Mathematics

Fourth Quarter

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Reviewer in Mathematics: 4th Quarter
Lesson 1: Measures of Position for
Ungrouped Data
What is a measure of position?
A measure of position is a method by which the
position of a particular data value within the
given data set can be identified.
What is a standard score?
The standard score (z-score) is the distance of
the score from the mean in terms of the
standard deviation. It tells the position of the
observed values (wheter above or below the
mean of the distribution).
Formula:
-
Z=
where:
x= raw score
μ= mean
s or δ = standard score
What is an ungrouped data?
 The ungrouped data has not been
classified or has not been subdivided in
the form of groups.
 This type of data is totally the raw data
in the form of number list.
 It is the data collected in original form.
We can say that ungrouped data is an
array of numbers.
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Definition of mean and median
Mean is the average of all the numbers in a data
set. Median is the middle number in a given data
set.
What is a quantile?
Quantile is where a sample is divided into
equal-sized, adjacent subgroups. It can also
refer to dividing a probability distribution into
areas of equal probability.
Quartiles, Deciles, and Percentiles are the
example of Quantiles.
The Quartile
Quartile is a type of quantile which divides the
number of data points into four equal parts or
quarters (25%).
The 2nd quartile (Q2) is the median of the whole
data set. 50% of the data is below the second
quartile. Called as the middle quartile.
The 1st quartile (Q1) is the median of the lowest
data and the second quartile. 25% of the data is
below the first quartile. Called as the lower
quartile.
The 3rd quartile (Q3) is the median of the second
quartile and the highest data. 75% of the data is
below the third quartile. Called as the higher
quartile.
What is the interquartile range?
Interquartile range is the just the difference
between Q3 and Q1.
The Decile
Decile is a type of quantile which divides the
number of data points into ten equal parts (10%).
The Percentile
Percentile is a type of quantile which divides the
number of data points into a hundred equal
parts (1%).
Solving the quartiles of this example manually:
Example: A group of students obtained the
following scores in their statistics quiz:
8, 2, 5, 4, 8, 5, 7, 1, 3, 6, 9. Find Q1, Q2 and Q3.
Arrange the given raw scores first.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 9
Q1 is 3 since it is the median of the first half.
Q2 is 5 since it is the median of the whole data
set. (Note If the total sample, n, is odd, the
middle score is the Q2. If the total sample, n, is
even, then you must get the average of the two
middle numbers to find the Q2.
where:
k= given quantile
n= number of sample
Let us go back to the given problem and solve
its Q1 and Q3 with Mendelhall and Sincich
Method.
Example: A group of students obtained the
following scores in their statistics quiz:
8, 2, 5, 4, 8, 5, 7, 1, 3, 6, 9. Find Q1 and Q3.
Arrange the given raw scores first.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 9

Solving the problem by Mathematical Approach:

Q1 = Q3 =
The Mendelhall and Sincich Method: Q1 = Q3 =
This method suggests to round up or round Q1 = Q3 =
down the rank of a given quartile and locating Q1 = 3 or 3rd position Q3 = 9 or 9th position
the nth number with the nth rank in a given data
set. It does not provide the exact score of the
Since 3 is the 3rd number in the given data set,
given quartile
it is equal to the first quartile.
For all quantiles, If the number after the
Interpretation: 25% of the scores is below 3.
decimal point is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, round down the
rank.
Since 8 is the 9th number in the given data set,
it is equal to the third quartile
If the number after the decimal point is 5, 6, 7, 8,
or 9, round up the rank. (For quantiles less than Interpretation: 75% of the scores is below 9.
75% only)

For Q3 and other quantiles equal or greater than

75% , if the number after the decimal point is 5,
6, 7, 8, or 9, round down the rank.
General Formula in Mendallhall and Sincich
Method in solving for the positions:
Another Example:
The following are the scores of 9 students in
thei Math quiz: 12, 15, 16, 17, 19, 23, 25, 30, 33.
Solve for the following: Q1, Q3, D8, and P85.
The data is already arranged form lowest to highest.

Q1 = Q3 =
Qk =
Q1 = Q3 =
Dk = Q1 = Q3 =
Q1 = 2.5 or 3rd position Q3 = 7.5 or 7th position
based on the rule. based on the rule
Pk =
Since 16 is the 3rd number in the given data set,
Q means quartile, D means decile, and P means percentile it is equal to the first quartile.

