UDC 665.7.004 : 621.6423-111.

1 :
62t .772.46 : 669.14.018.62 :
623.791-75.053.8

- ..
British Standard Specification for
Manufacture of vertical steel welded
nun-refrigerated storage tanks with
butt-welded shells for the
petroleum industry
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Fabrication des rkservoirs de stockage verticaux non refrigbrbs en w . :

acier :lenveioppe soudk 'bout 5 bout pour I'industrie de phtrole - Sp6cifications

Herstellung stehender ungekiihlter Lagertanks aus Stahl mit stumpgeschweil3tem

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1 ' Bfitish Standards Institution

 Foreword
This British Standard was prepared under the direction of
I the Pressure Vessel Standards Policy Committee and
replaces BS 2654 :1984 which is naw withdrawn. it is
designed t o provide the petroleum i n d u m y w i t h tanks o f
adequate safety, reasonable economy and i n a range o f
suitable capacities f o r the storage o f o i t and o i l products.
The committee recognizes, however, that this standard
could be adopted w i t h equal safety.andeconomy by other
industries andlor for the storage of other products,
although purchasers and manufacturers may need t o
formulate and agree additional requirements necessitated
by the conditions pertaining t o a particular application.
NOTE. Users of this British Standard are reminded that the BSI
committee responsible is prepared to offer interpretations of the
texr on request.
The requirements for material selection in this standard
have been based o n the results o f a number o f notched and
welded Wells Wide Plate Tests (WWP Tests) o n carbon arid
carbon/manganese steel plates, carried o u t at the Welding
Institute. I n particular, the proposals are related to the
resutts reportedin 'Mild steel for pressure equipment sub-
zero temperatures', British Welding Jaurnal, March 1964,
b u t all other known WWP test data have been taken i n t o
account. They also reflect many subjective assesvnentsof
practice t o date i n this field as permitted by current British.
"American and German codes.
WWP test data all indicate that resistance t o brittle fracture
is dependent upon the following.
(a) Notch toughness o f the material.
(b) Plate thickness.
(c) Extent o f crack-like defects present; it is believed
that if such defects are absent, brittle fracture w i l l not
be a problem at normal rates o f loading.
(d) Degree o f local embrittfement a t t i p of pre-existing
defects; i n the case o f carbon and carbodmanganese
steels, postweld heat treatment i n the stress relieving
range temperature is effective i n removing severe
embrittlement arising as a result of welding andfor
flame cutting operations.
The method specified i s for determining the notch tough-
ness required of a material in any given thickness f o r
design temperatures d o w n t o - 10 *C based a n tests in
which through-thickness defects u p t o 10 mm long, located
both in locally ernbrittled and postweld heat treated
material, are required t o withstand approximately four
times yield point strain (see figure 1).
Scale A is derived using these criteria and data f r o m WWP
tests f o r as-welded joints.
Scale I3 is used f o r determining the requirements for the
hydrostatic test.
Appendix A gives recommendations for tank foundations
and appendix 6 gives recommendations f o r the design and
application of insulation.
This standard is expressed in metric units and a proposed
range o f standard metric diameters and capacities is given
i n appendix C.
A l l pressure and vacuum values i n this standard are
expressed as gauge values.
The symbols used throughout the t e x t are as listed i n
appendix D.
Appendix E gives recommendations f o r internal floating
covers, appendix F gives recommendations for the design
of venting systems arid appendix G offers seismic toading
provisions.
1
it has been assumed i n the drafting of this British Standard
that the execution o f its provisions, is entrusted to appro-
priately qualified and experienced people.
This edition introduces technical changes t o bring the
standard up-to-date but it does n o t reflect a full review o f
the standard, which w i l l be undertaken in due course.
Compliance w i t h a British Standard does not of itself
I
confer immunity from tmal obligations.
 Page
55 . ' 10 Shell insert type'rei"forcement
55 :. . 11;~B;ai.rbl 'type nozzle reinforcement . - . .. .
'

12 Graph for the determination of the thickness .

of .barrel type nozzle reinforcement '

13 Flanged roof nozzles

a l details for conmxtion of . - '
14 . ~ ~ p i cweld ,

mountings: set-throughtype (preferred

details): t = 20 mm (rnax.1
15 Typical weld details for connection of
mountings: set-throughtype (preferred
details): 20 m m Q t G 40 rnm .
16 Typical weld details for connection of '
mountings: 'set-throughtype (preferred
details]: t i > 40 mm
17 Typical weld details for the connection of
mountings: set-throughtype (alternative
details)
18 Typical weld details for connection of
mountings: compensated set-through type
(preferred details): t = 12.5 mm (max.)
19 Typical weld details for connection of
mountings: compensated set-through type
(preferred details)
20 Typical weld details for connection of
mountings: Compensated set-through type
(alternative details)
21 Typical weld details for connection of
8 Recommendations for the design and application mountings: set-on type (shell nozzles less
of insulation than 80 mm 0.d.)
C Standard diameters for vertical cylindrical tanks 22 Recognized weld details for connection of
.. D List of symbols mountings
.
. ... E, Recommendations for internal floating covers
'
23 Reinforcement details for low type nozzles
',F Recommendations for the design of venting 24 Detailrof overlay weld for nozzles
;:. + . .
. .: ; . systems 25 Details of an acceptable type of spiral stairway
'
' [ G Seismic provisions for storage tanks 26 Handrailing
27 Typical detail of earthing boss (supplied with
Tables tank) site welded to tank shell plates
28 Flush type clean-out door with insert plate
1 Leg length of fillet weld
reinforcement
' ..2 Minimum specified shell thickness
29 Flush type clean-out door with plate
3 Angle ring dimensions
reinforcement 915 mrn x 1230 mm
' . 4 Minimum sizes of top curb angle
30 Flush type clean-out door with plate
5 Manhole and nozzle body thickness
reinforcement 300 mm x 1230 mm
6 Extent of radiography per tank
31 Davit for 915 rnm x 1230 mm dean-out door
7 Acceptance levels for radiographic examination
32 Combined water draw-off and cleanout sump
8 Standard lengths for shell plates
33 Acceptable water draw-off sumps
9 Nominal capacities of standard vertical
34 Location of Charpy V-notch impact test
cylindrical tanks
specimen
10 Requirements for emergency venting
I 11 Soil profile coefficient
35 Typical tank foundation
36 Pad supports
37 Angle section and plate supports
Figures
38 Typical flanged nozzle or manhole
1 Minimum Charpy V impact requirements 39 Typical arrangement showing termination of
2 Typical bottom layouts for tanks insulation adjacent to.the tank bottom
3 Cross Joints in bottom plates where three 40 Typical arrangement with insulation attached
,' thicknesses occur to the shell only
4 Typical joints in sketch plates under shell 41 Typical flanged nozzle or manhole with
plates: tanks up to and including 12.5 m additional branch insulation
diameter 42 Typical construction of insulation local to
5 Typical annular plate joint under shell plates: wind stiffening ring
tanks over 12.5 rn diameter 43 Effective masses
6 Wind girders 44 Centroids of seismic forces
7 Shell-roof compression areas 45 factor K,
8 Typical tank anchorage detail 46 Compressive force w,
9 Shell manholes
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Specification'

2.2 Design metal temperature (see 3.l(f))

1 Scope
The design metal temperature shall be specified by the
This British Standard specifies requirements for the purchaser on the basis of the official weather reports over
materials, design, fabrication, erection and testing of at least 30 years. The design metai temperature shall be
vertical cylindrical welded non-refrigerated st& tanks. the lower of t h e lowest daily mean temperaturet plus
10 OC and the minimum temperature of the cbntents.
The standard applies specifically to the needs of the
petroleum industry and the requirements for the design, For a storage tank cunstructed for service in the UK where
construction, inspection and testing of tank shells apply the sheti temperature is controlled by ambient conditions.
when the design relative density of the product stored will the minimum design metal temperature shall not exceed 0 OC,
not be less than 1.0. For a storage tank constructed for use outside the UK and
NOTE 1. This provides the petroleum industry with the necessary where no long term data or weather reports are available,
opera~ionalflexibility in that tanks originally designed to store one .
the design metal temperature shall be the lower of the
particular praduct can subssquently be utilized to stare products
of differing relati* densities when the need arises.
lowest daily mean temperaturet plus 5 O C and the
minimum temperature of the contents.
The standard applies to non-refrigerated storage tanks with
In the interests of operational flexibility, the minimum
the following characteristics:
design temperature for the tank shall not take into account
{a) maximum design pressure of 56 mbar*; the beneficid effect of heated or insulated tanks.
( b )design metal temperature not cooler than - 10 e ~ ;
(c) that are never filled above the level of the top of the
cylindrical shell or the ovetftow, whichever is lower. 3 Informationto be exchanged prior to
NOTE 2. For special cases outside the scope of this specification implementing the requirementsof this
where the design pressure lies between 56 mbar and 140 mbar.
reference may be made to BS 4741 for types of roof design standard and inspections by the purchaser
procedures. during erection
i n addition to the definitive requirements, the standard -
also requires the items detailed in clause 3 to be'hcu- 3.1 lnformstion to be specified by the purchaser*
mented. For compliance with this standard, both'the The following basic information to be specified'bv the
definitive requirementsand the doarmented items have purchaser shall be fully documented. Both the definitive
to be satisfied. requirements specified throughout the standard and the
NOTE 3. The titles of the publicarions referred to in this standard documented items shall be satisfied before a claim of
are listed on the inside back cover. comptiance with the standard can be made and verified.
(a) Geographical location of the tank.
(b) Diameter and height or the capacity of the tank,
2 Design conditions
including ullage. Where only the capacity of the tank i s
specified ground conditions shall be included.
21 Design pressure bee 3.'l(e))
(c) Whether fixed or ftoating roof is to be supplied
2.1.1 General. In the interests of standardization of design and the type of roof if the purchaser has specific
pressures, storage tanks shali be grouped as specified preferences, i.e. for fixed roofs (cone, dome, membrane,
in 21.2 to 2-74. etc.] or for floating roofs (pontoon, double deck, etc.).
2.1.2 #on-pressure tanks. Non-pressure tanks shall be {dl AH relevant properties of the contained fluid,
suitable for working a t ~mosphericpressure, Mdesigned including the relative density and corrosion allowance
.for an internal pressure of 7.5 mbar and a vacuum of (if, how and where required). . . , ..*..
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2.5 mbar. I n ali cases the'tank shall pornply with 8.5. (el The design vapou; pressure and vaciaurn conditions ,;' $<BF'
.,.Fort.anks with columnsupported roofs, an internal inside'thetank (see 2.1).
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.:?. . be pre&nt) to be used during hnkwater test bee 18.42).
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-. . . . (I) Expected 'ikxirnum diffekential settlements during
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appendix :.:
. water testing and service lifetime of the tank (see
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. . .(m) ~ t h t z rspecifications which arB to be read in
.: . .. conjunction with this.standard.
' (m) Whether a welder making only fillet
3.2 Optional and/or alternative information to be supplied
by the purchaser
The following optional andlor alternative information to
be supplied by the purchaser shalt be fully documented.
'Both the definitive requirements specified throughout this
standard and the documented items shall be satisfied before
a claim of compliance with the standard can be made and
verified.
(a) Whether iheck analysis is required (see 4.3.2).
(b) Whether the weight of insulation is excluded from
the minimum superimposed loadings (see 5.3.2).
(c) Whether significant external loading from piping,
etc. is present (see 5.5).
(dl Whether seismic loading is present requiring specialist
consideration including methods and criteria to be used
I . in such analysis (see 5.7 arid appendix G).
(e) Whether a fixed roof is required and if so:
(11 i f cone roof slope is other than 1 in 5 (see 81.2);
(2)if radius of curvature of dome roof is other than
1.5 times tank diameter (see 8.2.2);
(3)whether made as a double-welded lap joint or a
butt joint (see 8.3.5);
(4) whether particular venting requirements are
specified (see 8.6.1 and 8.6.2).
or (f) Whether a floating roof i s required and if so:
(1) whether floating roof is designed to jand as part
of the normat operating procedure (see 9.1.1);
(2)whether floating roof i s designed for wind-excited
fatigue loading (see 9.3);
(3) whether top edge of bulkhead is to be provided
with continuous single filiet weld (see 9.5);
(4) floating roof ladder details (see 9.6.1, 9.6.2
and 9+6.4);
(51type of primary roof drains (see 9.7.1);
( 6 )requirements for additional roof manholes
(see 9.1 11;
(7) whether maximum aromatic content of the
product is greater than 40 % h l m ) (see 9.13);
(8) requirements for the design of gauge hatch
(see 9.14).
(g) An alternative type of manhole cover (see 11-3).
(h) Details of flange drilling i f not in accordance with
BS 1560 .(see 11.7).
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grit or shot blasting is required (see 13.6.1, 13.6.3 "~
' . . .
. .
and 14.12). . . . . .
.
". . ,.' : ..-: ..- . .
(j)~ e t a i k o erection
f marks (&e 13-7.l):. ..... : . .
. .
(k) Whether welding electrodes and/or key p1aGng. :. . .. .- . . ,
equipment are.to be supplied by the tank r&nufatiurkr . .
(see 14.11. ' :. . _ . . .. . _. .<..,...,. ,".
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. . .
(I) Alternative &a&;gements for pib&iion.bf tank ..: :
. .
foundation (see 14.3). . .
is
required to be approved for such welding in accordance
with BS 4871 : Part 1 (see 16.3.2).
(n) Whether tack welding of shell, roof and bortom i s
permirted to be carried out by non-approvedoperators
(see 163.2).
(01Whether pneumatic testing of reinforcing plates is
required (see 18.3.1 1.
3.3 information to be agreed between the purchaser and
t h e manufacturer
The following information to be agreed between the
purchaser and manufacturer shall be fully documented.
Both the definitive requirements specified throughout this
standard and the documented items shall be satisf i d
before a claim of compliance with the standard can be
made and verified. .
(a) Alternative materials selection (see 4.1). .-
(b) Precautions for avoiding brittle fracture during
hydrostatic testing (see figure 1).
(c) Alternative bottom plate layouts (see 6.1.2).
(dl Spacing of the roof-plate-supportingmembers for
dome roof (see 8 3 1).
(el Any increase in roof joint efficiency for lapped
and welded roof plates (see 8.3.6),
(f) Alternative loading conditions for floating roof
design (see 9.2.1 -4).
(g) The operating and cleaning position levels of the
supporting legs (see 9.10.1).
(h) Proposed method to hold the plates in position
for welding (but see 14.5.7).
(i) The tocation and number of checks on shell
tolerances during erection (see 14.6.2).
(j) Methods of protecting the shell during erection
against wind damage, etc. (see 14.9).
(k)ff fixed roofs are to be erected in the tank bottom,
and raised into position by an air pressure or suitable
means (see 14.10).
(I)Sequence in which joints are to be welded
(see 15.2).
(m) If previously approvedappropriate welding
procedures are acceptable (see 16.1.3).
In) Test procedures to be used during the tank water
test (see 18.1.1).
 3.4 Inspections by the purchaser during erection
The following inspections by the purchaser during erection
shall be fully documented, Both the definitive require-
ments specified throughout this standard and the docu-
mented items shall be satisfied before a claim of compliance
with this standard can be made and verified.
(a) Rectification'of damage to materials prior to
erection (see 14.4).
(b) Repair of all unacceptable defects found in welds
(see 15.14.7).
(c) Additional radiographic testing of welds
(see 15.14.2).
(dl Records of each welder's approval (see 16-3.5.11.
(el Standard test radiograph (see 17.4.41.
(f) Repair of leaks in bottom and bottom to shell welds
(see 18.2.4).
(gl Leaks in pontoon compartments arid decks
(see f 8.5.3).
4 Materials
4.1 Specifications
All materials used i n the manufacture of tanks complying
with this standard shall be in accordance with appropriate
specifications given in either (a) or [b), and as amended or
amplified by the requirements of this st'andard.
(a) Plates, in accordance with BS 4x0
sections and bars: (IS0 630-1980")
Forgings: in accordance with BS 1503 (carbon
and carbonlmanganese steels only)
Bolting material: in accordance with 3s 1506
Piping: in accordance with BS 3602
and BS 3603.
(b) Otherwise suitable materials agreed between the
purchaser and the manufacturer {see 3.Na)) provided
that such materials are equivalent in heat treatment and
chemical composition to those listed in (a) and, in other
respects, comply with aH the requirements of this
standard.
NOTE. Examples are forgings in accordance with ASTM
A105 : 1982t. piping in accordance with ASTM A106 : 1982t or
ASTM A524 : 1980t or Grades A and B of API 5L : 1983*.
4.2 ~t&lrn&ing process
Bessemer steels nor rimming sted shall be permitted to be
used.
The tank manufacturer shall ascertain from the steelmaker
(at the time of order) the condition of supply of all plates,
e.g. as-rolled, mrrnaliaed, or quenched and tempered,
and the nominal composition of the steel.
4.3 Chemical composition
4.3.1 The carbon equivalent calculated from the ladle
analysis using the following formula shall not exceed
0.43 % (mlm) for plates 20 mm thick up to and including
25 mm nor 0.42 % ( m / m ) for plates thicker than 25 ,mm.
4.3.2 The ladle analysis and check analysis, when required
(see 3.2(a)), shall be reported by the steel maker as
required by the particular steel specification together
with values for a l l elements specified i n 43.1 and including
any deliberate additions, e.g. aluminium, niobium, boron
or vanadium. I n a check analysis the carbon equivalent,
using the formula C.+ Mn/6 shalt not exceed 0,43 % (rnlrn)
(see 3.2(;t)).The incidence of testing shalt not be less than
that specified in BS 4360.
4.3.3 For steels with specified minimum tensile strength
greater than 420 Wmm2 the phosphorus plus the sulphur
shall not exceed 0.08 % (mlm).
4-34 Steels shall be either aluminium treated with a
minimum ahminium/nitrogen ratio of 2:l or have a
nitrogencontent of less than 0.01 % (mlm1.
4.4 Notch ductility
4.4.1 General. The required impad test temperatures and
levels of impact properties for shell and bottom armutar
plates shalt comply with the following clauses, as appro-
priate, together with 6.1.4 and figure 1:
(a) clause 4.4.2 for materials <430 ~ l m r n 'tensile
strength;
(b) clause 4.4.3 for materials >430 Wmm2 and
<490 N/rnmz tensite strength;
(c) clause 4.4.4 for materials > 490 f4/rnrnz tensile
strength.
For thicknesses not exceeding 13 mrn in materials with.
specified minimum tensile strengths up to and including . . ,
490 N/rnm2, impact tests are not required. ..

Steets shall be made by the open hearth, electric furnace NOTE. Steels may be -lied in conditiwrs@tther'th&nn-afizd:
when it is m be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the purchaser.,.
. . , .
or one Of the basic oxygen processes. Use of semi-killed that the manufacturing pmcedure le.g..contrded mlling, quench..
. . or fully-kilted steels shall'be permitted provided that they in9 and tempering, accelererred cooling, etc,)will provide equivalent
.. .. .
. comply with all the requirementsof this standard. Neither notch ductility. . . . . ., .
. .
. .

