ú,an¾ Y%dï; ckikaksfõok wOHhkfha mqfrda.

dó fufyjr

yeÈkaùu

ikaksfõok wOHhkfha mshd jYfhka i,lkq ,nkafka uydpd¾h ú,an¾ ,ka.a Y%dïh'
ikaksfõok m¾fhaIKhkays úfYaI×fhla f,iskao" iqm%isoaO u;Odßfhla f,iskao" Wmdfhys
oCIfhla f,iskao fyf;u f,dj mqrd iïNdjkdjg md;% úh' Tyq úiska .%ka: 25 la muK
fukau iÕrd úYd, ixLdjla rpkd lr úúO NdId /ilg mßj¾;kh lrk ,È' Tyq úiska
fufia rpkd lrk ,o fm< fmd;a ikaksfõok wOHdhk laCIA;%fha mq¿,a lrjkakla úh' fya
w;=ßka úfYaIfhka ck ikakdfõokh" udkj ikaksfõok úoHdj" ck ikaksfõok l%s hdj,sh yd
m%;s,dN fukau ck udOHh yd cd;sl ixj¾Okh yd iïnkaO lD;ska úh'

tfukau Tyq úiska úfYAIfhka ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, iy wdishdkq fukau ol=KQ
meis*sla rgj, iudc foaYmd,k Ôjkhkays ikaksfõokfha N+ñldj ms<sn|j mÍCId lrkq ,eìKs'
m%:u jrg ikaksfõokh ms<sn| mÍCId lrkq ,eìKs' m%:u ikaksfõok m¾fhaIKhka u; mokï
jQ wOHdmk wdh;khkao wdrïN l< ú,an¾ Y%dï kj ikaksfõok fCIA;%hl fodrgq újr lf,ah'
fufia ikaksfõok fCIa;%fha mqfrda.dó fufyjrla ú,an¾ Y%dï úiska bgq flßks'
 Ôjk pß;h

TysfhdayS uÍgdys§ j¾I 1907 wf.dia;= ui 27 Èk Wm; ,enQ ú,an¾ ,ka.a Y%dï wiqfjks úfha§
j¾I 1987 foieïn¾ ui 27 jk Èk ñh .sfhah' Tyq j¾I 1930 § weußldkq YsIaGdpdrh ms<sn|
Wiia Wmdêhla ydjâ úYajúoHd,fhka ,nd .;a w;r" bka wk;=rej f,dajd úYajúoHd,fhka
bx.%Sis idys;H ms<sn|j wdpd¾h Wmdêhla ysñ lr .;af;ah' W¾nkd - Ieïfmaka.a ys b,sfkdhsia
úYajúoHd,h ;=< ikaksfõokh ms<sn| m¾fhaIK i|yd wOHdmk wdh;khlao" iag Ekaf*daâ
úYajúoHd,fha ikaksfõokh ms<sn|j jevigyla o Tyq úiska wdrïN lrk ,§' tfiau fydk¨¨
iy ydjdhs ys kef.kysr - ngysr uOHia:dk j, msysá ikaksfõokh ms<sn| wOHdmk
wdh;kfha ysgmq wOHCIljrhdo úh'
 ikaksfõok lafIA;%h i|yd oelajq odhl;ajh

uydpd¾h ú,an¾ Y%dï úiska ikaksfõok lafIa;%hg isÿ l, fiajh w;suy;ah ' Tyq ikaksfõok
wOHhkfhys mshd jYfhka i,lkq ,nhs' ikaksfõokh yd tys ixj¾Okh ms<sn|j fukau
tlai;a ckmofha úYaj úoHd,hkays ikaksfõok wOHhkdxY mssysgqùug;a n,j;a yelshdjla Tyq
i;= ú ;snqKs' Tysfhda yS uÍgd yS§ Wm; ,enq ú,an¾ Y%dï uq¯K iud.ul fiajh lsßfuka
wk;=rej weußldkq YsIaGdpdrh ms<sn| wdpd¾h Wmdêhlao ysñlr .;af;ah' tysÈ Tyq úiska bx.%Sis
NdIdfjka ks¾udKd;aul f,aLK ms<sn| jevuq¿jla wdrïN lrk ,§'

