Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

Function: Theoretical classes

Pratical classes
Laboratory classes

Evaluation: 3 Exercises sets (1 every other 3 weeks) - 30%

Reports of laboratory works - 20%
Final exam - 50%

Bibliografy: Slides supporting theoretical classes

Laboratory guides
Problems colecction to practice
Books
Contacts: Beatriz Vieira Borges (responsável)
email:bborges@lx.it.pt
IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges
2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

Course Contents:

1. Introduction to Power Electronics 6. DC/CC converters:

2. Electronic Devices Basic Topologies
3. Circuits with Diodes and Switches Operating principles
4. Transient and steady state circuits Switch Mode Power Supplies
behaviors and energy recover. Converters Modelling
5. AC/DC (rectifiers): 7. High frequency inductors and
Non-controlled rectifiers transformers.

Phase controlled rectifiers 8. DC/AC Converters:

Operating principles and
PWM rectifiers (with sinusoidal modulation techniques
input current)
9. Switching Audio Amplifiers
10. Resonant Switching Techniques

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

Power Electronics Converter

Electrical
Source POWER
Input LOAD Output
Power DC or AC CIRCUIT Power

comando
Source
Signals CONTROL
CIRCUIT
Data Feedback

POWER CIRCUIT CONTROL CIRCUIT

- devices semiconductor electronic devices and circuits
- Input and output filters necessary to the proper regulation
and command of the converter
- power transformer
- protection circuits

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

High efficiency High Power Density

[W/cm3] or [W/inch3]

Electronic
PI PO
Converter

h=PO/PI
When efficiency is low
there is great termic Loss of Reliability
dissipation inside the
converter. The generated Higher Dimensions
heat must be extracted
to the outside, by means (heatsinks)
of heatsinks
IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges
2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

Electronic Devices working in ID

conduction and in cut off
VDS

CONDUCTION CUTOFF
VDS=0 ID=0 PD=ID*VDS=0

Use of non-dissipative components

linear switching

X X

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

IO
DC-DC +
VI=100V + R=5W VO=50V
Converter
- -

IO=10A
Variable +
Resistor
VI=100V +
-
Power
Losses=500W
R=5W

-
VO=50V
X
h=50% IO=10A
+
Linear VI=100V
Semicondutor
+
-
Power
Losses=500W
R=5W

-
VO=50V
X
h=50%
IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges
2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

Switching Converter h=100%

iI I=10A T
1 1
+
+ + VO   v S t dt  DV I
VI=100V 2 FILTER R VO T 0
- vS(t)
- -

VI
vS(t)
VO=DV
T
DT (1-D)T

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

1
+
VI
+
2 L Switching
VI C R VO
- Converter
-

iI L
iC +
+
VI VO
-
C R
feedback
-

Transistor Drive compensator

d(t) PWM G(s)
ve
vRef
DT T t Reference Voltage
ve(t)
t Control Circuit

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

Converters Classification according to the input and output wave-

forms of the voltages and currents

rectifiers
AC-DC Converters

AC-AC Converters
--
DC-DC Converters

inverters
DC-AC Converters

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

vO
v VO(av)
AC-DC
wt
natural commutation iO
iO
a p 2p+a wt
DC
iI c
a
vAK1
r vO
AC vI g wt
a

v1  2 sin t wt
a 2p+a

p+a wt
iI

iO>0 e vO>0 ou < 0 wt

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

iO
AC-DC Converters
v1  2 sin t iI c
a
r vO
vI g
a
Drive Circuits

PulseTransformers

Input voltage sampling

transformer

IST-DEEC
Controller
Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges
2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

AC-AC Converters
natural commutation vO
v VO(av) = 0

iO wt
CA iO

vI carga vO a p 2p+a wt
CA
vAK1
v1  2 sin t
wt

a 2p+a wt

iO>0 ou < 0 e vO>0 ou < 0 p+a wt

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

iO
AC-AC Converters
Natural Commutation vI carga vO
v1  2 sin t
CA CA

“drive” circuits
identical to the
rectifiers’ ones

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

DC-DC Converters
Forced commutation

CC CC
iO iO
c
a
ton T t
vI r
g
vO a vO

v1  VI ton T t

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

DC-DC Converters
Forced commutation

Power Circuit iO
v1  VI c
a
vI r
g
vO a

Control
Circuit

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

DC-AC Converters
Forced commutation
v1  VI
iO
DC
iO AC T/2 T t
vI carga
vI
vO vO t
-vI T/2 T

iO e vO > or < 0

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

DC-AC iO
vI
Converters

R S T

iO e
Power Circuit vO > ou < 0

Control
Circuit
IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges
2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