""'
. . . .... ., . , . ;. . . . ...1.: .,..
! .,>,.
. , . . <': . - ?..., : :
. ... - ..,.: > ..-...,.:[' .. : A

. .. *When specifying iSO 630-1980. published by the tnternational Organization for Standardization (ISO), i t is morn&nd<d tf;at.referey : :< k:.;
. .-.
..".(+a
. i s made to the appropriate national see1 standard for the purposes of specifying additional r e q o i r e m t s . m included t h g m h ~.. :
' : .....-.<.:. . .I::

, ~
& d ~ilt'6n
tPubli&ed by the American Society of Materials and Testing and available from the-Library. BSI, .Linf~rd , ~ ~ $ hM e s~.j 4,.: d f~.
i.i" (> "
, .
+Pubfishedby the American Petroleum Industw and available from the Library. BSI, tinford Wood, Milton ~ e y r r e s ' ~6~ il 4
~ .,
- >" . .~.
.-
... ' '";
>..,
.2. ,,

"NOTE. Provided the design metal tomperaturn i s +10 *C or above,
"~
%iti s not necessary to test materials with a specified minimum yield
strength mt e x d i n g 300 N/rnmz and less than 20 mm thick.
4.4.3 Materials with specified minimum tensile strengths
greater than 430 N/mm2 and up to and including
::490 ~ I m m * thicker
, than 13 mrn. Materials with specified
'-:minimum tensile strengths greater than 430 ~/rnrn' and up
to and'including 490 ~ / r n m ' and thicker than 13 mm shall
" be impact tested and show not Iess than 41 J Charpy V at
- 5 OC or at the rest temperature indicated in figure 1 ,
whichever is the lower. Three specimens shall be tested,
the value taken being the minimum average of the three
results. The minimum individual value shall be not less than
70 % of the specified minimum average value.
4.4.4 Materials with wecified minimum tensile strengths
greater than 490 ~/mrn*,all thicknessesSMaterials with
specified minimum tensile strengths greater than 490 N/mm2
and of a l l thicknesses shalEbe impact tested and show not
less than 41 J Charpy V at - 35 OC or at the test temperature
. indicated in figure 1, whichever is the lower. Three speci-
mens shall be tested, the value taken being the minimum
average of the three results. The minimum individual value
shall be not less than 70 % of the specified minimum
average value.
4.5 Mountings
4.5.1 Reinforcing plates and insert plates shall have a
minimum specified yield strength not less than 90 % of the
.>. . . . - . . . ..-z.r. : . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .
" ..., .. - . . . - ..
minimuin specifid y@d& a h for the $hill plates to"::': . , :..?
which they are atiiched,.~ile.bodiesshall also &&ply
with these requirementswhen the nozzle , b d y is used in
the reinforcement calculation. '
4.5.2 Permanent attachrnents,.rsinforcingplates, insert
plates, nozzle bodiesand flangesshall comply with the notch
ductility requirements:of.A.4. The refere&e..thick,r%ss. '
shall be taken &"thb ribminat.ttiidcn& o'f. .the bmponertt
except for the foliowing. .. . .
(a) Welding neck 'f/ang&. T& refeience thickness shall
be taken as the thickness at the weld or 25 % of. the
flange thickness.. whichever i s greater.
(b)Hubbed or slipon flanges. The reference thickness
shall be-takenas the n o r n i ~thickness
l of the branch
to which the flange is welded or 25 % of the flange
thickness, whichever is greater.
(c) Reinforcingplates. The reference thickness shall be
taken as i t s nominal thickness and if such plates exceed
40 rnm thick, they shall show not less than 27 J
Charpy V at -50 OC, irrespective of the minimum design
metal temperature. Three specimens shall be tested,
the value taken being the minimum average of the three
results. The minimum individual value shall be not less
than 70 % of the specified minimum average value.
4.6 Other requirements
4.6.1 -The measured thickness a t any point more than
15 mm from the edge of any shell (whosethickness shall
comply with 7.1.3). bottom, roof or annular plate shall not
be'less than the specified thickness less half the total
tolerance given in table 8 of BS 4360 : 1979.
4.6-2 The measured thickness a t any point more than
15 mm from the edge of shell plates whose thicknesses have
been calculated in accordance with 7.2.2 to be greater than
as specified in 7.1.3, shall not be less than the calculated
minimum thickness.
 Scales Scale A

temperature O C [see 2.2

Charpy V t e s t temperature OC

(fntermediate values may be determined by interpolation.)

NOTE. Scale A on the ordinate is to be used i n determining minimum Charpy V requirements for the thickness and
minimum design temperature concerned. For the purposes of this note.conversion of the measured impact value to the
27 J (or 41 J for steels with specified minimum tensile strength greater than 430 N/rnmlI value may be made on the basis
of 1.35 J per O C , such extrapolation being limited t o a maximum range of 2 0 ° C For example. ifthe actual value by test
.is 33.75 J at -20 OC for a steel of specified minimum tensite strength greater than 400 Nlrnm2.the equivalent test
temperature for 27 J may be assumed t o be -25 O C .
The requirements derived from scale A take into account an improvement i n safety which may be anticipated as a result ,

of the hydrostatic test. During t h e f i m hydrostatic test the degreo o f sewrity against brittle fracture may be rather less
,
.
than o n subsequent bading. Attention is drawn to the more conservative requirementsof scale 6 when consideratibn is: . .
m be given t o the use of this scale during hydrostatic resting of tank shells constructed o f steels with specified minimum
tensile strength greater than 430 N/mma.The application of scale B. or any alternative procedure regarding the precautions '
',
' '

to b e taken during water testing t o safeguard the tank from brittle fracture, is the subject of agreement between the
purchaser and the manufacturer {see 3.3[bl). ..
Figure 1. Minimum Charpy V impact requirements
 .*.7
plates shatl be o r annular plate shall be fillet-welded continuouslyon., , .,; ' . , .
+.~,iapped,They ;hall be welded .onthe t o p side only w i t h a b o t h sides of ft% shell plate... . '1' ' . .. . .._ ..,...
':. " , -. . ..- . . .
'

?$4ult.fil& weld, and,with arninirhum lap o f five times the , *

The leg 'lengthof k c h fillet &eld:h$ll beequal t d t h e t h i c e . ., " .-

' ~ $ ~ : ~ i & of ~ plate['& & t i o n C-C o f f igun 2).
n ethe '~

ness of the sketch plate or annular plate (see sectioris 0-0,' ' ...
.'$:~:Jhi rectan&r
..=?, i.' .: ..pi&
, . . . >.
bnd the
sketch p tates shall be lapped
a d E-E of+.figure.2),except that they sha!l n o t exceed the , .. '. .
:i:+zwer,
.>. .
-+>.,':;
the
-: ,
anrluiac.ring
*
6hegmentaiplates where these are appropriate value given in .table 1 when t h e shell plate . .
.. . .- .
:;%,uset$ They rhali beweld'ed on the t o p side only w i t h a f u l l thickness i s ies'sthan the b o t t o m plate thickness.
..%:$+iilet weld.and the minimum, lap shatl be 60 mm (see
,f '

..%,:*&ction
. .-. E- E of figure 2).
. -. ~ "

1 Table 1. Leg length of fillet weld I

. .
.., .
At the ends of cross joints in rectangular plates and sketch
plates where three thicknesses occur, the upper plate shall
: be hammered d o w n and welded as indicated i n detail A
I Shell plate Log length of
I
n
' '

thicknos fillet weld .

. ,o r B o f figure 3 as a'corrective measure if the upper plate
'overlaps the lower plate. ,

6.2.2 For tanks of 12.5 m diameter and under, the ends o f

.the joints in the sketch plates under the b o t t o m course of
6 and over
shetl plates shafl be welded for a minimum distance of
. .. - 150 mrn as shown i n figure 4.
.. .
in the design o f high-pressure tanks (see 2.1.4), special
6.2.3 For tanks exceeding 12.5 rn diameter, the radial
consideration shatl be given t o the limitation of uplift i n
. seams connecting the ends o f t h e annular segmental plates
the tank bottom (see clause 10).
;'. shall be f u l l penetration butt-welded; a backing strip weld
.' 0.f the form shown i n figure 5 is acceptable. Typical layauts for tank bottom plates are shown in
sections A-A and 6-B o f figure 2.

Section X - X Section Y-Y

Figure 3. Cross joints in bottom plates where three thicknesses occur (see 6.2.1)
 . . . .. ..
. . .,.
1

e d iprimary.? .." ..:., . ,

7.3.1;l Op&top tanks shall ' k e ~ p ~ v i d with
stiffening ring to ,mainfair1roundness when the tank js . ..:':.s . .. . . , L
:'
.
.
subjected t o wind load$ The pritnaiy ring'shall'be ldcated .; .1:: : , ''+

at or near the top of the top

. . course'and
. preferably dn the .: - ,

><- outside of the tank,sheli. ' . ' , .

3Wkisht
: . .. -. heisht less the seismic freeboard.
-. or-the
be
,f<i
'

a ~ l on the &ative density of

: ~ :.~ $ : k t c u ~ ; d t i ~ s hb'ased 7.3.1.2 Fixed-roof tanks with r h f struct~ireare considered . ..
to be adequately stiffened a t the top of the shell by tfie ;:
;.rrvi

@!'..st~re$~~du&,and this shall not'be less than 1.0.

. .
.
, ,
. , *, ,.. -.. . . . . .
structure, and a primary ring is not therefqre considered .. , .
27.2.2
Q- .. . ,The &il&kii ' i h i u l a $ih,atl be.iisedin'calculating
necewry. . .
., .. . . . .
,
.
'

.:.,&e k*,ir . .& i l i i m m . i k n t (in,mm} of shell plates {see 4.6.2): . .. ... .._. '
s
. _
:i >.,:, ;..:. '... .
7.3.1.3 The required minimum section modulus of the
' '

. D : f. ;
" ' %

.,
'- -.6.,::. .:2...~i .,-205 ' { .# ,l y i H , 0.3)
-.
.<:;:
>
,;-:

- +c ' primary stiffening ring 2 [in cm31 shall be determined by

~*...
.". . the equation*:
:'where
.. Z = 0.058 D H
H is the distance from the bottom of the caurse under
where
consideration to the height defined in 7.21 (in m);
D 'is the tank diameter (in m);
D is the diameter of the tank (tanks in excess of 60 rn
in diameter shall be considered to be of this dimen-
; w is the maximum density of the contained liquid under sion when determining the section modulus) lin rn);
storage conditions, but shall not be less than 1.0
H is the heightof the tank shell including any 'freeboard'
(in glml);
provided abwe the maximum filling height (see 7.2.1)
S is the allowable design stress (see 7.1) (in ~ / r n m I;* (in m).
p is the design pressure (this can be neglected for
7.3.1.4 The section modulus of the primary stiffening ring
non-pressuretanks) (in mbar);
shall be based upon the properties of the applied members.
c is the corrosion allowance (in mm). NOTE 1. It may include a portion of the tank shell for a distance
of 16 plate thicknesses below and, where applicabte.above the
7.2.3 The tension force in each course shall be computed ring shell attachment.
at 0.3 rn above the centre line of the horizontal joint in
question, except when adjacent upper and lower courses are When curb angles are attached to the top edge of the shell
.made from materials with different mechanical properties ring by butt welding, this distance shall be reduced by the
'and: .- width of the vertical leg of the angle. -,.
NOTE 2. Section moduli values for typical ring members are given
Hu - 0.3 ' HL - 0.3 in figure 6.
3.
Su SL' 7.3.1.5 Stiffening rings shall comprise:
where
(a] structural sections or formed plate sections; or
Hu i s the distance from the bottom of the upper course
(b)sections built up by welding; or
to the height defined in 7.2.1 (in m);
(c) combinations of such types of sections assembled
Su is the atlawable design stress of the upper course
by welding.
(in ~/rnrn');
NOTE. The outer periphery of stiffening rings may be circular
HL is the distance from the bottom of the lower caurse or polygonal.
to the height defined in 7.2.1 (in rn);
7.3.1.6 The minimum size of angle for use alone, or as a
SL i s the allowable design stress of the lower course component in a built-up stiffening ring, shall be
(in ~/mrn*I; 60 mm x 60 mm x 5 mrn. The minimal nominal thickness
then the thickness of the upper course shalt be calculated of plate for use in formed or built-up stiffening rings shall
using the modified formula: be 5 mm when its width does not exceed 600 rnrn and shall
be 6 rnrn if over 600 rnm wide.
t= -
0
(98wH +p) + C.
7.3.1.7 When stiffening rings are I m t e d more than
20s
600 mm below the top of the shell, the tank shall be
Furthermore, no course shall be constructed at a thickness
provided with a 60 rnrn x 60 mm x 5 rnrn top curb angle
less than that of the course above. irrespective of the for 5 rnm top shell course.and 80 mm x 80 mm x 6 mm
materials of mmtruction.
angle for top shell course 6 mrn and thi&er.

r h i r equation is b a d on a wind velocity of 45 mls (100 m.p.h.). If specified by the purchaser, other wind uelocitiez ( V (in mls)) may
be u& by multiplying the equation by tVl46)'.
 -. --

Ssctmn through wind # i d ~ Ssction modulus

Member size* 8 mm
shell

cm'
-
-
-
-
&

Detail A top angle

Continuous f i l l e t -
weld
--
-
lnterntttent
weld --
Detail B curb angle

Continuous -
weld -
-
Intermittent. -
veld -
-
-
Detail C single angle

-
-
-
-
-
-
-

Detail D channel

b
t-
Continuous f i l l e t 374.8 1
473.07
577.15
686 89
802.38
922.93
1W9.08
Intermittent weld 1180.59
1317.40
1459.48
T60681
1759.34
1997.07
2079.98
-.- --- 2248.04
2421.24

Detail E formed phte

t4L-

*Mass per unit kngth given in parentheses, where appropriate.

Dimensions are in mitlirnetres, unlessotherwise stated.

Figure 6. Wind girders

 . '... . " , .
..... . ' .... : " r , ' :.,.,. . , " .

:.&
. .:?.. ::;..A
i .
.. 1 .
.
. .

(c) 83 rnbar, for other fixed-roof tanks, i.e. 6 mbar V .= 60 rnfs, v, = 5 rnbar, so K = 6.040644
I

I
(design) setting, plus 2.5 mbar to allow accumulation
for the vacuum valve to develop full design throughput.
NOTE. A lower level of total vecuum may be used in the compu-
tation if this can be proven to be justifiable, e.g. with full-bore large
free vents or low pumping rates on non-volatile storage.
Hence

Hp = 6.040644 a = 3.254 rn

Since 2Hp < HE < 3Hp, two secondary rings are required.
7.3.2.7 T h e formulae to be used in the design of secondary These are ideally located at HE/3and 2HE/3, i.e. 2.444 m
wind sirders shall be as follows. and 4.888 m below the primary ring on the'equivalent shell.
The upper ring is on a shetl course of minimum thickness,
so no adjustment of its location is needed.
The lower ring is not on a course of minimum plate thick-
ness, so an adjustment is needed and its position below the
orimarv rins shall be:

The secondary rings are thus 2.444 rn and 5.353 rn below

where the primary ring, and are angles 200 mm x 100 mm x
12 mm.
D i s the tank diameter (in m);
Example 2. A fixed-roof non-pressure tank 48 m diameter
tmi, is the thickness of the top course (in mm);
22.5 rn high having nine 2.5 rn courses of thicknesses 8,
t i s the thickness of each course in turn (corroded 8,10.6, 14.3, 17.9, 21.6.25.3, 29 and 32.6 mm is to be
condition where applicable) (in mm); designed for a wind speed of 55 m/s, How many and what
h i s the height of each course in turn below any i s the location and size of secondary rings?
primary ring (in m); .- Course h f
He
He i s the equivalent stable height of each course m rnm m
at t m i ,(in m); 1 2-5 8.0 2.500
H E i s the equivalent stable full shell height 2 2.5 8.0 2.500
at tmi, [in m); 3 2.5 10.6 1.237
V, i s the design wind speed (in mh); 4 2.5 14.3 0.585
v, i s the vacuum for design of secondary wind girders 5 2.5 17.9 0.334
(in mbar); 6 2.5 21.6 ' 0.209
K is a factor; 7 2.5 25.3 0.141
8
H, is the maximum permitted spacing of'rings on shells
'
9
of minimum thickness (in m).
Example 1. A floating-roof tank 95 m diameter, 20 rn high
having eight 2.5 m courses of thicknesses 12.0, 12.0, 14.2,
19.7.24.7.29.8, 34.9 and 39.9 mm is to be designed for a V, = 55 m/s, v, = 5 mbar, so K = 6,945
wind speed of 60 m/s. The primary ring i s located 1.0 m Hence
from the tank top. How many secondary rings are required
and what are their sizes and tocation?

m mrn rn
<
Since 2 H , < HE 3Hp, two secondary rings are required. .-;. '

These are ideally located H E / 3and 2 n E / 3 ,i.e. 2.561 m . .."

.
and 5.122 m from the tank top. . ..-,:...
. \
, . ".
The upper ring is on a shell course of minimum plate . ..,,,':'..,~'. ,
. a k .

thickness, so no adjustment is needed. . .

. . . . < : .. . '

The lower ring i s not on a c&se of minimum plate thick-r,'::?$

ness, so an adjustment i s needed and i t s position from the.. ..?;:...
. ' .. .

JC)'
tank top will be: ,...
.
j

. " . . 3 .:';
. . .. ,.
(5.1 22 - . O i510- 3 . 2 ~ 0 ~
.
' ' , ?.,.' :.-',: ,
. . . . .
. .... .. ,:

-. -
The secondary rings are therefore 2.561 m and 5.250 m
from the top and are angIes 150 mm x 90 mrn x 10 mm.
 . .
(.
. . . ." ...
I " . ,
r. .:
I. j

(b) Additional vertical ring bracing, on trussed roofs For buckling:

only, shall be provided in an approximately vertical
plane between the trusses as follows:
( I t roofs over 15 m up to and including 25 m where
diameter: one ring;
R , is the radius of curvature of roof (in m)
(2) roofs over 25 rn diameter: two rings. {for conical roofs. R , = Rlsin0; see figure 71;

8.4 Roof ptating'witfrout supporting structure P, i s the external Ioading plus self-weight of the
(membrane roofs] .
1; ~
plates (in k ~ / r n
E i s Young's modulus (in ~/mrn'1;
8.4.1 All membrane roofs shall be of either butt-welded or
double-welded lap construction. p i s the internal pressure (in rnbar);
S i s the allowable design stress (in ~ l r n r n *1;
8A.2 Membrane roofs shall be designed to resist buckling
due to external loading and shall be checked for internal tr i s the roof plate thickness (in mml;
oressure. 9 i s the joint efficiency factor as specified in 8.3.6.
For pressure:
8.5 Compression area
tr= -pR1
20sq
(for spherical roofs) 8.5.1 The compression area is the region at the junction of
the shell and the roof which is considered to resist forces
r,= -
pR1
l0Sq
(for conical roofs) imposed by the internal pressure and the maximum widths
of plates making up the compression region shall be as
shown in the shaded areas of figure 7.

R, is the radius of curvature of roof (in ml [for wnicat roofs = RlsinO);

R is the radius of tank shell (in m);
t i s the thickness of shell (in mm);
t, is the thickness of angle stiffener (in mm):
t , is the thickness of roof plate at compression ring (in mml;
Wh is the effective roof length (in mm).