j¾I 1942 m%nkaOh fjkqfjka —´-fykaߘ ;Hd.h
idOl úh' ñksia iïm%odfhka Tíng .sh foaj,a
fp!iiaf.a m%isoaO lrK ,o jD;a;dka;hkays wjg
wkqidrfhka rÑ; ldjH ix.%y ms<sn|j fm%alaIl
Ndrh úh'
,nd .eksu i|yd Tyqf.au l:d fmd;a fya;=
ms<sn| Tyqf.a we,au ;Sõr ù ;sìKS' tfukau
wd¾Óluh fldkafoais mss <sn|j;a" úúO Wmud
m%;spdrh mÍlaId lsßu;a" uq,a ld,Sk ld¾h

ikaksfõok m¾fhaIKhkays úfYaI{fhla f,iskao" iqm%isoaO u;Odßfhla f,iskao" f,dj mqrd

iïNdjkdjg ,lajq uydpd¾h ú,an¾ Y%dïf.a woyi jqfha" — hï flfkl= mqreÿ mqyqKQ l< hq;af;a
ukd yslaóuhs'˜ hkakhs' Tyq ienúkau ks¾udKh l, foa thh's ikaksfõok lafIa;%h ;=< m%isoaO
W.;=ka iuqyhla yd Tyqf.a wNHdi,dNska úYauhg m;alrjk iq¿h' miq ld,Skj Tjqka Tjqkaf.au
kdhlhska fjñka ;jÿrg;a Tyqj ish WmfoaYlhd f,i;a" mdKä;Hfha m%Njh f,i;a ms<s.kq
,eîh' Tyq úiska .%ka: 25 la yd iÕrd úYd, ixLdjla rpkd lr úúO NdId /ilg mßj¾;kh
flßks' Tyq úiska rÑ; .%ka: fukau Tyq úiska uq¯Kh lrk ,o fm< fmd;a ikaksfõok
wOHhk lafIa;%h mq¿,a lrjkakla úh' fï w;=ßka úfYaIfhka ck ikaksfõok l%shd" ck
ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh iy ckudOH iy cd;sl ixj¾Okh hk lD;Ska úh

tfukau uydpd¾h ú,an¾ Y%dï ;reK ;reKshka iy <uqka rEmjdysksfha keröfuka we;s jk
M, úmdl ms<sn|j wOHhkh lf<ah' tfiau wOHdmksl yd iudc.; lKavdhula f,iska
udOHfha j.lSu mss<sn|jo Tyqq b;d ´kElñka is;d ne¨fõh' Tyq úiska úfYaIfhka ixj¾Okh
fjñka mj;sk rgj, iy úfYaIfhkau wdishdkq iy ol=KQ meis*sla rgj, iudc" foaYmd,k
Ôú;hkays ikaksfõokfha N+ñldj ms<sn|j mÍCId lrKq ,eìKs' tfukau Tyq Tyqf.au foaj,a
wka;¾.; lr.ksñka fndfyda rchkag jákd WmfoaYlfhlaj isáfhah

fojeks f,dal hqO ld,h we;=<; m%pdrl lghq;= ms<sn| mßCId lsßu i|yd Y%dï hqO f;dr;=re
ms<sn| ld¾hd,hg iïnkaO úh' fuu ld,h ;=<§u ^/lshdfõ kshqla; fjñkau& úYd, f,i
udkj p¾hdj ms<sn| l%u úoHdjkag iïnkaO úh'

