda, realurad qar-
Tuli. ucxourma organizaciebma da saqarTvelos xeli-
suflebam mcireoden SeaSveles xeli skolebs remontis Ca-
tarebiT da saskolo nivTebis gamoyofiT, Tumca mSobliur
enaze swavlebis legalizacia ver moxerxda. mogvianebiT
galis skolebis calkeul klasebs saxelmZRvaneloebi Tbi-
lisma gamoyo ufasod, maswavleblebs daeniSnaT mciredi
xelfasi erTjeradi saCuqris saxiT. saqarTvelos parla-

325
mentis ramdenime wevris (vaxtang yolbaia, fraqcia `afxa-
zeTi,~ saqarTvelos parlamentSi afxazeTis sakiTxTa ko-
misia da sxva) TaosnobiT galel pirvelklaselebs da sxva
devnil bavSvebs wlebis ganmavlobaSi urigdebodaT `deda
ena,~ saskolo nivTebi.
mosaxleobisTvis metad rTuli problema gaxda jan-
mrTelobis dacva. saqarTvelos da afxazeTis legitimuri
mTavrobis iniciativiT rig soflebSi gaxsnili ambulato-
riebi problemebs ver umklavdebodnen, raionuli saavad-
myofo ki Sors iyo, amasTan arasaTanadod aRWurvili, Ta-
nac komendantis saaTis pirobebSi avadmyofebi zugdidSi
ver gadahyavdaT. soflis liderebi darwmundnen, rom sa-
kuTari Semosavlebis gareSe am urTules sakiTxs ver ga-
dawyvetdnen. ramdenime sofelSi moxerxda mcire da saSu-
alo sawarmos organizacia, romlebmac ikisres samedicino
sakiTxebis mogvarebaSi mosaxleobis daxmareba. maT SeiZi-
nes `rafis~ tipis ori avtomanqana, romelic saswrafo dax-
marebis movaleobasac asrulebda.
afxazuri administraciis mier raionis soflebSi for-
maluri mmarTvelobis Seqmnamde, adgilze `arCeuli xelmZ-
Rvanelebi~ umtkivneulod marTavdnen viTarebas, radga-
nac maT endobodnen, rCevas Txovdnen; raionSi afxazuri
struqturebis momZlavrebisa da `realuri orxelisuf-
lebianobis~ pirobebSi gauWirdaT muSaoba, Tumca araerTi
problemis moavares; kerZod, soflebis umetesobidan aRd-
ga avtoreisebi raionul centrSi (kviraSi orjer), mimosv-
la qalaq zugdidSi, aRadgines ramdenime xidi, SeakeTes
gzebi, keTilmoawyves sasaflaoebi.
amasTan erTad, mosaxleobisTvis cxadi gaxda, rom cen-
tris (raionuli Tu ufro maRali) daxmarebis gareSe ver
gadawydeboda iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa kriminalebTan
gamklaveba, miwebis samarTliani ganawileba, samelioracio
samuSaoebis Catareba, jandacvis da ganaTlebis probleme-

326
bis mogvareba, mTavari gzebis reabilitacia, usafrTxoeba,
adamianis uflebaTa dacva da sxva.
galSi TviTmmarTvelobis stiqiurad formirebas mra-
vali weliwadi vakvirdebodi, zogjer rCevasac mTxovdnen,
magram is umTavresi daskvna, romlis SesaZleblobac me mo-
meca, isaa, rom yovel sofelSi, TemSi (sasoflo sabWoSi)
arian adamianebi, romelTac samarTlebriv da organizaci-
ul CarCoSi `qvemodan~ CayenebiT SeuZliaT mouaron iseT
problemebs, romlebic sasicocxlod aucilebelia okupi-
rebul teritoriaze myofi mosaxleobisTvis minimaluri
saarsebo pirobebis Sesaqmnelad.
TviTmowesrigebad sofelSi maRalia maTi rCeulebis-
admi ndoba da mxardaWera, albaT imitom, rom gaWirvebis
dros mosaxleobisTvis miuRebelia mbrZanebloba, poli-
tikuri Tu sxva niSniT adamianTa dayofa, zedmeti organi-
zebuloba da formalizmi. amJamad iq arsebuli sastiki re-
alobis gamo, savsebiT bunebrivia adgilobriv mcxovrebTa
Soris solidarobis uCveulod maRali done, Tanadgoma,
tradiciis, adaT-wesebis Zveleburad Sesruleba; gadar-
CenisTvis brZolaSi `gaizardnen~ e.w. marTvis subieqtebi
da obieqtebi, romelTac miaCniaT, rom TviTmmarTvelobis
(Tumca aseTi saxelwodeba metad pirobiTia) sasoflo, sa-
Temo da raionuli done aucilebelia, sxvanairad Cakvdeba
sofeli, raioni, rogorc socialuri, kulturuli, ekono-
mikuri da teritoriuli erToba, eris genisa da adaT_wese-
bis matarebeli da Semnaxveli. maTi azriT, konfliqtis mo-
wesrigebis Semdeg, garduvalia TviTmmarTvelobis mesame
done, Tundac SezRuduli, magram morgebuli da Sexamebu-
li saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis interesebTan da aRWurvili
Sesabamisi uflebamosilebiT; maT Soris arsebobs gauge-
brobebi, magram, rogorc wesi, es pirovnul interesebs So-
ris winaaRmdegoba ufroa (romlis daZleva SesaZlebelia
patiosani arCevnebiT da moqnili saxelmwifo politikiT),

327
vidre obieqturi realobiT gamowveuli SeuTavsebloba;
adamianebi darwmunebuli arian, rom Semosavlebis swori
gadanawilebiT, miznobrivi subsidirebiT, ucxoelTa mate-
rialuri da finansuri daxmarebiT bevri ramis mogvareba
SeiZleba. maT saeWvod ar miaCniaT, rom adgilobrivi TviT-
mmarTvelobisTvis umTavresia miwa, rogorc Semosavlebis
uSreti wyaro, adgilobrivi warmoebis garanti. SimSilis
safrTxem ganapiroba mesimindeobis aRdgena, rogorc sak-
vebad, aseve saojaxo meurneobis Sesanaxad (mesaqonleoba,
meRoreoba, mefrinveleoba). maRalma fasma stimuli misca
aseulobiT heqtari Txilis axali plantaciebis gaSenebas,
Tumca iqaurTa yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi mesimindeobas
da mesaqonleobas, Sinameurneobas dRemde umTavresi adgi-
li ukavia, vinaidan Tavs damtydarma gaWirvebam adamianebs
erTxel kidev aswavla, rom nebismier viTarebaSi gadasar-
Cenad aucilebelia mxolod sakuTari Tavisa da sakuTari
meurneobis imediT yofna.
galSi, sayovelTao gaWirvebis pirobebSi dabadebul
adgilobriv TviTmarTvas (saxelmwifo marTvis organoebi
iq ar arsebobs) qaRaldze gadatanili saxeli ara aqvs (arc
TviTmmarTveloba hqvia da arc mmarTveloba), magram re-
alurad erTic aris da meorec. rig sakiTxebSi xalxsa da
liderebs Soris gaugebrobebsac aqvs adgili, magram yvel-
afris mogvareba SeiZleba, roca msajulad saerTo krebas
moiwveven, adamianebs erTad Tu cal-calke ganumartaven
da saqmis kursSi Caayeneben.
galelebs miaCniaT, rom samdoniani mmarTveloba, ori
Tu erTi, mTavari ar aris da arc uflisganaa dadgenili; iq
imdeni problemaa, rom RmerTma qnas, sami donec moerios
maT. mxedvelobaSia uflebamosilebaTa imgvari gadanawi-
leba, roca meore done akeTebs imas, romlis gakeTebas pir-
veli ver axerxebs, mesame ki imas, rasac meore ver moereva.
mTavaria, rom uflebamosilebaTa gadanawilebis arsebiTi

328
mizani iyos ekonomikuri da socialuri uzrunvelyofa,
myari saojaxo Semosavali. galelTa azriT (arian iq aseTi
adamianebi!), arasworia mtkiceba imisa, rom sanam qveyana
Ratakia da biujeti mwiri, TviTmmarTveloba ver gaamarT-
lebs. swored, rom piriqiTaa, mxolod organizebuli TviT-
mmarTveloba da viTarebis adekvaturi ekonomikuri meqa-
nizmebi uzrunvelyofen adgilebze siRatakis daZlevas,
TviTuzrunvelyofas, saxelmwifo biujetisgan damokide-
bulebis Semcirebas, saxelmwifos `xiluli xelis~ Semsub-
uqebas da misi e.w. uCinari fexis neitralizacias.
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis upirvelesi safuZve-
li ekonomika, ekonomikuri interesebia. albaT, marTlebia
arian adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis arapolitizirebuli
mkvlevarebi, mecnierebi da politikosebi, romelTac miaC-
niaT, rom mTlad brmad, mxolod sabazro ekonomikaze min-
dobiT sazogadoebas arasodes uarsebia, miT ufro sofel-
Si, sadac vaWroba, qalaqisgan gansxvavebiT, istoriulad
ufro saqonelgacvla iyo da sasaqonlo warmoeba mogvia-
nebiT gaCnda. cxadia isic, rom TviTmmarTveloba, Tundac
samarTlebriv da organizaciul formas moklebuli, yo-
velTvis arsebobda mmarTvelobis sxva (monaTmflobelu-
ri, feodaluri) formebis gverdiT, maT Soris saxelmwifo
mmarTvelobis paralelurad. istoriulad igi win uswreb-
da sabazro ekonomikas da saxelmwifos warmoSobasac. Ta-
visi `asakiT~ igi pirvelwarmoebis asakisaa, vinaidan is maSin
iwyebs arsebobas, roca Temis ekonomika da misi SeTanxmebu-
li mmarTvelobis aucilebloba Cndeba.
ganviTarebuli demokratiis qveynebSi TviTmmarTve-
lobis bumi ganpirobebulia sabazro ekonomikis sruliad
kanonzomieri movlenebiT, romlis yovlisSemZleoba, Tum-
ca gazviadebulia, iseve rogorc misi meore ukiduresoba,
saxelmwifos yovlismomcveli Carevis aucilebloba. zo-
miereba gardauvalia saxelmwifos mdgradi da stabiluri

329
ganviTarebisTvis, magram ueWvelia, rom TviTmarTveloba
metad moqnili meqanizmia sabazro ekonomikis `uCinari xe-
lis~ da `uCinari fexis~ Sesavsebad, romlis gareSec qveynis
yvela regionSi investiciebis stimulireba da gadanawile-
ba iseve warmoudgenelia, rogorc wylis aRma dineba gare-
gani zewolis da stimulirebis gareSe.
galelebi miyvebodnen, rom qalaq foTis ganviTarebis
erTi istoriuli monakveTi TviTmmarTvelobis probleme-
bis optimaluri gadawyvetis gasaocari erovnuli maga-
liTia da niko nikolaZis gabeduli Rvawli seriozuladaa
Sesaswavli. maTi azriT, qalaq Tbilisis uZvelesi TviTm-
marTveloba, aseve me-19 saukunis soxumis TviTmmarTvelo-
bis gamocdileba gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs.
sabazro ekonomikam qalaqidan sofelSi unda gadainacv-
los, rac warmoudgenelia adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelo-
bis sakanonmdeblo, materialuri dafinansuri mxardaWeri-
sa da Sesabamisi instituciuri uzrunvelyofis gareSe. am
saqmeSi metismeti sifrTxile uadgiloa. sxvanairad SeuZ-
lebelia moxdes is, rac msoflios mraval qveyanaSi moxda,
anu ayvavdes, gaZlierdes sofeli, Temi, raioni, regioni,
demokratiam mosaxleobas moutanos adamianuri cxovreba
da bedniereba.

gazeTi „regionis droiT,~

1 dekemberi, 2005w.

330
 akademikosi ilia vekua
2007 wlis 23 aprils sruldeba gamoCenili qarTveli
maTematikosis, saqarTvelos mecnierebisa da kulturis
didi organizatoris, sazogado moRvawis ilia nestoris Ze
vekuas dabadebidan 100 da gardacvalebidan 30 wlisTavi.
afxazeTSi, galis raionSi (samurzayano), Raribi glexis
ojaxSi dabadebulma niWierma axalgazrdam Tavisi Sromis-
moyvareobiT da udreki nebisyofiT gaiara gza ivane java-
xiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
rigiTi studentidan yofili sabWoTa kavSiris yvelaze
prestiJuli maTematikuri dawesebulebebis xelmZRvane-
lis, saqveyno samecniero da sazogadoebrivi aRiarebis
mwvervalebamde; man, niko musxeliSvilTan erTad, saqarT-
velos maTematikur skolas msoflio aRiareba moupova.
aRsaniSnavia, rom uswavlelma, magram bunebrivi sibrZ-
niT Semkulma mamam_nestor vekuam, ojaxis marCenali kame-
Ci gahyida, raTa niWier axalgazrdas TbilisSi Casvlisa da
ramdenime Tve Tavis Senaxvis saSualeba hqonoda.
axalgazrda mecnieris gansakuTrebuli niWiereba Rir-
seulad ganWvrites qarTuli maTematikuri mecnierebis
iseTma korifeebma, rogorebic iyvnen andria razmaZe, gio-
rgi nikolaZe, arCil xaraZe, levan gokieli, xolo qarTvel
maTematikosTa mamam, niko musxeliSvilma aspiranturis
gasavlelad mas rekomendacia gauwia msoflio aRiarebis
mqone akademikos krilovTan sankt-peterburgSi.
1939 wels, 32 wlis asakSi, ilia vekua maTematikur mecnie-
rebaTa doqtori, Tsu-s profesori xdeba, 1944-1947 wlebSi
igi Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis proreqtoria
saswavlo dargSi. am droisTvis ilia vekua ukve aRiarebu-
li mecnieria ara marto saqarTvelosa da ruseTSi, aramed
sazRvargareTis mraval qveyanaSi. misi monografiebi Rebu-
loben umaRles saxelmwifo premiebs, misi Sromebi iTargm-

331
neba inglisur, germanul, iaponur da sxva enebze, leqcie-
bis wasakiTxad iwveven msoflios mraval qveyanaSi.
nayofieri iyo misi moRvaweoba moskovSi, sadac xelmZR-
vanelobda msoflio aRiarebis mqone samecniero centrebs.
uSualod mis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli ssr kavSiris
mecnierebaTa akademiis cimbiris ganyofilebis Seqmna, aka-
demiuri qalaqis da novosibirskis saxelmwifo universi-
tetis Seqmna, romlis pirveli reqtoric TviTon gaxda. am
universitetSi aRizarda Tanamedroveobis mravali didi
maTematikosi.
1964 wels igi saTaveSi Caudga ivane javaxiSvilis saxe-
lobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitets, Seqmna gamoy-
enebiTi maTematikis problemaTa laboratoria, mogvian-
ebiT gamoyenebiTi maTematikis instituti, romelic mis
saxels atarebs.
1972 wels ilia vekuas irCeven saqarTvelos mecniere-
baTa akademiis prezidentad, sadac mkafiod gamoCnda misi
kidev erTi talanti, kerZod, Seqmna pirobebi, raTa xeli Se-
wyoboda mecnierebis fundamenturi da pragmatuli dargis
ganviTarebas, erovnuli kulturis ayvavebas, istoriuli
memkvidreobis dacva-patronobas, mecnierebisa da kultu-
ris eris samsaxurSi Cayenebas. amave wlebSi mecnierebaTa
akademiasTan iqmneba svaneTis (saqarTvelos maRalmTia-
ni regionebis) Semswavleli eqspedicia. mis saxelTan aris
dakavSirebuli gamoCenili qarTveli moRvaweebis saxelTa
ukvdavyofa, saiubileo RonisZiebebis pirdapiri dakavSi-
reba studentebis da axalgazrda mecnierebis niWierebis
warmoCenasTan. akadenikos vekuas iniciativiT grandiozu-
li masStabiT aRiniSna ivane javaxiSvilis dabadebis 100
wlisTavi. sazeimo dReebSi saqarTvelo msoflios eli-
tarul moRvaweTa didi Tavyrilobis centrad iqca, xolo
Tbilisi msoflios aRiarebul mecnierTa olimpad.
ilia vekuas arasodes gauwyvetia kavSiri mSobliur