' . Figure 7. Shell-mof compression areas (see 8.5.1)

;:ii,+h&& ;.: . - -.." .- .> .v 1. .... " - .. . .,:, . .. .,.
,. . . :.
'
. < ,,
. ,
. . . .,
:* . . . . . > ,,

?&-('. ;,." prevent the ingress of b&di he &,of,fine-m& &&ins as ',. :..:.;' .: ..< . ,

..+ -
... -...:-, is,thi+~ n t e n i a 1 : ~ r k + ~ ' $ L 2 ~$&;weight
.r;!z;p'f
---
.+$...
.!$:,.
+k-..w,.:.<
>,
7 ... i' &&td '(in:'mbxj;.: ..',.::
....
-
.
.<;.:
..
1
,: , . .
o f roof'
'
. .
anti-flash p r 0 t e t i o n . i ~
of blackage, +pekiafl$.mmd~kilt~
.?...
?f theda,"cJef .:.';.';
&t'r~~?rrim+~Ied:bec+~~
cpn$tians.),::;: I
. 'i,.:;, ~ ..:. .-,.:-:. . ..
..,, ... . ..'. i . .:. . .-"... .: ..
'.-;:i:$:::.,.r.< .
.r;-.:?;'
... G t h i ~ t ~ p e . s @ . r o o f , ~ iadt iroof-rhell
ai; connection ~onsideration'lhouldbe &n to iti;:possibilityo f &rrasbn %en - .,i. ., . :. .
!:z<.2:.
.. 7
:
:..
(see figure'7) (in.de&ees);
'
. .
selecting material for the wire mesh screen.

:,".,'h is the radius o f tank {in m);

hk* . .
.,
8.6.4 Accumolatiun of pressure and vacuum
..
...;.: S, it the alIowa<le compressive stress {which, unless
T.

. .. .. otherwise specified, shaH be taken as 120 ~ l r n r n ') 8.6.4.1 In accordance w i t h 7.3.2.6, the set vacuum plus the
':: . ,. :. (in N/mm2 ). accumulation t o permit the valves t o achieve the required
L: '
throughput shall not exceed v,.
.?&;3 If a horizontal girder is required t o provide additional
-"*:ffoss-sectional
..- area, this girder shall be placed as close t o 8.6.4.2 In accordance w i t h 2.1, the set pressure plus'the
;'.the junction as possible and a t a distance always less than accumulation t o permit the valves t o achieve the required
.".theeffective shelt length'for compression area W, (see throughput f o r normal pressure relief shall n o t exceed the
,...figure 7 1. .. design pressure.

8.5;4 The compression area shall be checked for tension 8.6.4.3 No specific values for emergency pressure a m m u -
. loading due t o external pressure and/or vacuum condition. lation are specified in this standard b u t the following
considerations shall apply.
'8.5.5 When using a structurally-supported roof, care shall
(a) ff it is expected that the design pressure specified
. . taken t o avoid excessive bending in the compression
:be
i n 21 is to be exceeded by the emergency pressure
'region a t the rafter connection t o the shell periphery.
accumulation, then it shall be verified that the strength
:;-8.5.6
.*. For fixed-roof tanks the minimum area defined o f the roof-to-shell junction is adequate and whether
.&
A in 8.5.2 or the mirrikm sizes of t o p curb angle given
:>::.:-by 'tank anchorage is required.
'::.intabfe 4, whichever is the greater, shall be provided. NOTE. This particularly applies to wlumnsupported cone roof
tanks with a low roof slope and to small tanks i n general.
sizes of t o p curb angle
Table 4. ~inimurn (b)f he set pressure of relieving devices for emergency
conditions (if required) shall be consistent w i t h the
Tank diameter D Size of curb angh provisions o f F.5.2.
(c) Account shall be taken of the substantial differences
rn .i rnm between the opening and closing pressures (blowdown)
D <lo 60x 6 0 x 6 that can occur between vents o f different types..
10<D<20 SOX 6 0 x 8 NOTE. This standard does not cater for protection against over:
20<DQ36 8 0 x 8 0 x 10 pressure caused by explosion within the tank, and where such
protection is t o be provided special consideration should be given
36<D<48 100 x 100 x 12 to the design of the tank and the venting devices.
48<d 150 x 150x 10
j
9 Floating-roof design
8.6 Venting requirements
8.6.1 General. The precise requirements for t h e venting of 9.1 General
fixed-roof tanks designed t o this standard shall be either
particularly specified by the purchaser (see 3.2(e)(4)) or 9.1.1 A floating roof, being a structure designed t o float
as specified i n 8.6.2 t o 8.6.4 inclusive. o n the surface o f the liquid i n an open top tank a n d t o be
in complete contactwiththat surface, shall comply w i t h 9.2
8.6.2 Scope of venting provided. The venting system t o 9.15.
provided shall cater f o r the following: NOTE. This clause is not applicable t o the design of floating covers
(a) normal vacuum relief; installed in fixed-roof tanks in accordance with appendix E.

(b)normal pressure relief; The requirements of this clause, unless otherwise qualified,
shall apply only t o the pontoon type and double-deck t Y w
(c) emergency pressure relief.
of floating roofs which shall be differentiated as f o l ~ w s :
In the case of (c), this shall be specified in accordance with
(a) a pontoon type roof has a continuous annular
this standard unless disregarded a t the purchaser's discre-
pontoon divided by bulkheads into liquid-tight pontoon
tion (see 3.2(e)t4)). Where emergency pressure relief is
compartments and has a centcal area covered by a single-
required, it shall be provided by suitable vents or by the
deck diaphragm;
provision o f a frangible roof joint (see F.3).
,-. -
 : .. ..(b) adouyedeck 'roof has both an upper and a lower
deck extending over the area of the liquid surface,
the lower deck iq contact with the liquid surface being
separated from the upfier deck by rim ptates and bulk-
carries a 250 mm rainfall over the entire roof area in
a 24 h period and the primary roof drain is considered
to tze inoperative. . G*
'.:
NOTE. Such a requirement may be satisfied by designing the
'"

'head plates to form liquid-tight pontoon compartments. roof to carry the entire 250 mm rainfall or alternativeiy a
lower load may be a w r n e d provided adequate emergency . '

In mrrnal operatian, the roof shall remain in the floating
condition and shall only be landed on to i t s support legs
for maintenance6r inspection purposes. The purchaser
shall specify whether the floating roof is to b e designed
to land as part of the normat operating procedure
(see 3.2(f)(l)), otherwise this requirement does not apply.
9.1.2 The roof and accessories shalt be so designed and
constructed as to allow the tank to overflow and then
return to a liquid level which floats the roof well below the
top of the tank shell without damage to any part of the
roof, tank or appurtenances. This requirement shall apply
under both service and hydrostatic testing conditions.
If a windskirt or top-shell extension i s used for the purpose
of containing the roof seals a t the highest point of travel,
overflow drainage openings shall be provided to indicate the
rise of the liquid level in the tank above the designed
capacity height, unless the tank shell has been designed for
a liquid height to the top of the shell extension.
9.1.3 The specified thickness of all roof plating shall be
-,
not less,than5 mm .[see 4.C"l).
drains are fitted which will discharge the excess rainwater .
directly into the pmduct.
When emergency drains are fitted, they shall not permit
the product to flow on to the roof.
9,2.?.4 Afternative loadingconditions. By agreement
between the purchaser and the manufacturer (see 3.3(f )),
it shall be permitted to design the roof for a fixed specific
gravity, a fixed product, or a specified amount of rainfall
deviating from the requirements of 9.2.1.2 and 9.2.1.3.
9.2.2 Strueturn1 design. The roof shall be designed to be
structurally mund under the following loading conditions.
(a) Buoyancy conditions as specified in 9.2.1.
{b) When the roof is landed on its support legs and with
a superimposed load of 1.2 k ~ / m (the~superimposed
toad is not intended to indude any accumulated rain-
water). . -
.. .
>',
.-
9.3 Stability of roof under wind load .._
. . .-...
The purchaser shall advise the manufacturer wheii tanks :.:.
are to be erected in areas where wind conditions could gkk
'

9.2 Design requirements rise to fatigue loading which-couldresult in centre deck .

weld cracks in normal pontoon type roofs, particufarly
9.2.1 Buoyancy for tanks over 50 rn diameter, and the design and type of .
.
9.2.1.1 General. The roof shall comply with 92.1.2, 9.2.1.3 roof to be used shall be as specified by the purchaser
or 9.2.1 A, as appropriate. (see 3.2(f)(2)). Otherwise, no account shall be taken of .
c,. .
wind-excited fatigue loading.
9.2.12 Singledeck pontoon roofs. The design of single- . ,

deck pontoon roofs shall comply with the following. 9.4 Pontoon openings ..
(a) The minimum pontoon volume of a singledeck Each compartment shall be provided with a manway with,
pontoon roof shall be sufficient to keep the roof float- a rain-tight cover. The manway covers shall be so designed.' .:
ing on a liquid with a retative density not exceeding 0.7 that they wilI re-seat if lifted by any gusts and not blow .;I:' c:
' -
'

ifthe single deck and any ~ n r opontoon compartments

\

I
off under the specified wind conditions. . . .:.;:... .
are punctured and the primary roof drain is considered The top edge of manway necks shaA be at an elevation .. . . . . t6''1.::3~
as inoperative. prevent water entering the compartments under the .~ ..-u:.;.
-. fb) The minimum pontoon volume of a singledeck ........
conditions specified in 9.2. . --I..
. . . .,:,
.
. .. . . porkon roof shall be sufficient to keep the roof float-
, ,"'.-< ><'"
+,I '5 '

. .-
.. ' '

. . ing on a liquid with a relative density not exceeding 0.7 9.5 B u i k h d r

-;;,L.".>z~..'.
. ..l.

. . . ~ . .. . g:v;y+:,
. . . . .> ,';,,
.
, " 1 ,;. ,,,,::
,
.: %..
, .: . .: i f it carries a load of 250 mm rainfall over the entire
'
Either a l l internal bulkhead plates shall bs at l!ast singt@--j:G;
. . . . . . . . .'i:. : ...roof area con&ntrated on the centre deck a'nd the
.... .:.:.- :.,; x . . fillet welded along their bottom and vertical edges for ::$$:<:
.- . .. .. . . :: p r i k r y roof drain i s considered as inoperative. No pon-
liquid tightness, or when specified by the pu'rciiaser "'r, ;$$$$$,
, ,
.....
-. . . ). , -: r .
, toon compartri.le&.& centre deck shall be donsidered
. . . b e 32(flM)I, the top edgebf the bu&hdl W l l &I+
$zz$
' " - i Y . ; . , . I . , . ' .
./..I. :-';.:-.-;=C:::b;,,
'
.. . :, . . .r.,.8 4:
.. ... .~. . . . ?.... ...;;.....:...
.' '.
i
.:-:.tbe
. . .
o p u i i m u d ' f o i this condition.
. . provided with a wntinuous single-filfefwefd " . , . for.:liquid
. . .
.
. .. ".......... +

".,?,>!, ..><..:."?
:9:2!.3. dirubh+ck
. roofs. The design ofdouble-deck tightness. . .
. .. ..,,,<:.,. ,.,;* ?", .
.
. . . . . . .
,. . . , ,
. *
;; .L .,;";:"&;
'+.'.6,2dL'
,

.... .-:,&+F'
,
'"L*;:?+:,

. >,>; ...A

.. ,..-. .:.. :. ::: :.:-. roi;fs,?d '&mply with the folfowing. '.':. . . . . Bulkhead plate corners trirhmad fb;r'pai&ge df - - . .. : as~ , k & .
. .-:longitrjd~rigf%
fillet welds shall be .filled by.&hdi@'tp obtain liqdiq .
... . . .. . . .,. . . . - . ..: ... .-;??:?:rn.;:
....
...... . tightness. .
..
. ...,:, . . < ......
, .....
... :... .:
. .... ... .. .....
.:-' . .~::.
.: 1; :;;
'
,,;
.. :.. . :.. ..' .. <. ... .. .. . .. .,,>
.,:
%;. .-3-
a..P'.<
*2&l:i3z
+. ;?. j.:..

I -
. . .".'.'.%..; *?

9.6 M&,able t*.moft t_ .-......(; :_.: <+,: .... ;:.:>.: .:.+:-?+

~. . . . . .-... ".. . ... .? ,
.;....
% ;-.
. ,;;,.,-.,.. ........... ".?3;,::;izz::.:j
-....... :.,
i
f ,-
.,
,:,.,:,2,x,; : . &:'"
.. ,+ .. .;1;j
"{
.4:%?$$
:3$3::
.
9.6.1 Unlesi dthkmik &cifidby i h ~ - p ~ ~ ~ h+ .& a$
;$+?& i,
(see 3.2(f )(4l),the 'fioating r&f. sha1I .be:s&pf&. ~ i r t h , a;i:;ii
1adder.whici-i autoetically . . idjur&-to~~~Y~@rtt<nn&~~@
:. ...-.. * . : ... ..~ b. . .+,. . * .........
. ? . . .s.
........ ,+. ........... :..:.
%<
,.,

;>,: ,:..;\:."
. . . . .. - .. . .. .. . .\. .. ... . .. . .. . . :-..4-3>: .$-..:.
.. .
' . .,V(.

. . .. . ,... .. ; . .,- ,. . . . . ?:<., .:;*..%' . +:~.:;:

> .
. . .. . ,,.,*. :..
. .-. .. . .- . ,::. ,;,*. < ..: ."" ...
' a
.- - ~
- '
' i ' ,
:. . . . - 5

.... ... . . :):':'. ....

 . .

. .

, ." the
."roof, The 1a;ider shall be designed for f u l l roof travel,
: wardless of normal setting o f roof-leg supports. If a rolling (a) one 75 mrn drain for roofs up t o and including
.";j
. .@er is fumjshed, it sha#l:havefull-length handrails o n 30 rn in diameter;
"bbth $id&apdshall be'desillrredf o r a 500 kg-vertical (b'l one 100 mm drain for roofs more tdan 30 m i. n. . .
.'%&point toad *tti '?h$!.ladder in.'& 'operating position ' ,
,:. ..
*-.*.~

:~Fdf&'tio*.i,f &
. . I . . . . . . .., . .
,%.,. ....
.'- '.
.,_......
"
;.:kqnbiried w i t h z h e maximumwin$ load pcting in any
!aer;
. ' - '
diameter;

diameter.
:
. .
. . .. .
, ." . '. . . . j .

, ' ; ~ ~ ~Consideration
TE: &ould&u be tb the&ratian effects
' a f w i n d loadiriq arid torsional rigidity of long ladden which can
..&d to the derailing of the ladder. 9.8 Emergency drains
NOTE I . Pontoon roofs. Open emergency drains should not be
9.61 The fadder shall be equipped w i t h self-levelling treads be installed in pontoon type roofs as the product level in the tank
unless specified by the purchaser (see 3.Z(f) (4)) that fixed is always higher than the rainwater lewl on the centre deck.
rungs are t o be used.
A 100 rnm diameter emergency drain plug shatl be located
NOTE I. When fixed rungs are used, i t is recommended that safety
near the centre of the roof t o permit the drainage of water
wire netting shoutd be provided on the underside of the ladder.
when the roof is landed on its support legs.
--NOTE 2. Attention is drawn to the need for careful selection of ,
NOTE 2. To prevent backflow of the product, measures should be
: heights for smalldiameter tanks to permit the use of movable
-
ladders. taken to avoid this drain plug being opened in m i c e .
NOTE 3. Doublededc roofs. Open type emergency drains may be
9.6.3 The ladder shall run over a track, which shall be a t installed at the centre of double-deck roofs which will discharge
such a height over the deck that snow or ice w i l l not taus rainwater directly into the product [see atso 9.2.f.3(bl).
',. derailment o f the ladder.
.,.-...
, , For long and heavy ladders, special attention shall be given 9.9 Vents
t o the bearing w i d t h o f the rails and the strength of the The purchaser shall specify maximum liquid filting and
:- wheels. withdrawal rates and any special venting requirements
.
(see 3.1 (91I.
,+.

;, 9.6.4 Unless otherwise specified by t h e purchaser

.,j. {see 3.2(f)(4)), flameshields are not required t o be fitted Suitable vents shall be provided t o prevent overstressing o f
:.' to ladders. f f flameshields are fitted, the effect o f the the r o o f deck or seal membrane. These vents*& bleeder
.A-

'increased wind loading shall be considered i n the design o f
..~ .
.'. the ladder and track.
.;/
-i
9.7 Primary roof drains
.i:.9.7.1 Primary roof drains shall be of the hose or
articulated-pipe type unless otherwise specified by the
-6.
- purchaser (see 32(f)(51).
NOTE. lf specified by the purchaser, open type roof drains may
be used on doubldeck roofs.
Roof drains shall be capable of operating under all
specified service conditions o f t h e mof.
9.7.2 A check valve shail be provided near the roof end
of the hose, o r articulated-pipe drains shall be provided on
single-deck pontoon roofs, t o prevent backflow of stored
product on t o the roof i n case o f leakage i n the hose or
the jointed pipe.
9.7.3 Provisions shall be included t o prevent kinking o f
the hose or pinching under the deck legs.
Hose drains shall be designed t o permit replacement without
entering the tank.
9 - 1 4 The articulated joints of pipe drains shajl be designed
t o prevent leakage, b o t h o f water i n t o the product and
vice-versa.
9.7.5 The installation o f either type o f drain shall include
the installation o f the proper shell fittings for i t s operation
and, if necessary, its removal.
valves shall be adequate t o evacuate air and gases f r o m
underneath the roof during initial filling and when the
product is being withdrawn w i t h the roof landed o n its
support legs. Operating legs for such vents shall be adjust-
able t o suit the various level settings o f the roof-support
legs.
9.10 Supporting legs
9.10.1 Design of supporting legs. Floating roofs shall be
provided w i t h supporting legs. Legs fabricated f r o m pipe
shall be provided w i t h a 50 rnm x 25 m m notch at the
bottom t o provide drainage. When variable roof levels are
required, the legs shall be adjustable f r o m the t o p side o f
the roof. The operating and cleaning position levels o f the
supporting legs shall be agreed between purchaser and
manufacturer (see 3.3(9)).
The manufacturer shall make certain that all tank appur-
tenances, such as side-entry mixers, interior'piping and
filling nozzles. are cleared by the roof in its lowest position.
The design o f the supporting legs shall not allow p r a d u a
t o flow o n t o the roof deck'when the roof is loaded w i t h
the maximum specified rainfall.
9.10.2 Loading. Legs and attachments shalt be designed
i n accordance w i t h BS 449 t o support the roof and a live
load of 1.2 kFJ/m2. Where possible, roof loads shall b e
transmitted t o the legs through bulkheads o r diaphragms.
NOTE. These loadings do not make provision for any oil or water
load or the possible effects of frequent landing of the roof (see
also 9.1.T).
 9.10.3 Distribution of 1% laads. Measures shall be used,
such as steel pads, to distribute the leg loads &I the bottom
of the tank. I f used, pads shall be continuously welded to
the bottom plates; shim plates, also continuously welded
to the bottom, shall be used when these pads coincide with
lap joints in bottom plates.
9-11 Roof manholes
At least one roof manhole shall be provided for access to
the tank interior and for ventilation when the tank is empty.
Any additional roof manholes shall be specified by the
purchaser (see 3.2(f)(6)). These manholes shall be a t least
500 mm inside diameter li.d.1 and shall have tight-gasketed
and bolted covers.
9.1 2 Centering and anti-rotation device
Suitable devices shall be provided to maintain the roof in
a centred position and to prevent in rotation. These devices
shall be capable of resisting the lateral forces imposed on
them by the roof ladder, unequal snow loads, wind loads,etc.
in the lowest part of the roof drain outside the towest shell.
course.
NOTE. The manufacturer should supply the purchaser with an
operating and maintenance marmat which should set out the design
and operational limitations of the floating roof and should include
at least the following points.
La) Pontoon compartmentsand centre decks should be checked
for lealcs at regular iqtervals; such leaks reduce the water-carrying
capacity of the roof.
(b) If the primary roof drain is normally kept closed when the
roof is floating, rainwater should not be allowed to accumulate
on the mof but in any case the roof drain should be opened
when water equivalent to about 75 mrn rainfall has collected.
(c) I f the primary roof drain is normally kept open, frequent,
inspectionsshould be made to ensure that leaking articulated
joints or punctured hoses are not permitting the product to
escape through the drain.
(dl When the product temperature is expected to be less than
0 O C, the roof drain should be drained o f entrapped water and
then closed and the precautions outlined in (c) observed.
[e) The purchaser should ensure that the recommendations set
out in such a manual are carefully observed by his operator.

