Nootan college of nursing

VISNAGAR

SUB:- me
TOPIC: - teaching practice ON “gastrointestinal bleeding. ”

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Mrs.Daxa.P.Patel Mrs. Sayma Mansuri
Asso.Professor 2nd Year M.Sc. Nursing
NCN Roll no.- 03
INTRODUCTION :

Topic: - gestrointesinal bleeding

Venue: - s.y msc nursing

Class Taught: - s.y msc nursing

Method Of Teaching:- Lecture Cum Discussion.

Audio Visual Aids: - Power Point Presentation, Black Board.

 PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE OF THE GROUP:-

The Group have limited knowledge regarding gastrointestinal bleeding.

 GENERAL OBJECTIVES:-
At the end of this topic , Group will understand about the meningitis .
 SPECIFICS OBJECTIVES:-

 To explain the Itroduction of meningitis..

 To discuss definition of meningitis.
 To discuss etiology of meningitis ..
 To explain the classification of meningitis.
 To explain the diagnostic evaluation of meningitis
 To explain the management of meningitis.
 To explain the complication of meningitis.
 SPECIFIC TIME CONTENT TEACHING A.V. AIDS EVALUATIO
OBJECTIVE: LEARNING N
ACTIVITY
Gastrointestinal bleeding (GI bleed), also known Lecture cum Power point What is GI
01 To explain about 5 min discussion bledding
the gi bleeding.
as gastrointestinal hemorrhage, is all forms of bleeding in
the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the rectum.
When there is significant blood loss over a short time,
symptoms may include vomiting red blood, vomiting
black blood, bloody stool, or black stool.

Which are the

Types of GI types of GI
bleeding. Bleeding is typically divided into two main types: bleeding.

1. upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

2. lower gastrointestinal bleeding.

Explain upper GI
bleding. 1. UPPER GI BLEDDING:

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is from a source between

the pharynx and the ligament of Traits.

An upper source is characterized by

hematemesis (vomiting up blood) and melena (tarry stool
containing altered blood).
 About half of cases are due to peptic ulcer
02 disease (gastric or duodenal ulcers). Lecture cum
2 min discussion Power point
An upper GI bleed is more common than lower GI Define the
To explain about bleed. An upper GI bleed occurs in 50 to 150 per 100,000 meningitis?
the definition of
03 meningitis. adults per year.
5 min Lecture cum
Causes of upper GI bleeds include: discussion Power point What are the
To explain about classification of
the classification of meningitis?
meningitis.  peptic ulcer disease,

 esophageal varies

 cirrhosis

 cancer,

 NSAIDs or COX-2 inhibitors increase the risk

about fourfold.

 SSRIs, corticosteroids, and anticoagulants may

also increase the risk.
 1. Peptic ulcer:

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a break in the inner lining

of the stomach, the first part of the small intestine, or
sometimes the lower esophagus.

An ulcer in the stomach is called a gastric ulcer, while

one in the first part of the intestines is a duodenal ulcer

2. Esophageal verieces:

Esophageal varices are extremely dilated sub-

mucosal veins in the lower third of the esophagus.They
are most often a consequence of portal hypertension,
commonly due to cirrhosis.

3. Cirrhosis:

Cirrhosis, also known as liver cirrhosis or hepatic

cirrhosis, is a condition in which the liver does not
function properly due to long-term damage.
04 10 min Lecture cum Power point
discussion What are the
To explain about causes of
the causes of meningitis?
meningitis.
 2. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding

Lower gastrointestinal bleeding is typically from the

colon, rectum or anus.

Causes:
Common causes of lower gastrointestinal bleeding
include
 hemorrhoids,
 cancer,
 angiodysplasia,
 ulcerative colitis,
 Crohn's disease,
 aortoenteric fistula.

 It may be indicated by the passage of fresh red

blood rectally, especially in the absence of bloody
vomiting.
 Isolated Melina may originate from anywhere
between the stomach and the proximal colon.

Causes of lower GI bleeds include:

 hemorrhoids,
  cancer,

Inflammatory bowel disease among others.

 ulcerative colitis,

 Crohn's disease,

 aortoenteric fistula

1. Hemorrhoids,
05
5 min It is also called piles, are vascular structures in the anal Lecture cum Power point
discussion
To explain about canal. In their normal state, they are cushions that help What is
the predisposing with stool control. predisposing
factor of factors of
meningitis. meningitis?
They become a disease when swollen or inflamed; the
unqualified term "hemorrhoid" is often used to refer to
the disease.

2. Ulcerative colitis (UC)

Is a long-term condition that results

in inflammation and ulcers of the colon and rectum.

The primary symptoms of active disease are abdominal

pain and diarrhea mixed with blood.[1] Weight loss, fever,
and anemia may also occur.

3. Crohn's disease

Is is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that may

affect any segment of the gastrointestinal tract from
the mouth to the anus.

4. aortoenteric fistula

Aortic fistula is a connection between the aorta and

the intestines, stomach, or esophagus.

Diagnostic test:
Clinical
Gastric aspiration and or lavage, where a tube is inserted into the
stomach via the nose in an attempt to determine if there is blood in
the stomach, if negative does not rule out an upper GI bleed[17] but
if positive is useful for ruling one in.[13] Clots in the stool indicate a
lower GI source while melana stools an upper one.

Laboratory testing[edit]
 Recommended laboratory blood testing includes: cross-matching
06
blood, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, coagulation time, and
15 min Lecture cum Power point
electrolytes.
discussion What are the
To explain about If the ratio of blood urea nitrogen to creatinine is greater than 30 clinical features
the clinical features the source is more likely from the upper GI tract. of meningitis?
of meningitis.
imaging
A CT angiography is useful for determining the exact location of
the bleeding within the gastrointestinal tract.
Nuclear scintigraphy is a sensitive test for detecting occult
gastrointestinal bleeding when direct imaging with upper and lower
endoscopies are negative. Direct angiography allows for
embolization of a bleeding source, but requires a bleeding rate
faster than 1mL/minute.
07 5 min Lecture cum Power point
discussion What arethe
diagnostic
To explain about evaluation of
the diagnostic test meningitis?
of meningitis.
08 10 min Lecture cum Power point
discussion
What is the
To explain about management of
the management of meningitis?
meningitis.
 Lecture cum Power point
10 min discussion
09 What is nsg
management of
To explain about meningitis?
the nursing of
meningitis.
10
5 min Lecture cum Power point
discussion
To explain about What are the
the complication of complication of
meningitis. meningitis?
BIBLIOGRAPHY:-

I. Parul dutta., “PEDIATRIC NURSING” 2nd edition,2009.

published by, jaypee brothers medical

publisher(P)New Delhi.

II. Marlow R.Dorothy, “ TEXT BOOK OF PEDIATRIC”

six edition 2010 published by
Elsevier division of reed india.

III. Rimple Sharma“ESSENTIALS OF PEDIATRIC NURSING”

1st edition, published by jaypee brothers
medical publisher(P) LTD New Delhi

IV. Tambuwadkar R.S“PEDIATRIC NURSING”3rd edition,

2007 Published by vora medical publication
Bombay.