332
afxazeTTan; man mravali saxelovani mecnieri da moRvawe
gauzarda afxazeTs, mudam ainteresebda mSobliuri afxa-
zeTis ambebi, misi tkivili da sixaruli, didi mouclelo-
bis miuxedavad axerxebda afxazeTSi Casvlas, amitomac moi-
azreboda igi wminda adamianad afxazi mosaxleobis TvalSi;
mas gansakuTrebuli zeimiT xvdebodnen soxumSi, gudauTa-
Si, galSi. afxazeTis enis, literaturisa da istoriis ucv-
leli direqtori akademikosi giorgi ZiZaria werda: `ilia
nestoris Zes mSobliurad miaCnda afxazeTi, da ra Tqma
unda, Cveni instituti. roca batoni ilia CvenTan rekavda
da vsaubrobdiT, mas arasodes ar ukiTxia rogor gaqvT sa-
qme, an rogor aris TqvenTan saqmeo, is yovelTvis mekiTxe-
boda: rogor aris CvenTan saqme, an rogor gvaqvs saqme. diax,
man udidesi wvlili Setana afxazeTis mecnierebis da kul-
turis ganviTarebaSi.~
1968 wels, roca ukve mkafiod ikveTeboda qarTul_
afxazuri dapirispirebis provocirebis morigi mcdeloba,
afxazeTis sazogadoebam ilia vekuas didi zeimi gaumarTa
q. soxumSi. afxazebma igi erT kviriT miiwvies gudauTaSi.
es iyo dauviwyari yuradRebis da RvTiuri pativiscemis
dReebio, ixsenebda ilia vekua.
afxazTa azriT, igi iyo Tavisi xalxis namdvili Svili,
qarTul_afxazuri zneobis da tradiciebis damcveli da
gamtarebeli, pirdapiri da raindi, romelsac xalxisTvis
micemuli sityva arasodes gautexavs.
1985 wlis aprilSi akademikos vekuas mSobliur sofel
SeSeleTSi (galis raioni) misi saxl-muzeumi gaixsna. mu-
zeumis gaxsnis ceremoniali, (miuxedavad Semdeg ganviTare-
buli tragikuli movlenebisa) qarTveli da afxazi xalxis
megobrobis da naTesaobis uprecedento gamovlineba iyo,
romlis daviwyeba SeuZlebelia.
1977 wels Tbilisis universitetSi gaimarTa ilia vekuas
70 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili samecniero sabWos sxdoma. man,

333
ukve ukurnebeli seniT Sepyrobilma, ver SeZlo saqarTve-
los axalgazrdebisadmi mimarTvis teqstis wakiTxva, ma-
gram aTasobiT studentma da aTeul aTasobiT adamianma
moismina am sityvis audioCanaweri; misi es mimarTva dRemde
iTvleba aRmzrdelisa da aRsazrdelis damokidebulebis,
mamuliSvilobis, erovnuli da msoflio mecnierebisadmi
fanatikuri erTgulebis, codnisa da ganaTlebis mudmivi
ganaxlebis aucileblobis, erovnuli universitetis pre-
stiJis amaRlebaze sayovelTao zrunvis, aRzrdisa da ga-
naTlebis erTianobis klasikur magaliTad.
iubileze mowveulma ucxoelma stumrebma igi XX sauku-
nis udides mecnierad da sazogado moRvawed aRiares.
akademikosi ilia vekua 1977 wels gardaicvala, dakrZa-
lulia mTawmindis mweralTa da sazogado moRvaweTa pan-
TeonSi. misi brZola sikvdilTan misive morigi gamarjveba
iyo, radganac mecnieris bolo Sromebi, saerTaSoriso
aRiarebis TvalsazrisiT, iqca maTematikuri mecnierebis
axal, urTules dargebSi qarTuli skolis kidev erT ga-
mobrwyinebad, romlis saTaveebTan misive aRmzrdeli, udi-
desi qarTveli maTematikosi nikoloz musxeliSvili idga.

`afxazeTis xma,~
17 aprili, 2006w.

334
 SeTqmuleba qarTvelTa da
afxazTa winaaRmdeg
iankovskis (kavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrun-
veli) 1881 wlis cirkulari saqarTveloSi qarTu-
li enis nacvlad rusuli enis swavlebas awesebda.
aikrZala qarTuli Jurnal-gazeTebis gamocema.
skolebSi mSobliuri ena gamocxadda arasavalde-
bulod da mas mxolod dabal klasebSi eTmoboda
mcire dro, isic gakveTilebis bolos.
imave iankovskis 1885 wlis cirkulariT qarTu-
li ena saerTod aikrZala skolebSi da igi `saoja-
xo sazrunavad~ gamocxadda; samegrelos, aWaris,
svaneTis skolebSi swavleba SemoiRes megrul,
Turqul da svanur enebze im momizezebiT, rom
TiTqos megrelebi, aWarelebi, svanebi araqarTvel
erovnebebs warmoadgenen.

weliwadze metia, rac galis raionSi ganaaxles raionul

gazeT `gal~-is (`gali~) gamocema. gazeTi TveSi orjer ga-
modis. oTxgverdiani gazeTis ori mesamedi rusulia. ga-
zeTs TiTqosda sainformacio xasiaTi aqvs, magram poli-
tizirebulia da e.w. afxazeTis damoukidebeli saxelmwi-
fos gandidebas emsaxureba.
gazeTis pirvel gverdze TvalsaCinod gamotanilia
citata adamianis sayovelTao uflebaTa deklaraciidan:
`yvela xalxi Tanasworuflebiania, yvelas aqvs ufleba
ilaparakos da weros mSobliur enaze.~
gazeTis erT-erT nomerSi avtorebi cdiloben daasabu-
Ton, rom megrelebi uZvelesi xalxia, romelTac hqondaT
sakuTari damwerloba, romelic waarTves, iseve rogorc
damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebrioba, ena, kultura, ahyares
Rirseba da pativi; afxazebi dReniadag zrunaven mxarSi
amoudgnen samurzayanoelebs da „milionnaxevar megrels

335
damoukideblobis aRdgenasa da Tavisuflebis mopovebaSi.~
mkiTxvels ar gauWirdeba gaicnobieros axali iankovs-
kis SemkveTis veraguli miznebi, magram gasaocari is aris,
rom sxvaTa mibaZviT dabrmavebuli afxazebi ver grZnoben
uaxloes momavalSi afxazeTSi qarTuli da afxazuri enebis
dasasruls, maT egreTwodebul inkorporacias rusul en-
asa da rusul saxelmwifoSi.
afxazeTSi qarTuli enis bedis Sesaxeb sayovelTaod
cnobilia. axla iq oficialurad yvela skola rusuli da
afxazuria, dawyebiT klasebSi qarTuli iswavleba rogorc
erT-erT ucxo ena, isic bolo gakveTilad. dRemde amao ga-
modga qveynis xelisuflebis, gaeros, sxva saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis mcdeloba viTarebis Sesacvlelad. morigi
satyuara aRmoCnda afxazeTis amJamindeli prezidentis wi-
nasaarCevno dapireba qarTuli skolebis aRdgenis Sesaxeb.
daqucmacebul, Sagrenis tyaviviT dapataravebul da
sxva raionebisTvis gadanawilebul galis raionSi qarTu-
li ena faqtiurad akrZalulia, Tumca soxumis oficialu-
ri mtkiceba (rac dafiqsirebulia maTsave konstituciaSi),
rom `yvela xalxs aqvs mSobliur eniT sargeblobis uf-
leba,~ rbilad Tu vityviT, blefia, radgan, Tundac soxu-
mis monacemebiT, afxazeTis amJamindeli mosaxleobis 36%
afxazia, 25% ki qarTveli.
axla isev `gal~-is Sesaxeb.
gazeTi ar sjerdeba `Cveulebriv~ antiqarTul Temebs
da axali aRTqmis megruli sityvebiT Targmnas da publi-
kacias mihyo xeli, magram, radganac myidveli da mkiTxveli
ar hyavs, aqve aqveynebs galaktion tabiZis, ilia WavWavaZis,
akaki wereTlis, vaJa-fSavelas leqsebs, sulxan-saba orbe-
lianis igav-arakebs, konstantine gamsaxurdias moTxro-
bebs, sxva gamoCenili qarTveli mwerlebis nawarmoebebs
megruli kolokavebis gamoyenebiT (iqaurTa gadmocemiT,
erTi friad ganaTlebuli, magram, afxazTa mier metisme-

336
tad Sewuxebuli adgilobrivi HJurnalistis xelSewyo-
biT), da raRa Tqma unda, maT safarvelSi calkeuli rusi da
afxazi mwerlebisa da poetebis antiqarTul nawarmoebebs.
galis raionis mosaxleobisTvis, bunebrivia, Znelia me-
grulad Sedgenili werilebis wakiTxva, amitom axali aRT-
qmis wminda furclebiviT gadascemen erTmaneTs engurs ga-
moRmidan gadatanil an afxazeTSi SemTxveviT moxvedril
qarTul gazeTebs an maT naglejebs. natroben im dros,
roca qarTuli mxare (galis raionis Zveli gamgeoba, xeli-
suflebis finansuri daxmarebiT) axerxebda gazeT `saqarT-
velos respublikis~ Setanas da gavrcelebas.
galis mosaxleoba Rebulobs rig telegadacemebs (te-
levizorebi TiTqmis mTlianad gaitanes boevikebma), magram
afxazeTis sxva raionebSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi srul sa-
informacio vakuumSi arian.
arsebobs azri, rom `gal~ TiTqosda ar warmoadgens ra-
menair safrTxes qveynisTvis, magram afxazeTis istoriaSi
odnav CaxedulisTvis cnobilia Tu rogor Caanacvla (XVI-
XVI I saukuneebi) CrdiloeTidan Camosuli ramdenime aseuli
meomris da maTi meTaurebis enam, uZvelesi adgilobrivi
afxazuri ena amJamindeli (rogorc TviTon amboben) afsu-
uri eniT. afxazeTSi darCenili da, amdenad, centraluri
xelisuflebisgan sruliad daucveli mozardi, romelmac
ar icis saqarTvelos (separatistebis mier akrZalulia)
istoria, geografia, ar icnobs saqarTvelos saxelmwifos
warmoSobasa da ganviTarebas, afxazeTis sakiTxebSi erTia-
ni saqarTvelos samefos, imereTis samefos, samegrelos,
guriis, svaneTis yofili samTavroebis rols da adgils,
SesaZlebelia Taflakverad miiRos Sxami, rasac mas kargad
SeniRbulad sTavazoben.
am zafxuls, ardadegebze, erTi mecxre klaseli gale-
li moswavle Tavis TanatolebTan Casula zugdidSi. ymaw-
vilebs Soris sakamaTo gamxdara galeli stumris mtkiceba

337
imis Taobaze, rom, rogorc maT aswavlian, afxazTa mefeebs
daupyriaT saqarTvelos miwebi, SeuqmniaT `didi afxazeTi~
da qalaqi quTaisi auSenebiaT. maspinZelma Tanatolebma
Turme araferi dauTmes gacxarebul stumars da ganumar-
tes, rom galSi mas cru istorias aswavlian da dasturad
wina saukunis 20-ian wlebSi gamocemuli wignebi dauwyviaT
magidaze; gadmomces, cnobismoyvare ymawvili Tu rogor
eZebda pasuxebs misTvis saintereso kiTxvebze da rogori
gaoceba gamouxatavs, roca waukiTxavs: `me-8 saukunis 30-
ian wlebSi Camoyalibda afxazeTis samTavro. 735 wels ara-
bebma, murvan yrus meTaurobiT samcxeSi iberielTa jari
daamarcxa da gailaSqra egrisSi, aiRo cixe-goji, Semdeg
klisuris cixes da cxums miadga. arabebi mokle xanSi gae-
calnen am mxares... bizantiis keisarma daawinaura afxazeTis
erisTavi, titulad uboZa leon I da daumkvidra sagamgeblod
afxazeTi klisuridan vidre didi xazareTis mdinaremde...…
leon pirvelis Semdeg erisTavi gaxda leon I I , igi mefed iwo-
deboda, vinaidan dasavleT saqarTvelos mefe memkvidreo-
biT gaxda. qarTveli istorikosis juanSeris mixedviT aR-
mosavleT saqarTvelos (qarTlis) mefe arCilma, romlis
gavlena egrisze vrceldeboda da bizantiis imperatoris
nebiT afxazeTsac mfarvelobda, leons colad SerTo Tavi-
si diswuli, egrisis mefis asuli, gadasca samefo gvirgvini
da amiT igi egrisis samefos memkvidredac aRiara. `matiane
qarTlisa~ gveubneba, rom egrisis umemkvidro mefis sikv-
dilis Semdeg leonma memkvidreobiT miiRo taxti. qarTlis
mefis surviliT da egrisis taxtis memkvidreze dinasti-
uri qorwinebis wyalobiT, leon I I gaxda mTeli dasavleT
saqarTvelos kanonieri mflobeli. mas ewoda `afxazeTis
mefe~ Tavisi pirvandeli samTavros saxelwodebis mixed-
viT da ase iqca dasavleT saqarTvelo `afxazeTad.~
dafiqrebul galel stumars, romelsac bevri sxva
wignic gaacnes, isic auxsnes, rom quTaisi qarTuli qalaqi

338
iyo da asea axlac, imdroindeli afxazebi qarTulad sau-
brobdnen. dabneul stumars aseve auwyes, rom araferia
gasakviri, vinaidan msgavsi magaliTebi uamravia kacobrio-
bis istoriaSi, Tundac is, rom arabebi egvipteSi gadavidnen
sacxovreblad da dRemde egviptelebad iwodebian; leon I I
dampyrobi afxazi mefe ki ara, iseTive mefe iyo, rogorc sa-
qarTvelos sxva mefeebi; man didi wvlili Seitana dasavleT
saqarTvelos gaerTianebaSi, qarTuli kulturis, qarTuli
mwignobrobis, qarTuli politikuri kursis gatarebaSi,
qristianuli sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebaSi.
stumaris da maspinZelTa kamaTi mTeli zafxuli gagrZe-
lebula; mogvianebiT, Turme, stumari uxsnida maspinZlebs,
rom `afxazi mefeebis ZalisxmeviT dasavleT saqarTvelos
eklesia gamosula bizantiis gavlenisgan, gauqmebula bi-
zantiuri episkoposoba fazisSi, gudayvaSi; mefe giorgi
mesames dauarsebia martvilis Wyondidelis kaTedra, leon
I I I dros Camoyalibebula moqvis taZris kaTedra, didi sa-
qarTvelos gamaerTianebeli mefis bagrat mesamis dros,_
bediis kaTedra...~
cxadia, rom zemoaRniSnuli erTerTi gamoZaxilia im
politikisa, rasac ruseTi da afxazeTis separatistuli
xelisufleba axorcielebs galis raionis qarTuli mosax-
leobis mimarT. samwuxaro, magram faqtia, rom galis raio-
nis skolebis ezoebSi bavSvebi rusuli da qarTuli Jargo-
nebiT Jivil-xiviloben xandaxan, soflis Saragzebzec gai-
goneb saubars ucxo enebze.
afxazeTis mosaxleobis garusebis safrTxe realuria,
rac, Cemi azriT, adekvaturi sapirwone zomebis droul
gatarebas moiTxovs.
gazeTi `gal~ soxumis dafinansebiT, pirvel postkon-
fliqtur wlebSic gamodioda, magram Sewyda mosaxleobis
Ria da faruli protestis gamo. gazeTi aRdgenil iqna da
amJamad gamoicema afxazTa `siZis,~ vinme ingliseli mecnie-