W¾ndkd-Ieïfmaka.a ys b,sfkdhsia úYaj úoHd,h ;=< ikaksfõokh ms<sn| m¾fhaIK i|yd

wOHdmk wdh;khla o" iagEkaf*daâ úYajúoHd,fha ikaksfõokh ms<sn| jevigykla o Tyq
úiska wdrïN lrk ,§' tfukau Y%dï fydk¨¨ iy yjdhs ys kef.kysr-ngysr uOHia:dkj,
mssysá ikaksfõok ms<sn| wOHdmk wdh;kfha wOHlaIljrhd jYfhkao fiajh lf<Ah '
hqfkiaflda wdh;kh yd tlaj 1964 È uqøKh lrk ,o —ckudOH yd cd;sl ixj¾Okh˜ hk
lD;sh úfYaIfhka Y%dñf.a jeo.;a lD;shla úh' tfukau Tyq iudc wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh yd
ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha me;sßu w;r iïnkaO;dj ms<sn| m¾fhaIK m%n, f,i wdrïN lf<Ah'

m%:u jrg wdpd¾h Wmdêhla m%Odk lsßfï jevigykla wdrïN lsßfukao" ikaksfõok
m¾fhaIK u; mokï jq wOHdmk wdh;khla iys; m%:u úYajúoHd,hla wdrïN lsßfukao" m%:u
jrg rÑ; fm< fmd;a wdÈh u.ska ú,an¾ Y%dï ikaksfõo wOHhkh mss<sn| kj lafIa;%hla wdrïN
lf<Ah'

fï wdldrfhka ld, jljdkq lsysmhla i|ydu ikaksfõokh ms<sn| m¾fhaIKhkays me;slv

ks¾udKh lsßfuys ,d n,j;a yelshdjla Tyqg ;sìKs' wjqreoaolg mkia oyila muK m%:u
uÜgfï Wmdê m%odkh lrk úYajúoHd, wOHhk wxY Wmßufhka fooyila muK tjla mgka
j¾Okh úh' tfukau tlai;a ckmo úYajúoHd, úiska 5] la issh¿u Wmdëka m%odkh lrkq
,eìK'S tfukau ikaksfõok wOHhk úYd, f,i ,;ska" weußlka" hqfrdamd iy wdishdkq
úYajúoHd,hkays W.kajkq ,eîh' tlai;a ckmohg fndfyda fihska ÿßka isá isiqyq fï i|yd
,shdmÈxÑ ù isáhy'

j¾I 1932 È f,dajd úYajúoHd,fhka bx.%Sis idys;H ms<sn| ish wdpd¾h Wmdêh ,nd .eksfuka
wjqreÿ follg miq Y%dï f,dajd úYajúoHd,fha mSG idudðlfhl= njg m;aúh' tysÈ Tyq úiska
f,dajd úYajúoHd,fha rplhkaf.a jevuq¿jla o ls¾;su;a WmdêOdß m%nkaO rpkd lrk jev
igyklao wdrïN lr yiqrejkq ,eîh' j¾I 1934 isg 1941 olajd ikaksfõokfhys YslaIK
Ydia;%fha uq,sldx. ms<sn| j wdpd¾h Wmdë jevigyka i|yd Tyq úiska f;dr;=re fidhd .kakd
,§' fuysÈ Tyqf.a m%fõYhg iïnkaO jqfha mßlaId lsßu i|yd f;dard.;a Wmdê isiqka iq¿
m%udKfha mka;s iïuka;%K bf.k.eksug iyfhda.h olajk yd iyNd.sùug yels mßirhkah '
weußld tlai;a ckmoh fojk f,dal hqoaOhg iïnkaO ùug isÿjq úgÈ ikaksfõok wOHhkfha
kj lafIa;%hla fidhd .ekSu msKsi;a Y%dïf.a jD;a;sh Ôú;fha fuu wjodkï iuh u. fmkajkq
,eîh' iajfoaYdNsudkhlska hq;j = Y%dï hqyqiq¨j ishleue;af;ka fjdIskagka rcfha ld¾hNdrh
i|yd bÈßm;a jqfhah' tysÈ Tyq —Fact & Fiqures˜ ld¾hd,fha iy hqO f;dr;=re ms<sn|
ld¾hd,fhys jevigyka yiqrejkq ,eìh' fuysÈ iudc úoHd{ fmdaa,a t*a ,id¾iaf*,aâ"
foaYmd,k úoHd{ yer,Aâ ,eiafj,a" ufkdaúoHd{ laj¾Ü f,úka iy ld,a fydõ,kaâ iy
fjdIskagkays úúO jq hqOld,sk ld¾hkays iïnkaOjq wfkl=;a weußldkq iudc úoHd{hska iuÕ
Y%dï jevlghq;= lf<ah' hQO W;aidyhka jeä ÈhqKq lsßu i|yd Tjqyq ks;m s ;d /iaù ikaksfõok
l%shdldrlï ie,iqï l<y' Y%dï iy Tyqf.a W.;a YsIH;aj,dNSka fuu ikaksfõok m¾fhaIKh
i|yd oeä leue;a;la oelajQy' tfukau fuu kj W.;=kaf.a weig fmfkk foa ;=<ska yuqod
mqyqKQ Ñ;%mghkays jákdlu úksYaph lsßug;a" m%pdrl lghq;= úYaf,aIKh lsßug;a" weußldkq
ck;dj b,lal lr.;a ckikaksfõok l|jqre mss<sn|jo wjOdkh fhduq lf<ah' fjdIskagkhg
meñKs ú.i Y%dñf.a fuu oDIaáfha ikaksfõok wOHh khla ;=< nyq úIh YsCIKhla we;s
lrjkakla úh' fuu oDIAáh Èh;a lrkakg wjYH Yla;sh úYajúoHd, wjg ;sìKs'