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Interpretation: 25% of the scores is below 16.
Since 25 is the 9th number in the given data set,
it is equal to the third quartile
Interpretation: 75% of the scores is below 25.
D8 = P85 =
D8 = P85 =
D8 = P85 =
D8 = 8 or 8th position P85 = 8.5 or 8th
position based on the
rule
Since 30 is the 8th number in the given data set,
it is equal to the 8th decile.
Interpretation: 80% of the scores is below 30.
Since 30 is the 8th number in the given data set,
it is equal to the 85th percentile.
Interpretation: 85% of the scores is below 30.
The Linear Interpolation Method:
Linear Interpolation is applicable with a decimal
position. It provides a more accurate data score
than in Mendelhall and Sincich Method. This
proves that quantile of a data set is not always
a raw score.
Steps in Linear Interpolation
1. Arrange the raw scores from lowest to
highest.
2. Solve for the position of the required
quantile. (Still use the process in
Mendelhall and Sincich method but do not
round off your answer)
3. Know the two integeral positions where
the position of the required quantile is
included in between.
4. Subtract the lower score from the
higher score which corresponds the
two integral positions in step 3.
5. Multipy your answer in step 4 to the
decimal point of your answer in step 2.
6. Add the result in step 5 to the lower
score in step 4.
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Example: Find the first quartile of the given
scores:
1, 3, 7, 7, 16, 21, 27, 30, 31
Step 1: Arrange the raw scores from highest to
lowest.
Step 2: Solve for the position of the required
quantile.
Q1 =
Q1 =
Q1 =
Step 3. Know the two integral positions where
the position of the required quantile is included
in between.
The position of the required quartile is
2.5. The two integral positions, where 2.5 is
included in between, are 2 and 3.
Step 4: Subtract the lower score from the
higher score which corresponds the two
integral positions in step 3.
Two integral positions are 2 and 3. The
2nd position corresponds to 3. The 3rd position
corresponds to 7. (Refer to the given problem to
know the number which corresponds to the
position)
By subtracting 3 from 7, we will get 4.
Step 5: Multiply your answer in step 4 to the
decimal point of your answer in step 2.
4(0.5) = 2
Step 6: Add the result in step 5 to the lower
score in step 4.
The lower score in step 4 is 3 since it is
in the 2nd position.
By adding 2 to 3, we will get 5.
In linear interpolation, Q1 is 5.
Interpretation: 25% of the scores is below 5.
Example: Find the 45th percentile of the given  classes
scores:  range

1, 3, 7, 7, 16, 21, 27, 30, 31 What is a cumulative frequency?

A cumulative frequency is the sum of the class

P45 = Required
P45 = 4.5 Simplify
between 4th and 5th Positions where 4.5 is
position included in between
16 – 7 = 9 4th position in the data
set is 7. 5th position in
the data set is 16.
Subtract the higher
score from the lower
score
9 (0.5) Multiply the decimal
point of the answer in
second row to the
answer in the 4th row.
4.5 Simplify
4.5 + 7 = 11.5 Add the answer in the
6th row to the lower
score.
and all classes below it in a frequency
distribution.
Less than cumulative frequency is obtained by
adding successively frequencies of all class
starting from the lowest to the highest class
size.
Hint in less than cumulative frequency: The total
number of population is equal to the cumulative
frequency of the highest class.
Greater than cumulative frequency is obtained
by adding successively frequencies of all class
starting from the highest to the lowest class
size.
Hint in greater than cumulative frequency: The
total number of population is equal to the
cumulative frequency of the lowest class.

By linear interpolation, P45 is 11.5.

Interpretation: 45% of the scores is below 11.5.
Lesson 2: Measures of Position for
Grouped Data
What is an interval?
An interval is a range of numbers between two
given numbers and includes all of the real
numbers between those two numbers.
How to find the value of the interval?