339
ris, e.w. kavkasiologi da afxazologi hiutis finansuri
mxardaWeriT.
gazeTs soxumSic hyavda da hyavs mowinaaRmdegeebi. ese-
ni afxazeTis istoriaSi Caxeduli adamianebia, romlebmac
SesaniSnavad ician, rom megruli dialeqti igive qarTulia,
rom megrelebi, uZvelesi kolxebi, Tundac gaafxazebul-
ni, sisxliT, xorciT da suliT qarTvelebi arian da metad
uZneldebaT afsuuri (adiRur-Cerqezuli konglomerati)
enis Seswavla.
iqneb saWiro iyos imisi aRniSvnac, rom bolo dros oku-
pirebuli afxazeTis sazogadoebaSi cxare kamaTis sagania
afxazur-rusuli urTierTobis istoriis sakiTxebic; ufro
zustad, afxazeTis istoriis saskolo saxelmZRvanelos
gamo, romlis avtoria stanislav lakoba (oleg bRaJbasTan
erTad). avtorebs daufaravad  adanaSauleben antirusul
ganwyobaSi, kerZod imaSi, rom afxazeTis istoriis garkveul
periods isini `ruseTis batonobis Savbnel periods~ uwo-
deben. `XIX saukunis gadmocema ar SemiZlia. is afxazebisTvis
(da ara marto maTTvis) Zalian mZime da saSineli saukune iyo.
Tumca ar aris marTali, rom im dros kargi araferi xdebo-
da, rom kulturis, mSeneblobisa da arqiteqturis sferoe-
bSi mravali ram ar gakeTebula. amas aravin uaryofs,~ miaCnia
stanislav lakobas. `ruseTisa da afxazeTis urTierTobis
istoriaSi naTeli furclebic iyo da bnelic, mravali sau-
kunis ganmavlobaSi erTmaneTis gverdigverd mcxovrebi ere-
bis istoriaSi sxvagvarad verc iqneboda,~_ aseve imarTleben
Tavs rusi moxeleebis winaSe soxumis reJimis mesveurebi.
adreul periods Tavi rom davaneboT, faqtia, rom galis
raionSi mivlinebuli gudauTeli milicionerebic ki adgi-
lobriv mosaxleobasTan qarTulad saubroben. mravlisme-
tyvelia, rom afxazi istorikosi simon basaria, ukiduresad
antiqarTulad ganwyobili moazrovne (magram udavod ni-
Wieri adamiani), 1925 wels gamocemuli `afxazeTis istori-

340
is~ avtori, samurzayanoelTa daxasiaTebisas aRniSnavs, _
samurzayanoelebi afxazebi iyvnen, magram megruli enis gav-
leniT gaqarTveldnen. ufro metic, tkbili da melodiuri
megruli ena da simRera afxaz patarZals erT weliwadSi im-
denad aqarTvelebs, rom megreli qalebisgan ver gaarCevo!
zemoaRniSnuli sulac ar niSnavs, rom Tavi davimSvi-
doT. adre ramdenadme gansxvavebuli viTareba iyo, admin-
straciuli sazRvari mdinare engurze Caketili ar iyo,
rusi da afxazi mesazRvreebi da mebaJeebi naklebad abrko-
lebdnen afxazeTSi Sesvlas da gamosvlas.
ase, rom droa saqarTvelos saxelmwifom, qarTvelma ma-
muliSvilebma, SeZlebulma moqalaqeebma, adamianis ufle-
baTa damcvelebma xma aRimaRlon da akeTon is, rasac aseT
viTarebaSi gaakeTebdnen saamisod uflebamosili saxelm-
wifo struqturebi da patrioti moqalaqeebi.
saqarTvelos uamravi gamoCenili politikosi, niWieri
Semoqmedi, mecnieri da sazogado moRvawe, mxatvruli sity-
vis didostati hyavs, magram, ratomRac naklebad aqtiuro-
ben. Tavis droze ilia, akaki, vaJa, maCabeli, galaktioni, leo
qiaCeli, niko nikolaZe, pavle ingoroyva, SoTa niSnianiZe,
sxvebi da sxvebi ar dadumebulan, maSinac ki, roca ardadume-
ba, SesaZloa, samudamo dadumebis tolfasi yofiliyo.
aris axla dumili oqro?
Cvenda samwuxarod Tu sabednierod, amJamad bevri mxo-
lod imisi imediTaa, rom axali xelisufleba yvelafers
moagvarebs. xalxs sjera revoluciiT mosuli axalgazrda
da energiuli xelisuflebis, magram realuria isic, rom
Tu xelisuflebas sazogadoebis jerovani mxardaWera da
aqtiuri Tanadgoma ar eqna, upirvelesad im xalxisa, vinc
unda dabrundes da icxovros afxazeTSi, rogorc ityvian,
aleqsandre makedonelic verafers gaxdeba.
`dilis gazeTi,~
16 ivlisi, 2006w.

341
 gali _ represiebi grZeldeba,
viTareba daZabulia

im tragikuli dRidan cameti weliwadi gavida,

magram dRemde Tvalwin midgas 30 seqtemberis di-
lis 3 saaTi, roca kolxi dedebis sazarelma kivil-
ma SesZra samurzayano. saxelmwifo sabWos jaris-
kacebi uwesrigod tovebdnen afxazeTs da galis
raions. galis sazRvrebs cecxliT da maxviliT
moadga afxazuri gvardiisa da moxalise-boevikTa
avangardi. xelisuflebisagan mitovebul da gan-
wirul adamianebs Tavadve unda gadaewyvitaT sa-
kuTari bedi. gadarCenis sxva arCevani ar iyo, gar-
da sakuTari ezo-karis mitovebisa da gaqcevisa.
gaTenebamde engurs gaRma unda gaeRwiaT; da
daiZrnen Tavzardacemuli adamianebi zugdidisa
da walenjixis mimarTulebiT, Tanac ise da img-
varad, rogorc es SesaZlebeli iyo sayovelTao
qaosSi. bevrma moaswro samSvidobos gasvla, bevrs
ki wamoewia momxduri da daxoca; zogierTs gau-
marTla, avtomanqana, traqtori, fuli, beWedi, xe-
lbargi, sxva qoneba waarTves da mdinaris gamoRma
gamoaZeves.
afxazeTidan gamosul bavSvebs, romlebic ukve
didebi arian, albaT, naklebad axsovT mSobliuri
adgilebi, am SemTxvevaSi, galis raioni. galis ra-
ioni xom afxazeTis umdidresi da ulamazesi nawi-
lia, afxazeTis beReli da regionSi qarTuli su-
lierebis umTavresi burji.
warsuls vixsenebT, awmyos vxedavT, magram mo-
mavali gaurkvevelia. ra iyo, ra iqneba xval Tu
zeg afxazeTSi, Tundac galSi? gazeTis am da sxva
kiTxvebze ,,axal 7 dRes’’ esaubra ,,samurzayanos’’
erT-erTi lidri, galis raionis mkvidri rafiel
gelantia.

342
 _ SeiaraRebul konfliqtamde rogori politikuri,
ekonomikuri, demografiuli viTareba iyo galis rai-
onSi?
_ galis raioni afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis da
mTlianad saqarTvelos erT-erTi umsxvilesi administra-
ciuli da ekonomikuri regioni iyo, romelic gamoirCeo-
da kargad ganviTarebuli sawarmoo da socialuri infra-
struqturiT. misi teritoria 1000,3 kvadratuli kilome-
tria. 1992 wlis 1 oqtombrisaTvis mosaxleobis ricxvi 80
aTass aRwevda, anu afxazeTis mTeli mosaxleobis 15,8 pro-
cents. es teritoria odiTganve dasaxlebuli iyo aborige-
ni qarTvelebiT.
galis raioni adre, ZiriTadad agraruli regioni gaxl-
daT, sadac ganviTarebuli iyo meCaieoba, mecitruseoba,
memarcvleoba, subtropikuli mexileoba, mebostneoba,
soflis meurneobis sxva dargebi. 1993 wlis monacemebiT
raionSi arsebobda 56 sasoflo-sameurneo organizacia,
5 sameurneobaTaSoriso gaerTianeba da 1780 fermeruli
meurneoba.
1970 wlis Semdeg, rodesac evropaSi umZlavresi da
unikaluri obieqti, _ engurhesebis TaRovani kaSxali da
Zalovani kaskadi aSenda, galis raioni gadaiqca agrarul-
industriul raionad, sadac gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba
uaxloesi teqnologiebiT aRWurvili obieqtebiT Seivso.
raionis mosaxleobas emsaxureboda 57 saSualo, aras-
ruli saSualo da dawyebiTi skola, 60-mde skolamdeli
dawesebuleba, sportuli obieqtebi, 7 kulturis saxli, 46
sasoflo klubi, 436 biblioTeka (720 aTasi wigni), 2 muzeu-
mi, 13 musikaluri skola, erTi saxalxo Teatri, cekvisa da
simReris raionuli ansambli da xalxuri Semoqmedebis 18
sasoflo koleqtivi.
raionSi funqcionirebda sakavSiro olimpiuri spor-
tuli baza niCbosnobaSi, Tanamedrove sportuli komple-

343
qsebi da ipodromi. yvela ojaxi uzrunvelyofili iyo ele-
qtroenergiiT, uwyveti wyalmomaragebiT, moasfaltebuli
da keTilmowyobili gzebiT da Sida gzebiT. yvela ojaxs
gaaCnda msubuqi avtomanqana.
ucxoel eqspertTa dakvirvebiT, romlebic 80-ani wle-
bis bolos stumrobdnen afxazeTs, raionSi mosaxleobis
cxovrebis xarisxi evropul dones ar Camouvardeboda.
galis raionSi politikuri viTareba iseTive iyo, ro-
gorc TbilisSi, saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi, Tumca mra-
vali mizezis gamo galis raionSi viTarebaze bevrad iyo da-
mokidebuli viTareba mTlianad afxazeTSi; galis raionis
mosaxleoba, rogorc yovelTvis istoriulad, calsaxad
dadga saqarTvelos saxelmwifos interesebis sadarajoze.
1991 wlis 17 marts, mTlianad qveynisa da sakuTriv afxa-
zeTisTvis rTul droSi, galis raionis mosaxleobam (Tbi-
lisis rekomendaciiT) boikoti gamoucxada ssr kavSiris
SenarCunebasTan dakavSirebiT mowyobil sakavSiro refe-
rendums (rac, rogorc Semdeg gairkva, afxazeTSi arsebuli
realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, gaumarTlebeli iyo).
_ iqneb, ufro farTod SevexoT afxazeTis droebiT
dakargviT gamowveul negatiur Sedegebs saqarTvelos
ekonomikisTvis . . .
_ saqarTvelos ekonomikuri potencialis dasustebaSi
gansakuTrebiT didi roli iTamaSa afxazeTis teritoriaze
kontrolis dakargvam, vinaidan igi saqarTvelos erT-erTi
yvelaze ganviTarebuli regioni iyo.
saqarTvelos parlamentis sabiujeto ofisis monaceme-
biT (xelmZRvaneli roman gociriZe) 1989 wlidan afxazeTis
ekonomika krizisma moicva. 1994 wels warmoebis moculobam
Seadgina 1988 wlis Sesabamisi maCveneblis xuT procentze
naklebi, rac gamowveuli iyo rogorc meurneobis erTiani
kompleqsis rRveviT, aseve saomari moqmedebebiT. afxazeTs
dakarguli aqvs Tavisi tradiciuli dargobrivi ekonomi-

344
kuri struqtura. igi aris Caketili sameurneo erTeuli
avtoritarul-administraciuli marTvis sistemiT, ro-
melsac kursi aRebuli aqvs samxedro potencialis zrdaze.
afxazeTis ekonomikaSi dominirebs soflis meurneoba da
vaWroba. mrewveloba, iseve rogorc ekonomikis sxva danar-
Ceni seqtorebi, umZimes mdgomareobaSia. sawarmoTa umrav-
lesoba konfliqtis dawyebis momentidan gaCerebulia, rac
ganpirobebulia ramdenime mizeziT, kerZod:
_ afxazeTis mosaxleobis naxevarze meti devnilia, de-
ficituria muSaxeli da specialistebi;
_ sawarmoebs ar gaaCniaT finansuri resursebi, ar xor-
cieldeba investiciebi, ganuviTarebelia safinanso da sa-
banko sistema;
_ sawarmos aRdgena SeuZlebelia, radgan gaZarculia,
mowyobilebisa da danadgarebis didi nawili jarTis saxiT
sazRvargareT aris gayiduli;
_ afxazeTSi ekonomikuri reforma ar xorcieldeba,
gaurkvevelia miwis sakuTrebis sakiTxi, privatizebas aqvs
faruli da, amdenad, kriminaluri xasiaT;
soxumis monacemebiT afxazeTis mTliani Sida produ-
qtis moculoba 2001 wels 70 milioni dolaris eqvivalen-
ti iyo, rac erT sul mosaxleze gaangariSebiT daaxloebiT
350 dolaria. am maCvenebliT igi afrikis yvelaze dabal-
ganviTarebuli qveynebis donezea da saqarTvelos danar-
Cen nawils orjer CamorCeba.
_ rogoria omisSemdgomi viTareba raionSi?
_1993 wlis 29-30 seqtembers afxazTa da ucxoelTa da-
qiravebulma razmebma galis raionis mosaxleoba aiZules
daetovebina sacxovrebeli adgilebi. SeiaraRebuli bande-
bi 1993 wlis oqtomberSi, dekemberSi da Semdgom Zarcvavd-
nen, wvavdnen da anadgurebdnen qarTvelTa saxl-kars, sa-
xelmwifoebrivi da sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis obie-
qtebs. galis raionSi okupantebma daxoces ori aTasamde

345
qarTveli, ZiriTadad moxucebi da qalebi. gaZarcves da
dawves 4200 sacxovrebeli saxli, gaitaces ramdenime aTa-
si msubuqi da satvirTo avtomanqana, teqnikuri mowyobila
da sawarmoo saSualebebi. gaapartaxes administraciuli
Senoba-nagebobebi, sakomunikacio saSualebebi, skolebi,
sabavSvo dawesebulebebi, kulturis kerebi, saavadmyofoe-
bi. gadawves da miwasTan gaaswores 12 msxvili dasaxlebuli
punqti. gaveranebulia Caisa da egzotikuri subtropiku-
li kulturebis plantaciebis 70-80 procenti, unikaluri
tyeebi, bunebisa da istoriis Zeglebi. boevikebisa da afxa-
zeTis sxva raionebidan da qalaqebidan CamosulTa mier ga-
rekil an adgilze likvidirebul iqna 70 aTasze meti msx-
vilfexa pirutyvi, aseve Sinauri frinveli.
_ rogor Seicvala demografiuli suraTi?
_ afxazeTidan qarTveli mosaxleobis masobrivma gan-
devnam mkveTrad Secvala demografiuli viTareba regi-
onSi. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis monacemebiT, qarT-
velTa gandevnis xarjze afxazTa xvedriTi wili gaizarda
36,9 procentamde (konfliqtamde iyo 17,8 procenti), qarT-
velTa wili Semcirda 23,7 procentamde. sagrZnoblad Sem-
cirda sxva eTnikuri jgufebis _ berZnebis, ukrainelebis,
estonelebis, ebraelebis ricxvi. amJamad galis raionSi
dabrunebulia 31 aTasamde mcxovrebi, mudmivi migraciis
procesSia 21,7 aTasi adamiani.
_ cnobilia, rom galis raioni gaxliCes da miuerTes
oCamCiris raions, Seqmnes e.w. tyvarCelis raioni. . .
_ qarTvelTa diskriminaciis gaRrmavebisa da asimi-
laciis dasaCqareblad galis raionis administraciuli
sazRvrebi Secvales (1994w.) da teritoriis daaxloebiT
naxevari miuerTes oCamCiris raions da qalaq tyvarCels.
afxazeTSi, kerZod, galis raionSi, eTnikuri wmenda 1993
wlis bolodan dRemde grZeldeba. afxazuri reJimis ideo-
logiisa da politikis qvakuTxedi gaxda adgilobrivi mo-