j¾I 1943 § Y%dï fjdIskagkfhka bj;aj hk w;r f,dajd úYajúoHd,hg kej; meñK tysÈ Tyq
m%jD;a;s m;% mdif,ys wOHCIl Oqrhg m;alrK ,§' fuysÈ ikaksfõok m¾fhaIK ms<sn|
wdpd¾h Wmdêhlao msßkukq ,eìKs' fldf<dïìhd úYajúoHd,fhys fmda,a ,idf*,af.a .=jka
úÿ,s m¾fhaIK ld¾hd,h f,dajd úYajúoHd,fhys Y%dï m¾fhaIK wOHhk wdh;kfha wkqrEmh
úh' fuh Y%dï Èiajqfha úYajúoHd, jHqyh ;=< úoHdudkjq ikaksfõokh ms<sn| kj wOHhk
lafIa;%hla fidhd .eksfï wjia:djla f,iskah' ñfkdafidagd iy úiafldkaiska úYAjúoHd,hkays
È jd¾;dlrKh ms<sn|j fukau ckikaksfõokh ms<sn| wdpd¾h jevigykla Èh;a lsßfï
jHdmdr fï ld,h ;=< ;sìKs' fuh ch.%yKh lrkq ,enqfõ úiafldkaika úYajúoHd,fhys
jd¾;dlrKh ms<sn|j uydpd¾h ú,ahdâ íf,ahÜ iy Tyqf.a ys;j;a YsIHhka úisks' kuq;a
Y%ïf.a oDIaÎh ;=< n,j;a yelshdjla ;snqKS' j¾I 1947 isg 1953 olajd ld,h ;=< Y%dï W¾ndkd yS
b,sfkdhsia úYajúoHd,fhys ikaksfõok wOHhkh ms<sn|j Tyqf.a oDIaÀh úYsIaG m%udKfhka
l%shdfjys fhdojkq ,eìK's fuysÈ Tyq ikaksfõok m¾fhaIKh ms<sn| wOHdmk wdh;kfhys yd
wdpd¾h Wmdê m%Odk lsßfï tallfhys wOHlaIljrhd njg m;ajq w;r kj ikaksfõokh ms<sn |
úoHd,fhys mSGdêm;s njg m;aúh'

