UNIT ONE: THE CONTEXT OF EXTENSION  Agricultural production was able to keep up its pace

with population during that time because of the

Population and Agricultural Production: Global and Country following strategies:
Statistics o Modernization of agriculture
o Area expansion
Population Growth o Farm diversification
 A significant dimension of development (Dyson, 1999).
 It is the most important factor fueling the global Green Revolution
demand for more food to be produced.  A series of research, development, and technology
transfer initiatives, occurring between the 1940s and
Population the late 1970s, that increased agriculture production
 Conversely, the United Nations reported the world around the world, beginning most markedly in the late
population estimate of 7.7 billion as of January 2020 1960s.
according to the most recent United Nations  This initiative was led by Norman Borlaug, the "Father
estimates elaborated by Worldometer. of the Green Revolution”.
 Projections of population growth established in 2017
predict that the human population is likely to keep Components of Green Revolution Technology:
growing until 2100, reaching an estimated:  Introduction of high yielding seed varieties for several
o 8.6 billion in 2030 major crops
o 9.8 billion in 2050  Creation and utilization of energized irrigation
o 11.2 billion by 2100 facilities
 According to the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA),  Use of high doses of fertilizers and pesticides,
our country has a total population of 106.6 million on  Extensive use of farm machinery geared towards
2018. improving farm productivity
 To date, our country has 108,960,432 as per UN
database (Worldometer). The Green Revolution has also been widely criticized for the
 PSA estimated that there will be 110 million Filipinos following reasons:
in 2020.  Caused environmental damage
 The over-all pattern of population growth can be  Polluted waterways
explained by the demographic transition which is a  Killed beneficial insects and other wildlife
process of changing the high birth and death rates to  Degradation of land
low birth and death rates.  Led to loss of biodiversity on farms
 Weeds have increased: Due to heavy crop rotation
Factors affecting Global Human Population pattern
 Time  Chemicals in water
 Fertility Rate  Loss of old seeds
 Mortality Rate
 Initial Population The World of Commodities
 Migration
1. Rice Players (source: USDA 2017-2019)
Agricultural Production Rank Producer Importer Exporter
 In 1798, Thomas Malthus wrote one of the first books 1 China China Thailand
on population control, entitled: “An Essay on the
Principle of Population as it Affects the Future 2 India Nigeria India
Improvement of Society”. 3 Indonesia Philippines Vietnam
 "the power of population is indefinitely greater than 4 Bangladesh Iran Pakistan
the power in the earth to produce subsistence for 5 Vietnam Indonesia US
man,". Saudi
 His prediction is that rapid population increase would 6 Thailand
Arabia
Burma
surpass the ability of mankind to produce requisite
7 Burma EU Uruguay
food.
 Whether food supply can keep pace with increasing 8 Philippines Iraq Cambodia
human population still remains a major concern. 9 Brazil Senegal Brazil
 During the Green Revolution period, many nations 10 Japan Malaysia Guyana
were self-sufficient in food that despite the rapidly
growing population, agricultural production was able
to keep pace with population growth.
2. Maize /Corn Players (source: INDEX MUNDI, 2019)
Rank Country Production (1000 MT)
1 United States 347,006 GDP - composition by sector:
2 China 254,000 (Source: CIA World Factbook - 2018)
3 Brazil 101,000
4 EU-27 64,560  Services: 59.8%
5 Argentina 50,000  Industry: 30.8%
6 Ukraine 35,500  Agriculture: 9.4%
7 India 29,000 The gross domestic product (GDP) or gross domestic income
8 Mexico 25,000 (GDI) is a measure of a country's overall official economic
9 Canada 14,000 output. It is the market value of all final goods and services
10 Russian Federation 14,000 officially made within the borders of a country in a year.
11 South Africa 14,000
12 Indonesia 12,700
13 Nigeria 11,000
14 Ethiopia 8,400
15 Philippines 8,100

3. Sugarcane Players (Source: USDA)

Rank Producers Importer Exporter
1 Brazil US Brazil
2 India China Thailand
3 China Bangladesh Australia
4 Thailand Malaysia Guatemala
5 Pakistan S. Korea EU
6 Mexico Italy India
7 Colombia Indonesia Mexico
8 Philippines UK Cuba
9 Indonesia Algeria Colombia
10 US UAE UAE

4. Banana Players (Source: USDA)

Rank Producers Importer Exporter
1 India US Ecuador
2 China Belgium Belgium
3 Philippines' Germany Costa Rica
4 Ecuador Russia Guatemala
5 Brazil Japan Colombia
6 Indonesia UK US
7 Angola China Philippines
8 Guatemala Italy Netherlands
9 UR of Tanzania Netherlands Germany
10 Mexico France Honduras