346
saxleobis mimarT Zaladoba, masobrivi mkvlelobebi, wame-
ba, gaupatiureba, monur SromaSi gamoyeneba, politikuri,
ekonomikuri da socialuri uufleboba, sacxovrebeli da
saarsebo pirobebis mospoba.
_ romeli periodi gamoirCeoda gansakuTrebuli si-
sastikiT da sisxlisRvriT?
_ mosaxleobis Seviwroeba da devna daiwyo 1993 wlis 30
seqtembridan da sistematiuri xasiaTi miiRo 1994 wlis
Tebervlidan. 3-16 Tebervals gudauTelma da Crdilokav-
kasielma boevikebma gadawves galis soflebi da qalaquri
tipis dasaxlebebi, daxoces 400-ze meti qarTveli, daasa-
xiCres asobiT adamiani, xelaxla devnilad aqcies aTeuli
aTasi mosaxle.
1995 da 1996 wlebSi e. w. wmendebs da ganukiTxaobas kidev
ramdenime aseuli adamiani Seiwira.
1998 wlis maisSi afxazurma mxarem, partizanuli moZ-
raobis devnis sababiT da samSvidobo Zalebis mxardaWeriT,
galis raionSi kvlav ganaxorciela sadamsjelo operacia,
romelsac Seewira 71 adamianis sicocxle, dawves 2200-ze
meti sacxovrebeli saxli, maT Soris im saxlebis umravle-
soba, romlebic aSenda an aRdgenil iqna saerTaSoriso or-
ganizaciebis ZalisxmeviT. xelaxal devnilad iqca 40 aTasi
adamiani.
_ rogoria politikuri situacia raionSi?
_ galSi ar aris arc erTi politikuri partia da moZ-
raoba. ar arsebobs samoqalaqo seqtori, akrZalulia Se-
krebebi, mitingebi, Ramis saaTebSi gadaadgileba. raionSi
erTxelac ar Casula afxazuri reJimis lideri v. arZinba.
galSi ar arsebobs mosaxleobis usafrTxoebis aranairi
sistema. miuxedavad saerTaSoriso organizaciebis, maT
Soris dsT-s saxelmwifoebis meTaurTa ramdenime samitis
gadawyvetilebebisa, afxazurma mxarem raionSi ar dauS-
va gaeros adamianis uflebaTa damcvelebi, SezRudulia

347
saerTaSoriso meTvalyureTa mandati.A ar dakmayofilda
qarTuli mxaris moTxovna konfliqtis zonaSi saerTaSori-
so sapolicio razmebis Seyvanis Taobaze. afxazurma mxarem
dauSveblad miiCnia gaeros winadadebis Sesabamisad galis
raionSi Sereuli (gardamavali) administraciis Seqmna.
_ ras gvetyodiT mmarTvelobis monoeTnizaciis Tao-
baze?
_ galis raionis afxazuri administraciis gamgebelia
erovnebiT afxazi, oCamCiris raionis mkvidri r. qiSmaria.
afxazia qalaq galis meri v. lomaia. yvela sakvanZo Tanam-
deboba da saxelisuflebo aparati afxazebis xelSia. galis
raionis policiaSi omamde 250 adamiani muSaobda. amJamad
afxazuri miliciis ganayofis SemadgenlobaSi 43 kacia, maT
Soris 27 afxazi, 9 somexi, 7 qarTveli. milicielTa umrav-
lesoba boevikTa rigebidan moiyvanes. isini ewevian narko-
bizness da, rogorc wesi, romelime kriminaluri dajgu-
febis wevrebi arian. soflebis gamgebelTa umetesoba eT-
nikuri afxazia. raionSi ganxorcielda administraciuli
mmarTvelobis sruli monoeTnizacia (afxazuri), rac mo-
saxleobaSi okupaciad da aneqsiad aRiqmeba.
aris faqtebi, roca qarTvel mSoblebs aiZuleben axal-
Sobilebi afxazebad Caweron. afxazuri administracia
kategoriulad moiTxovs axalgazrdebma separatistTa
ukanono samxedro formirebebSi imsaxuron, gawvevisgan
ki garkveuli Tanxis gamoZalvis Semdeg aTavisufleben.
afxazeTSi gansakuTrebuli sapasporto reJimia. ruseTis
moqalaqis pasports aqvs saSvis funqcia. md. enguris admi-
nistraciuli sazRvari gamocxadebulia afxazeTis e.w. da-
moukidebeli respublikis sazRvrad, romlis gadasalaxa-
vad saWiroa afxazuri mxaris sanebarTvo dokumenti da fu-
ladi gadasaxadi. afxazeTSi SesvlisTvis erTgvari „SeRa-
vaTia“ yofili ssr kavSiris pasporti. sxva dokumenti, ma-
galiTad, saqarTvelos erovnuli pasporti Tu piradobis

348
damadasturebeli mowmoba, miuRebelia. dafiqsirebulia
uamravi faqti, roca sakuTar saxlSi dabrunebuli moqala-
qe cxaddeba `persona non-gratad.~ adamianebs apatimreben
yovelgvari sababis gareSe, rogorc wesi, imitom, rom qarT-
velia. adgili aqvs e.w. megrelebis TemiT manipulirebas.
_ rogoria kriminogenuri viTareba raionSi?
_ amJamad iq moqmedebs 20-mde SeiaraRebuli dajgufeba,
romlebic Zarcvaven adgilobriv mosaxleobas. rogorc
wesi, es dajgufebebi internacionaluria da afxazuri
mxaris politikur da sakuTar merkantilur miznebs emsa-
xurebian. faqtia isic, rom miliciis mcirericxovani ga-
nyofileba, romelsac adamianebi ar endobian da mosaxleo-
baSi dasayrdeni ara aqvs, Tavs aridebs SemTxvevis adgilze
gasvlas da damnaSaveTa dakavebas, gansakuTrebiT Ramis
saaTebSi. masobrivi xasiaTi aqvs adamianis sicocxlisa da
qonebis xelyofas. gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT gamoirCeva
oCamCiris raionis sofel beslaxubaSi mcxovreb damnaSa-
veTa 60 kaciani jgufi, vinme batal kvekveskiris meTauro-
biT, romelic sistematiurad daTareSobs galis raionSi.
isini Zarcvaven qalaqis bazars, adgilobriv mcxovreblebs,
iTxoven Savi da feradi liTonis nivTebs, sursaTs, Txilisa
da citrusovanTa nayofs.
afxazuri administracia xels uwyobs narkotikuli sa-
Sualebebis adgilze warmoebas da gavrcelebas. raionis
soflebSi mohyavT narkotikebis Semcveli mcenareebi (ka-
nafi, yayaCo da sxva), romlis mizani mogebis miReba da axal-
gazrdebis gadagvarebaa. afxazeTSi gadaaqvT samegrelos
da saqarTvelos sxva regionebidan gatacebuli avtomanqa-
nebi.
_ ramdenad aris daculi iqauri mosaxleobis usa-
frTxoeba?
_ adgilobriv mosaxleobas raionis administraciis-
admi aranairi ndoba ar gaaCnia da arc mimarTavs. ruseTis

349
samSvidobo Zalebi SeiaraRebul SetakebebSi Tu krimi-
naluri ganukiTxaobis aRkveTaSi ar erevian. aRricxulia
ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebis mosamsaxureTa mier Cadenili
samarTaldarRvevis aseulobiT faqti. aRsaniSnavia, rom
gaeros samxedro meTvalyureebi kargad floben viTarebas
galis raionSi, Tumca mxolod faqtebis dafiqsirebiT da
gaeros Sesabamisi samsaxurisTvis informaciis miwodebiT
arian dakavebuli. bolo periodSi, kriminaluri viTare-
bis gamwvavebis gamo, Tavs arideben dasaxlebul punqtebSi
Sesvlas. mdgomareobas isic arTulebs, rom raionis teri-
toriaze mimofantulia 50 aTasze meti qveiTi da tanksa-
winaaRmdego naRmi. 1993-2000 wlebSi naRmze afeTqebis Se-
degad daRupuli da dasaxiCrebulia 131 adamiani.
faqtia, rom afxazuri xelisufleba axorcielebs oku-
paciasa da aneqsias, romlis mizania demografiuli viTare-
bis Secvla, qarTveli mosaxleobis asimilacia.
aseTia realuri viTareba. konfliqtis mSvidobiani mo-
wesrigebisTvis dRemde uSedegoa msoflio Tanamegobro-
bis, gaeros, gaeros generaluri mdivnis megobari qveyne-
bis, evrokavSiris, euTos, dsT-s saxelmwifoebis meTaurTa
Zalisxmeva.

gazeTi `axali 7 dRe,~

10-16 noemberi, 2006w.

350
 zemo afxazeTi
(Jami aRmSeneblobisa)

`dali~ svaneTSi gavrcelebuli saxelia da igi miTiuri

nadirobis qalRmerTidan momdinareobs. aravis axsovs Tu
ra droidan ewoda igi kodoris xeobis zeda nawils.
zemo afxazeTis (dalis xeoba, kodoris xeoba) terito-
ria amJamad svanurenovani qarTvelebiTaa dasaxlebuli,
romelTa gadmosaxleba svaneTidan XIX saukunis 80_90-iani
wlebidan iwyeba.
ucxouri istoriuli wyaroebis cnobiT, antikuri xani-
dan VIII saukunemde am xeobaSi (iqneb ufro farTo arealSi),
cxovrobdnen misimianebi, romlebic qarTuli istorio-
grafiis mixedviT svanuri modgmis qarTvelur tomebad
iTvlebian; miCneulia, rom misimianebma saxelovani furce-
li Caweres qarTveli eris istoriaSi. Tavisuflebis moy-
vare misimianebs qristes aqeT VI saukuneSi didi brZolebi
uwevdaT bizantiis imperiis mravalricxovan jarebTan. ma-
mulis da Rirsebis gadasarCenad mTeli xalxi erTi kaciviT
Seakvda uzarmazari saxelmwifos samxedro Zalas.
zemo afxazeTSi misimianebis uZvelesi droidan gan-
saxlebis Sesaxeb kidev ufro adrindel cnobas gvawv-
dis romaeli istorikosi straboni (qristes Sobamde 64
weli): kavkasiaSi svanebi `saukeTesoni arian simamaciTa
da ZaliT, floben irgvliv yovelives da upyriaT kavka-
sionis mwvervalebi, romlebic dioskuriis zemoT aris;
hyavT basilevsi da 300 mamakacisgan Semdgari sabWo da,
rogorc amboben, kreben laSqars 200 000 kacis Semadgen-
lobiT.~
misimianTa ajanyeba 555 wels momxdara. marTalia, am
brZolaSi misimianTa umetesoba (svanebi) Seakvdnen momx-
durebs, magram gadarCenili nawili saukuneTa siRrmeSi
ise gauCinarebula, rom amis Sesaxeb werilobiTi cnobebi

351
ar Semonaxula; me-8 saukunidan istoriul wyaroebSi misi-
mianebi ar moixsenebian, magram dRemde SemorCenilia maTi
kulturuli kvali. mecnierTa azriT, dasavleT kavkasiis
did segmentebSi, samxreTsa da CrdiloeTs Soris uZvele-
si droidan dRemde arsebobs qluxoris uReltexilis im
mTavari sakomunikacio gzis naSTi, romelic misimianTa
kontrols eqvemdebareboda; aseve sakmaod kargadaa Semon-
axuli uZveles droSi aSenebuli da Semdgom ruseTis mefis
mier aRdgenili qluxoris uReltexilze gamavali saqa-
ravno gza. aqvea cecxlis saniSnebiT erTmaneTTan dakavSi-
rebuli xuTi cixe-simagre, ganlagebuli uReltexilidan
dioskuriamde. agreTve SemorCenilia adreuli qristianu-
li salocavebi, maT Soris erT-erTi uZvelesia `Siyeris~
(svanurad zurgiani) salocavi, romelic mdebareobs dalis
xeobis SuagulSi, maRal mTaze.
afxazuri wyaroebiT, rasac calkeuli qarTveli mkv-
levarebic iziareben, adreuli Sua saukuneebidan kodo-
ris zeda welis mTeli regioni aseve dasaxlebuli yofila
meomari afxazuri tomiT (gansakuTrebuli webelduri ki-
loTi) da romelTac mWidro kavSiri hqoniaT piriqiTa kav-
kasiel mezoblebTan. am tomis saTaveSi mdgara marSanebis
mravalricxovani gvari; marSanebi batonobdnen ara marto
dalis xeobasa da webeldaSi, aramed medoveasa da mTis zo-
gierT sxva teritoriaze. amJamad mikvleul wyaroebSi xaz-
gasmulia marSanebis mravalricxovnoba, udreki meomruli
suli da damoukideblobis suliskveTeba.
f. f. tornau werda: `webeldis mxare, Sedgeba mxolod
erTi da metad mravalricxovani marSanebis gvarisgan.
isini, am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT, arasdros emorCi-
lebodnen mbrZanebels. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, Tavisi dau-
morCileblobiTa da cxovrebis rainduli wesiT, marSanebi
afxazeTis pirvel Tavadebs warmoadgendnen.~
mTa `marSan-Sxa,~ marSanebis mTas niSnavs. msgavsi dasaxe-
leba, aseve cnobilia fsxus mTagrexilis raionSic. kodo-

352
ris ukidures zeda dinebas `marSan-kvaras~ (marSaniebis
mdinare) saxeli SemorCa.
mefis ruseTis mier soxumis aRebis Semdegac, realurad
damoukidebeli darCa afxazeTis mTiani nawili. webelda-
dalis mflobelebma ar miiRes ruseTis qveSevrdomoba,
uari Tqves ServaSiZeTa morCilebaze.
1808 wels samurzayanoSi (oqumSi) Sedga webeldeli Tava-
debis_ marSaniebis da samegrelos mTavris warmomadgenel-
Ta Sexvedra, xolo 1815 wlis 29 noembers isini erTgulebis
fics aZleven samegrelos mTavars da deben pirobas, rom
surT samegrelosTan siaxlove da megobroba, rogorc es
istoriulad hqondaT maTs winaprebs.
1837 wels rusebi Sevidnen webeldaSi. miuxedavad amisa,
webelda-dali mainc rCeboda winaaRmdegobis kerad, ami-
tom maT mkacrad uswordeboda rusuli mmarTveloba; 1840
wlis 1 agvistosTvis ruseTis samxedro manqanam moaxerxa
webeldis damorCileba.
qarTvel istorikosebs miaCniaT, rom xeobis mosaxloe-
bis didi nawili rusebis devnisa da mahajirobis msxverpli
gaxda da xeoba kvlav dacarielda.
XIX saukunis bolo aTwleulebSi iwyeba zemo svaneTis
mosaxleobis bunebrivi migracia kodoris xeobaSi, rasac
stimuls aZlevda xeobis Tavisufali miwebi da SedarebiT
rbili klimaturi pirobebi. gadasvlas intensiuri xasiaTi
mieca da ramdenime aTwleulSi Camoyalibda sakmaod mZ-
lavri, im droisTvis ekonomikurad kargad gamarTuli `da-
lis svaneTis~ mosaxleoba 8000 mcxovrebiT.
xeobis mosaxleobam Seinaxa ra zemo svaneTis mosaxleo-
bisTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri wes-Cveulebebi, adaTe-
bi, urTierTobebi gvartomebs Soris, TandaTanobiT SeiZina
im droisTvis ukve sakmaod mravalerovan afxazeTSi Camoya-
libebuli TviTmyofadi faseulobani da Rirebulebani.
kodoris xeobis mosaxleoba, iyo da darCa qveynisad-
mi erTgulebis, vaJkacobis da raindobis genetikurad ma-