9.13 SeaIs
The space between the outer periphery of the roof and the
tank sheil shall be sealed by a flexible device which shall
provide a reasonably close fit to the shell surfaces.
If the sealing device ernployssteel shoes in contact with the
shell, such shoes shall be made from either stainless steel or
galvanized sheet with a minimum thickness of 1.5 mm.
An adequate number of expansion joints shall be provided
to aid the efficiency of the sealing.
Adequate means shall be provided to prevent an electrical
charge on the floating roof causing sparking in or above the
seal, fn the cased seals with jointed mechanisms in the
vapour space. a shunt shatl be provided between the roof
and shoe plate at every such mechanism.
Any fabric or non-metallic material used as a seal or a seal
component shall be durable in i t s environment and shall
not discolour or contaminate the product stored. The pur-
chaser shall specify the maximum aromatic content of the
product which the fabric is required to resist, if greater
than 40 % (m/m) (see 3.2(f)(7)).
The manufacturer shall specify the maximum inward and
outward movement of which the seal i s capable.
10 Tank anchorage
10.1 General
Tank anchorage shall be provided for fixed roof tanks if,
with one of the following mnditions, there may be a
tendency for the shell and the bottom plate, close to the
shell, to liftoff its foundations.
(a) Uplift on an empty tank due to internal design
pressure counteracted by the effective weight of roof
and shel!.
(b) Uplift due to internal design pressure in combination
with wind loading counteracted by the effective weight
of roof and shell, plus the effective weight of product
considered by the user to be always present in the tank .
(see 3.14h)).
Tank weights shall be considered after deducting any
corrosion allowance.
10.2 Anchorage attachment
.*-.
The anchorage shall not be attached to the bottom plate . . . .:;.'
'

xu

9.14 Gauging device only but principally to the shelf. The design shall a m m - ,;?:;<,,
Each roof shall be provided with a gauge hatch or gauge madate movements of the tank due to thermal changes and :<;,:;:
welt with a tight cap either as specified by the purchaser hydrostatic pressure and reduce any induced stresses in the,+?,f,
(see 3.2(f)I8)) or to the manufacturer's own standard. shell to a minimum. .;, -. ..
.,,$Lp %~

. . . - ..
NOTE. A typical example is shown in figure 8 t;ut other design
. :-.,.;zl::";
9.15 Operatian details are permissible. .. ("." '
< "
.. . .%<,." .....
, ,! ;. .:. .4:
. . . . . .........
. . . ..l..C I
9.15.1 The design conditions specified in 9.2 shall not be 10.3 Allowabte tensile stress . ...
,
. ...,.... %....
% .
considered as normal operating conditions but, as the 7 . . . . ;...;s+;:
.. For the design conditions given.'i& aalioy,mble.teniilestre&,$;:-
ultimate conditions for flotation of the roof.
in the anchorage shall not exceed one-half of the'ipecifikd';:+;;:
9.1 5.2 When primary roofdrains are closed in winter, minimum yield strength or one-third of !he minimum . . . :.:, '?$. -
' . . . :. measures'shatl be taken to prevent the freezing of rainwater tensile strength, whichever'is the lower. . : .: ': . . ?
.:::::,.!;;", :,. '. ..
. . . . . .
. . . . . . . . *
. .-. .$ .
. :. . . ,.. .....
. ..- .'.,. . .I . . '
 Min~murn dimension
p o s s ble
~

Lock nut ,._

Nut -, ....--'--

Spreader -
washer

Tank bottom

1
Section A-

Slotted hole in
. anchor bracket
to a l l o w r a d i a l
movement of tank

Figure 8. Typical tank anchorage detail (see 10.2)

10.4 ~oldingdownbolt or strap
Each holdingdown bolt or strap shall have a minimum
cross-sectionalarea of 500 mm2 and, if corrosion i s antici-
pated, a minimum corrosion allowance of 1 mm, e.g. 2 mm
on diameter, shall be added.
NOTE. I t i s recommended that anchorage points are spaced at a
minimum of 1 m and at a maximum of 3 rn intervals and should
as far as possible be spaced eventy around the circumference.
10.5 Resistance to'uplift
The anchorage shall be capable of resisting the uplift
produced by the test loads applied to the tank. For this
condition the stress in the anchorage shall not exceed
0.85 times t h e specified minimum yield strength of t h e
anchorage material, taking into account any initial tension
in the anchorage members resulting from bolting loads or
loads due to transient or long-term thermal movements.
NOTE. I t is recommended that no initial tension be applied t o the
anchorage. so that it becomes effecrive only should an uplift force
devefap i n the shell of the tank. Steps shatl be taken before the tank
goes into service to ensure that anchorage bolts cannot work loose
or become ineffective over a long period.
11 Mountings
11.1 Shell manholes and s h k nouter 80 rnm outside
diameter (o.d.1 a n d above
11.1.1 The thickness of the manhole and nozzle bodies
shall be not less than that given in table 5.
NOTE. The typical details of shell manholes for tanks not exceed-
ing 25 m in height are given in figure: 9.
11.1.21 Reinforcementshall be provided as specified
in either 11.1.2.2or 11.1.2.3.
11.1-22 The cross-sectionat area of reinforcement
provided, measured in the vertical plane containing the axis
of the mounting. shall be not less than:
0.75d x t
where
d is the diameter of the hole cut in the sheH plate
tin mml;
t is the thickness of the shefl plate (in mm).
NOTE. The reinforcement may be provided by any one or any
combination of the following three methods, A corrosion allowance
on any surface should be excluded from the computation of rein-
forcement required.
(a) The addition of a thickened she61 insert plate (see figure 10
and figure 231,or a circular reinforcing plate, the limit o f
reinforcement being such that:
where
do i s the effective diameter of reinforcement (in mm).
A noncircular reinforcing plate may b e used provided the
minimum requirements are complied with.
(b)The provision o f a thickened nozzle or manhole body.
The portion of the body which may be considered as reinforce-
ment is that lying within the shell piate thickness and within
a distance of four times the body thickness from the shell plate
surface unless the body thickness i s reduced within this distance,
when the limit is the point at which the reduction begins.
Ic) The provision of a shell plate thicker than that required
by 7.2 subject t o the limits specified in 7 - 1 3 The limit of
reinforcement is that described in (a).
11.I .2.3 As an alternative to the area replacement methods
specified in 11.I .2.2, the reinfarcement can be made by
the provision of thickened nozzle body protruding to both
sides of the shell plate as shown in figure 11. The thickness
of the nozzle is to be determined by reference to-figure 12
such tKat the stress.ooncentration factor j does not exceed 2.
Table 5. Manhole and nozzle body thickness
Outsids diameter d , Min. manhole and nozzle
body thickness t p
rnm
5 -0
5.5
7.5
8.5
10.5
12.5
 !..<.".'. . . . . : . . ....

Gasket specit ication

C.A.F. or woven asbestos
impregnated and graphited
785 a d . x 6 2 5 i.d. x 3 thick 20 min. projection on horizontal f
with holes for 36 x M 2 O of manhole except for
bolts on 0 7 2 5 pitch
circle

Detail A See 11.5 for detail

2 handles 0 25 steel
Joint faces to be machined
3/' Single - v e e butt weld
in manhole body
Reinforcing plate
curved to suit tank .
$
,::

in reinforcing plate '.,

Weld detail B on horizontal .centre . ,:, . .

lines . . .
16 min. after
machining

. '3.::
. .. ,
. .. ....+' .,,,:, .:.. . . . . . I.',,;..
> .

.. , :
:
_.
. .,. .. . . . " . . . . .. . . .
Alternative construction for neck ring . . . . . . . .. . . . .' . ,. . . ..
, '

All dimensions are in milllrnstrts. ., . . .. -... . ..:.,. .. . . .J ; . : '...

-+

Detail A . . . . ' . . .
Fillet weld dimensions refer to leg length.
.
. . . . . .:..
.
. . . . .. ... .v. . .. . . . .....:,. . .. ,..::,..'. '. ',:
, . .
.
NOTE. Attantion is drawn to the regulations C O V W ~the
~ QUse of asbestos. . . '!.. ... , <., , a ?,t :> '~
.
'

.,. . .
. .. . . .....,( . . . ....,.,
Figure 9. Shell mnnhofes (see 11.I) . . . .
. . . . ................
I _ ,,.. ,2
3'.

... . .,.,'.. .,\

.. Forweldingdetails
see 11.5 she also
11.6:1

weld details

Figure 10. Shell insert type reinforcement .bee 11.1.2.2)

. .
For welding details see 11.5.
See also 11.6.2 and figure 24. Shell plate

{ nozzle.

L> 1 . 1 7 G
where

Figure 11. Barrel type nozzle reinforcement (see 11.I 23)

P 5 Stress c o n c e n t r a t ~ o nfactor j

.
.
2
.$
.
.
- .... ..
Se>+d m z & $ .sha!l kt b i permined i n sizes of 80 rnm o d .
an$$+& N o additional reinforcement shall be required
f,.-.::.._ s than 80 trim o.d.,.provided that the thick-
a r ~ m:. z z l e less
rhsiof.tH'e bo& is nor less than that given in table 5.
ir'0t~: Set.on naalas Isee figure 21) k& be used. provided.rhat
.%$:ptbths are checked close to the opening to ensure that no
injelb* ~Pmihationsare h n t . For this pgipose. ultrasonicor
,." a g ~ i e r t i c ~crack
;. & e det'ection is recommended.
-:
. . : ...
A
. -;...>
11.3 Roof m n h d t s and nozzles
The roof manholes shall have a minimum inside diameter
o f 500 mm. They shall be suitable for attachment by
welding t o the t a n k . r w f sheets.
The manhole covers shall be either as specified by the
purchaser (see 3.2(g)I o r o f the multiple-bolt fixed o r
hinged type.
Flanged nozzles for fixed-roof tanks shall be as shown in
figure f 3.
11.4 Additional loads
Nozzles shall be designed t o withstand the loads specified
i n 5.5.
11.5 Nozzle welding details
NOTE 1. Typical weld details for nozzles, manholes and other
openings are shown i n figurn 14 to 21 and recognized weld details
for connection of mountingrare shown in figure 22.
NOTE 2. Mher fonns of joint preparation are permitted by agree-'
ment between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
11.5.1 The partial penetration welds, e.g. as shown in
figures 18 and 20(e) and (f), shalt only be used when the
shell thickness ( t ) i s not more than 12.5 mrn and the
allowable design stress (SJi s less than 185 bl/rnm2.
113.2 The toes of fillet welds connecting the nozzle o r
reinforcing plates t o the shell, o r the centre line o f b u t t
welds connecting insert plates t o the shell, shall not be
ctoser than 100 mm t o the centre line of any other shetl
b u t t joint, the toe of the shell t o b o t t o m fillet wetd, or the
toe o f fillet'welds o f adjacent attachments.
NOTE. The reinforcing ptate or insert plate may be extended to the
shell to bottom junction provided the plate intersects the bottom
at 90 O (see figure 23).
11.5.3 The dimensions o f the welds connecting set-through
nozzles t o the shell are n o t required t o be larger than twice
. -
' : I . "' . . . I . .
. .- '
.. . . . .. . . . . %
.- :,.: . : . . ... .
. .
_
. . .: . " .' . .:
t h e wall thickness o f the mounting (Ifor examples see
figures 14 t o 20).
When the thickness o f nozzle bodies manufactured from
rolled plate exceeds 20 mm, either material w i t h specified
through-thickness properties shall be used o r a minimum
layer o f 3 mrn o f weid metal shatl be applied t o the surface
of the body, prior to welding the n o u l e t o the shell (see
figure 24).
11.5.4 B u t t joints connecting insert plates t o t h e shell
plates shall have full and complete fusion.
11.5.5 The leg length o f fiilet weids around the periphery
o f reinforcing plates shall equal the thickness o f the rein-
forcing plate or 20 mm, whichever is less.
11.6 f nspection of shell manholes and nozzles
11.6.1 The b u t t weld connecting insert plates t o the shell
plate shall be fully radiographed (see 17.3.2)' i n accordance
w i t h 17.4
11.6.2 Longitudinal and circumferential butt welds in.
nozzles shall be 100 % visually examined t o ensure
complete fusion, i.e. i n single-sided welds, the inside shall
be examined t o ensure adequate penetration and in double-
sided welds, the back gouge shall be examined t o ensure
removal o f the root face.
O n compktion, dyepenetrant crack detection shalt be
carried o u t where accessib14. .-
11.6.3 A l l other wekis shall be fully magnetic-particle
crack detected before the hydrostatic test or, where
applicable, before and after post-weld hear treatment.
The weld surface shalt be such as t o ensure that inter-
pretation o f the crack detection is not impaired.
11.6.4 When the thickness o f nozzle bodies manufactured
f r o m rolled plate exceeds 20 mm, that area o f the body ro
be wetded to the shell shall be ultrasonically examined t o
ensure freedom from laminations.
11.7 Flange drilling
Unless otherwise specified b y the purchaser (see 3.2(h)),
the flanges of all mountings except shell and roof manholes
shall be made and drilled i n accordance w i t h class 150 of
BS 1560 : Part 2. The orientation of mating flanges shatl
be checked for compatibility.
 :.
. .. . . .IF..rLs.
. .
- . . . . . . . . .'
" :, . .. .. . .. .. . . . . .> .. . . .
" ^

+
. .
. . . .>.: .,. . . ... r..

4 3
'. . , . . . . .
x . .
. . BS 2654 : 1989
' 1

,.,.
;,e;;~~:.;..,-?
.n..i
.. %,.,,::.:..:

Dinlensions of plate ring flanges to comply with dasr 150 of BS t560 :Part 2 in all
respects, except that extended hub at back of flange may be omittcd.Slip-on flanges
complying with class 150 of BS 1560 : Part 2 (forged steet) rnak k substituted for plate
ring f lsnges.

wA~is laiways vertical

7

plate

i
When roof nozzle is used for
venting purposes the neck rnoy
be trimmed flush v i t h the
r e i n f o r c ~ n g p l a f e or roof t ~ n e

W o m i ~diameter
l Outride Diameter Height of Nominet
of nozzle diameta of hole in nodm pips mil
of pipe roof plate thicknra
4 hn 'P

rnm
f 50
150
150

'IM
t 50
150
200
200

, All dimensions are in rnillimetres.

. Fillet weld sizes refer to k g lengths.

Figure 13. Flanged roof nozdes (see 11.3)

F = B = lesser of t and t p , with a minimum of 6
t p = t 2.5 max.
NOTE 1. in cases where the shell thickness. t, is w e d to derive other dimensions, or as a recommended restriction on the
use of a detail. the insert plate thickness, t i . is to be substituted in the warding when inscrt pbtes are being used.
-* -
NOTE 2. ~einforcingfillers are to at least cover the penetration welds beneath.

F, = lesser of t / 2 and tp/2,with a minimum of 6

F, = lesser of t and tp. with a minimum of 6
t p exceeds 125.
All dimensions are in rnillimetres.

Figure 14. Typical weld details for connection of mountings: set-through type (preferred details):
t = 20 mm (max.) (See figure 22 for recognized weld details.)
 F = 6 min., 13 rnax.
8 , + F = t p . 6, = to. If 8, or 8, exceeds 16, use J-type weld derail.
+. i f S is less than 3, use details c and d as appropriate.
t p = 12.5 rnax.

F = t14. but not less than 6.

I f t exceeds 30, use J3 weld detail.
tp exceeds 12.5

All dimens'bns are in miflimetres.

Figure 15. Typical weid details for connection of mountings: set-through type {preferred dctailsl:
20 mm G t < 40 mm (See figure 22 for recognized weld details.)
F, ti18 min, but not lscs than 6.
F, = -44 min.. but not less than 13.

All dimensions are in millimetres.

Figure 16. Typical weld details far connection of mountings: set-through type
(preferred details): t i > 40 mrn (See figure 22 for recognized weld details.)
 t = 16 max.
\ - - r o o t should be bock
< -
aouped to sound metal
and welded f, = I 6 m a x .
- t = 25 max.

F , = t/8, but not less than 6. ..

F, = t/4, but nor less than 6 and not more than 13.
t exceeds 20, tp exceeds 12.5. If t i exceeds 50. use .I1 weld detail both sides. .. ~. . .
. . .. . ,.
AIl dimensions are in millimtres.
... .>.
, . . ... .
Figure 17. Typical weld details for arnnection'ofmountings: set-through type ..., .
. . . . .
(alt&rtative details) (See figure 22 for recognized weld details.) . :
. . ..
%
.

. . .. . . . "r.
 +-I
35 m a x .

. l-4
35 max.

F, = lesser of tp and t,, with a minimum of 6.

F, = t , with a maximum of 10.
See 11.5.1 for restrictions on the use of this detail.

All dimensions are in rnillimetres.

Figure 18. Typical weld details for connection of mountingr: compensated set-through type
(preferred details): t = 12.5 mrn (rnax.1

F , = lesser of t p and t,, with a minimum of 6.

e = 10 rnin. to 20 max. as r e q u i d for access.
F, = t p / 3 rnin. but not I- than 6.

All dimensions are in rnillimetres.

'
Figure 19. Typical weld details for connection of mountings:
compensated set-through type (preferred detaits)
 ,. .;. ,
' I
1
.
" . ,

6 +F, = lesser of tp and t,.

F , = 6 rnin.
e = 10 min. to 20 rnax. as required for access,
F, = t,/3 rnin. but not less than 6.

F = tpf3 min. but not less than 6.

e = TO min. to 20 max. as required for access.

t = 12.5 ma%.
(8, + F, I = e = lesser of tp and t,, with a minimum of 6.
. . (8, + F, 1 or B, = lesser of t p and t , with a minimum of 6.
. See 11.5.1 for restrictions on the ure of details (el and (f),

All dimensions are in rnillimetres.

Figure 20. Typical weld details for connection of mountings: compensated set-through type
{alternative details) (See figure 22 for recognized weld details-)
la)
t p = I 6 max.

If the welding procedure does not ensure round positive root penetration, these joints should be back
chipped or gouged and back welded. The internal penetration bead of joints welded from one side
only are to be ground smooth and flush with the inside bore.

All dimensions are in millimetres.

Figure 21. Typical weld details for connection of mountings: seton type
(shell nozzles less than 80 mrn o.d.) {See figure 22 for recognized weld details.)
 s2 = O m m t o 3 m m

g, = 2.5 mm to 3.2 rnrn

g, = see note 2

a =15°t0350
sl = 1.S rnm to 2.5 mm

g2 = see note 2

g =0mmto3mm

r =8mmto?3mm f,,? u

ic,, . ,

. .
...
.
:.i
..

- .,:>

-
. . . . .
: 1.