5. Coconut Oil Players (Source: USDA)

Rank Producer Importer Exporter
1 Indonesia US Philippines
2 Philippines EU Indonesia
3 India Malaysia Malaysia
4 Sri Lanka China US
5 Brazil Japan Sri Lanka
6 Thailand Korea PNG
7 Vietnam Russia EU
8 Mexico Singapore Cote D Ivoire
9 Papua New Guinea Canada Canada
10 UR of Tanzania Australia India
AGRICULTURAL MODERNIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Agricultural modernization is the process of great changes/
transformation in agriculture
Introduction
o Agriculture largely contributes to a country’s
economy. Increase in agriculture productivity is a
major force for economic growth especially in low
income developing countries. A stable agriculture
sector also ensures a country’s food security.
Ways in modernizing Agriculture?
 increased land under irrigation
 multiple cropping/activity
 increased mechanization
 value addition to traditional crops
 reforming land acquisitions
 encouraging the entrepreneurship drive
 developing marketing channels for agricultural
produce
International labor Office (ILO)
Modernization of Agriculture has at least four
dimensions:
o Raising productivity levels by using better technologies
o Diversifying into dynamic exports
o Changing to more durable tenurial arrangements
o Ensuring the adoption of core ILO labor standards as a
component to sustainable development
Agriculture Modernization in the Philippines
o Agriculture in the Philippines is the primary and often
only source of income for poor rural people. However,
this sector showed lack of performance both in terms
of growth and share to total output and employment,
as well as its ability to secure food for the Filipinos and
alleviate poverty in the rural areas.
o The failure to modernize agriculture is the root of the
massive poverty in rural areas
o In 1997, the Philippines through the Department of
Agriculture passed into law the Agriculture and
Fisheries Modernization Act or AFMA. It became
effective in 1999.
o AFMA is a comprehensive blueprint for agriculture
modernization and rural development in the
Philippines.
o AFMA seeks to modernize the Philippine agriculture
for the country to compete in the global market.
o AFMA is the process of transforming the agriculture
and fisheries sectors into one that is dynamic,
technologically advance and competitive yet centered
on human development, guided by the sound
practices of sustainability and the principles of social
justice.
AFMA aims to achieve the following:
 Transform the agriculture and fisheries sectors to
technology-based, advanced and competitive
industry
 Ensure that the small farmers and fisherfolks have
equal access to assets, resources and services
 Guarantee food security
 Encourage farmer and fisherfolk groups to bond
together for more bargaining power
 Strengthen people’s organizations, cooperatives and
nongovernment organizations by enhancing their
participation in decision-making
 Pursue an aggressive market-driven approach to make
the products more competitive in the market
 Stimulate further processing of agricultural products
and make it more marketable
 Implement policies that will invite more investors to
establish business in the country
7 principles of AFMA
 poverty alleviation and social equity
 food security
 rational use of resources
 global competitiveness
 sustainable development
 people empowerment
 protection from competition are in the right places
Sustainable Agricultural Development
o Sustainable development was first coined by the
Brundtland Commission in 1987 as “meeting the
needs of the present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own needs.’’
o A pattern of resource use that aims to meet human
needs while preserving the environment.
o Sustainable development is having a healthy
environment, an equitable society & vibrant
community. It is shared responsibility of the present
and future generations.
How can we preserve our environment?
o By not polluting them
o Stop Illegal logging
o Through Sustainable Agriculture- one that produce
abundant food w/o depleting the earth’s resources or
polluting its environment
Goals of Sustainable Ag. Development
o Satisfaction of human food and fiber needs
o Enhancement of the environmental quality and
natural resource base upon which the agricultural
economy depends
o Efficient use of non-renewable resources and on-farm
resources and integrate, where appropriate, natural
biological cycles and controls
o Sustaining the economic viability of farm operations
o Enhancement of the quality of life for farmers and
society as a whole
Sustainable agriculture has three components Four Major Crops
o Economic sustainability  Rice
o Environmental sustainability  Sugarcane
o Social sustainability  Corn
 Coconut
Economic sustainability
 A farm must be profitable for it to be sustainable. A Primary Crops
farm’s economic sustainability depends on many  Rice  Pineapple
factors: crop production methods, farmer’s  corn  Coffee
management, decision-making, and marketing skills.  coconut,  Mangoes
 However, sustainable agricultural practices can  Sugarcane  tobacco
improve the farm’s value by improving its water and  Banana  abaca
soil quality. The use of chemical fertilizers and
pesticides are reduced, thus cutting costs and Top Five palay producing provinces are:
minimizing damage to the environment. Farmers can 1. Ilocos Norte
also sell directly to local markets to cut transportation 2. Nueva viscaya
costs. 3. Occidental Mindoro
4. Davao del Norte
Environmental sustainability 5. Davao Oriental
 Sustainable agriculture not only aims to have little to
no adverse effect on natural ecosystems, it also seeks Secondary crops
to have a positive impact on these.  Peanut  Cabbage
 Sustainable agricultural methods include: maximizing  Cassava  Eggplant
diversity through planned crop rotations,  Sweet potato  Calamansi
intercropping, companion planting, protecting water  Garlic  Rubber
quality, composting year round soil cover, integrating
 Onion  Cotton
crop and animal production, and attracting beneficial
wildlife.
o Rice is the most important crop in the country. It is
 Soil fertility and structure is improved by using organic grown extensively in Luzon, the Western Visayas,
fertilizers and applying inorganic fertilizers only as Southern Mindanao, and Central Mindanao.
needed based on soil test results. Another important o In the early 1970s, rice production in the Philippines
component is pest management. increased significantly.
 Some strategies to manage pests include: using crop o Rice production decreased in the 1980s due to natural
rotations that will disrupt pest life cycles, improving calamities (storms & drought) and the economic crisis.
soil quality, practicing good sanitation, using optimum o Philippines is the 8th largest rice producer in the world
planting densities, timing of planting and transplanting
operations to avoid high pest populations, using Reasons for importing Rice
biological control, and growing resistant varieties.  Rapid Population growth
 Poor road and Irrigation infrastructure
Social sustainability  Limited suitable of land to expand production
 This relates to the quality of those who live and work
on the farm and in the community. This includes fair o Corn is the second most important crop in the
treatment of workers, positive family relationships, Philippines.
positive interactions with consumers, and purchase of o One of the problems in corn production was the
local supplies. In essence, the farm supports the infestation of Asian corn borer. In Dec 2002, the
community and the community supports the farm. Department of Agriculture approved the release of Bt
corn MON 810. This technology was intended to
PHILIPPINEAGRICULTURE SCENARIO control the population of the Asiatic Corn Borer (ACB),
Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee).
General Scenario
 The agriculture sector plays an important role in The top corn producers:
Philippine economy. Although its contribution to the  Isabela
country’s GDP (18% in 2009) declined, the agriculture  Bukidnon
sector is still a priority because it provides  South Cotabato
employment to the country’s labor force. It White corn: Maguindanao, Lanao del Sur, Lanao del Norte
contributed 34% to the national employment. Yellow Corn: Isabela, Bukidnon, South Cotabato
 Land Area (30 million hectares, 9.67 million hectares
are Agricultural)
 o Coconut is one of the four major crops of Philippine
agriculture, the others being rice, corn and sugar. Of
the country’s total coconut production, about 85% is
exported in the form of copra, coconut oil and Products Markets
desiccated coconut. Coconut oil USA (43%), Netherlands (29%)
Banana fresh Japan(36%), China(14%)
The top 5 coconut producing provinces: Tuna USA (21%), Germany(13%)
1. Quezon Pineapple & products USA ( 42%), Japan(17%)
2. Davao Oriental
3. Davao del Sur
4. Leyte
5. Zamboanga del Norte