tfuka u Tyq b,sfkdhsia úYajúoHd,fhys uq¯K wdh;kfha l;Djrhdo jqfhah' fuu yelshdfjka
Tyq la,õâ Iefkdakaf.a jeo.;a lD;shla jq “ The Mathematical Theory of Communication”
(1949) hk .%ka:h uq¯Kh lrk ,oS' tfukau Y%dï fuu b,sfkdhsia úYajúoHd,fha ish uq¯K
wdh;kfhka —ckikaksfõok l%shdj,sh iy tys m%;sM,˜ hk lD;sh iy kj lafIA;%h i|yd
bjy,ajk fm<fmd;ao uq¯Kh lf<ah' b,sfkdhsia úYajúoHd,fha iNdm;sjrhd tu Oqrfhka bj;a
l, ú.i tys wOHdmk l%shdldrlï i|yd Y%dï úiska ish mßmd,kuh iyfhda.ho wjika
flf<ah' 1953 È Y%dï iagEka*¾â úYajúoHd,h lrd mshke.=KQ w;r tysÈ Tyq bÈß wjqreÿ 25 l
ld,hla ikaksfõok m¾fhaIK ms<sn|j wOHdmk wdh;kfha wOHlaIljrhd f,i lghq;=
lf<ah' th ikaksfõok wOHhkfha uyÕ= yelshdjla ;sfnk fukau uy;a yrißka ms<s.kq ,enQ
wdh;khla njg m;aù ;sìKs' cd;Hka;r ikaksfõokh ms<sn|j fukau ,;ska" weußldkq"
wm%sldkq" wdishdkq rgj, ikaksfõok N+ñldfõ ixj¾Okh ms<sn| fidhd ne,sug uy;a
leue;a;la Tyqg ;sìK's fuysÈ Tyqf.a fuu m¾fhaIKh iy kj ikaksfõok u;jdo Ndú;h
ms<sn|j j¾I 1959 iy 1964 È Tyq úiska rÑ; .%ka:hkays ukdf,i olajd we;' tfukau
rEmjdysksh keröfï m%;sm,hla f,i we;sjk <ud m%pKav;ajh ms<sn| fidhd n,k ikaksfõok
wOHhk yeisrùug ukd yelshdjla Tyq i;=j mej;=Ks'

cela ,hs,s iy tâúka mdl¾ iuÕ j¾I 1961 § rÑ; lD;sfhys fï nj oelafõ' tfukau
iagEka*â úYajúoHd,fha § Y%dï úiska m¾fhaIKh iy u;jdoh ms<sn|j l=vd lKavdhï
m%udKfha" úYsIaG W.;=ka msßila mqyqKq lrkq ,eìK'S

ikaksfõokh ms<sn|j fuu kj wdpd¾h Wmdëka iys; Y%dïf.a m¾fhaIK wOHhk NdId
wOHhkdxYhka iy jd¾;dlrKh i|yd mj;akd mSGh yd iïnkaO úh' fuysÈ fuu tall
wkql%ufhka m%n, ie,ls,a,g n÷ka jq ikaksfõok úoHdjg yrjkq ,eîh' 1970 iy 1980 hk
oYl ;=< isÿjq fuu fjki ksid ikaksfõokh hk jpkh b;du;a blaukska mq ¿,a f,i oi;
me;sr .sfhah'

j¾I 1973 § Y%dï iagEka*â úYajúoHd,fhka úY%du .;af;ah' bka wk;=rej ñfkdajdys yjdhs
úYajúoHd,fha kef.kysr-ngysr ikaksfõok wOHhk wdh;kfha Tyqf.a Ôjk jD;a;sh Tyqg
udkislj mSvdldß;ajhla f.kÿKs'