353
tarebel xalxad, rac maT Rirseulad gamoavlines kidec
afxazeTSi tragikuli movlenebis dReebSi. 1993 wlis se-
qtemberSi, soxumis dacemis Semdeg, kodoris xeobis gav-
liT samSvidobos gadavida afxazeTidan devnili aTeul
aTasobiT adamiani („sakeni_Wuberis goglgoTa`). xeobis
mosaxleobam gaWirvebaSi myofi moyvasisTvis Tavisi sarCo-
sabado da danazogi ar daiSura, SeZlebisdagvarad gaaTbo
da daapura, daRupulebi gaapatiosna da samudamo gansasve-
nebeli mouwyo. kodoris xeobis mosaxleobam omis dros da
Semdgom Tavisi Svilebis sisxlis fasad gauZlo yovelgvar
gansacdels da zemo afxazeTSi de-faqtodac SeinarCuna
saqarTvelos iurisdiqcia.
rogorc ar unda ganviTardes movlenebi SemdgomSi,
zemo afxazeTi aris da iqneba saqarTvelos saxelmwifos
umniSvnelovanesi samxedro-strategiuli forposti, Cr-
diloeT kavkasiisa da ruseTis samxreTis karibWe, romelic
gadahyurebs da akontrolebs qveynis Crdilo-dasavleT
regionebs, Savi zRvis auzis umniSvnelovanes sivrceebs da
aq mosaxle xalxebis usafrTxoebas.
amitomac uWiravT Tvali qveynis am teritoriaze sa-
qarTvelos mtrebsa da avismosurneebs. uflis nebaa zemo
afxazeTze saqarTvelos gamgebloba, misi umniSvnelova-
nesi saxelmwifoebrivi daniSnulebis gacnobiereba da aqe-
dan gamomdinare xeobis da misi mamaci mosaxleobis deda
saqarTvelosTvis Tavdadebis tradiciebis pativiscema.
saqarTvelos am istoriuli provinciisadmi frTxili,
awonil-dawonili damokidebuleba, am miwasa da xalxze
zrunva, maTi keTildReoba unda iyos qveynis xelisufle-
bis, yvela qarTvelis wmidaTawmida saqme da samaradJamo
movaleoba.
***
zemo afxazeTi mdebareobs dasavleT kavkasionis samx-
reT kalTebze, mdinare kodoris xeobis saTaveebidan 40 ki-
lometrze.

354
 CrdiloeTidan mas esazRvreba yaraCai-CerqezeTis av-
tonomiuri respublika. sazRvari gadis kavkasionis mTavar
wyalgamyof qedze, Wuberis uReltexilidan maruxis uR-
eltexilamde, daaxloebiT 80_90 km. aRmosavleTiT esaz-
Rvreba oCamCiris raioni (sazRvari kodoris qeds mihyveba),
samxreTiT ki _ gulrifSis raionis sofel laTis terito-
ria, Semdeg sazRvari afxazeTis qeds samxreT-dasavleTis
mimarTulebiT miuyveba da uerTdeba kavkasionis qeds.
zemo afxazeTis teritoria moicavs mdinare kodoris
oTxi (aZgaris, yuluCis, gvandris, sakenis) didi Senakadebis
auzebs.
mTliani farTobis 650 ha sakarmidamo da saxnav-saTesi
miwebia, danarCeni ki tyis masivebi da alpuri saZovrebi.
teritoriis yvelaze dabali wertili zRvis donidan
600 metrzea (sofeli CxalTa), xolo umetesi nawili _ 1000-
1500 metris simaRlezea.
klimati teniania, naleqebis saSualo wliuri raodeno-
ba 1800-2000 mm-s aRwevs.
zamTari grZeldeba xuT Tve, noembridan martis CaTv-
liT. Tovlis safari zamTarSi 1,5-2metria. am periodSi sa-
Sualo temperatura minus 6-9 gradusia.
zafxuli SedarebiT rbilia. yvelaze Tbili Tvis (ivli-
si) saSualo temperatura 15-20 graduss Seadgens.
kodoris xeobaSi moipoveba tyvia, vercxli, TuTia;
araliTonuri wiaRiseulis _ baritis da diabazis (samSe-
neblo masala) sakmaod didi maragia sakenis midamoebSi.
CxalTis midamoebSi Seswavlilia qviSaqvebis 6,1 milioni
kuburi metri moculobis sabado (samSeneblo RorRi),
gvandris gabrodioritis sabado 3,6 ml. kuburi metri mo-
culobiT (gamoiyeneba maRali xarisxis mosapirkeTebeli
filebis dasamzadeblad). arsebobs mosazreba e. w. myin-
variswina lodebis, anu marmarilosa da granitis uzar-
mazari lodebis sawarmoo gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, agreTve
regionSi arsebuli Zvirfasi qvebis damuSavebisa da sam-

355
kaulebis dasamzadebeli sawarmos mowyobis Taobaze.
xeobaSi aris mineraluri wylebis amouwuravi mara-
gi. saqarTvelos kurortebisa da sakurorto resursebis
atlasSi Setanilia: `adange,~ `aZgara,~ `CxalTa,~ `caiSi,~
`tviSi,~ `xecqvara,~ `alfsari,~ `TvibraSeri,~ `zemo aJara,~
`awafara,~ `yuluCi,~ `gvandra,~ `oburRvani,~ `sakeni,~ `gen-
wviSi~. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania `adanges~, `aZgaras~,
`gvandris~ da `sakenis~ mineraluri wyaroebi.
afxazeTis am teritoriis ZiriTadi simdidrea tye. tyis
masivebs uWiravs mTeli teritoriis 75 procentze meti. aq
gavrcelebuli jiSebidan aRsaniSnavia: wiwvovnebi _ fiWvi,
naZvi, soWi; farTofoTlovnebi _ wifeli, cacxvi, wabli,
muxa, Txmela, rcxila, ifani, nekerCxali, Tela da sxva. mer-
qnis maragi 18,5 ml. kuburi metria.
aqauri tye da buCqebi uZvirfasesi resursia mefut-
kreobis ganviTarebisTvis.
tyeebi mdidaria nayofis momcemi mcenareebiT, maT So-
ris gamorCeulia panta, vaSli, tyemali, qliavi, wabli, ka-
kali, wyavi, mocvi maJalo da Svindi. tyeebsa da buCqnarebSi
uxvadaa samkurnalo balaxebi.
regionis teritoria daserilia ankara da civi patara
mdinareebiT. aqauri landSafti: mTebi, TeTrad da lilis-
frad moelvare myinvarebi, xeobebi, CanCqerebi, ulamazesi
mwvane safari, uZiro cisferi tbebi waruval STabeWdile-
bas axdens mnaxvelze.
regionis wylebSi unikaluri pirobebia sakalmaxe meur-
neobebis mosawyobad; cnobilia, rom mdinare kodori erT-
erTia afxazeTis mdinareebidan, sadac kalmaxi binadrobs
da TiTqmis erTaderTi, sadac Savi zRvis oraguli mravl-
deba.
xeobis cicabo kldeebidan daqanebuli mdinareebis
potenciuri energia saSualebas iZleva regionSi aSendes
ramdenime mcire da mozrdili hesi, romlebic srulad
uzrunvelyofen adgilobrivi mosaxleobis, sawarmoe-

356
bisa da dawesebulebebis moTxovnebs iafi eleqtroener-
giiT.
zRvis donidan 1800-2000 metris simaRleze xeobaSi tye
uCinardeba da iwyeba alpuri zoli, romelic jer kidev
xelSeuxebelia. alpuri zoli mdidaria mcenareuli safa-
riT da saukeTesoa mecxoveleobis da mefutkreobis ganvi-
TarebisTvis.
mcire danaxarjebiT SesaZlebelia alpuri zolis tu-
rizmis kerebad gadaqceva; aqvea saukeTeso adgilebi zam-
Tris sportis maRali klasis bazebis mosawyobad.
alpur zonaSi binadrobs jixvi, arCvi, xoxobi, gareuli
qaTami. tyis zolSi ki daTvi, mgeli, tura, mela, gareuli
Rori, Sveli, jeirani, ciyvi, kurdReli, qori, mimino, orbi,
gareuli ixvi, bati, yanCa, wero. mdinareebSi uxvadaa kalma-
xi da oraguli.
zemo afxazeTis yvelaze mniSvnelovani resursia adami-
ani, mosaxleoba; lamazi, tanadi, jansaRi, RvTismosavi
qarTveli, istoriulad erovnulad ganwyobili, mravalS-
viliani, Sromismoyvare, stumarTmoyvare, kacTmoyvare,
rainduli sulis memkvidre, matarebeli da gamgrZelebeli.
omamde `dalis xeobaSi~ cxovrobda 583 komli (2200
suli). Sromisunariani 800 adamianidan socialur stru-
qturebSi (skola, jandacva da sxva) dasaqmebul iyo 200-
mde, danarCeni Sinameurneobas eweoda.
roca afxazeTi qarTvelobisgan daicala, xeobis mcire-
ricxovanma mosaxleobam iTava mSobliuri adgilebis dacva
da gadarCena.
TemTa sabWo istoriulad iyo svaneTis bedis gamgebe-
li. saTemo sabWo, rogorc TviTmmarTvelobis istoriuli
forma, demokratiuli, adamianTa Tanasworuflebianobaze
damyarebuli da humanuri, uZvelesi droidan arsebobda.
sabWo Tavis ganmkargulebel, aRmasrulebel da sasamarT-
lo funqcias asrulebda soflebis arCeul warmomad-
genelTa meSveobiT. marTlmsajuloba efuZneboda moci-

357
qulTa da SuamavalTa monacemebs da iyo samarTliani, sayo-
velTao da saboloo.
rwmena RvTisa mudam iyo mTis kacis sulieri sazrdo.
afxazeTis omis dros xeobaSi daiwyo Zveli eklesiebis aR-
orZineba, maT Soris `Siyeris,~ ~sakenis,~ `aJaras~ uwmindes
adgilebis reabilitacia. gadawyvetilia aJaris wminda
giorgis saxelobis eklesiis xelaxla aSeneba.
zemo afxazeTSi 150-ze meti arqeologiuri Zeglia, isi-
ni, met-naklebi sisruliT asaxaven xeobis istorias uZvele-
si qvis xanidan gviani Suasaukuneebis CaTvliT. aRniSnuli
Zeglebi warmodgenilia sxvadasxva periodis Ria sadgome-
biTa da namosaxlarebiT, samarovnebiT, sawarmoo ubnebiT,
sakulto obieqtebiT.
mecnierebs saeWvod ar miaCniaT piriqiTa da piraqeTa
kavkasieli xalxis uZvelesi kavSiri `maikop-mtkvar-araq-
sis~ da `yoban-kolxeTis~ kulturaTa urTierTobis areal-
Si. fiqroben, rom XIII_XIV saukuneebidan piraqeTa da piriqi-
Ta kavkasiasa da saqarTveloSi gaxSirda laz-megr-svanTa
da iranuli da Turquli modgmis momTabareTa rogorc
mtruli, aseve mezobluri urTierToba, rac, sabolood
Cerqezi (adiRe-yabardo) xalxis CamoyalibebiT dasrulda,
sakuTriv afxazeTSi saTave daedo piriqiTa kavkasielTa
damkvidrebis process.
zemo afxazeTis mosaxleoba dRemde inarCunebs me-
gobrul urTierTobas piriqiTa kavkasiis mezoblebTan,
rac afxazeTSi konfliqtis mSvidobiani mowesrigebis erT-
erT komponentad SeiZleba iqnas miCneuli.
***
kodoris xeobaSi 2006 wlis cnobili movlenebis Semdeg,
saqarTvelos xelisufleba Seudga afxazeTis am regio-
nis aRmSeneblobas. am mizniT gamoiyo mniSvnelovani mate-
rialuri da finansuri resursebi.
27 seqtembers saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaS-
vili, saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi, uwmindesi da

358
unetaresi ilia I I , saqarTvelos parlamentis Tavmjdomare
nino burjanaZe da samTavrobo delegacia kodoris xeobas
ewvia.
saqarTvelos prezidentma kodoris xeobis mosaxleobas
sityviT mimarTa, miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba afxazeTis
mTavrobis, afxazeTis saministroebisa da uwyebebis, sxva
struqturebis zemo afxazeTSi gadasvlis Sesaxeb.
2006 wels da Semdgom zemo afxazeTis ekonomikuri, so-
cialuri da kulturuli ganviTareba mTeli saqarTvelos
sazrunavi gaxda. daiwyo qveynis am maRalmTiani regionis
uprecedento aRmSeneblobis procesi.
afxazeTis mTavrobis mudmivi adgilsamyofeli (rezi-
dencia) gaxda CxalTis dasaxleba. afxazeTis saministroe-
bi, uwyebebi, dawesebulebebi, organizaciebi zemo afxazeT-
Si Seudgnen TavianTi funqcionaluri ufleba-movaleobe-
bis ganxorcielebas.
zemo svaneTis soflebi genwviSi, aJara, CxalTa da sxva
samSeneblo moednebad gadaiqca. 2006 wlis ivlisidan de-
kembramde aSenda brambis da omariSaris 250 kilovati simZ-
lavris hesebi; zemo omariSarSi, omariSarSi, gvandrasa da
sakenSi damontaJda eleqtrogadamcemi qselebi, moewyo 853
kilovati saerTo simZlavris satransformatoro meurne-
obebi. kodoris xeobaSi energetikis sferos ganviTarebas
moxmarda 3 milion 600 aTasi lari.
Sps `komfortma~ daiwyo 7 milioni laris Rirebulebis
saken-Wuberis axali, 42 km. sigrZis saavtomobilo gzis mSe-
nebloba, romelic 2007 wlis ivlisSi dasrulda; aRdgenil
iqna Sida gzebi.
Sps `saqarTvelos teleradiocentrma~ genwvisSi da
CxalTaSi aaSena satelevizio gadamcemi xazebi; mosaxleo-
bas mieca satelevizio da radioprogramebis miRebis SesaZ-
lebloba.
Sps `saqarTvelos rkinigzam~ aJaraSi aaSena Tanamedro-
ve tipis mravalmiznobrivi nageboba, romelSic `saqarTve-

359
los fostam~ gaxsna safosto ganyofileba; amave SenobaSi
`saxalxo bankma~ ganaTavsa Tavisi filiali da mosaxleobas
bankomatiT sargeblobis saSualeba mieca; aqve funqcio-
nireben socialuri daxmarebis da dasaqmebis saxelmwifo
saagentos zemo afxazeTis ganyofileba, saqarTvelos fi-
nansTa saministros sagadasaxado departamentis afxaze-
Tis sagadasaxado inspeqcia da kinogaerTianeba `amiranis~
kinoTeatri, romelic aRWurvilia ultraTanamedrove
tele-video-audio aparaturiT.
xeobaSi aSenda xe-tyis saxerxi saamqro, romlis bazaze
Seiqmna Sps `karko servisi.~
baTumis meriis daxmarebiT aJaraSi da CxalTaSi Caidga
19 koteji. Tbilisis meriam moawyo ori safexburTo moeda-
ni da atraqcioni.
zemo afxazeTSi amJamad sami saSualo da eqvsi dawyebi-
Ti skola funqcionirebs, romlebSic 334 bavSvi swavlobs.
2007 wels zemo afxazeTis skolebSi afxazuri enis swavle-
ba daiwyo.
zemo afxazeTis samedicino dawesebulebebSi ganxor-
cielda saremonto da sareabilitacio samuSaoebi; Seta-
nil iqna rentgenis stacionaruli danadgari, eqoskopia,
ultrabgeriTi skaneri, stomatologiuri kabineti, qir-
urgiuli kompleqti, eleqtrokardiografi, sawolebi, ma-
civrebi, medikamentebi; xeobaSi rva eqimi da 30 eqTani mu-
Saobs. uzunvelyofilia gadaudebeli samedicino daxmare-
bis sadReRamiso momsaxureba.
2007 wels dasrulda Tanamedrove saTxilamuro bazis
mSenebloba, moewyo saTxilamuro moednebi, gaiSala turi-
stuli bazebisa da sastumroebis mSenebloba.

nawyveti r. gelantias da r. cindelianis wignidan _

„zemo afxazeTi, Jami aRmaSeneblobisa.~
Tbilisi, 2007w.