Five top Banana producers:

1. Negros Occidental
2. Bukidnon
3. Batangas
4. Negros Oriental
5. Iloilo

o Sugarcane in the Philippines is grown mainly in Negros,

Luzon, Panay and Mindanao. The Biofuel Act of 2006
or Republic Act 9367 was passed by the Philippine
government to create a market for ethanol investors,
thus paving the way for the development of fuel
ethanol production industry in the country.

Top Sugarcane producing Provinces:

1. Batangas
2. Negros Occidental
3. Negros Oriental
4. Bukidnon

o Abaca is extensively grown in southeastern Luzon,

eastern Mindanao, and in Leyte and Samar. Both
abaca and sugarcane are the country’s important
agricultural export products.
o Fish provides protein in the Filipino diet. The principal
fish export is canned tuna. Tilapia is also emerging as
competitive product for export.
o Milkfish, sardines, anchovies, tuna, scad, mackerel are
among the most important commercial fishes of the
Philippines.
o For fishery products, the export winners are,
seaweeds, prawns, tuna and deboned milkfish. Tilapia
is also emerging as competitive export product for
export
o The agricultural products in the Philippines are
exported around the world, including the United
States, Japan, Europe, and the ASEAN countries. Major
export products are coconut oil and other coconut
products, bananas, pineapple & products.
o Coconut oil is still the top agricultural export of the
country comprising about 21 percent of the total
agricultural exports.