. . . . . : -2

.
. .
%
._'
. . . ..<
,. .....
" '
: . .. . .. , . " . ^ . . . . . . . a-
L.
. . . . . . . , .......-
. i ..i.:- . .
. ... . . . . .
. . . NOTE 1. &se recommendations have been included for general guidance. ~ i s c r e t k ~ h g
t o s be'"=ed= ..
. . . . . ~

;.
. .: _- . :. - :in applying the maximum and the minimum dimensions quoted which are subject to nriati0.n. . . ,.'.;. '
.. - '
,;;i:
, . '.
-+.a:

. , . ...
.: . , .. . . . ;a&ording to the welding procedure employed. e.g. size and type of eletitrodes. as Wll
.,.,:.:. ..... .;:. ; in which the welding is carried out apd the welding process adopted. . . . .,.
.. .as
.
.. the,b&'@on
. -, . .
,,,,..
.
,'.:'.L. -..,
.:'.
: _-.. :
. . . . . . . I .
- . '
_
. .. . .> . <. '
. . I

' '
_,:,:"
.
. ../ . . . .. . :. ..
.-..'. _., ., --: . .. =, NOTE 2. i t i;remrnrnend&d that in no case should the gap between nozzle and adjscFntplat<i'_c: : ?:<I: T' ...... ,;!';.,.,
.> ,.,
'j
, , , '.'.
2

. :-exceed 3 mrn.,Wider gaps increase the tendency to spontaneous crpcking during weui*, particitlarty..; ,..:. . , ':.:..' '. '"... .. ...G :.
.
%

. .. . .
. ,:,. ; >.. , . - : . . as the thickness of the parts joined increases. .. . . E . ' . :..-
~:.. , ....:;. ::,.... .: ..... . .
;..
:
..... "
. - . ,: "., 0 " . ... .... .. . . .. . . . . ..... .* .' .- :. ..I..:I -.:.">., ..? . :.. .. . . . . +..
....
:'A"

. . . . . .
.., .7 . _... .*ai"
I
..Z.'.. : . . ,. .- . , " .. . ." . . ........:.... .....,>.,,.~>.> ........... : . .~,>.:
.. , .. .,?->"' . :,.. < .>...,.. . ,.: .
r , , . < . .: -.
. .,.. .. .. . . ,'~,.
. . . . . . ., . . . ,+,
.. .. . . . . . - ' . . "'.
:
I-
".
'.

- ~@k.:q.
"

." : -<.....
.... :;.I Rebagnized weld details for connection o f h n t i n g s . . " . . +..:
. . ....:.'.. *. .. . . .:
:-%,>,

.'-+*"
,,:+:; " .'<."
; : , ; 2 , * :..::.>,Y:Y
,,
. . . . . . .....
-
>.-
. . . ._ . j . . .:, . T.?' .. .: . :. . . -. . .. . ... ... . . . .~.
. . :.*_",. ... :
. . . .
.........
...
-. . ..,.. . . .,.:;
. . . :. -. .,:"?.< . - ;.; .....'.
..:+.-, :." ?..,:;.:. . "'>
<..
: .....:...
.,<:. , :! -' . :. .?id:
.:..... .?! .:?&?
.
.:"&:::<-. ..-.- . . . - . . . . . .. . . . .
, <:;C'd.?-
....
<,+::-:,,: .A,.,
<' ,; ',
i:.. : . " ..."... . . ... . . . ,:.,-_ .. " . . ._ .. . . . . ........ ;. ..,>" <.," :<,; .;?",;/'.+
. :,.. ...<. +,: .<.,<.. ,c.. : : . .. . : ,
.
C . .': 9.
""I"

.
. . . ..,. . .. . I . , .'.. .: . :
;I-

,a ' ~ ~ % .. : . .. . .
. .>'. .:,: , - ' . .
. . . . . . . . . . . ............ :.- . 5.:;. ..... .
. . . .. .. .. . . .
' Y-..'*&~.:
' ' .7;w",

, . -. . . . .. .. .. ..... .. . . .:.."c;.r ...;c~2:>.c':.l:<,:~:,"'..

. . -..:-
,
.'.:.
. .-<-..- : :
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 See details See detail tg)
1d)le)and (f)
Section A-A Section A-A
(b) External reinforcing plate kl insert reinforcing plate

l : L transition

/shop weld
Site weld
(dl External reinforcing ptm
shop stress-rcliwad nords

L
grind flush i
F = lesser tb/2 and t,12. i
(e) External reinforcing plate ir (f) External reinforcing plate (g) Insert reinforcing plate. S t r e s s r e l i d
h o p rtrass-reliwed nozzle non-ztrtss-relieved nozzlr or non-strarsretid nozzles

Koy to s y m b d s
r is the shell plate thickness
t t i s the in- plate thickness t
t, is the reinforcing plate thickned
tbis the bottom plate thickness i
All dimensions are in millimetres. ;:
 . .
.
. .. . . ..
.
.
..
. .
.. . " . . .. . .. . .. ... .... ,...., ..:
~ . .
.- .. ...... .. . :,. . .. .. .. .......
. 6250' ....... ..
. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . .- .
.+;...: ::
T.",

. . . . . .
(t cir ti] :,:'l . " .. , . .5 .. . . ,.
'
.
.
.
. . .
. .-
. . . . . ." . . . . . .
^.

. . .
'

__ ..
'
.I

. . ,. . .".. . .. . . .. .....'..- .. .. . . ,.
,.
' 7 .
.
. . .. . . .. . . . . .. .
where,t,&d are'!s dcifined'in l'j.9.2 ', ': ' . . .. .. . < ?. , . >. . . . . . .
. .
NOTE., 8&~.400-C,.the assembly rnay,be&led iri &ill air. . . +:,+--q;:: ". .'. . . . .
". . . . < . .
- ,." .. . . ~

..
+

11.97 The t&npe&tur& l.i-ified shsll b & . ~ c t u a l . t e m

. -~ ~ -i.-+e: . :.~..". ~
+ .i... :. ;~
.. ~
. . . .I;
tures uf any part &.the assembly.,andshall be deteririined ';:.-.I..:: :,
. :.' ..:' . ' . - ' .'

;,53yp: :. . by therniocouples attactred to the assembly, unless.it & . . . . .

ad;ats:r$iitfur&mnt '&ail be at least eq"al to the full -
widfh'&f the course and i t s length shall be not less than
itd'wiaah.
. . , . '
-
~ .> , A sufficient number of temperatures shall be recorded
134.3. An exteniion pipe or flange welded to either the
in#de.'w outside of the nozzle and not forming part of the
re&ir@ reinforcement 'shall not be considered part of the
.ad&kblv.
11-82 Subsequent welds to nozzles shall not be closer to
anq weld which has been posr-weld heat treated than:
2.5 6 conflict with the requirements of this standard resolved.
where
ri is the inside radius of the pipe (in mm);
t, is the wall thickness (in mml.
11.9 Procedure for post-weld heat treatment
: 1j,$.j The temperature of the furnace at ty
time the
-.
a&nbly
.-.- i s $aced in it shall not exceed 400 C.
I
.& 1+:4.2 The rate of heating above 400 OC (in O C per hour)
. shali not exceed the.following, with a maximum rate of
..- 200 "C per hour:
1 5000
(torti)
where
t i s the shell plate thickness (in mm);
ti is the bottom course plate thickness (in mm).
11.9.3 During - the Heating period there shall not be a
greater variation in temperature thoughout the assembly
being heated than 150 O C within any 5 rn interval of length
and when at the holding temperature, the temperature
throughout shall be within the range 580 "C to 620 OC.
113.4 During the heating and holding periods the furnace
atmosphere shall be so controlled as to avoid excessive
oxidation of the surface. There shall be no direct impinge-
ment of the flame on the assembly.
11.9.5 When the assembly has attained a uniform tempera-
ture as specified in 11.9.3, the temperature shall be held
constant for a period in hours equal to 4 % of the thickness
in miHimetres of the shell plate, with a minimum of one
be demonstiat& that the type of furnace used wilt always
comply witg 11.9.1 to 11.9.7.
continuously and automatically to ensure that the whole
assembly being heat-treated is within the range specified.
11.10 Stairways and gangways
NOTE. For stairways on insulated ranks, see 8.5.2.
11.10.1 Local regulations shalt be observed and any
11.10.2 Stairways and gangways shall be of metallic
construction and the minimum clear walking space shall
be 600 mm.
NOTE. It is recommended that the angie of stairways to the
horizontal plane shouM not exceed 45 .
11.10.3 The stairway treads shalt be of the non-slip type,
NOTE. The rise should normally be 200 rnm with a minimum
width of 200 mm measured at the mid-length of tread. The rise
*
may be adjusted within 5 mm to make treads tevef with landings
or platforms.
11.lo.&spiral type stairways incorporating stair treads
welded directry to the shell, or by means of local pads,
shall only be permissible where:
(a) the minimum specified tensile strength of the shell
material does not exceed 460 Nlrnm2;or
(b)the minimum specified tensile strength of the shell
material exceeds 460 N/rnm2 and the shell thickness
does not exceed 12.5 mm.
Where the minimum specified tensile strength of the shell
material exceeds 460 ~ / r n r n ' and the shell thickness
exceeds 12.5 mm, stairways shall be independently
supported or affixed by horizontally oriented continuous
welds (see 11.15).
11.10.5 Stairways and gangways shall he capable of
supporting a superimposed load of 2.4 kWm2 as well as
the wind loadings specified for the design of the shell.
NOTE. Ir is recommended;h&t where thevertical rise of stairways
i s more than 6 m, intermediate landing orJandings should be
provided.
t1.10,6 Tank gangways which exTend from one part of a '

hour. tank to any part of an adjacent tank or to ground or other

11.9.6 The assembly shall be cooled in the furnace structure shall be so supported'as to permit free relative
to 400 O C at a rate in O C per hour not exceeding the movement of the structures joined by the gangway.
11-1I Handrailing
11.1 1.1 Handrailing to tank roofs, stairways and gangways
shall be of solid steel'sections, and shall be designed to
protect personnel and prevent objects from failing (see
figures 25 and 26).
11.1 1.2 andr rails s b l l be provided on both sides of
gangways and stairways, except on spiral stairways where
the distance between the tank shell and the inner stringer is
less than or equal to 200 mm when no inner handrail i s
required. At breaks in the handrail, the space, if any,
between the tank and the platform shall be floored if the
space exceeds 150 mm in width.
11.11.3 For tanks over 12.5 rn diameter, where access i s
required to fittings at or near to the centre of the roof,
handraifing and treads shall be provided.
11.11.4 Particular care shall be taken in the jointing of
handrails to ensure that the full strength of the members
is developed.
1 1.12 Ladders
Fixed steel ladders exceeding 4 m in height shall be
provided with safety cages..
NOTE, These should be generally in accordance with BS 423 1.
1 1.13 Earthing connections
All tanks shall be fitted with suitable earthing connections.
NOTE. A typical type of connection is shown in figure 27.
11.14 Flush type clean-out doors, D-type sumps and
water draw-off sumps
11.14.1 When it is proposed to embody flush type
openings in the bottom course of shell plating, the vertical
opening shall not exceed 915 rnrn or half the shell plate
width, whichever i s the lesser, for steels having a minimum
specified tensile strength less than 460 t4/rnrn2 nor
300 mm for stronger steels. The assembly shall be prefabri-
cated and stress relieved in accordance with 11.9.
11.14.2 In view of the complicated stress pattern, the use
of flush type openings shall be reduced to a minimum
and typical details are shown in figures 28 to 31. '
11.14.3 When it is proposed to use a combined water
draw-off and clean-outsump the design shall be as shown
i n figure 32. The fillet weld to the underside of the bottom
sketch plate or annular plate shall be deposited in the flat
position, the bottom plate being reversed for this purpose
before final positioning on the tank foundation.
N 0 T E . f ypes of acceptable draw-otf sump are shown in figure 33.
11.15 Permanent attachments
11 .l!%l Permanent attachments welded to tank shells
thicker than 12.5 rnm shall be kept to a minimum and
' shaH preferably be disposed in a horizontal direction.
NOTE 1, I f vertical fillet welds are necessary, f hese should be made
with special care, having due regard to their stress-intensifying
effect.
NOTE 2. Automatic few/ and temperature measurirrg instruments
Where it i s required to provide mountings to accommodate auto-
matic level and temperature measuring instruments on tanks,
attention is drawn to BS 3792.
11 -15.2 Vertical attachment welds shall not be located
within 150 mm of any main vertical seam and horizontal
attachment welds shall not be made on top of any main
horizontal seam. The soundness of fillet welds shall be
checked by magnetic-particle crack detection to a suffi-
cient extent to confirm the welding procedure which shall
be agreed previously and designed to avoid any risk of
underbead cracking (see f6.1.3).
NOTE. The use of multiple cleats or studs is not recommended.
Stud-weldedand similar attachments shall not be permitted
for plates exceeding 13 mm in thickness.
11,16 Temporary attachments
11.16.1 The requirements governing the location. . u
'
orientation and procedure for the provision of temporary
.
attachments other than the location of temporary key
plate erection attachments shali be the same as for perma-
nent attachments (see 11.15).
11 .l6.2 When removing temporary attachments from
shell plates, the attachment shall be burned 3 mm to 6 mrn
proud of the plate surface or, alternatively, the securing
weld shall be weakened by chipping or gouging, taking care
not to damage the parent plate, and the attachment shall .
be knocked off.
. .
11.16.3 The resultant scar shall then be ground to a ..
smooth profile, ensuring no underflushing of the plate . ..: .:
..
surface occurs. _ ...I.
MOTE. After grinding, the surface should b e checked for cracks ' . .<:
particularly on plates with specified minimum tensile strengths . i::'- :
greater than 430 N/rnml and 20 rnm thick and over. Should under-' .
flushing b e present, reference should b e made to BS 4360 for ,$:;,:.,
guidance on possible repair.
<;:
.".. '?:
The permanent attachments associated with the requiriz$: :
ments for the insulation of a storage.tpnk
. . . (see 3.lfi)) shall:.;'
.
... ..::.::-:'">:'.;y
comply with 11 . I 5 ... .. '.*...?
.
.,,.il.".
ma,$:Z<.
'-,"<$
NOTE. Tanks designed to cornply ,with 3his'.~r&h ~ t & ? r d
require to be insulated for V W ~ O U Sreasons, e q : maintaining prod,i&l:
temperature. Although thedesign of this insulation is outside the:z<-
scope of this standard. the recomrncndatiobsbf appendix B ?~oukfG,
b e taken into consideration in the design. ... . .
a -. * ....
. - .: t..~..;
Elevation of centre landing when = q u i d Typical cross section through stairmy

200 at mid Length

tie-bars to bottom
three treads only

Tank b
ries to suit
hemht of tank
Elevation of bottom staircase iml; rzsl
,Tank shelt
plate

il
600 min.

,
Handrail 0 30
sotid section

All dimensions are in mitlimetres.

Figure 25. Details of an acceptable type of spiral stairway (see 11.10 and 11,11)
 Shell plate

@ 45 steel
round bar

..
Copper conductor s t r i p
brazed t o 25 x 3 copper strip

All dimensions are in millirnetres. unless otherwise stated.

Fillet weld dimensions refer to leg length.

Figure 27. Typical detail of earthing boss (supplied with tank)

site welded to tank shell plates (see 11.13)
 '
l i
Full f i l l e t veid

L i f t i n g tug S e c t ~ o n0-6

Edge preparation as
for bottom course Edge prcparotton a s SLope 1 in 5 edge
shell verticals for bottom course
\ - -
2700 min.
C shetl horizontal
7p'=ratr0n
f'
i
\

Insert plate
r
tl -.
S e e .lug
32 equal detyl
p~tch:s 100, 38
I

P l a t e wldth
see I 1 1G.Z

Zx@tSround handles
shop welded to cover
+
3 t h i c k C A F full face
joint ring

( machined
f
Sectlon A-A

stape'l in 5 e d g e
preparation to suit
4k 5 m i n
shell piate Section O - D
Section C- C

. . Key to symbds

. ..
t , , i s the battom murse shell thickness < 18.5 mm
.. ' . . ti is the thickness of 2 7 rn insert plate =2t, +3<40rnrn
tf is the thickness of cover and flange =0.78H*11
tb, i s the thicknor of bottom reinforcing plate =7 fi+ 3
rb i s the tank bottom plate thickness
H is the tsnk height tin mi.

All dimens-mrtsare in rnillirnetres, unles otherwise stated.

Fillet weld dimensions refer to leg length.

' : (al915mmx1230mrn
. . . . . . ... . .
.' <. . _=;'_.'...J '
. ' .-+ : . ' F ~ & $ & ' ~ F ~ U
.-</ '-,,r. &'~~
dean-out ~
door with insert plate reinforcement {see 1l.j
, . . . L ...
_ .:..
, .i
u.7.

x.,,.. ,
,..- :
.:..,.
" ,
.
.. .
.. ,
t i f t l n g tug Section 0-6
..L
;";: . : . . . . > .
..,
,*'-. .
,

.* +'
:=.-
Slope 1 in 5 edge

Edge preparation as
far bottom course
PEdge preparation os
shelt verticals for bottom course
2700 min.
\ I- /
shell horizontal

.ration
see 11.5

See lug
Plate width defnil
see 11.14.1

~ a t i n ' gsurfaces
machined
Section A-A
I
34xa28holes
for M 2 4 bolts

5 min.
Section D - D
l 5 edge
~ l o p e 'in
preparation to suit
shell p l a t e
Section C- C
 I:",". :. , .

F u l l f ~ l l e tweld

.. i 1
1

Cover p l a t e
Cover Section 8 - 8
L i f t i n g lug
Edge preparation as
f o r bottom course
shell v e r t ~ c a l s A Edge p r e p a r a t i o n
a s for bottom course
_I) s h e l t horizontal
/

See Lug
defait For weld

11 5
Plate widtb
s e e 11.1I.1

3 thick C A F f u l l
face joint ring

Mating surfaces
machined
PF S e c t ~ o nA - A

S e c t ~ o nC - C
4C c - 5 rnirt
Section 0-0

..
Kay to lymboh
t l is the bottom course shell thicknm < 37 mm
, . t, i s the thickness of 2.7 'rnreinforcing plate = tl + 3 < 40 mrn
ff i s the thickness of wvcr and flange = 0 . 7 8 H + 1t
. t k .is the.thicknessof bottom reinforcingplate = 7 @+ 3
. . .. , tb is the rank bottom piate thickness
' , H i s the tank height,(in m)'
.... . . . . . . . ..
. . . . . . .. ..
All dimensions are in millimetres. unless otherwise stated. . " . .. I : .+ ,I .:, . .
 Edge 'preparation as
f o r bottom course Edge preparation
shelI verhcals as for bottom course
3300 min. shell horizontal

+
Plate width
see lf.lC.l

For weld
preporahon
.
, 2 ~ 0 2 5round handles
shop veIded to cover
see figure ---.
28(aI
& P
3 2 min.

I machined
36rQ1t1 Section A - A
for M24 b o l t s

Section C - C
-u -
! !

Section 0-0
5 min

Key t o symbols
t l is the bottom course shell thickness < 40 mm
t, is the thickness of 2.7 m reinforcing plate = tl < 40 mrn
tf is the thickness of cover and flange = 0.52H + 6
tbr i s the thickness of bottom reinforcing plate =7 fl
t b is the lank bottom plate rhickness
H is the tank height (in m )

All dimensions are in millimetres, unless otherwise stated.

Fillet weld dimensions refer t o leg length.

Figure 30. Flush type clean-out door with plate reinforcement 300 m m x 1230 mrn (see 13.14.2)
 Clea n-out
door body

0 5 7 round
Davit arm

Davit arm swivel

All dim&siom are in millimetres. .

Fillet weld dimensions refer,to leg length.
. . . .
. . . .. -. . . . . .
. ...:I. ... ~ i ~ 31.0avit
u & for 915 mm x 1230 man ckean-out door (see 11.14.2) > - 4 .,. : .
' , '

...
; . _. . . . . . .. .. . ..
.....
. . . . . . . . . . .'.. ,,, .. , :.. . *
' ...
<,
. . :. . . . . . .. . ...
.. . .
I
. . , .
. ,. .<.,
, .
...
- .
1.'
....
. . .
. -
. " , . . .:. . .
..,, . ., 3 -.,
. . .
 , .