360
 aSendeba xudonhesi?
saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma
TbilisSi, teqnikur universitetSi gamarTul Sex-
vedraze ganacxada, rom xudonhesis asaSeneblad
daaxloebiT 500 milioni dolaria saWiro, romlis
moZieba savsebiT SesaZlebelia qveyanaSi.

adamianis, ojaxis keTildReoba imis mixedviT izomeba

Tu ra raodenobis eleqtroenergia Sedis mis mricxvelSi.
ueWvelia, rom eleqtroenergiis gareSe srulad warmoud-
genelia qveynis Tanamedrove ekonomikis ganviTareba, so-
cialuri infrastruqturis normaluri funqcionireba,
komunikaciebis gamarTuli muSaoba, informaciis mopoveba
da gavrceleba, erTi sityviT, qveynis da adamianebis ke-
TildReoba. ueWvelia, rom didi angariSiT, energetikuli
damoukidebloba arsebiTad ganapirobebs saxelmwifoe-
briv damoukideblobas da suverenitets.
xalxs sjera, rom prezidentis naTqvams saqme mohyveba,
amitomac mSeneblebi da specialistebi ukve Seudgnen samz-
adiss.
upirvelesi maTgania saaqcio sazogadoeba „hidro-
specgvirambmSeni,~ romelic aSenebda engurhess, lajan-
uris da varcixis eleqtrosadgurebs, aseve uamrav saSu-
alo da mcire sadgurebs, sxva hidronagebobas. amaswinaT
saaqcio sazogadoebam (Cinel kolegebTan erTad) zemo
afxazeTSi daasrula specifikuri xadorhesis mSenebloba,
monawileobs engurhesis sareabilitacio samuSaoebSi.
ras warmoadgens xudonhesi?
mdinare engurze xudonis eleqtrosadguris mSeneblo-
bis proeqti Tavis droze SeimuSava „Tbilhidroproeqtma.~
xudonhesi iqneba unikaluri da urTulesi hidronageboba
rTuli reliefis pirobebSi. proeqti imdenad inovaciuri

361
da gabedulia, rom sakuTari resursebiT misi daZleva bevr
Cvenze did da Zlier saxelmwifosac gauWirdeba.
xudonhesi, engurhesis TaRovani kaSxalidan daSore-
bulia 32 kilometriT da mdebareobs mdinare enguris Zi-
riTad kalapotSi. misi mSenebloba 1989 wels daiwyo engu-
ris viwro xeobaSi, mrgval kldeebs Soris, romlebic mde-
bareoben engurhesis TaRovan kaSxalze maRla. xudonhesis
dagegmili optimaluri simZlavre 638 megavatia, sarezer-
vo faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT _ 700 megavatze meti.
nagebobis hidrokvanZis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis 170 metri
simaRlis kaSxali, samSeneblo gvirabi, wylis mimRebebi da
turbinebis wyalgamtarebi, sadguris Senoba, saeqsploata-
cio da damxmare gvirabebi, gamanawilebeli mowyobilobani.
sadgurSi ganlagdeba sami Zalovani hidroagregati.
xudonis hidronageboba, garda kaSxlsa, arsebiTad mi-
wisqveS ganlagdeba.
xudonheze amJamad Sesrulebulia Zalovani kvanZis qva-
bulis qanebis damuSavebis samuSaoTa 60%, miwisqveSa sa-
muSaoTa 80%, betonis samuSaoTa 61%, miwiszeda gzebis
mSeneblobis 76%, CaZirvis zonis samuSaoTa 40%, mdina-
re gadagdebulia samSeneblo gvirabSi. hidrokompleqsis
eqsploataciaSi gasaSvebad saWiroa 575 milioni dolari.
winaswari gaangariSebiT, xudonhesze erTi kv.saaTi ele-
qtroenergiis warmoebis Rirebuleba iqneba 3-3.5 centi,
moxmarebis da ucxoeTSi gasayidi fasi, ra Tqma unda, gaci-
lebiT ufro maRali, rac mniSvnelovnad gaamdidrebs qvey-
nis biujets.
xudonhesi 10-15 weliwadSi aanazRaurebs mSeneblobaze
gaweul danaxarjebs.
hesis da damxmare infrastruqturis mSeneblobaze da-
saqmdeba uamravi adamiani, pirvel etapze 1000-mde muSa da
specialisti, Semdgom 2500-mde, maT Soris afxazeTidan
devnilebi. samegrelo-zemo svaneTis mxare gamova Cixis md-

362
gomareobidan, romelSic dRemde imyofeba afxazeTis kon-
fliqtis gamo, afxazeTidan (upirvelesad galis raioni) Ca-
movlen mSeneblebi da specialistebi, aSendeba axali gzebi
da xidebi, adgilobriv mosaxleobas gauCndeba Semosavali,
gamococxldeba kerZo biznesi, vaWroba da momsaxureba.
metad mniSvnelovania xudonhesis maregulirebeli
funqcia. mxedvelobaSia xudonisa da enguris hesebis wy-
alsacavebs Soris wylis maragebis gadanawileba, rac, ase-
ve, pozitiurad aisaxeba enguris ZiriTadi sadgurisa da
vardnilhesebis muSaobaze, kerZod, sadgurTa sistemis
eleqtroenergiis warmoebis simZlavre gaizrdeba 20-25
procentiT, gaZlierdeba maTi saimedoba, Semcirdeba wy-
aldidobebTan dakavSirebuli tradiciuli problemebis
albaToba.
eqspertebs, aseve mniSvnelovnad miaCniaT xudonhesis
politikuri datvirTvac. afxazeTis movlenebTan dakav-
SirebiT soxumis reJimi engurhesis faqtors sistematu-
rad iyenebs qarTul mxaresTan politikuri vaWrobisTvis,
ufro zustad, muqarad. cxadia, rom saWiroebis SemTxveva-
Si xudonhesi Caenacvleba engurhess da qveyana saimedod
iqneba uzrunvelyofili eleqtroenergiiT.

gazeTi „axali afxazeTis xma.~

Tebervali, 2007 weli.

363
 TviTmmarTveloba soxumSi
2008 wlis agvistos movlenebma yvelafers Ta-
visi saxeli daarqva-agresori da okupanti ruse-
Tis federaciaa, romelmac afxazeTi da cxinvalis
regioni damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad aRiara
da am gadawyvetilebiT msoflio Tanamegobrobas
daupirispirda.
soxumi saqarTvelos erT-erTi ulamazesi
da uZvelesi qalaqia, romelic daarsebidan 2500
weliwads iTvlis. aravisTvis da arasodes gamxda-
ra sadavo, rom soxumi odiTganve qarTuli qalaqi
iyo, qarTvelTa goniT da ofliT naSeni da nalo-
liavebi, qarTuli, antikuri da evropuli arqite-
qturebis organuli sinTezi. soxumi da afxazeTi,
iseve rogorc saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi da isto-
riuli mxareebi, sisxlxorceulad iziarebdnen
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv nebas, mis Zleva-
mosilebasa da istoriul bedukuRmarTobas. dar-
ad deda saqarTvelosi, afxazeTsa da soxumsac
hqonda dacemisa da fexze wamodgomis, ngrevisa
da Senebis bednieri da ubeduri wlebi, magram
uflis neba da niSani iyo, albaT, is, rom swored
afxazeTidan daedo saTave qarTuli saxelmwifos
meore Zlevamosil gaerTianebas da kavkasiasa da
wina aziaSi uZlieres saxelmwifod gadaqcevas.
dRes soxumis dacemis dRea, tkivilis, wuxi-
lis, afxazeTisTvis daRupulTa xsovnis dRe, ma-
gram, amasTanave, gaerTianebis, imedis, afxazTa da
qarTvelTa didi Serigebis dRe, radgan uflisgan
orives mxolod erTad da erTmaneTiT cxovreba
gvaqvs boZebuli. swored amitom Cveni gazeTis
am nomerSi cnobil publicistsa da sazogado
moRvawes rafiel gelantias da Zveli soxumis
TviTmmarTvelobis Taobaze mis werils davuT-

364
 meT mokrZalebuli adgili, gaxsenebad da imedad,
rogorc didi ilia brZanebda, im wamlisa, saida-
nac iwyeba adgilobrivi da sayovelTao Tanxmoba
qveynisa da adamianebis tkivilebis mosaSuSeb-
lad da uzenaesi erovnuli miznebisTvis gasaer-
Tianeblad.

saqarTveloSi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis ganviTa-

rebas saintereso istoria aqvs, rac sakmaod kargad aris Ses-
wavlili, Tumca, miCneulia, rom adgilobrivi TviTmmarTve-
lobisa da mmarTvelobis erovnuli Taviseburebani Semdgom
seriozul samecniero kvlevasa da ganzogadebas moiTxovs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom bizantiur da evropul civilizaciebTan
siaxlovisa da marTlmadidebeli qristianuli religiis
gavleniT, saqarTveloSi istoriulad arsebuli mmarTve-
lobis sistemebis (miuxedavad aRmosavleTis despotiebisa
da mezobeli imperiebis sarukunovani Zalmomreobisa da ba-
tonobisa) ganuyofeli nawili iyo adgilobrivi TviTmarT-
veloba, rogorc qveynis istoriul mxareebSi da qalaqebSi,
aseve, Temebsa da soflebSi. gadaWarbebis gareSe SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom qalaqis, Temis, ubnis, dasaxlebis warmomadgen-
lobiTi mmarTvelobis qarTuli modeli unikaluria da
dRemde ar daukargavs Tavisi aqtualoba. am TvalsazrisiT,
oriode sityviT SevCerdebi dedaqalaqis _ Tbilisis TviT-
marTvelobis ramdenime epizodze, rac kargadaa Semonaxu-
li istoriul wyaroebSi da, bunebrivia, zegavlenas axdenda
TviTmmarTvelobis ganviTarebaze qveynis sxva regionebSi.
mematiane gvauwyebs, rom me-11 saukunis dasasrulisTvis
TbilisSi vaWar-xelosanTa damoukidebeli xelisufleba _
TviTmmarTveloba Camoyalibda, romelsac saTaveSi edgnen
arCeuli Tbileli berebi - qalaqis uxucesebi. swored uxu-
cesTa 12 kacisgan Semdgar sabWos ebara `qalaqis kliteni,~

365
Tbilisis mcvelTa razmis meTauroba, samarTalwarmoeba,
mosaxleobis sursaT-sanovagiT momarageba.
Tbilisis ukanaskneli amiras (amira-muhamedis STamo-
mavalTa Tavdapirveli titulia, Semdgom sxva datvirTva
SeiZina, kerZod, warCinebuli mmarTveli, saxelmwifo moxe-
le, gubernatori) gardacvalebis Semdeg berebi 10-12 wlis
manZilze marTavdnen qalaqs. am droidan 40 wlis manZilze
Tbilisi damoukidebeli qalaqi iyo da mas 12 adamianisgan
Semdgari sabWo ganagebda, romlis wevrebic TiTo TviT,
rigrigobiT ganagebdnen qalaqs. aseT droebiT gamgebels
`qalaqis Tavadi~ ewodeboda.
mogvianebiT Tbilisi dedaqalaqi gaxda da misi mmarT-
velobis sistema, rogorc `qalaqi-respublika~ gauqmda,
magram igi mainc inarCunebda TviTmmarTvelobas. dedaqa-
laqis meTaurs (mouravs) mefe niSnavda, is garkveulwilad
damokidebuli figura iyo, magram tradiciiT da garduva-
li aucileblobiT Tavis saqmianobaSi sazogadoebis warmo-
madgenlebs eyrdnoboda.
1840 wlidan Tbiliss marTavs qalaqis Tavi da 6 xmosani
(msxvil mesakuTreTa, vaWarTa da xelosanTa wodebidan).
evropis mowinave saxelmwifoTa gavleniT XIX saukunis
60-70-ian wlebSi ruseTSi ganxorcielebuli reformebi
saqarTvelosac Seexo. 1874 wels Tbilisis saTaTbiroSi
axali sistemiT arCeuli 72 wevri Sevida. qalaqis sami wo-
deba (msxvili mesakuTreni, vaWrebi da xelosnebi) 24-24 de-
putats irCevda. mesame wodebis deputatebi, ZiriTadad,
qarTuli burJuaziisa da inteligenciis warmomadgenle-
bi iyvnen da e.w. opozicias qmnidnen. saqarTvelos pirveli
respublikis Seqmnamde TviTmmarTvelobis es sistema met-
naklebad mTlianad moicavda Cvens qveyanas da, bunebrivia,
afxazeTsac. didi xniT adre da me-19 saukuneSic soxumi
afxazeTis erTaderTi qalaqi iyo. soxums realurad, ro-

366
gorc im wlebSi TbilisSi gamocemuli gazeTebi iuwyebian,
Zveleburi wesiT e.w. `gorodniCi~ marTavda. Tumca, irkveva
rom, iseve rogorc TbilisSi, soxumSic 70-ani wlebidan ad-
gilobrivi sazogadoeba kenWisyriT irCevda deputatebs,
magram isini dakisrebul movaleobas gulacruebiT ekide-
bodnen, radgan am saqmianobisTvis aranair gasamrjelos ar
iRebdnen. deputatebi, ZiriTadad, vaWrebi iyvnen. maT arc
saTanado ganaTleba hqondaT, arc didi simdidriT gamoir-
Ceodnen da saqmesac jerovnad ver asrulebdnen.
cnobilia, rom 1892 wels soxumis sazogadoebam kavkasiis
mTavarmarTebel dondukov-korsakovs warudgina Txovna
qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis reformis Sesaxeb, magram uari
miiRo. mizezad ki mTavarmarTebelma xarjebis gazrda daa-
saxela, rasac, misi TqmiT, soxumis sazogadoeba ver gaswv-
deboda. magram rogorc irkveva, es simarTles ar Seefere-
boda. `marTalia, Cven, soxumelebs, imedi gadagviwyda sike-
Tis molodinSi, magram mainc kidev vsTxovT RmerTs, mog-
vxedos da mogvivlinos mxsnelad TviT-mmarTveloba, gag-
vxados Cvenis qonebis patroni Cvenve. Tu-ki Cvenze ufro
mcire da Raribi qalaqebi gaxdnen am mowyobilobis Rirsni,
Cven raRa davaSaveT~, _ werda `iveria~ 1893 wels.
soxumelTa moTxovnis miuxedavad, qalaqis TviTmmarT-
velobis reforma gaWianurda. deputatebis amara, magram
arCeuli da sazogadoebis mier uflebamosili qalaqis Ta-
vis (mouravis) gareSe darCenili qalaqelebi Zlier Sewu-
xebulebi iyvnen. 1893-1895 wlebSi qalaq soxumis wminda Se-
mosavali yovelwliurad ramdenime aTeuli aTasi maneTis
farglebSi meryeobda da xazinaSi arsebuli es Tanxa sru-
lebiT sakmarisi iyo, rom qalaqis socialuri problemebi
mogvarebuliyo, magram arCeuli da xalxze mzrunveli mou-
ravis gareSe mdgomareoba soxumSi ar icvleboda. `depu-
tatebis arCeviT qalaqs araferi SeeZineba, radgan gamoc-