What is a Grouped Data? 400-499

300-399
Grouped data contains raw data that has been
sorted into groups called classes. It serves as a There are two steps in finding the interval
convenient means of summarizing or analyzing
the data. A. In the same row, find the difference of the
two numbers then add 1 (for whole numbers
Requirements for a grouped data: only)
 Sample size must be equal or greater
than 30 for it to be considered a In the example, 399-300 = 99+1= 100; or
population size. 499-400= 99+1= 100; interval = 100
 frequency table
 boundaries B. Subtract the boundary of the class from the
corresponding boundary above it. (only if the
Requirements for a frequency table: boundary above it is given)
 intervals
 total population In the example, 400-300 = 100; or 499-399 = 100
 cumulative frequency

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Interval = 100 Always remember that 2k > N.

TAKE NOTE: Since we have a population of 38,

2k > 38
What is the interval of 300.1 – 399.2? k = 6 (since 2 is 64 which is greater than 38)
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If we will follow step A from the problem To find k, you may also use log2N, but make sure
earlier, we will get: to round off the answer to the nearest integer
greater than it.
399.2 – 300.1 = 99.1 + 1 = 100.1, WHICH IS WRONG.
You must add 0.1 instead of 1 since we have a Substitute the values:
decimal point in the given boundaries. i=
Boundary with After getting the i= 3 (rounded off to the nearest integer)
difference between
the boundaries, add
no decimal point 1 What is a frequency?
one decimal place 0.1
Frequency refers to the number of a certain
two decimal places 0.01
variable which has the given class interval. It is
three decimal places 0.001
the number of times a data value occurs.
See the pattern?
What is the difference between a class limit and
a class boundary?
The position of the number “1” is based on the
number of decimal places of the boundary.
Refer to this table:
If the boundary has one decimal place, number
400-499
“1” must be in the first decimal place. If the
300-399
boundary has three decimal places, number “1”
must be in the third decimal place.
Class limits refer to the actual values that you
see in the table. For example, 300-399 would be
How to calculate the interval from an the class limits of the first class. The lower
ungrouped data to form a grouped data? class limit is 300 and the higher class limit is
399.
For example,
400-499 would be the class limits of the second
Total population of 38. The highest score is 29 class. 400 is the lower class limit while 499 is
while the lowest is 10. the higher class limit.

Formula: On the other hand, class boundaries are not

always observed in the frequency table. Class
boundaries give the true class interval, and
i= similar to class limits, are divided into lower
and upper class boundaries.
Where R is range (the difference between the
highest score and the lowest score). To find the lower class boundary, simply
subtract 0.5 to the lower class limit. (applies
Step 1: Solve for R. only to whole numbers)
Higest score-lowest score
29-10 To find the upper class boundary, add 0.5 to the
R= 19 upper class limit. (applies only to whole
Step 2: Solve for k. numbers)

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Looking back to the example, where:
LB= lower boundary of the class
In the first class, the lower class limit is 300. Cfb = cumulative frequency below the class
Therefore, the lower class boundary is 299.5. fqk / fdk/ fpk= frequency of the class
k= nth quartile
In the first class, the upper class limit is 399. i= interval
Therefore, the upper class boundary is 399.5.
NOTE: ALWAYS USE LESS THAN CUMULATIVE
TAKE NOTE: FREQUENCY

What is the lower class boundary of 300.1 – Example:

399.2?
NCAE Scores F Cf Position
If we will follow the rule stated above, we will 24-26 10 42 33rd-42nd
get 299.6, WHICH IS WRONG. 21-23 9 32 24th-32nd
You must subtract 0.05 instead of 0.5 since we 18-20 7 23 17th-23rd
have a decimal point in the given boundaries. 15-17 8 16 9th-16th
12-14 4 8 5th-8th
9-11 2 4 3rd-4th
Boundary with To find the lower and 6-8 1 2 1st-2nd
upper boundaries, 3-5 1 1 1st-1st
no decimal point ± 0.5
one decimal place ± 0.05 Solve for 6th decile.
two decimal places ± 0.005
three decimal places ± 0.0005 Step 1: Solve for the position.

See the pattern?