.. .. . . .

. .

ular or bottom sketch plate

to be reversed to permit
downhand welding at site

18 x @ 2 5 holes
f o r M22 bolts

End elevation
Cover plate not shown

impregnated and graphited and mating

faces machined

for plug Section A - A

Cover plate

Section B-B

NOTE. Sump all shop welded.

Plan

All dimensions are in rnillimetres.

Fillet weld dimensions refer to leg length.

Figure 32.Combined water draw-off and dean-out sump (see 71.14.3)

 f
635 hole
in bottom tate 1 ALternotiveIy the
f ~ ~ ~ ~ d : d " Y

I
detail

MI dimensions are in miltimetras.

Falet wld dimensions rsfsr to leg length.
.. ..
. . .
*Figure33.Aceyltrble m t r r drm-off umps (see 11.143) ....
. . '. ., . .'.
'
b .

. .
. . .. :>.,
- 1 .. .-. ,
. + . .'...
.

.The workmanship ;md finish shaH $e subjected t o close
,&spection by the manufacturer to ensure t h a t they comply
with all requirements of this standard.
NOTE. This it required whether or not the purchaser waives any
pprt of his inspection.
'.I
13.2 Hard stamping
Hard stamping shall o n l y be permitted f o r the purpose o f
plate identification and in any case shall b e kept t o a
minimum.
13.3 Plate edge preparation
. 13.3.1 A l l edges o f all plates except b o t t o m and roof
plates, shall b e prepared by shearing, machining, chipping
'
or cutting w i t h a machine-operated cutting torch. For butt-
welded joints, shearing shall be limited t o 10 mrn thickness
of.plates.
'
13.3.2 For b o t t o m and r o o f plates f r o m a steel reversing
mill, further edge preparation shall not b e required.
?
T h e edges of t h e products o f a steel strip m i l l shall b e
trimmed in aocordance w i t h 13.3.1 t o achieve a square
. edge or double-rub fillet welds shall b e adopted t o ensure
adequate r o o t penetration.
. . NOTfTThis requirement b necessary since the longitudinal edge
produced by the mill may not be sufficiently square to ensure a
wwnd filtet weld with full throat thickness.
13.3.3 When manual oxygen cutting is used f o r trimming
outside circumferential edges o f roof and b o t t o m sketch
- plates, such oxygen-cut edges shall be properly cleaned f o r
"
welding. free f r o m oxide and cutting scale.
NOTE. These should be reasonably mooth at the mlding edges,
.-.- although this would not normally require grinding if a good
quality of workmanship i s achieved.
13.3.4 Ail shell plates shall be profiled t o a tolerance of
k 2.0 m m in length and width. In addition, t o ensure that
plates are t r u l y rectangular, the diagonals, measured across
the rectangle formed b y scribing lines 50 m m f r o m each
edge, shall not d i f f e r b y more t h a n 3 mm.
I For lap welded roof and b o t t o m plates, normal m i l l
tolerances shall be acceptable.
13.4 Rolling and pressing
When required, t o comply w i t h t h e dimensional require-
ments of this standard, shell plates shall have ends preset
and be rolled t o correct curvature.
NOTE. I f plater are not mlled, the manufacturer shovld inform
the purchaser.
13.5 Bolt holes
All b o l t holes shall be punched or drilled to template so
t h a t similar parts are interchangeable. Badly matched
holes shall n o t be corrected by drifting.
& "
13.6 Surface preparation and painting
. . . .
13.6.1 Unless otherwise specified by .the purchaser ' . .
(see 32W1, painting shall be as specified in 13.6.2.
13.6.2 All r o o f structiiral,inember$, stairways and hand-
railings manufactured f r o m mild steel shall b e thoroughly
cleaned and freed from rust and scale by pickling, or blast
cteaning, and'painted immediately after cleaning with a'
primer F a t o f paint.
13.6.3 The method and extent o f surface cleaning and
painting f o r all other .materials shall be specified b y the
purchaser (see 3.2(i) and A.3.4).
13.6.4 Special consideration shall be given t o t h e need t o
protect welding margins, machined surfaces, nuts and bolts,
etc. from corrosion during shipment and construction.
13.7 Erection marks (domestic market)
13.7.1 Tanks erected by manufacturer. All plates and
structural members shall be marked in accordance w i t h
t h e manufacturer's normal practice, unless specified
otherwise by the purchaser (see 3.2lj)).
13.7.2 Tanks erected by others. A l l plates and structural
members shall b e marked in accordance with a marking
diagram t o b e supplied by t h e manufacturer which shall
also bear such other marks as may b e required to facilitate
erection. Erection marks shall b e painted clearly o n plates
and structural members in"Syrnbols a t least 50 m m high,
where practicable, and in the case of curved plates, such
marks shall be o n the inside surface.
13.8 Erection marks (export market)
A l l plates and structural members shall b e marked in
accordance with'a marking diagram to be supplied b y the
manufacturer which shall also bear such other marks as
m a y be required t o facilitate erection overseas.
Erection marks shall b e painted clearly o n plates and
structural members- in white paint and shall be a t least
50 mm high. In addition, it m a y b e necessary for them t o
be hard stamped (see 13.2) in symbols n o t less than 13 m m
high, which in t h e case of plates shall be in the corner
approximately 150 m m from either edge. For curved plates,
such marks shall be on t h e inside surface.
13.9 Packaging
13.9.1 Structural materials and tank plates. A l I materials
t o be erected either b y the manufacturers or by others shall
be bundled and packaged in accordance w i t h t h e usual.
requirements f o r the m o d e o f transport, taking i n t o account
the handling facilities available in transit, and every care
shall be taken to guard against damage or loss.
13.9.2 Mountings and fittings. Where flange gaskets are
packed separately, they shall be adequately protected
against .damage in transit.
NOTE. Roof and sfieif manholes, nozzles, bottom sumps, clean-outs,
etc. may be sent loose with covers bolted on.
 electrode%Welding electrodes shall be
13.9.3 . ~ d d i n &
supplied in cunta iners which give adequate protection
against damage and moisture in transit and in storage on
site. The type of packing to,be employed shall be specified
by the electrode manufacturer.
NOTE. identifbrion. Each case, bundle or package wherever
possible should bo provided with suitable identification marks
giving weight or other desired particulars.
out this course, care shall be taken to ensure that due
allowance i s made for the contraction of the vertical joints
during weiding.
145.3 On all lap joints, the plates shall be held in close
contact during the welding operation. The surfaces where
the wetd metal i s to be applied shalt be thoroughly cleaned
before assembly.
14.5.4 Lugs attached by welding to the tank, and needed
only for purposes of erection, shall comply with 11.16.

14 Site erection 14.6 Shetl tolerances

14.1 General
Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser {see 3.2(kI),
the responsibility for supplying welding electrodes andlor
key plating equipment lies with the manufacturer.
The responsibilityfor the supply of site erection equipment,
labour, fatse work, e t c lies with the erection contractor.
14.2 Workmanship
The erector shall carry out an inspection of the workrnan-
ship and finish to ensure that they comply with all the
requirements of this standard.
NOTE. This will be completed irrespective of whether th.e purchaser
waives any part of his o w inspection.
14.3 Tank foundation aonstructian
Unless he makes alternative arrangements (see 32(1)),
the foundation for receiving the tank bottom shall be
provided by the purchaser.
NOTE 1. I t i s recommended that its constru~rtionbe in accordance
with appendix A. At1 reasonable care should be taken to prevent
damage to the foundation during erection,
The top'of the foundation levels shall be checked at a . NOTE. This standard of verticality should apply to each individual
handover'stage to the tank erection contractor and the
difference in'lwel of the surface of the tank foundation
between any two points 10 m apart around the periphery
+
of the tank shall not be greater than 6 mm and the
envelope of peripheral surface levels shall Ib within 12 mm
above to 12 rnrn betow the design levels.
NOTE 2. Closer tolerances in the tank foundation peripheral levels
may be necessary in thecase of floating-roof tanks. Uneven founda-
tion conditions and settlement can result in the shell assuming an
oval s h g e st the top, causing the floating roof to stick.
14.6.1 The shell shall comply with 14.6.2 to 14.6.6, which
will ensure that the'tank shell is being erected in a satis- '
factory manner in order that the completed tank will have
an acceptable appearance and assist in maintaining the
satisfactory function of a floating roof, if fitted.
14.6.2 The tolerances specified in 14.6.3 to 14.6.6 shall
only apply to the tank during erection.
The location and number of tolerance measurementson
the shell taken during erection and on completion shall be
by agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer
(see 3.3(ij).
14.6.3 The internal radius measuwd horizontafly from the'
. .
centre of the tank at floor level shall not vary from the
nominal internal radius by more than the following:
<
(a) tanks 12.5 rn diameter: -t- 13 mm;
(b) tanks > 12.5 m <45 m diameter: f 19 mm;
(c) tanks > 45 rn diameter: f 25 mm.
14.6.4 The overall height 6f the shell shall not be out of
vertica1.b~more than 1 in 200.
course which should be erected within the same tolerance.
14.6.5 Local departures from the design form shall be
gradual and sharp changes in form shall not be permitted,
NOTE. At horizontal and vertical joints the shell profile should
not deviate from its design form by more than the following
measured over a gauge length of 1 m :
la) plates < 12.5 mm thick: 10 mm;
(b) plates > 12.5 mrn < 25 mrn thick: 8 mm; 5
kJplates > 25 mm thick: 6 mm. ,
W-

14.6.6 Plates to be joined by butt welding sha!l be ma&$':,

14.4 Rectification of damage to materiats
Any damage to material shalt be corrected to the satisfac-
accurately and retained in position duri& the.welding. -.?.;:/.
operation. Misalignment of the plates ihall )lot ex&ed
. . . ..
tt$c;;~ .......
following, . . . ... ..:.
tion of the purchaser prior to erection (see 3.4(a)).

14.5 Erection of plates

(a) In mmpletd v e n b l j o i i i i : i o % &:&'+I&
I

thickness, or 1.5 mrn for plates'l9 mm thick and u & - $ ~ .

_
. . -..
.:*
. . ... ;P,p..,
' ,.
..Pi

~c";?;
..
'

. . ..,.<>:>,.
is -$ :;~;:.
a,

and 3 rnm for plates over-19 m . . i. thick>hich&rer

.
14k1.1 he method propobed to hold the plates in position ............ , .. : . .
. . . .:--.
. .- , . .- ....'. for wetding~shall
5' be approved by the purchaser, unless such
the larger. .. -. ...-=..
....... . . . . . .. :. . . . . . . +
. ,
I..:
, :%
........;. :'-.
: .,..
. . ;.....:.. .,appraval.has idready been given in'w;iting by the purchaser (b) In completed hoiizontal'&?ints::$ %kf:&,upwrj&~;~l
: .
, , , . ,.
. . , %. :-..- .'.....-.
..=I; . . ,.. . .tsee,3;3(h)l.
. . . . . ': plate thickness, or 1.5 ,mm far, 8 'mm ttiick a!..!?:,.'.,
;: . -:,,;;
. .. .:...,-. ". . . . .
... ........:... .- under, and 3 mm for plat&'$~e<O~~m~~hi&..vih;ch&~~:;
.. . . .. .
. . . . . . . ..I. . . . . . . . . . <.: ....
:-:,
..,:I
.......
.+.,";
;. .
-14.512 r-~h$; course bf shell plates to be ,erected first shalt be
.:,...>: ;: .' .'held @,p@;on by:yeJalclamps or. bther de,yir;esattached
is the smaller.
>
. . . .. :<,: ....... .,.,,:. .:;., .
. . . . . . -,:. i'
~
.......... sz:<;::~
... ":.:
NOTE. The tank shell s h h d be'dhedked f & r ' c ~ & b i l y , . d m ~ s i d k i * : .,
,;.; *- ...
:ri. . . :..::;-:.!.'.. .to'2he'botto& plates whilst it is piumbed and checked for
:. and level before the roof m m & s arepoakioned o i the'pt~aiy;,'S;~~. .
".
'.<..'%:'I -. .tikulari!p'ind befoteit is tack welded or wetded. j n's&ing
. .." ......... .. .) ... . . . .i.....-.......-.
.... __- . _.....-'- .
....,...
...,-..
. .. :. $1.. : . wind girder iserected . : .. . .....
'

,;;.
-
. . . . . . ,; .;.. . .<,............ *4. :.. .F".
...................... ...... ?
. . .- ... . . .. .. . . . .. .. . = . . . . . : "z.?.:..
- ........
.:..::,-.:a.:

. .

the peri-
1,'$+y,~f the rckf on completion of erection of the roof
:+aii.not..eideed. "f" '13mm .from.thenominal gap.
,+>-~..,'.
t6 rdof<bthert h l n that at which it war
+
. 5
^. .' : . ~ ' c r l ~ , , ~ fete;'@on'of,
&~
. cr*.t!$ thk$ifferaed+4n 9 4 should
~ *
not exceed 50.mm or srch
S t k valus'as rmy-be.apedm e e n the purchaser and the
::&qGf&urei:firr a particular seal design.
14.8.1 I f manual oxygen cutting is used for trimming
outside circumferential edges of roof and bottom sketch
plates and for trimming corners of bottom plates where
two lapped joints intersect, such oxygencut edges shall
be properly cleaned for welding and free from oxide and
cutting scale.
. NOTE. These should be reasonably snooth at the welding edges
although this would not normalfy requiregrinding if a good quality
. of workmanship is achieved. i t is particularly 'mpartant for the
, sketch to annular plate connection to be properly prepared and
, fitted for welding.
14.8.2 When openings for fittings fixed on site are
. manuaHy oxygen cut,then radius arms, srraight edges and
nozzle guides shall be used. The cut edge shall be deaned
and trimmed by chipping or grinding where necessary to
maintain the correct weld preparation.
14.9 Protection of shell during erection
The-erection contractors shall employ suitabfe"methods for
the protection of the sheH during erection which have been
agreed with the purchaser (see 3.3(j)).When required by
the purchaser, fulkdetails of these methods shall be made
available for his approval. The factors to be taken into
account when determining the suitability of the proposed
method of protection shall be:
fa) tank size;
(b) construction method;
(c) location and degree of exposure to wind loads;
(dl number and type of key plate equipment;
(el availability of reliable meteorological data during
all periods of erection.
NOTE. The use of steel wire guys or cables may not necessarily be
adequate and considerationshould be given to the use of temporary
wind girders.
14.10 Erection of fixed roof
Thetemporary support for the erection of roof framing
shall remain in position until the completion of the main
and secondary framing. Care shall be taken when assembl-
ing roof sheets on the framing that no excessive
unsymmetrical loading is applied to the roof members due
to the stacking of roof sheets. The strength of the temporary
support shall be calculated using the most unfavourable
loading condition during erection.
When agreed with the purchaser (see 3.3(k)), roofs are
permitted to be erected on the tank bottom and raised
into position by an air pressure or other suitable means.
14.1 1 Erection holes
Erection holes shall not be permitted in plate work.
.. -. . . . .
.
. .
. . . .. . . . . .
. . . , .
,.'. 7 , ,
. .. ~
. .
. . . ". . . j.. . ;. .
. . . .. ~." ... . ..
. .. . . ... . . .. . . . . . . . . .
14.12 Find surfatii'fikih . ' . .. . _ ^ ' .- . .
..
. ...
_..> .
.... . i
The final surface pr'epatationand paintirig &stim'rhall be,
specified by the purchaser in accordan& with the environ-
mental and operationaf knditions (see 3Ai)J.. ... ,.
.
. .
,
15 Welding .
. ,
:
. .
15.1 Welding process
15.1.1 AH welding, including repair, tack and attachment
welding, shall be carried out according to the welding
procedure established in 16.2 and by welders approved
under 16.3.
NOTE. Unless otherwise agreed between the purchaser and the
manufacturer, this standard is confined to manual metat-arc and
multi-mn submerged-arc wdding processes,for all seams. Addition-
ally, CO, welding using spray t r a d e r is p e r m i t t d for welding
girth seams only.
When if is p r ~ p o s t dto utilize welding processes or techniques other
than those qrecified in this clause, it may be necessary to modify
or amplify the approval tests and/or inqection t o ensure satisfac-
tory results. For example, singlepass butt welds may introduce
special notch ductility problems both in the weld metal and heat-
affected zone and dip transfer welding processescould introduce
lack of fusian and cold lapping which are.not easy to detect.
Additional tests and/or inspeetion will be the subject of agreement
between the purchaser and the manufacturer.
15.1.2 Where manual metal-arc welding is employed in
construction, hydrogen+ntrolled electrodes shall be used
for welding steels with specified minimum tensile strengths
greater than 430 ~/mrn*in thicknesses exceeding 13 mm.
15.2 Welding sequences
The sequences in which joints are to be welded shall be
agreed betweenthe purchaser and manufacturer (see 3.3(l)j,
and they shall beadhered to on site. The sequence employed
for tack welding and welding the bottom, shell and roof
plates shall be such that the distortion due to welding
shrinkage is minimized.
15.3 Vertical joints
I n vertical joints in she[] plates exceeding 13 mm thick,
all but the'root runs shall be welded by the 'upwards'
technique. Root runs by either the 'upwards' technique or
by vertical-down welding in such plates over 13 rnm shall
be permitted but, in the latter case, the weld metal shall be
completely removed by gouging or other suitable means to
sound clean metal, before welding on the reverse side.
15.4 Weather canditions
Welding shall not be done when the surfaces of the parts
to b e welded are wet, when rain or snow is falling on such
surfaces, or during periods of high windsuntess the welder
and work are properly shielded. When the parent metal
temperature i s lower than 0 OC, the surfaces on both sides
of the joint shalt be pretreated to a temperature warm to
the hand, or to the temperature specified in the welding
procedure, and to a distance of not less than four times the
plate thickness or 75 rnm, whichever is the greater, in any
direction before welding is begun..During t h e course of the
welding operation this preheat temperature shall be main-
tained in t h e specified area.
 15.5. ~ r e h w t i n g
The ~ ~ c . e s s ifor
t y and the extent o f preheat f o r any o f the
conditions shall be determined before the procedure tests
are carried out. . . . . . .
NOTE. Preheat i s not nwmatly necessary on plates less than 25 mrn
thick if the.thermal input is not less than 1.6 kJlmrn and the
material complies with clause 4.
For plates t h i d e r than 25 m m and for all thicknesses if
the thermal input derived from.the welding process is less
than 1.6 kJ/mm, the necessity f o r preheat shall receive
special consideration (see BS 5135).
15.6 Electrodes
Eledtrodes shall be stored i n their originat packets or
cartons in a dry place adequately protected f r o m weather
effects, Similar precautions shalt be taken i n the storage
o f flux f o r submerged-arc welding.
NOTE. lf the electrodes become damp but are not otherwise
damaged. they may be used only after being dried out in a manner
approved by the electrode manufacturer. Any ektrodes wbich
have areas of the flux cowring broken away or damaged are t o be
discarded.
Hydrogen-controlled etectrodes shall be stored and
baked in accordance w i t h the electrode manufacturer's
recommendat.ions.
.-.
15.7 Tack welds - . ..
Tack welds used in the assembly o f the vertical joints o f
tank shells and horizontal joints t o be manually welded
shall be removed and shall n o t remain in the finished joint.
NOTE. Tack welds in the bottom, shell-to-bottom, roof and
automatically welded horizontal joints of the tank shell and other
joints, need not be removed provided they are sound and the
subsequent weld runs are thoroughly fused into the tack welds.
15.8 Cleaning o f welds
15.10 Visual inspection
All welds shall be visuaily inspected.
15.11 Weld reinforcement
The weld metal o f both sides ofall b u t t joints shall be
built u p so that the finished face i n the area o f fusion
extends above the surface of the adjoining plates, or the .
thinner plate joined (see 16.2 and 16.3).
15.12 Undercutting
The edges of all welds shall merge smoothly w i t h the
surface o f the plane without a sharp angle. There shall be
no undercutting o f the parent metal, except that o n
horizontal b u t t joints and fillet welds, an undercut n o t
exceeding 1 m m i n depth shall not be cause for rejection.
15.13 Peening
Peening o f b u t t welds shalt not be permitted.
15.14 Repairs
15.74.1 A l l unacceptable defects found i n welds shall be
brought to the attention o f the purchaser and his approval
shall be obtained as t o the method o f repair (see 3.4b)). . ,.
- 15.14.2 When a section of weld isThown b y radiography :
not t o comply w i t h this standard, t w o adjacent spots shalt
be examined b y radiography.
If the weld at either of these sections fails t o comply
w i t h 77.4.10, then either of the following courses shall be
followed :
(a) additional nearby spots shall be examined until the
limits of such welding are determined; or
(b) all welding performed by the welder i n that joint
shall be replaced.