Special Converters High

iI +
n:1 Frequency
L iC +
+
iL
vL
-
D
R vO(t)
Switching
VI ideal
-

CC CA CC
C
- power Supply
S

Power Circuit DC-AChf-DC

Freq. [100kHz]
Power<100W
Control h<85%
Circuit

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

Special Converters
SMPS with power
factor correction
AC-DC- DC-AChf-DC

vI DC DC DC
n:1
iI + +
L vL D iC
iL - R vO(t)
w ideal
iI vI C -
t S
wt
iIav(w t) v1  2 sin t
AChf
AC

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

Special Converters
Quasi Resonant Power Supply
n:1
+
iI L iC +
iL -
vL D ZVS (buck-boost)
VI + ideal R vO(t)
-
C “Zero Voltage Switching”
LS CS -
S

CC-CAhf-CC
Power Circuit

Frequency:
[1MHz]
Control Power<50W
Circuit
h<95%
IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges
2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

PWM-Resonant
Special Converters
Switching Power Supply
“Zero Voltage Switching”
Power Circuit

DC-AhfC-DC

Frequency:
[250kHz]
Control
Circuit Power<1kW
h=97%
IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges
2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

Special Converters Audio

Switching
Power
Amplifier
Power Circuit
AC-DC-AhfC-AC

Frequency:
[132 kHz]
Power<2kW
Control
Circuit h<80%

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

Switching processes:

Natural commutation:
When in a circuit, conditions are created, so that a device can pass from
conduction to cutoff without any action from outside. These conditions are
created by infuence of the mains or by influence of the load, and by means of
turning on another device or by actuating in the gate terminal of the
semiconductor.

source commutation load commutation

iT iT

iT iT

t t
iG iG

t t

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

Forced commutation
When it is necessary to actuate at the gate terminal of the device to pass it from
the state of conduction to cuttoff.

iT
V R L
t
iG
t

line (devices commutate due to the ac behavior of the

natural - input voltages) “line frequency converters”
load (the load makes the current to oscillate in the switch.
“load commutated converters”

forced - “switching converters”

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015
 +
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION
 
AC-DCConverter
- v I  2VI sin t vO  VO   a n cos n t   bn sin n t
P n 1 n 1
+
N
vO
Ideal
vI vO=VO
vO vI

N
Filtering
P -

 
DC-AC Converter v I  VI vO   a n cos n  t   bn sin n  t
P n 1 n 1

N
vI
Ideal
+
vI vO vO=2 VO sin wt
vO -

P Filtering

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

Power electronics basic procedures:

Do not connect in series current sources with different current values.

Do not connect in parallell voltage sources with different voltage values.
Do not open inductive circuits.
Do not short-circuit capacitive circuits.

• If the input is a voltage source, the output must have current source characteristics (load in series with an inductor).
• If the input is a current source, the output must have voltage source characteristics (load in parallel with a capacitor).

Incompatabilities Elimination by insertion of reactive adaptative elements:

L L
Insertion of C to open V V
na inductive circuit R open R

Insertion of L to V L
V
connect two voltage R R
sources in parallel C close C

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

Power semiconductor devices:

A K
1. Diode

A K
2. Thyristor - (SCR) “Silicon Controlled Rectifier”.
G

A K
3. Gate Turn Off Thyristor - (GTO) .
G
E C
B B
4 . Bipolar Junction Transistor - (BJT).
D D
C E

5. Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET). G

G
S
C S

6. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor - (IGBT). G

E
A

7. MOS Controlled Thyristor - MCT -. G

K

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

A K
Diode
Turns on when the voltage at it’s terminals, vAK , becomes positive.

Turs off when it’s current, IF , becomes negative.

Diode Ideal
IF
Characteristic

VAK

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

K
Tiristor A
IF
G
Turns on if vAK becomes positive and if a only Turn-ON Control
low duration current pulse is present at its
gate terminal.
Blocks if the current IF becomes negative + VAK -
A K
Thyristor IAK G
Ideal iG

Characteristic
vO
v VO(av)
IF
blocking turn-on vAK wt
iG
a 2p+a wt
VAK

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

MOSFET D

Totaly controled. Turns on if vGS is positive. S

Blocks if vGS becomes null or negative.