The number of zeroes between the decimal
point and “5” is based on the number of decimal
places of the boundary.
If the boundary has one decimal place, there is
one 0 between the decimal point and 5. If the
boundary has three decimal places, there are 3
zeroes between the decimal point and 5.
General formula for Quantiles of Grouped Data:
Qk = LB + ( )i
25. 2 is included in the 24th-32nd position in the
class of 21-23.
Technique in looking for the class of a certain position:
Check the cumulative frequency. If the position is
less than the cumulative frequency of classX but
greater than the cumulative frequency below it,
classX is the class of that position.
If there are two or more classes which have
cumulative frequencies greater than the position,
always choose the lower one.
In the example, the position is 25.2. There are two
classes, 24-26 and 21-23, with cumulative
frequencies greater than 25.2. But since you will
always choose the lower one, 25.2 is included in the
class of 21-23.

Dk = LB + ( )i Step 2: Substitute the values.

D6 = LB + ( )i
Pk = LB + ( )i
Q means quartile, D means decile, and P means percentile

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 D6 = 20.5 + ( )3 Example: 75% of the data is below 30.
30 is the 75th percentile while the percentile
Step 3: Simplify. rank of 30 is 75.

D6 = 21.23 What is the difference between a percent and

Interpretation: 60% of the students scored
below 21.23.
How many students scored below 21.23?
Since 60% of the students scored below 21.23
and there are 42 students in the room,
42(0.6)= 25.2.
Answer: 25 students
percentage?
Percent is a unit of measure while percentage
identifies that which is being measured?
Example:
Sam: “What is the percentage of the students
who failed the exam?”
Ana: “25 percent.”
General Equation for the Percentile Rank:

Why not 26?

For it to become 26, you must add 0.8. Since

where:
25.2 scored below 21.23, that 0.8 is included in
Ppr= Percentile Rank
the 40% of the students who scored 21.23 and
LB= lower boundary of the class
above.
Cfb = cumulative frequency below the class
fp= frequency of the class
There is already a certain number of 25
P= given score
students who scored 21.23, but how about the
i= interval
remaining 0.2?
You can also derive the percentile rank from the
By probability, 0.2 < 0.8 and there is a higher
percentile of grouped data.
chance that the student scored 21.23 and above,
rather than below 21.23.
Percentile of Grouped
Pk = LB + ( )i Data
Lesson 3: The Percentile Rank

Percentile rank of a score is the percentage of Additive inverse of LB.

scores in its frequency distribution that are Pk – LB= ( )i Simply subtract LB on
lower than it. both sides.

What is the difference between percentile or Divide i on both sides

–
other quantile and percentile rank? = ( )

In solving percentile and other quantile, we will

obtain scores that seves as a boundary for a – Multiply Frequency on
given quantile. = both sides

In solving percentile ranks, we will obtain a ( )

number that serves as a “percent” or portion of
a distribution below or equal and greater than
the given score. If the scores are normally – Transpose Cfb.
distributed, percentile rank can be inferred from
the standard score

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 There is already a certain number of 28
= students who passed the exam, but how about
– Multiply 100 on both the remaining 0.97?
sides
= kn By probability, 0.03 < 0.97 and there is a higher
– Divide N on both sides chance that the student passed the exam.

=k Check this example:

Age f cf
Example:
10-12 3 10
Scores f cf 7-9 2 7
91-97 2 50 4-6 3 5
84-90 3 48 1-3 2 2
77-83 10 45
Find the Percentile Rank of 6.5.
70-76 15 35
63-69 11 20
6.5 is the lower boundary of the class of 7-9 and
56-62 6 9
the upper boundary of the class 4-6.
49-55 3 3
A. If we will use class 7-9 in the solution
Find the Percentile Rank of 70.

Step 1: Know the class of 70. 70 is included in

70-76.
%
Step 2: Substitute the value.
B. If we will use class 4-6 in the solution

Step 2: Simplify.
%

Interpretation: 50% of the students aged below

Interpretation: 42.14% of the students scored
below 70 while 57.86% of the students scored 70
and above.
How many passed the test if 70 was the passing
score?
6.5 years old.
Therefore: If a certain score is included in the
boundaries of two classes, you can use either of
the two to solve for the percentile rank.

Since 57.86% of the students scored 70 and

above, the number of students who passed the End of 4th Quarter Lessons in Mathematics 10
exam is: Prepared by: Bien Galoso

50 (0.5786)= 28.93

Answer: 29

WHY NOT 28?