C Each run o f weM metat shall be cleaned o f slag and other

deposits before the next r u n is applied. Slag shall also
be removed from finished welds before inspection. Where
air-arc gouging is used. the surfaces shall be chipped or
ground back to bright metal before welding.
15.9 Back gouging and chipping
The reverse side of full penetration butt welds shall be
. . ' . cleaned thoroughly prior t o the application of .the first r u n
:
: . . !.'.:.-.,. . .to this side in a manner that w i l l leave the.expased surface
: .. ... .. :.,...;
I n case (a), i f any additional spot fails t o comply
w i t h 17.4.10 the l i m i t o f such welding shall be determined . '
as specified for the initial section o f the defective weld.
For case {b),the purchaser shall be permitted t o request
that one radiograph be taken a t any selected location o n
any other joint that the same welder has welded (see 3.4(c))."
15.14.3 At1 defects i n excess of the minimum requireme$< ;,:
specified i n 17.4.10 shall be removed by chipping, grinding:;:;,:.
or gouging from one o r bath sides of the joint, as require&:;:;-
and rewelded. Onty sufficient cutting-out of the j,oints . . .
+ '

. . :1,;,:suitable
%
,:' ';.-:

for proper interfusion w i t h the deposited weld . .

. .. . . . .... .. .. .. metal. shaIl be done as is necessary to remove. the defects. . . . ..-
..:".
>
I."

