Fluid Mechanics II

By

Dr. Jawad Sarwar

Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Engineering & Technology Lahore, Pakistan
Laminar flow in pipes τ = 𝜇 duΤdy

Consider a ring shaped differential volume element of

radius , r, thickness dr, and length dx oriented
coaxially with the pipe. A force balance on the volume
element in the flow direction gives:
2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑃 𝑥 − 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑃 𝑥+𝑑𝑥 + 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑥𝜏 𝑟 − 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑥𝜏 𝑟+𝑑𝑟 =0

Which indicates that in a fully developed flow in a

horizontal pipe, the viscous and pressure forces
balance each other.

𝑅2 𝑑𝑃
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 =−
8𝜇 𝑑𝑥
𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔
𝑑𝑃 2𝜏𝑤
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑅

𝑟2
𝑢 𝑟 = 2𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 1− 2
𝑅 1
Pressure drop and Head Loss
𝑅2 𝑑𝑃
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 =−
𝑑𝑃 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ∆𝑃 8𝜇 𝑑𝑥
= =
𝑑𝑥 𝐿 𝐿

8𝜇𝐿𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 32𝜇𝐿𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔
∆𝑃 = 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = = Laminar flow
𝑅2 𝐷2
Darcy friction factor
Or
Darcy-Weisbach friction factor

2
𝐿 𝜌𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔
∆𝑃𝐿 = 𝑓
𝐷 2
Dynamic pressure

For fully developed laminar flow in a

circular pipe
64𝜇 64 2
𝑓= =
𝜌𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝐷 Re
Pressure drop and Head Loss

2
∆𝑃 𝐿 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔
Head Loss: ℎ𝐿 = =𝑓
𝜌𝑔 𝐷 2𝑔

Note: Head loss represents the additional height that the fluid needs to be
raised by a pump in order to overcome the frictional losses in the pipe.

For horizontal pipe

Pumping power: 𝑊ሶ 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝,𝐿 = 𝑉∆𝑃
ሶ 𝐿 = 𝑉𝜌𝑔ℎ
ሶ 𝐿 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
ሶ 𝐿 32𝜇𝐿𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔
∆𝑃 =
𝐷2
∆𝑃𝐷 2
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
32𝜇𝐿
𝑉ሶ = 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝐴
∆𝑃𝐷 2 𝜋𝐷 2 ∆𝑃𝜋𝐷 4
𝑉ሶ = =
32𝜇𝐿 4 128𝜇𝐿
Poiseuille’s Law

Volume Flow rate, pressure drop and thus the required pumping power
is proportional to:
1. Length of the pipe 3
2. Viscosity of the fluid
Inclined Pipes

∆𝑃 − 𝜌𝑔𝐿 sin 𝜃 𝐷 2
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
32𝜇𝐿
∆𝑃 − 𝜌𝑔𝐿 sin 𝜃 𝜋𝐷 4
𝑉ሶ =
128𝜇𝐿 Uphill flow
𝜽 > 𝟎, 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 > 𝟎

Downhill flow
𝜽 < 𝟎, 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 < 𝟎

Additional Readings:
Examples 8-1 and 8-2
Included for class tasks
4
Laminar Flow in noncircular pipes

5
Turbulent flow in pipes

Turbulent flow is characterized by random and rapid fluctuations of swirling

regions of fluid, called eddies, throughout the flow.

Turbulent flow along a wall consist of four regions:

1) Viscous sublayer
Viscous dominated effects
2) Buffer layer
3) Overlap or transition layer (inertial sublayer)
Inertial dominated effects
4) Outer or turbulent layer

6
The Moody Chart

Friction factor for turbulent flow

Surface roughness
Diameter
1 𝜀 Τ𝐷 2.51
= −2.0 𝑙𝑜𝑔 + Colebrook equation (Implicit equation)
𝑓 3.7 𝑅𝑒 𝑓

Consider a following parameters for a turbulent flow

𝜀
= 0.02
𝐷
Re = 107
1. Find friction factor using Colebrook equation:
1.11
1 6.9 𝜀 Τ𝐷
≅ −1.8 log + Explicit equation by E. Haaland
𝑓 𝑅𝑒 3.7

2. Find friction factor using explicit equation:

3. Find friction factor using Moody’s chart: 7

Additional Readings:
Example 8-3 included for class tasks
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16