Tyqf.a jD;a;Sh Ôú;fha fuu wjika ld,h ;=< j¾I 1977 § Ökfha fydxfldx úYajúoHd,fha
ikaksfõokh ms<sn| uydpd¾h —wya nqka ysɶ hk .re kdufhka uydpd¾h Y%dïj ms<s.kq ,eîh'
yjdhs ys .; l< wjqreÿ 14l ld,h ;=, Y%dï wdishdj ;=, ikaksfõok wOHhkfha m%.ukh
fjkqfjka odhl úh' fydõnkaâ" f,úka" ,eidia f*,aâ" ,eiafj,a hk ikaksfõok lafIa;%h
ms<sn| wdÈ uq;=kañ;a;kafuka fkdjq ú,an¾ Y%dï bx.%sis idys;H ms<sn| ish uq,a wOHhk lafIa;% h
w;yer ouñka ikaksfõok iïm%odfha l=vd lKavdhï ikaksfõokh yd ikaksfõok m%;sM,
ms<sn| m¾fhaIK mj;ajdf.k hdfï mqfrda.dñhd úh' ikaksfõokh ms<sn| uydpd¾h moúh
f,dj mqrd /f.k .sh m%:u nqoaêu;d Tyq úh' tlai;a ckmofha iy wfkl=;a úfoaY rgj, újO
úYajúoHd,hkays Tyqf.a Ydia;%sh oDIaÀh l%shd;aul lf<ah'

tfukau myiqfjka f;areï .eksug yels jq ikaksfõokh ms<sn| wkqrEmhka jeä ÈhqKq l,
ú,an¾ Y%dï f,dj iqm;, ikaksfõokh ms<sn| u;Odßfhla jqfhah' fï ms<sn| —ck ikaksfõok
l%shdj,sh iy tys m%;sM, ˜ hk lD;sfhys fï nj oelafõ m%Njh" mKsúvh iy .ukdka;h ^
mKsúvh meñKSug kshñ; ia:dkh& hk ksrka;rfhka ikaksfõokhg iïnkaO iudc
úoHd;aul oDIaáh ie,ls,a,g Ndckh lrñka m%Njh iy .ukdka;h ;=< isÿ jk l%shdoduh
ms<sn| uydpd¾h Y%dï úiska fmkajd ÿks'

wjidkh

ikaksfõokh ms<sn| mßfhaIK wdh;kho" ikaksfõok wOHdkdxYhlao" ikaksfõokh yeoEÍug

mdi,lao wdrïN l< uydpd¾h ú,an¾ Y%dï ikaksfõokfha mqfrda.dñhd jqfhah ' m%:u jrg
ikaksfõokh ms<sn| wdpd¾h Wmdëka m%odkh lr tu.ska f,dj mqrd ikaksfõokh ms<sn| W.;=ka
úYd, ixLHdjla ìyslrñka kj ikaksfõok lafIA;%hl ux udj;a fy<sl, mqfrda.dñhd jqfhao
uydpd¾h ú,an¾ Y%dïh'

Tyq ;udf.a Ôú;fha wjika fudfyd; olajdu fiajh lf<A ikaksfõok lafIA;%fha m%.ukh
fjkqfjks' M,odhs Ôú; ld,h ms<sn| idrdxYhla jq— udkj ikaksfõokh˜ hk lD;sh rpkd
lrñka isák w;r;=rÈ f,dj iqm;, ikaksfõokfha mqfrda.dñhd j¾I 1987 foieïn¾ ui 27 jk
Èk fydk¨¨ ySÈ ish wjika yqiu a fy¿fõh' kuq;a miq ld,Skj fuu .%ka:h j¾I 1977 §
uq¯Kh lrk ,§' fufia kj ikaksfõok lafIa;%hl ux udj;a újr l, uydpd¾h ú,an¾
Y%dïf.a wNdjfhka miq f,dalh mqrd isá Tyqf.a ys;j;=ka yd Tyq ìysl, YsIH mrmqr
ckikaksfõok wOHhkh f,dj mqrd m%p,s; lsßug Wr ÿkay' 1973 j¾Ifha Y%S ,xldfõ
m%:ujrg ckikaksfõok úIh fCI;%h le<KSh úYajúoHd,fha úYajúoHd, YsCIKhla
f,i wdrlaId jkafkao fujeks miqìul msysgdh'