MOSFET
Ideal ID

Characteristic

VDS

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

IGBT C
Freq. [20 kHz]
G

E
Totally controlled. Conducts if vGE is positive.
Blocks if vGE becomes null or negative.

IGBT
Ideal IC

Characteristic

VCE

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

High Frequency Transformers

v1 v2

Ferrite core

ideal
v1 N1

i1 i2
v2 N 2 + +
i2 N 1 v1 v2
 -
i1 N 2 -

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

High Frequency Transformers

Equivalent circuit

i’1 i1 i2 i’2
+ Ll1 + + Ll2 +
v1 im v2
Lm
- - - -
N1 :N2

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

High Frequency Transformers

This image cannot currently be display ed.

i’1 i1 i2 i’2
+ Ll1 + Ll2 +
v1 +  N2 
2
v2
L  
- - -  N1  -
N1 :N2

Lm = infinite (magnetizing inductance)

Ll1 e Ll2 = 0 (leakage inductances)

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

PE- is a multi-disciplinar subject that implies the study of various areas:

Circuit Topologies, Semiconductor Devices, Modelling and Modulation Techniques, Control
processes and its characterization, Filtering Techniques and Harmonic Suppression, etc.

TOPOLOGIES
ELECTRICAL
COMPUTOR DRIVES CONTROL
ADDED DESIGN
CAD

POWER
SEMICONDUTOR
DEVICES
DIGITAL AND
ANALOG
POWER
ELECTRONICS ELECTRONICS
REGULATION AND
CONTROL

VLSI
INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS
mCOMPUTORS
mPROCESSORS

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

APPLICATION FIELDS/ EMERGENT AREAS

Computers and
periferals

Power supplies Telecomunications

Aerospacial
Sistems
Lightening
Electronic sbalas
Electrical Control of Lightening
Drives Frequency
converters
Ele tronic ignition
Renewable
energies
Automobile
Industry

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015 Prof. Pedro Santos
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

Aplication Tecnológical Areas de / emerging areas

Power semiconductors
Power modules
PIC

Power Management
DC/DC Modules

Passive components
Magnetic materials/ cores

Protections HVDC

Power Distribution

Thermal Management
casing
(EMC)

Simulation & modelling

Regulation & Control

Converter Topologies

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015 Prof. Pedro Santos
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

Products and systems involved in PE

Power Semiconductors Supplies
Darlington Modules Passive components HF-Transformers
Diodo/tiristor Modules (hybrid) L DC e AC power supplies
IGBT Modules C
Frequency converters
Smart Power IC e PICs R
UPS
Transformers (isolation, HF, ...)
Power Diodes
cores, ferrites, magnetic materiais
Stabelizers
MOSFET Modules
coils Laboratory supplies
Motor Drivers
Batteries
Static relays
Power Management Systems
IC Converters
DC/DC converters modules
Application-oriented ICs Thermal
management CAD Tools
Opto-Semiconductor Components
Heatsinks Development Software
Sensors & Microsystems
Radiators & frisers Simulation Software
Electrical and Magnetic variables sensors
Fans Test Software
Temperature sensors
Peltier Elements Specific Application Software.
Micro-actuators
IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges
2003 Prof. Pedro Santos
Power Electronics INTRODUCTION

APPLICATIONS
 INDUSTRIAL:  POWER SYSTEMS:
Compressors; Fans High Voltage DC Current Transfer (HVDC)
Tool Machines (Robots) VAR Static Systems
Induction Heating Renewable Energy Sources
Lightening Energy Storage Systems.
“Lasers”
Welding Machines
Electrchemical Processes.
 AERO SPACIAL INDUSTRY:
Power supplies systems for aerospace.
 COMERCIAL: Satelites Power Supplies Systems
Heating, ventilation and air condicioned Airplane Power Supplies Systems .
Cold equipment
Lightening
Computoes and office equipment
Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS)  TELECOMMUNICATIONS:
Lifts. Battery Chargers
SMPS
UPS.
 TRANSPORTES:
Controlo e accionam. de veículos eléctricos de tracção
Carregadores de baterias  DOMESTIC APPLICATIONS:
Locomotivas eléctricas Fridges; Heating; Hovens
Metropolitano Domestic electronics; Lightening.
Carros eléctricos, automóveis, etc.

IST-DEEC Profª Beatriz Vieira Borges

2015