367
dilebiT viciT, rom es deputatebi arian mxolod imis mow-
meni, rom qalaqis fuli ixarjeba, xolo sad da rogor, es
arc ki ician da arc ekiTxeba maT vinme imaT. amitomac aris,
rom Cvens qalaqs, romelsac yovelgvari Semosavali 30000
maneTi aqvs, araviTari warmateba ar etyoba. qalaqis arCev-
nebs TiTqmis arc erTi inteligenti ar eswreba, radganac
darwmunebulia, rom es deputatTa arCevani TamaSobaa,
dRes erTs airCeven da dasvamen deputatebad, xval meores
da ara gamodis ra~ (`iveria~, 1894 w.).
TviTmmarTvelobis SemoRebaze msjelobasa da kamaTs
bolo ar uCanda. am natvris axdena soxums mxolod 1896 wels
eRirsa. `patara qalaqebis natvras Seadgenda qalaqis TviT-
mmarTvelobis SemoReba. soxumsac mieniWa ufleba, Tavis
ufros ZmaTa msgavsad, TviTonve gasces pasuxi Sinaurs Tu
gareuls gaWirvebas da TviTonve iRonos moqalaqeTa war-
matebisTvis~ (`iveria~, 1996 w.). 1896 wels soxumelebma air-
Cies 26 xmosani da 6 moadgile. gubernatoris damtkicebis
Semdeg xmosnebi Tavad airCevdnen qalaqis Tavs anu mou-
ravs. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom arCeulTagan 23 qarTveli
iyo, 6 - berZeni, danarCeni rusi da somexi. miCneulia, rom
am arCevnebiT qalaq soxumSi, mTlianad afxazeTSi, saTave
daedo realuri adgilobrivi demokratiis ganviTarebas,
sazogadoebis monawileobas adgilobrivi sakiTxebis ga-
dawyvetaSi.
am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa soxumeli sanitrebis
problema, romelmac moulodneli Tavsatexi gauCina qa-
laqis imJamindel xelisuflebas. vin iyvnen `soxumeli sa-
nitrebi~? cnobilia, rom soxumis TviTmmarTvelobis ar-
CevnebSi monawileobas ar iRebdnen rigiTi moqalaqeebi,
uqoneli adamianebi, maT Soris, e.w. sanitrebi, ZiriTadad
qarTvelebi, romlebic qalaqis maxloblad cxovrobdnen,
magram arc calke administraciul erTeuls warmoadgend-

368
nen da arc soxums ekuTvnodnen. TviTmmarTvelobis Semo-
Rebis Semdeg maT moiTxoves qalaqis sruluflebian moqa-
laqeebad aRiareba.
ai, ras wers im wlebis Jurnali `moambe~: soxumSi garSe-
mo adgilebi adre uRrani tyiT iyo dafaruli, Sig sineste
iyo da cieb-cxelebis gavrcelebas uwyobda xels. mmarT-
velobam daiwyo zrunva, raTa soxumis garSemo teritoria
mavne mcenareebisgan gaewminda. 1870 wlis debulebiT tyiT
dafaruli teritoria dayves da msurvelebs dauriges im
pirobiT, rom 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi gaewmindaT, Waobi amo-
eSroT da meurneoba gaemarTaT. Tu am pirobas pirnaTlad
Seasrulebda, sanitari miwas saSviliSvilo sakuTrebad
miiRebda. `sanitaruli~ adgilebis umetesi nawili mdida-
ri rusebis sakuTreba iyo, maTSi mxolod xuTi Tu eqvsi iyo
qarTveli. Tavidan adgilobrivma mmarTvelobam ar icoda,
es teritoriebi soxumisaTvis mieweraT, Tu calke damou-
kidebeli erTeuli yofiliyo. komisiam miiRo dadgenileba,
romlis safuZvelzec `sanitrebi~ soxumis sruluflebian
moqalaqeebad CaTvales da TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi
monawileobis ufleba misces.
TviTmmarTvelobis SemoRebis Semdeg soxumelTa mTa-
vari sazrunavi gaxda, Tu vin unda aerCiaT qalaqis Tavad
- mouravad. `vin iqneba arCeuli qalaqis Tavad da sxva we-
vrebad, amas dagvanaxebs Semdegi, xolo Cven ki imedi gvaqvs,
rom Cveni xmosnebi imoqmedeben TanxmobiT da airCeven im
did mniSvnelovan saqmisTvis kacs, ara kerZo da sakuTari
interesebis mimdevars, aramed sazogado moRvawes, xalxis
gulSematkivars ganurCevlad erisa da sarwmunoebisa da
patiosnebiT aRWurvils uangaro muSaks~. soxumSi arCeul
xmosnebs Soris iyo cnobili moRvawe anTimoz juReli.
ilia WavWavaZis piradi werilebidan irkveva, rom man an-
Timoz juRelis TxovniT rekomendacia misca soxumelebs,

369
rom qalaqis Tavad aleqsandre sarajiSvili moewviaT. igi
yvelaze misaRebi kandidati iyo soxumelebisTvis. idealu-
ri mouravis saxe ki adgilobrivi korespondentis, severian
juRelis azriT, aseTi iyo: `kaci, aRWurvili jerovanis ga-
naTlebiT da codnagamocdilebiT, moxerxebiT, gamWriaxis
iniciatoris niWiT, patiosnebiT, SromismoyvareobiTa da
energiiT, sruliad moklebuli yovelgvars wvrilmans par-
tials, siZulvils da samarcxvino midgomilebas-kaci, sa-
fuZvlianad mcodne adgilobriv gamocdilebaTa da gulT
moyvaruli Tavisis samSoblo qveynisa - ai, ideali yovelis
kacis qalaqis mouravisa~ (`iveria~ 1896w.).
soxumelTa didi moTxovnis miuxedavad, aleqsandre sa-
rajiSvilis afxazeTSi Casvla 1899 wlamde ver moxerxda.
Jurnali `kvali~ werda: `soxumelT ganuzraxavT qalaqis
TavaT gaiwvion Cveni cnobili moRvawe aleqsandre sarajiS-
vili, romelic am Jamad ganjaSi msaxurobs. al. sarajiSvili
cnobilia, rogorc mxne, gamocdili da piruTvneli kaci.
soxumsac aseTi kaci esaWiroeba~ (`kvali~, 1899 w. N18). gaze-
Ti `iveria~ ki 1899 wels iuwyeba, rom soxumis mouravad 26
xmiT samis winaaRmdeg arCeul iqna aleqsandre sarajiSvili.
XIX saukunis bolosTvis soxumi nel-nela viTardeboda
da ruseTis imperiaSi imJamad arsebul ganviTarebul qa-
laqebs emsgavseboda. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Za-
lisxmeviT, qalaqis cxovreba dRiTidRe umjobesdeboda,
viTardeboda da yvelasaTvis sasurveli xdeboda.
XX saukunis dasawyisisTvis soxumi Savi zRvis erTerTi
yvelaze gamorCeuli qalaqi gaxda Tavisi ganumeorebeli
silamaziT, evropuli da adgilobrivi arqiteqturisa da
saxlmSeneblobis gamocdilebis tradiciuli SerwymiT da
mzardi urbanizaciuli procesiT, msoflios mravali qvey-
nidan uxvad Semotanili da damkvidrebuli uiSviaTesi sub-
tropikuli da egzotikuri mcenareuli safariT, ubadlo

370
dagegmarebiTa da ganviTarebuli sakurorto da turistu-
li infrastruqturiT.
me-20 saukunis 20-ian wlebSi ruseTis mier saqarTvelos
ganuyofeli nawilis _ afxazeTis xelaxali okupaciisa da
gasabWoebis Semdeg, am regionSic didxans Seferxda adgi-
lobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis evropuli gziT ganviTareba.
samwuxarod, damoukidebel saqarTveloSi afxazeTis 1992-
1993 wlebis tragikuli movlenebis gamo adgilobrivi TviT-
marTvelobis axleburi aRorZineba SeuZlebeli gaxda.
afxazeTi amJamadac ruseTis imperiis axali agresiis
msxverplia.
gazeTi „regionis droiT.~
1 oqtomberi, 2010 w.

371
 agvistos omi _ ra Seicvala galSi?
`afxazeTis geografiuli mdebareobis gamo,
afxazTa tomis cxovreba dRes is aRar aris, rac am
aTiode wlis winaT iyo. sxva rom ara movixsenioT
ra, ukanaskneli omianobis dros erTi wili afxaz-
Ta iZulebuli gaxda osmaleTSi gadaxvewiliyo,
saidanac naxevrad aRar dabrunebula; zogierTni
aqeT-iqeT gaixiznnen da gadasaxldnen. yovelive
amis gamo afxazTa eri imdenad Semcirda, rom dRes
imis meoTxedic ar aris, rac odesme iyo. raki ase
datrialda bedi afxazTa, raki xalxi ase Semcir-
da, aqeT-iqeT gaifanta, wavid-wamovida, zogi vis
Seexizna da zogic vis, zne-Cveuleba, sarwmunoeba
da yovelive wesi da adaTi TandaTan SeecvalaT, ga-
dausxvaferdaT, gauqraT da daekargaT... da Tu amas
zed davurTavT egreT wodebuli civilizaciisa
da sazogadod ganaTlebis zemoqmedebasa da gavle-
nas, advilad mivxvdebiT, rom afxazeTSi, Tu dRes
ara, xval bevrs veRaras vnaxavT imisas, rac odesme
gvinaxavs...~

petre giorgiZe (Waraia) (`afxazeTi da afxaz-

ni,~ gazeTi `iveria,~ ##165, 167, 169,173, 175, 176,179,
180,183, 184,185, 186; 1888 w.).
***
saqarTvelos mTavrobam 2010 wlis 10 ianvars
miiRo `saxelmwifo strategia okupirebuli te-
ritoriebis mimarT (CarTuloba TanamSromlobis
gziT), romelic gamoxatavs saqarTvelos xeli-
suflebis nebas miaRwios afxazeTisa da cxinva-
lis regionis/samxreT oseTis srul deokupacias
da mSvidobiani gziT moaxdinos am teritorie-
bisa da mosaxleobis reintegracia saqarTvelos
konstituciur sivrceSi. am iniciativas farTo
mxardaWera mohyva saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi,
megobar saxelmwifoebSi, Tumca cnobili poli-

372
 tikosebi da diplomatebi imasac aRniSnaven, rom
aRsrulebis uzrunvelsayofad garduvalia iseTi
gonivruli gegmis Sedgena da moqmedeba, romelic
SeiZleba SevadaroT bewvis xidze gavlas. safran-
geTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma saqarTveloSi
vizitisas metad pozitiurad Seafasa strategia
da ixumra, _ Cems qveyanaSi gonieri diasaxlisebi
Tafliani TasmiT met buzebs xocaven, vidre Zmria-
niTo!
am xumrobaSi aris simarTle.

ruseT-saqarTvelos 2008 wlis agvistos omis dasrule-

bidan galis raionSi ganlagdnen ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Za-
lebi. adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi yoveldRe xedaven rusi
samxedroebisa da teqnikis gadaadgilebas raionis mTavar
gzatkecilebsa da engurispireTSi.
qalaq galis teritoriaze mdebare yofili Cais pirve-
li fabrikis teritoria Semokavebulia da Sendeba sac-
xovrebeli saxlebi 3000 samxedro mosamsaxurisa da maTi
ojaxebisTvis.
qalaqis centrSia galis raionis afxazuri xelisufle-
ba _ sakrebulo, gamgeoba (gamgeobaSi amJamad dasaqmebulia
30-mde afxazi da adgilobrivi qarTveli), qalaqis meria,
raionuli sasamarTlo, prokuratura, miliciis ganyofi-
leba. raionis xelmZRvanelebi, rogorc wesi, afxazi ero-
vnebis adamianebia, aseve soflebis gamgebelTa umetesoba
eTnikurad afxazia.
meurneobis sazogadoebrivi Tu saxelmwifoebrivi for-
ma ar arsebobs. muSaoben calkeuli savaWro obieqtebi, ji-
xurebi, qalaqSi cxveba puri, lavaSi; muSaobs kafe-sasadi-
lo, aSenda axali bazari, bazrobisTvis gamoyofilia ori
dRe kviraSi. garda bazrobisa da gasvenebis dReebisa, qala-
qis mosaxleoba ar ikribeba.
mosaxleobis informirebis ZiriTadi wyaroa qarTuli

373
telearxebi, aseve ruseTis centralur sainformacio ar-
xebi, romlebzec mibmulia `afxazeTis axali ambebi~ afxa-
zur enaze.
samegrelosa da afxazeTis regionebs Soris administra-
ciul sazRvari kontroldeba rusi mesazRvreebis, afxazi
mebaJeebisa da mesazRvreebis mier. enguris xidze (Tbili-
si-senaki-leseliZis avtomagistrali) mimosvla nebadar-
Tulia mkacrad gansazRvruli wesebis dacviT.
mosaxleoba afxazeTSi Sesvlas da gamosvlas cdilobs
rusebisgan malulad, metwilad afxazebis nebarTviT da
TanxmobiT. gamyof xazze, calkeul SemTxvevaSi, adgili
aqvs samgzavro avtobusebisa da msubuqi avtomanqanebis ga-
daadgilebas.
sarealizacio saqonlis mimoqceva dauSvebelia, piradi
moxmarebis nivTebis, sursaTis Setana da gamotana nebadar-
Tulia xelbargis saxiT.
agvistos movlenebis Semdgom afxazebma dakarges ara-
legaluri Semosavlebis mniSvnelovani nawili, Sewyda (re-
alurad amowura) jarTis gatana, Tumca adgilobriv mo-
saxleobasTan loialobiT jer kidev axerxeben saqonlis
da mgzavrTa mimoqcevis garkveul kontrols, rac adgi-
lobrivi mosaxleobis interesebSic Sedis.
miuxedavad akrZalvisa, okupirebul afxazeTSi yo-
veldRiurad Sedis da gamodis asobiT adgilobrivi mc-
xovrebi. mosaxleobis moZraoba aqtiurdeba sasoflo-sa-
meurneo sezonis Sesabamisad.
bolo 20 weliwadi Sida saraiono gzebze ar Catarebula
sareabilitacio samuSaoebi. centraluri gzis enguri_Ra-
liZgis monakveTi praqtikulad dangreulia, gansxvavebiT
RaliZga-fsous monakveTisgan, romelic ramdenjerme Se-
keTda kapitalurad da keTilmoewyo.
qalaq galidan raionis soflebis mimarTulebiT srul-
deba samarSruto reisebi kerZo avtobusebiT.

374
 raionis teritoriaze transportis da gadaadgilebis Zi-
riTadi saSualebaa cxeni, sazidari, uremi, aseve velosipedi.
rkinigzis enguri-gali-oCamCires monakveTi ayrilia,
gaiyida jarad.
ramdenime mosaxles aqvs moZvelebuli da gaumarTavi
msubuqi da satvirTo avtomanqana. samarSruto xazebis um-
etesoba realurad ekuTvniT eTnikur afxazebs.
raionis erT dros uZlieresi ekonomika ganadgure-
bulia. aq organizebuli meurneobis forma iSviaTi ga-
monaklisia. adgilobrivTa azriT, raionis miwebi, Senoba-
nagebobebiani ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebisTvis aris gadace-
muli, ganxorcielebulia faruli gasxvisebada.
Cais plantaciebi gatyevebulia, daSrobili miwebi xe-
laxla daWaobda, qarsafari zolebi gaiCexa.
citrusovanTa plantaciebis umetesoba gatyevebulia.
gamonaklisia maxunjiis mecitruseobis cnobili meurne-
oba, romelic afxazi pirovnebis xelSia; mas daqiravebuli
hyavs adgilobriv mosaxleoba da warmarTavs meurneobas.
Txilis plantaciebis farTobi omisSemdgom wlebSi
xuTjer gaizarda, agvistos movlenebis Semdgom Txilis
nayofis fasma mniSvnelovnad moimata da amJamad gacile-
biT metia vidre engeurgamoRma.
sasuqis da Sxamqimikatebis fasi SesabamisobaSia zugdi-
dis regionis fasebTan, xolo sawvavis (benzini, dizeli) fa-
sebi, gacilebiT dabalia.
dasaxlebebis mimdebare miwebi TviTneburadaa danawi-
lebuli adgilobriv mosaxleTa da CamosulTa Soris, sa-
xelmwifo da nakrZalis tyeebi praqtikulad gaCexilia.
zRvispira miwebi ganawilebuli aqvT anonimur mesa-
kuTreebs, adgilobrivTa azriT, afxazi mesakuTreebis
ukan dganan rusi da ucxoeli investorebi. (refis gamge-
belma kaciam gudavaSi TviTneburad Semoakava 100 ha miwa da
10 haze gaaSene kombosto, rasac Seewira kidec).

375
 raionSi mravladaa mitovebuli saxl-kari, Senoba-nage-
bobani, daaxloebiT omamde arsebulis 30-40 procenti.
bolo wlebSi raionSi moyvanili nameti sasoflo-sa-
meurneo produqcia ZiriTadad iyideba afxazeTSi, Tumca
gamonaklisia engurispira da zRvispira soflebi, romle-
bic axerxeben engurs gamoRma gadmotanas.
raionis mosaxleoba, praqtikulad yvela ojaxi, eweva
individualur glexur meurneobas da naturaluri warmo-
ebiT irCens Tavs.
galis agraruli bazari yvelaze uxvi, mravalferovani
da iafia afxazeTSi, sadac sayidlebze Camodian soxumidan,
gudauTidan, afxazeTis sxva qalaqebidan, aseve ruseTis
samxreTidan.
adgilobrivi xelisuflebis da maTi warmomadgenlebis
Semosavlebis mTavari wyaroa afxazuri xelisuflebis mier
dadgenili gadasaxadebi da maTi ndobiT aRWurvil kriminal-
Ta e.w. wilebi Txilis da citrusebis mosavlidan, aseve sakar-
midamo miwis nakveTebidan (sofel refis gamgebel kacias Txi-
lis plantaciis mesakuTre yovel ojaxze dadgenili hqonda
100 kg gadasaxadi da Zalis muqariT aRwevda mis amoRebas).
mosaxleoba sawvavs yidulobs qalaqis erTaderT gasa-
marT sadgurSi, an engurs gamoRma. amJamad sawvaviT moma-
ragebis mTavari wyaroa ruseTis samxedro mosamsaxureebi,
romlebic SedarebiT iafad yidian sawvavs an cvlian sur-
saTze.
raionis mwvane safars usaSvelod anadgurebs amerikuli
TeTri pepela.
bolo wlebSi mosaxleobam garkveulwilad aRadgina
meRoreoba da saojaxo mefrinveleoba.
yvela ojaxi misdevs simindis moyvanas, mesaqonleobas
da mefutkreobas, rac mciredi, magram myari Semosavlisa
da sakvebiT TviTkmari uzrunvelyofis erTaderTi da sta-
biluri wyaroa.

376
 raionis mosaxleobis elmomarageba Seferxebulia elq-
selebis teqnikuri gaumarTaobisa da amortizaciis gamo,
eleqtro energiaze ojaxis gadasaxadi (moxmarebis rao-
denobis miuxedavad) 100 maneTia TveSi.
wyalmomaragebis sistema mTlianad moSlilia, rogorc
wesi, Sewyvetilia soflis mosaxleobis centraluri wy-
almomarageba, sasmeli wyliT uzrunvelyofis ZiriTadi
wyaroa saojaxo Webi da bunebrivi wyaroebi.
funqcionirebs engurhesis saberios Zalovani sadguri
da reCxis #1 sadguri. reCxis eleqtrosadgurma (#1) pra-
qtikulad gauZlo omsa da ganadgurebas, asaqmebs ramdeni-
me aTeul adgilobriv specialists.
galis raionis ekonomikis ganviTarebis, socialuri
problemebis mogvarebis, mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis
Tundac minimaluri gaumjobesebisTvis soxumis reJims ar
aqvs politikuri neba an SezRudulia sxva faqtorebiT.
raionSi 32 sruli da arasruli saSualo skolaa, aqedan
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mxolod aTia metnaklebad qarTuli,
sxvebi legalurad rusuli an rusul-afxazuria. am sko-
lebSi mxolod erTi sagania qarTuli. maswavlebelTa xel-
fass uzrunvelyofs saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministro,
rigi skolebi finansdeba galis raionis ganaTlebis ganyo-
filebis mier, aseve mSobelTa SemowirulobebiT.
swavleba, garda gamonaklisisa, afxazeTis ganaTlebis
saministros programebiT xorcieldeba. saskolo doku-
mentacia da saqmiswarmoeba rusul enazea. maswavlebelTa
umravlesoba da saskolo personali asakiT samoc weli-
wads gadacilebulia, Tumca arian soxumis da sxva umaRle-
si saswavleblebis axalgazrda kursdamTavrebulebebi.
bavSvebis oficialuri sasaubro ena aris rusuli, mci-
redi gamonaklisia afxazuri, saojaxo ena qarTulia (ad-
gilobrivi). saxezea axalgazrda Taobis mzardi garuseba,
rac qarTul mosaxleobis SeSfoTebas iwvevs.

377
 skoladamTavrebulTa umetesoba umaRles ganaTlebas
Rebulobs engurs gamoRma, aseve ruseTis qalaqebSi. afxa-
zeTis umaRles saswavleblebSi galeli abiturientebi
garkveuli SeRavaTebiT sargebloben.
wina wlebSi reabilitirebul iqna raionuli saavadmyo-
fo saerTaSoriso organizaciebis daxmarebiT da Tbili-
sisa da soxumis xelSewyobiT, Tumca ar arsebobs rTuli
qirurgiuli operaciebis Catarebisa da jerovani samedi-
cino gamkvlevis pirobebi. samedicino procedurebs Ziri-
TadSi axorcieleben adgilobrivi warmomavlobis kadrebi,
romlebic moRvaweoben engurgamoRma saqarTveloSi, aseve
ruseTSi. avadmyofebi gadmohyavT (gadmodian) qalaq zug-
didSi, TbilisSi, quTaisSi. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis Za-
lisxmeviT nawilobriv aRdgenilia oqumis, saberios, oto-
baiis saavadmyofoebi.
mosaxleobis sapensio uzrunvelyofas axorcielebs sa-
qarTvelos xelisufleba, mcired pensias (30 laris eqviva-
lenti) gascems soxumi.
saqarTvelos saSualo maCvenebelTan SedarebiT rai-
onSi metad maRalia sikvdilianoba, aseve daavadebaTa di-
namika da statistika.
galis raionis rig soflebSi evrokavSiris da rigi saer-
TaSoriso organizaciebis egidiT ramdenime samSeneblo
organizacia axorcielebs sacxovrebeli saxlebis reabi-
litaciis samuSaoebs, monitorings atareben donorTa war-
momadgenlebi.
okupirebul teritoriebze praqtikulad aravin aris
vinmesgan an raimesgan daculi. mkvlelobebi, yaCaRoba, Zar-
cva, adamianTa gataceba, mZevlebad ayvana, Zaladoba adgi-
lobrivTa cxovrebis wesis ganuyofeli nawilia.
raionis miliciis ganyofileba sustia da araopera-
tiuli, Tavadac daucvelia yofili boevikebis da sepa-
ratistuli xelisuflebis Tanamdebobis pirebisgan. rus

378
samxedroebs ar akisriaT samarTaldamcavi funqcia. ma-
Ralia mosaxleobis, gansakuTrebiT omisSemdgomi Taobis
kriminalizaciis done. xSir SemTxvevaSi yvelafers da yve-
las beds wyveten qurduli avtoritetebi da internacio-
naluri kriminalebi, maRalia adgilobrivTa yofiTi da
jgufuri samarTaldarRvevebi.
narkotikuli mcenareebis moyvana, e.w. sasaqonlo warmo-
eba da adgilobrivi moxmareba SeuzRudavia.
daqiravebuli Sromis saburvelSi monuri Sromis ga-
moyeneba, aseve adgilze da afxazeTis sxva regionebSi mu-
Saxelis da specialistebis samuSaod gayvana Cveulebrivi
movlenaa, rasac Tan axlavs samarTlebrivi daucveloba da
trefikingi.
qalaqi galSi omisSemdgom wlebSi araferi Secvlila,
kvlavac dangreuli, gaZarculi da gapartaxebulia. sazo-
gadoebrivi, kulturuli, sportuli, saaRmzrdelo da gas-
arTobi dawesebulebebi daxurulia.
sacxovrebeli korpusebi, rogorc wesi, upatrono da mi-
uxedavia, binebis umetesoba carieli.
organizebuli komunaluri meurneoba da momsaxureba
ar arsebobs.
sazogadoebrivi cxovreba Camkvdaria, Tavyrilobebi ar
tardeba, mosaxleobis warmomadgenlebi iSviaTad Tu ikri-
bebian.
moqmedi savaWro da momsaxurebis obieqtebi upiratesad
eTnikuri afxazebis sakuTrebaa.
saqarTvelos telearxebis signalebi (`rusTavi-2~ da
`imedi~) faraven galis raionis umetes nawils, aseve ramde-
nime radioarxi da ruseTis telearxebi, magram tele da ra-
diomimRebebi mosaxleobis umetesobas ara aqvs.
engurs gamoRmidan presis organizebuli Setana ar xdeba.
nawilobriv aRdgenilia kavSirgabmulobis kvanZi, qa-
laqis satelefono sadguri. afxazeTis teritoriis gark-

379
veul nawilSi vrceldeba `magTi~ da `jeoseli~ (maTi gamoy-
eneba afxazuri mxaris mier aikrZala 2010 wlis dasawyisi-
dan), nebadarTulia afxazur-rusuli `akvafoni.~
raionuli gazeTi `gal~ iSviaTad gamodis, redaqtoris
ganmartebiT, daufinansebis arqonis gamo.
raionis mosaxleobis didi mcdelobiT sofel Wubur-
xinjis teritoriaze moxerxda eklesiis (`Ceoxvame~) amoq-
medeba, Tumca RvTismsaxureba oficialurad nebadarTu-
lia mxolod rusul da afxazur enebze.
bolo dros soxumis xelisuflebis, sajaro moxelee-
bis, mosamsaxureebis, ufrosi da saSualo asakis afxazebis
mxridan SeiniSneba qarTuli mosaxleobisadmi loialuri
(arc Tu ise iSviaTad tradiciulad Tbili) damokidebu-
leba. msgavsi tendenciaa afxazeTis dedaqalaqSi, sxva qa-
laqebsa da soflebSi. adre afxazeTis gancalkevebisTvis
adre yvelaze Tavgamodebuli, axla ki afxazeTSi arsebuli
viTarebiT sakmaod Secbunebuli afxazebi, xumroben Tur-
me, _ gvindoda ukeT, miviReT rogorc yovelTviso!

gazeTi `regionis droiT,~

1 oqtomberi, 2010w.

380
 sarCevi

saWiro, Zalze saWiro wigni----------------------------------3

ram­de­ni­me sity­va av­to­ris­gan--------------------------------5
qarTuli skolis bedi afxazeTSi----------------------------9
galelebi maisis tragediamac ver gatexa---------------- 16
konfederantebi afxazeTSi -------------------------------- 22
afxazuri mxaris samizned qceuli erTi dokumenti -- 36
eSm-as TvaliT danaxuli galis raioni------------------- 48
terorizmi _ msoflios Savi Wiri------------------------- 57
terorizmTan brZola ukontrolo teritoriebis
mowesrigebiT unda daiwyos-------------------------------- 64
adamianis uflebaTa dacva afxazeTSi-------------------- 70
Zlieri aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba_krizisidan
gamosvlis mTavari faqtori-------------------------------- 74
mizani _ afxazeTis aRiareba-------------------------------- 83
afxazeTis dabruneba Cvens xelSia------------------------ 90
„verasa getyvi, ena sdums. . . ~------------------------------- 97
ramdeni wlis SeiZleba iyos prezidenti?-------------- 101
vin debs arCevnebSi fuls? -------------------------------- 105
vin unda movides xelisuflebaSi?----------------------- 111
nugzar aSuba _ mteri, megobari
Tu realisti politikosi?-------------------------------- 127
Ria werili gazeT `respublika abxazias~
redaqtors vitali Camaguas------------------------------- 134
saxalxo diplomatia--------------------------------------- 140
`wavide, mec iq mivide. . .~----------------------------------- 149
Zvirfaso galelebo!---------------------------------------- 154

381
informaciuli garemo: TavisufalTa konkurencia
Tu gladiatorTa brZola?-------------------------------- 156
saqarTvelos arCevania nato, ruseTi?------------------ 166
izolacia Tu distancirebuli TanamSromloba?------ 176
samSobloze maRla TviT WeSmaritebac ver dadgeba--- 181
qarTvelebi da afxazebi osmaloTa winaaRmdeg-------- 188
`afxazeTis gzac~ romisken midis?----------------------- 194
`religiis Sesaxeb~ kanonia misaRebi--------------------- 199
aqvs saqarTvelos afxazeTSi
konfliqtis mowesrigebis koncefcia?------------------ 205
rogori partia sWirdeba saqarTvelos?---------------- 211
Tavdadeba Tu Ralati?------------------------------------- 228
afxazeTis gansakuTrebuli raioni---------------------- 235
saqarTvelos parlamenti:
rogor gaxdes igi ufro qmediTi? ------------------------ 241
WeS­ma­ri­te­ba sa­eW­vo ro­dia--------------------------------- 252
gamarjveba Tu damarcxeba?-------------------------------- 258
warsulis landebi `kmaras~ mowveviT? ------------------ 261
maTTvis, visac ukve daaviwyda
galis 1994 wlis Tebervlis tragedia------------------- 266
aq Cemi prezidentia----------------------------------------- 271
galis maisis tragedia _ usaxelo Tavdadeba?---------- 274
beslani afxazeTSi------------------------------------------ 280
mSvidoba, damoukidebloba Tu
konstituciuri wesrigis ZaliT aRdgena?-------------- 284
iqneb realurad dagvewyo saqme?-------------------------- 297
moimedeobis dro damTavrda, moqmedebis droa-------- 302
federalizmi: qveynis gaerTianeba Tu daqucmaceba?- 308

382
TviTmmarTveloba galSi----------------------------------- 321
akademikosi ilia vekua------------------------------------- 331
SeTqmuleba qarTvelTa da afxazTa winaaRmdeg-------- 335
gali _ represiebi grZeldeba, viTareba daZabulia--- 342
zemo afxazeTi ----------------------------------------------- 351
aSendeba xudonhesi?---------------------------------------- 361
TviTmmarTveloba soxumSi-------------------------------- 364
agvistos omi _ ra Seicvala galSi? ---------------------- 372

383
 sagamomcemlo uzrunvelyofa:
sagamomcemlo saxli `inovacia~

direqtori: zaur naWyebia

teqnikuri redaqtori: levan boWoriSvili

operatori: sofo qilifTari

wigni gamoica avtoris xarjiT

misamarTi:
Tbilisi, Zmebi kakabaZeebis q. #22.
Ntel: 210-26-28

Email: inovacia@caucasus.net

384
 maradiuli erToba

Tbilisi. wmida samebis sakaTedro taZari

afxazeTi. biWvinTis sakaTedro taZari

385
 afxazeTi. lixnis taZari

afxazeTi. moqvis taZari

386
 omis SurisZieba

Tbilisi, ZmaTamkvleli omi.

sastumro `Tbilisi~;
saqarTvelos televiziasTan

387
 soxumi. mTavrobis sasaxle

gulrifSi. samoTxidan gaZeveba

388
gali. rkinigzis sadguri

okupacia
389
 maradiuli Zaxili

dedaTa arCevani

gza Sinisken
390
mSobliuri saxli

nugeSis gakveTili
391
 RviZli ezo

Zveli wigni
392