:
. . ..:. . .:.;.',.
15.14.4 All repairs carried o u t bec&e o f nori-complianq@~~::~i
w i t h 17.4.10 shall be 1Od % radiographed unkss the . ' ..'.
complete seam is removed and reive1ded;'in which casethe, &.
. , ".<
~~~~~
original weld inspection procedure shall be fouowed.' ,,,.:<,?,?:!
. -
." , . ' .; .;.-";,,
.. . .-.,.
. . .:,. . J..""

* . . . + . ..:.. *.
. ,..-
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....
~

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, .,'f
.*
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...,% .,l/.* :.
.

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o'. d
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....:........ ....
<psi<
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><.;:-
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:' . ,;.. .... .............. . ..< .
,

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,
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I.

... r

$$6 ding
... <,,. . . pr&edure. . . and welder provided the process and conrumabler have been a p p r o v e
:
,ipprwal ,*
. . , l :
o n a weld tert plate in accordance w i t h BS 4870 : Part 1.
.-. y .
.. ,
. < ~ . . .
' . 16.2.3 Examination of test prate. Each butt-welded test
.....< :. ...
, . , ..
. ._:.: '

... : . . . . . . . . .
plate shall be prepared and radiographed in accordance
-.
-46.1
... .
mir rat... ' . . . . . ' .
, --
w i t h BS 4870 :Part 1.
. . .
The.welding processes to be wed for the construc-
.'$&l.l' 16.2.4 Destmcrive testing
*.'ii&of the ta3k shall be usied in.the procedure and welder 16.2.4.1 General, Destructive tiding shall be i n accordance
'a'pproval,tests. ,,
w i t h BS 4870 :Part 1.
':"* ,

i6.t.2 A l l welding procedures shall be approved i n Where impact testing o f the plate material is specified
accordance w i t h 16.2 and all welders shall be approved i n (see 4.41, then impact testing o f the weld metal shall be
accordance w i t h 16.3. carried out.
16.1.3 Previously approved procedures shall be acceptable 16.2.4.2 Impact tests. Charpy V-notch impact test
.
asagreed between purchaser and manufacturer (see 3.3(m)). specimens shall be selected, machined and tested as shown
i n figure 34 and in accordance w i t h BS 131 :Part 2.
The weid metal of vertical shell butt welds and o f manual
*16.2 Welding procedure approval metal arc welded shell b u t t welds, induding the connections
between nozzles and mountings and the shell, hat1 meet
16.21 Procedure derails. The welding procedure specifica-
27 J minimum average Charpy V impact energy a t the same
tion shall give all details o f the welding processes t o be used
test temperature as required by 4.4 f o r the plate material.
by the contractor, including those for repair, tack and
When connections are made between materials o f different
attachment welds and shall also include the results o f such
thickness, the reference thickness for figure 1 shall be that
approval tests as required b y this standard.
of the thicker part joined.
'16.2.2 Number and types of rest plates. The number and When girth seams are welded b y an automafic process.
types o f test plates shall be i n accordance w i t h BS 4870 : t h e Charpy V impact energy shall not be less than 27 J
Part 1 a n d this standard. When steels w i t h specified minimum average a t -10 OC o r a t a temperature indicated
minimum tensite strengths greater than 490 N i m m Z are b y figure 1 using scale A, whichever is the least onerous.
kd'in construction, the highest tensile grade'of steel t o Three specimens shall be tested, the value taken being the
be used in C O ~ R ~ U C shall
~ ~ Obe~ used in approval testing. minimum average o f the three results. The minimum
Procedure tests for nozzle (stress relieved or as welded) individual value shall be not less than 70 % o f the specified
repair, tack and attachment weldsare n o t normally required minimum average value.

$weld and notch

I

I I r

I . !

.55-- I
__C1

All dimensions are in millimetres.

figure 34. Location of Charpy V-notch impact test specimen {see 16.2.4.2)
 16.2.4.3 Retests. If one o r more Charpy specimen fails t o
comply w i t h 16.2.4.2, three further specimens shall be
prepared and tested.
I f any of the retests fail t o comply w i t h 16.2.4.2, the pro-
cedure shalf be deemed n o t t o w m p f y w i t h this standard
and a new procedure shall be tested.
NOTE. Nardnesr tt is.remmmended that it is demonstrated in the
procedure tests that the hardness af the heat-affected zone at the
shell to bottom plate and of the weld metal, heat-affected zone
and parent plate at other lacations in the shell, shauld not exceed
300 H V (using 30 kg load).
Where wet H,S conditions are to be encountered and an appro-
priate low level of hardness cannot be obtained, the most'sultable
way ta avoid stress carrosion cracking will be to protect the shell
to annular weld area and ihe adjacent vertical shell and annular
plate weids using an ppropriate paint.
16.2.5 Changesaffecting approval. A welding procedure
test shall be required when any o f the changes specified
in BS 4870 :Part 1 and/or the following are made t o an
approved welding procedure.
(a) A change o f brand o f hydrogen-controlted welding
electrode o r i n automatic welding consumables, except
for the wire i n submerged-arc welds.
(b} For a specified weld preparation in plates 12.5 m m
thick and thicker, a change of more than 2 25 % in the
number o f ~ u n s . I f the cross-sectional area o f the grdove
is increased, it is permissible t o increase the number o f
runs i n proportion t o the increase in area.
I d For automatic girthseam welding, a change f r o m
multiple runs per side t o single r u n per side.
(d) For automatic girthseam welding, a change from
single arc t o multiple arc o r vice-versa.
16.3 Approval process for welders
16.3.1 Approval of weldem Each welder shall be approved
before welding on the tank. A welder w h o has successfully
welded the procedure test plate shaIl be considered t o have
been approved.
16.3.2 Approval tests. Each welder shall be approved in
accordance w i t h BS 4871 :Part 1 and this standard, except
for the following applications.
(a) Unless specifically required b y the purchaser
(see 3.2(m)), a welder w h o is only required t o make
purchaser (see 3.2(n)). Otherwise, approved welders
shatl carry out these operations.
16.3.3 Examination of welders' tesr plates. Each butt-
welded test-plate shall be radiographed in accordance
w i t h BS 4871 : Part 1.
16.3.4 Extent o f approval. A welder who has success-
f u l l y welded the specified tests shall be approved t o the
extent specified in BS 4871 : Part 1 except that:
(a) a welder who has successfully welded the tests
using a basic coated electrode shall be approved t o use
rutile, celfulosic or iron powder coated electrodes;
(b) a welder w h o has successfully welded the tests using
a rutile coated electrode shatl be approved to use ceflu-
losic or iron powder coated electrodes;
(c) a change f r o m single arc to multipie arc o r vice versa
for welders operating automatic or semi-automatic
machines requires re-testing.
16.3.5 Records
16.3.5.1 Copies of the records o f each welder's approval
shall be available f o r examination o n site by the purchaser
(see 3.4(d)).
16.3.5.2 A welder who has been approved shall not be
prevented f r o m undertaking p r o d u k i o n work pending
examination o f these records, or certified copies o f these
records, provided 16.3.5.1 has been complied with.
17 Radiography
17.3 Application
The procedure specified i n this clause shall apply to the
inspection of the joints listed i n 17.3. Radiographic
examination of fillet welds shall not be required.
17.2 Preparation for exami~tion
Surface dressing o f butt-welded seams is not normally
required except that surface irregularities which may
confuse o r mask any objectionable defect shall be care- .:;
.,
fully removed.
..
- _ .. . .
17.3 Extent of radiography per tank .......
I.I. j

<~
'; ,:.
fillet welds o n the tank bottom, roof o r shell plates n o t 17.3.1 The extent o f radiography shall be n o t less than . ;:,. .:_.
exceeding 12.5 rnm thickness, except f o r the shell-to- that listed in tabte 6 for each plate thi.&ness, but shall :$-j:. :
b o o m weld, is n o t m u i r e d to pass an approval test, inctude one radiograph taken f r o m the 'first w m p f e t e d :$$?:;
.,
but his standard o f workmanship shall be such that the vertical joint f o r each welding process and thickness, >,;:<;'
requirements o f this standard are maintained. +
,

if differing by more than 3 mm, welded by each welder.%:,:..:.

(b)Tack welding o f shell, roof o r bottom, where the Thereafter, without regard t o the number of welders '1. ;, +.!,;
. .;<...q:+- .. ,?

.f
working thereon, the same incident+ o f radiogiaphy shaH.',".+,..~..
.-r...
tack weld shall be removed by gouging o r shall be
. . ,, ,.' % . +->f.:,< .
~

1 .' completely fused, can be carried out by nonapproved be maintained. . . -. . . . . .. . .

...
,

...
.t,C
"

. . .. A:'&.;..

. . operators w h o are suitably instructed and supervised t o NOTE. The location of the radiographs.ii'.ti
. . be &@mined in,;
.. . . .,. . :-:,$4j:;,.,.< . : .
the purchasei.'~satisfaction when permitted by the ' agreement with the purchaser. . . :.* . - . I,.
"

. . . '. . .. . . .,>.I.:;."
. .
.L .

Vsrtimt welds and f joints
10 % of total seam length
plus alt T-junctionst
10 % of total seam length,
a t least half of the
radiographs to include
I T-junctions
'
Up to and including 13 mm 1 56 of total vertical
seam length
Annular plates over 10 mm - All joints
Annular plates over 8 mrn
-'up to and including 10 mm
. .
Annutar plates up to and
including 8 mm
'The length to be radiographed shall consist of that length from the outside of the annular plate to a p d n t 250 mm inside the tank.
t50 % of radiographs with film horizontal and 50 % of radiographs with film vertical.
17.3.2 Butt welds around the periphery of an insert plate
shall be radiographed over the whole of their length.
ww
NOTE.When two or more tanks are erected in the.same location
for the =me purchaser, either concurrently or consecutively,
the initial radiographsof the work of each welder need only be
taken on one tank. In addition. the total number of radiographs
taken may be based on theaggngate length of welds for the same
type and thickness i n such a group of tanks rather than on the
length in each tank,'ht with a minimum of 50 % of the coverage
requirementsgiven in table 6 on each tank.
11.4 Radiography procedure
17.4.1 Techniques. Radiography shall be carried out in
accordance with BS 2600 :Part 1 using techniques 1.2,3,
6 or 7 for plate thicknesses up to and including 19 mm and
techniques 1 or 2 for plates thicker than 19 mm.
NOTE. X-radiography i s preferred to gamma-radiography because
of the inherent low contrast of the latter. I f , because of local
conditions or special cimmdances, gamma-radiography i s used
the isotope employed will be iridium 192.
17.4.2 Intensifying screens. Lead screens shall be used in
all the techniques and their thicknesses shall be in accor-
dance with table 3 of BS 2600 : Part 1 : 1983.
17.4.3 Radiographic film. Each film shall show clearly a
minimum of 300 mm of wetd length; it shall be centred on
the weld and shall be sufficiently wide to permit adequate
space for the location of identification markers and image
quality indicator (1QI). Care shall be taken to ensure that
films are carefully handled and stored; they should not be
. :. . .
. Horizontal -ma Annular battoxi butt wddr;: ..
. .
2 % of seam length
2 % of seam length -
1 % of seam length -
Half the number of joints 1
A quarter of the number
of joints, with a minimum
of 4 radiographs
subjected to mechanical or chemical damage and it is
particularly important to guard against inadvertent expo-
..,
sure to sunlight, radiat5n or excessive heat.
17.4.4 Standard test radiograph. The exposing, film pro-
cessing and handiing procedures shall be demonstrated to
the purchaser and shall be subject to his approval
(see 3,4(e)). A standard t e s t radiograph shall be prepared
and shall be made available for inspection.
17.4.5 t m g e quality indicators. To check the degree of
definition and contrast achieved and to determine whether
the minimum radiographic standard is being attained,
an image quality indicator complying with BS 3971 shall
be used with dimensions appropriate to the thickness of
the weld. The method of assessing the radiographic sensi-
tivity shail be that described in BS 3971.
17.4.6 Film Iucation. The film during exposure shall be
as close to the adjacent weld surface as i s practicable,
17.4.7 ' identification markers. ldentification markers,
the images of which will appear on the film, shall be placed
adjacent to the weld a t each spot examifred and their
locations accurately marked near the weld on the outside
surface, so that a defect appearing on the radiograph may
be accurately located.
17.4.8 Referem marker. There shall also be a suitable
reference marker on each film.
17.4.9 Submission of radiography. All radiographs shall
be submitted to the purchaser.
t 7.4.10 Radiographicstandards. The defect acceptance 18 Testing
levels given in table 7 shall be imposed during fabrication
as a means of quality control. Areas found to be outside 18.1 General
these limits shalt be repaired in accordance with 15.f.4,
18.1.1 A comprehensive test procedure shall be s p c i f i d
17.4.1 1 Record of radiog&h;c examinarion and agreed between ?he purchaser and manufacturer
17.4.11.3 The erention'&ntia~torshall make a record of (see 3.3(n)). The water test procedure shall specify .

a l l films, with their identification marks, preferably on a
developed shell plate di&iam.
NOTE. Other agreed methods comparable with this diagram may
be acceptable.
17.4.11.2 After completion of the tank, the films shall
be retained for a minimum of 5 years.
Table 7. Acceptance Ievels for radiographic examination
Defect type
maximum filling rates, hold periods, emergency and normal
emptying procedures, method of settlement measurement,
limits for differential and maximum settlement of the
foundations, minimum water temperatures. etc. (see AS).
On completion of the test, the manufacturer in conjunc-
tion with the purchaser shall review the settlement data
and determine that the tank is fit for service. Consideration
shatl also be given to the effect of future settlements.
18.1.2 No connections shall be made between a tank and
any product fine until the tank and i t s appropriate mount-
ings have been satisfactorily tested in accordance with 18.2
Permined maximum
to 18.6.

Crack Not permitted

18.2 Bottom testing
Lack of fusion Nut permitted
Incomplete penetration Not permitted except as 18.2.1 The bottom of the tank shall be tested for leaks .
4.
. specified in 7.5.2 using either of the methods in 18.2.2 or 18.2.3.
, - . -
. . . ., .'.

Isolated pores -. .,.

.-~
# t/4
- ." 18.2.2 The bottom seams shalf Wested by thevacuum ' :::"
.
- box method using a pressure of 650 mbar absolute

Unifwmly distributed or
locaiized porosity I 2 % by area* (as seen in
a radiograph)
Linear porosity ( Linear porosity in vertical
I welds paraltel to the axis
of the weld may indicate
lack of fusion or lack of
penetration and therefore
is not permitted
Wormholes, isoiated 1 Length* 6 rnm
Wormholes, aligned I As hear porosity
(is. 350 mbar of vacuum).
18.2.3 Alternatively, after the tank bottom and at least the
bottom course of shell plates have been welded, air shall be
pumped beneath the tank bottom at a pressure sufficient
to lift the bottom plates off the foundation. The pressure,
which shaH be 7 rnbar maximum, shall be held by the
construction of a temporary dam of clay or other suitable
material around the tank periphery. Soap solution or other
suitable material shall be applied to the ioints for the
detection of leaks.
18.24 The bottom and bottom-to-shellweMs shall be :.
made free of leaks as required by the purchaser (see 3.4(f)):

Individual slag inclusions

parallel to major weld axis
NOTE 1. inel~rionsto be
I Length >t
18.3.1 Pneumatic testing of the reinforcing ptates is not .
required unless specifiedby the purchaser bee 3.2(6)),. 'm:??:.
:?,::. ...
repar,atedon the majw axis. when it shall be done at a pressure of I'.bar prior.to the'';?;?- .....d; ;: ' ,-..
by a distance equal to or . . , shell water test. For this purpose. tapped of 12 nim;: +.;:
greater than the length of - . :
the l o y e r inclu$on and The
'
diameter,muimum shall-beipedand . . . .. . . . .. .&&"tip!$
....
. . .. . . . . .
s.blf.,F
_. ,-:. .$.
::$:$j:)
the.;. left open aftertesdw-
.. ., , , ,
,
$rim of the lengthrof ...,. .:. .: . . . . . .::;, .;+&:;,;:: .'
<'

'inclusions.sh~l,+t ex*'.. , 18.12 The ioofdrain shall in&li&.wihf t&'ih$<.:i:i.5;>:$ix>:

/~

the totat weld,l&gth being . . .". + :. .. .,

hydraulic t e a m the tank a d d j h g this t& ths d&.y?~$$7
:4 b

exwined '! .
:, .... ..-., . .. .
... . . . . . shalt be examined to &&re that jt 6s not .!&king
"
dlre:toI:-$>.;:
.. .. - . I . .... . .. .. .. - . -. . ,,,:.**',
external pressure. . . . . . . . . : . .- ' .*. .. .. . . . . . . ;':..s.
"

'Area to be mnsid&ed should be the length of the weld . ,. . ..,, ...:...

- . % " . :.
. --....n..' .
affected by porosity,muItiplied by the maximum width of the
wdd locallyl ",. .
NO~E 2. In this table rhe tollawing symbols are used:
.$is a defect diameter (in mm); '

:t,i s t h e thieness of thinner plate be& joined (in I&).

:.
. .......
^._.
I

: , .
--
._
. .
.. . . .
I . . . .

<..- .
. > . .
'..
. . . . . ." . .. . - . . .
. . . : " . ; ...
 . .

. ,

, ..

caused by the deeper immersion in the stored product . .

than in the water (see 3A(gI). .
............ water to the . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
~i~'ciel~&pe@j&
. . , L ~. . .
t in 7.21. The rate of.. ,filling shall not exceed 18.5.4 pin-holesand/& defective &eldingin&iirk i m &. d .
.
,;,that:s&cifiiNd'$t,
::j;.. .... .;. . . . . . . . . procedure.
. to be in contact with the product shall be corre~ted't;~ . .: ~

. . . . . . ,. . , . . .
.~€J?&bttei+~~<diiim tM notes of figtire 1relating to the welding. ,. .. - ' . .. ". .. . . . %
. ..
. .
jnnnihm test rvatet'tmerature and i o the m m e n d a t i o n s NOTE. Isolated pin-holes in -r not in &act with the product' - '' ''

a$!~.~eFati~$~t& the rateof teit h e r fillin#. . may be caulked mechanically. .

.. +. ..... . . . . . . . . .
. ie2,'c.. .
: %..'
,,.r...,.:,
',' . ,- .'".*.
,.-: ........ -? .. .i.bt.'. > .....
', ~
. . . . . . . . . . . .
<J18.d.X
...F~... .. fie ma'ik$a$&r shill be infoi-medby the 18.5.5 The sealing mechanh shafi be checked to ensure
- .w. . h & r ' o f ihk&iatity,,of the water to be used and if proper functioning ov& the full height of the shell.
'&ci,sary. any yleciat cleaning or corrosion protection,
e.g. inhibitor or cathodic protection (see 3.1 (k)). 18.6 Fixed-roof testing
38.4.3 '&ntirmous i n m i o n shall be maintained for the 18.6.1 When the tank shell i s tested with water the roof
whore filling period. Ait leaks found shall be repaired with joints shall be tested by applying an internal air pressure
the water level at feast 300 mm below t h e point being equal to 7.5 mbar for non-pressuretanks and 3 mbar above
repaired.
. -
the design pressure of the tank for pressure tanks.
..
. -, ._
.:: 18.4.4
I

During emptying of test water, precautions shall In the case of oolumn-supported roof tanks, the air test
, .
:;. betaken to ensure that the design vacuum i s not exceeded. pressure shall be limited to that pressure equivalent to the
.....
weight of the roof plates unless the compression area has
been determined in accordance with 8.5, using a design
3-'
.' pressure of 7.5 mbar {see 2.1.2).
.,-=;
: 18.5.1 The centre dedc plate, pontoon bottom plate a n d Soap solution or other suitable material shall be used for
g rim ptate welded joints shall be tested by spraying with a
the detection of leaks.
.-.I. . penetrating oil, such as light gas oil, on the bottom side
NOTE. Attention is drawn to the need for careful control and
, . and inspecting visually on the top side and inside of rim
monitoring of pressures during this testing. Climatic chawes can
: plates. cause sharp fluctuations i n test pressures and pmvision rhouid be

,
...
made for the safe relief of pressure or vacuum i n the m n t of such
,.
1.
fluctuations. .. =
.

'. .. '18.5.21
. € i t h i of the methods of test specified in 18.6.2 Pressure a n d vacuum or free vents shall normally
..: or 18.5.2.3 shall be applicable. be installed after completion of the tank water test or
3'

'.:
:- 185.2.2 The filler welds connecting the bulkheads
<. between wntoons to the inner and outer rim plates
..*,
.,'i the pontoon bottom shall be examined for leaks using
',v. penetrating oil prior to the installation of the pontoon top
:
.*; plates. When continuously welded. the welds connecting
' :' the pontoon top plates shall be inspected visually for
pinholes or defective welding.
18.5.2.3 Alternatively, when the compartments are
completely welded, each completed compartment of
pontoon roof shall be individuaHy tested with an air
pressure of 7 mbar gauge, a soapy .water solution being
applied to ail welded joints under pressure which have not
been previously tested with penetrating oil.
18.5.3 The roof shall be given a flotation test while the
tank i s being fifled with water and emptied. During this
test. the upper side of the lower deck and all pontoon
compartments shall be examined for leaks. Rainwater shall
be prevented from entering the pontoon compartments
during this test.
During the initial filling with product the purchaser shall
check pontoon compartments and decks for any leaks
alt&natively shall be blanked-off during the testing of the
roof. After installation or immediately following the roof
pressure test all vents shall be carefully examined to ensure
that all packing and blanks have been removed and that
all moving parts function normally.
NOTE 1. AnchoragesJ I f tank anchorages are provided. these should
be checked and readjusted, if necessary, with the tank full of water
and prior to the air pressure test.
NOTE 2. Foundations. Attention is drawn to the recommendations
of A.5, When foundations are not constructed i n accordance with
appendix A i t i s still advisable that the rceornmendations i n A.5
are adhered to.
Water filling should be stopped immediately there is evidence of
excessive abnormal or unexpected soil movement or the differen-
tial or maximum settlements are tending to exceed those specified
i n the testing procedure. I f there is a risk o f continuing excessive
settlements or m i l movement, the tank should be off-loaded.
Any tank showing evidence of ledrage from the bottom during
water tat should be emptied immediately. The source of such leaks
should be determined and rectified. Where there is a risk that the
leakage may have caused washout of the foundation material,
the foundations are to be inspected. The repair of the foundation
should b e the subject of spsial consideration and approval by the
purchaser.
 Appendices

of significant bottom plate settlements (see 8.2.1 1.

Appendix A. ~ecomrnenda&ons
for ...
. .
' : : tank foundations
A1 General
A.1.1 The recommendationsgiven in this appendix are
intended to establish general principles for'the design and
construction of foundations under vertical oil storage tanks.
They are offered as an outline of good practice and point
out some precautions which should be observed in
constructing such foundations.
~ 1 1 . 2~ecauseof the wide variety of surface, sub-surface
and climatic conditions, it obviously i s not practicableto
establish design data to cover all situations and the allow-
able soil loading should be decided for each individual case
having regard to the type and size of tank. The design
should be generally in accordance with CP 2004 and take
account of the special nature of the soiljstructure inter-
act ions and the definition of the load.
A.1.3 If tank anchorages are required according to
clause 10, suitable foundations are required. The design
of these foundations should be based on the loadings
-
specified by the tank designer.
A 2 Site design considerations
A.2.1 At any tank site, the nature of the sub-surface
conditions should be known in order to determine the
variation of soil properties over the site and to estimate the
amount of settlement that will be experienced. A site
investigation should be carried out in accordance with
BS 5930 to identify the ground conditions under the
complete area of kach tank to a depth over which signifi-
cant settlements may occur. Where the founding material
i s sound or weathered rod, the site investigation shall be
supplemented by geophysical mapping of the tank pad
formation.
( c ) Ewnamic considerations, e.g. savings of foundations
costs versus the risk of excessive settlements and .the
possibility of future maintenance costs.
(dl The allowabfe relative movement of adjoining or
related foundations or pipework.
(e) The difference in settlement between the periphery
and the centre.
Settlement calculations are of limited accuracy even with
detailed investigationand sophisticated analysis. f anks
should not therefore be designed to depend for their
integrity on precise settlement predictions.
A.2.3 Maximum tank settlements can vary from a few
millimetres to a metre or more. The initial settlement
measured a t water test can be greatly exceeded during the
life of the tank particularly on weak slow draining sub-soils
,
and the amount of settlement may also be affected by the
cyclic nature of the load. The extent of the differential
settlement will depend on the uniformity or otherwise of
the sub-soil, the stiffness of the tank and any interactive
effects from adjacent tanks. The use of foundations with
large permissible settlements should only be considered ..
after a thorough site investigation and in consultation with
soil mechanics specialists.
'.
The following are some of the many variations in condi-
tions which should, i f a t all possible, be avoided for the
construction of tank foundations. Where, from ecanomic
considerations or lack of alternative areas, they are unavoid-
able, then they require special considerations.
(a) Sites where part of a tank may be on rock,
undisturbed ground or other construction and part on
fill: where the depth of required fill is variable; or where
ground under part of the tank area has been precon-
solidated.
(b) Sites on swampy or filled ground. or where layers of .'
highly compressible material are below the surface.
fc) Sites where stability of t h e ground is questionable;
such as adjacent to water courses, deep excavations or ;' ,

Additional useful information can be obtained from a heavy loads, or an hillsides.

review of sub-surface conditions and the history of similar (dl Sites where tanks may be exposed to flood waters, ';'.1:
structures in the vicinity. resulting in possibie uplift, displace&ent or scour. . .;.I ...
:--
The allowable soil loading can then be decided in relation Special consideration should also be given to the effect on\:;::; .
, to the reliability of predictions of ultimate bearing capacity the foundation of heated tanks. .; .?:#.;
...
and the permissible settlements by a soil mechanics ,'*r.T;
specialist A 2 4 I f the wb-soil supporting t h foundation&
~ k ;.k -:,;:,.
. . .- . . . and inadequate to carry the load of the fiiled tank witho~$$,:
.. '
2 permissible'settlementi s the maxirnhn atlow-
. 7 : .~
. i The excessive settlement, the;following methcid$should . b&.:,5$5?
. . ..
. . r . able design limits for the settlement of the foundation.
-.. ' . . ,..- .'.&.: r
considered. .. .. . . .. . ... . ' ? .,.. .;,.,F;,:
. .,-.-
:. ; : :.: - I .These limits are to. be ggreed between the purchaser and
the manufacturer for the maximum and differential settle-
ment across the bottom and around the periphery of the
tank. The considerations affecting the limits of permissible
. .
. .. ' -. .. . . : :.? ~. '
..settlementare as foltows.
. . ... .. . . .
." . ,. '. .:'... .'... . . (a) The dimensions and ratio of the tank.
.. ., . < " . . .
..... ;... . , . . .(b) he type of tank, eg. open-top tanks with pontoon
. .. . ., ..
I ,,,~pe-floaging roofs will ge.nerally tolerate a much
. - ,+.
.,
. .. .:. , . . .. .. .:;i: . - :'smaller differehal settlement around the circurnfer&ce
>,. . . .. . .. . .
. . .. . .. . .. . ..than fixed-roof tanks. Tanks with column-supported
'
L
.
. . . ....
. . .
. . .. * . . .. .:. . . . . ioofs require special design considerations in the event
, .
 .GJZi.:- -
..:,IS !jhstrated iiifigure 35; is described i n A.3.2 to A.3.6.
,. !. -.,'.. .' . . .
...!.Y< . . , . .. . .
'+@ -
- -$. ),, ,): ~ ~ ? . ~ . : ~ i h i f = i iaatqpicaI
-.-'.. t:k fobndation and to
repiace
:.:anyumatisfactoiy
3..~"" , -..- ,- *derlyiri&dt spots, should be sound, :.c . .. . . _ . .. .
. :.. .:... "".+.'.
'

bottom, ~eA.4.2); ... . ... .,_ .,?,,. .*,,-

..... , .,. I- . .
.' . .; .&; -,
,:~~,ei$i$:w@:c&rable. I t should bind to form a dense surface . ., . .',.,";.'? : .
, ' , "

iTwtieh laid'in'l56:mm layers'and rolled with a 6 tonnes
.%'.40 tor&s roller. het to^
surface of the pad should
!&&poiate a stable perqweable granular drainage layer,
. .:
..ftiebore of the pad can be &nstructed from any highly
"compactable, chemically inert, locally available material
:that is not susceptible to frost heave, is noncorrosive and
i s of low compressibility and sufficient strength. An annular
ring of coarse gtanular material may be required to provide
'...high edge load resistance when the locally avaiiabte material
. .
L h as tow strength except when confined, e.g. most sands.
. ;. The annular ring may also be required to prevent wash-out
4.
.. . -. ,, " ,
. ... .".*," ~..-.;. .' .
A.3.4 When the profile of the &f&e i; cornpi& it Vhould ' . . . ;." ..
' '
. '
be covered with a smooth bitumen-sand mix that (5 50 rhin
thick.to weatherproof the foundation and provide a layer.
sufficiently firm to carry the necessary traffic and facilitate
welding of the bottom plates. This layer will also retard
corrosion of t h e tank bottom. Mill scale should have been
removed from the underside of the bottom plates to
minimize corrosion (see 3.2(i)). This bitumen-sand surfac-
ing should extend outside the tank periphery to protect
the external surface of the foundation and may need
re-trimmingafter the water test and from time to time
during operation to maintain suitable water drainage away

<,; of fine soits in thqevent of a bottom leak and provide from the tank. Bitumen-sandsurfacing should be omitted
A ..
,.,: protection against.erosion around the tank perimeter.
where cathodic protection of the tank bottom is adapted.
C-il~ A 3 3 It is suggested that the surface upon which the tank
'-2 bottom will rest be constructed to a height of a minimum

Stable permeable cornpocted

100 min. SO thick bitumen- granutar drainage layer
sand mix approximately 150 thick

@ 7 5 mrn PVC pipes or ThoroughIy ~ o m p a c f e d

equal at not more than chemicaLLy inert f i l l o f
5 m between centres granular or o t h e r stable,
around periphery, ptastic heave free, low compressibility
mesh screen over inside mater~al
open end

AH dimsnrions are in millimetres, unless otherwise stated.

Figure 35. Typical tank foundatiin

 A.3.5 A suitable bitumen-sand can be produced by hot-
:
mixing i n the following proportions b y mass:
(a) 9 k 0.5 % (rnlm) non-toxic c u t back bitumen
I (is. fluxed w i t h kerosine and n o t creosote');
(b) 10 ir 1.0 Sg ( d m ) filler: either limestone dust passing
a sieve o f nominal aperture size 75 pm complying w i t h
BS 410, or Portland cement;
'(c)81 + 1 3 % (rnlm) clean dry washed sand w i t h the
properties given i n table 2 o f BS 882, 1201 :Part 2 :
1973.
As an alternative t o the sand, crushed rock types 1 t o 7,
slag o r limestone i n accordance w i t h table 53 o f BS 4987 :
1973 may be used,
Some variation o f these proportions may be necessary t o
suit ambient temperature conditions, locally available
materials, etc., and it is recommended that trial mixes be
made i n order t o achieve the correct proportions t o suit
the partiarlar case.
A.3.6 A series of 75 mm diameter PVC pipes should be
ptaced around the perimeter o f the drainage layer and
protrude through the bitsand facing t o the berm t o give
warning of any b o t t o m plate leakage. The pipes should be
at not more than 5 m intervals and the inlet should be
cpvered w i t h a mesh screen t o prevent clogging by material
from the drainage layer. I n special cases it may be
necessary t o introduce an impermeable layer below the
base o f the foundation pad (see figure 35).
A.4 Modifications and alternatives to
typical foundation pads
A.4.1 Where poor subsoil conditions necessitate the use
o f a reinforced concrete raft and piled foundations, the raft
should be designed i n accordance w i t h normal reinforced
concrete practice (see CP 114 or CP 1101 and surfaced
w i t h a reduced thickness o f bitumen-sand m i x as described
i n A.3.
A.4.2- Where a tank w i t h a central internal b o t t o m drainage
sump is required:
(a) o n hard ground where little settlement is expected,
the tank foundation may be given a slight fat1 t o the
centre;
(b) on poor ground where considerable settlement is
expected, special consideration should be given t o the
possibility o f unacceptable tensile stresses developing
in the b o t t o m plates and in such cases a foundation
constructed as recommended in A.4.1 should be used.
A,4.3 F o r high-pressure tanks, it may be necessary t o
prevent upfift o f the shell due t o the combined effects o f
vapour pressure and wind movement by means o f an
anchorage around the shelf built into a suitable concrete
ring o r raft.
*creosote fluxed bitumen i s not considered t o be acceptable in view of i t s acid content.
Where the foundation design incorporates a ring beam,
care shoutd be taken t o ensure that the relative settlement
characteristics o f the ring wall and the infill are n o t such
as t o result i n excessive differential settlement local t o
the inner wall o f the ring beam. Consideration may need
t o be given to the provision o f a hinged transition slab in
this area. A minimum thickness of 50 m m o f bitumen-sand
should be maintained over the concrete.
A.5 Water testing
While it is normal practice t o test all tanks b y filling w i t h
water before commissioning, this filling should be done
under controlled conditions t o ensure that foundation
failure does not occur during filling. The water test pressure
is an integral part of the foundation design and should be
agreed w i t h a soil mechanics specialist.
All tank tests wilk be carried o u t t o provide adequate
measured load/settlernent records.
The first tank i n a new area w i l l be the most critical and
subsequent testing arrangements o n other tanks should be
adjusted in the light o f the first test results where the tanks
are o n similar sub-soil conditions.
A minimum o f four points o n tanks under 25 rn diameter
and eight points o n tanks.over.25 m diameter should be
marked around the base o f the tank for subsequent levelling
reference. A greaternumber o f points may b e required for
large tanks andlor where a complex settlement pattern is
expected. Before water is added t o the tank, the levels a t
each reference point should be recorded. Permanent refe-
rence levels have t o be established in locations unaffected
by tank loading.
As a guide, when ground conditions are good and settle-
ment is expected t o be negligible, the tank may be half-
filled w i t h water as quickly as practicable, having regard to
its size, the pumping facilities and water suppry avaifable.
N o further filling shoutd proceed untit levels have been
taken and checked against the readings when empty t o
ensure that no uneven settlement is occurring in which case
filling can proceed u n t i l the tank is three-quarters full, when
level readings should be taken again. Provided the tank
remains level w i t h only slight settlement due t o load, filling
can then proceed until the tank is full, when level readings
are again repeated. The full water load should be main-
taind for 48 h and provided levels remain sensibly consis-. . .,
tent, t h e tank can be offloaded prior to calibration for .:' ,
service. Provided this tank is satisfactory and subsequent ,.:
tanks are founded similarly. the level readings a t one-half .'. .
'
and threequarters capacity may be omitted for small tanks. . ".
o f less than 25 m diameter. O n weak:'grbund where signifi-
cant settlements may be.expected or where the initial
, .
factor o f safety against slip failure is low, the rate o f fitling
should be greatly reduced. Some guidance o n the safe
heights for initial filling and where pause's in fitting are
. .

shouldbe added to the tank in decreasing increments of
head when the settlement graph shows that the rate of
settlement under each new increment of load is reducing.
As the water toad nears the full capacity of the tank, water
should preferably be added after an early morning check
of-referencefevels so that further readings can be taken
_duringthe day and the tank offloaded should the rate of
-:-<settlement increase unduly. On very weak soils, these tests
'may extend aver considerable periods and where such
'- conditions apply, the tank builder should be advised so that
adequate provisions can be made in his programme for the
I
necessary resting and acceptance procedure,
:&,~omeguidance on-safeheights for initial filling and where
::
i. pauses are desirable may be deduced from the shear
-?;strength data and strata thicknesses of the underlying sail.
+ .
..
:..In carrying out such test procedures adequate arrangements
.*:.
'
:::should.bemade for the emergency disposal of water i f off-
;":>" . . .
~.:@ading
.. ..,
'
became necessary. Dischargeshouid be to a safe
-:i.
. ..
area, ckar of all foundations and structures and such that
+ ::no danger of erosion can occur;
. IJ
"-.+? Appendix B. Recommendationsfor the
,.,.,designand application of insulation
.. ..
B.1. General
This appendix i s intended for new tanks but may also be
used for existing tanks. While not attempting to specify
in detail the insulation systems themselves, it is intended
to provide a sound basis on which these systems can be
specified and particularly to facil-Me the provision of
suitable mechanical supports for the insulation materia!.
these wppdrts to form an integral part of the tank fabrica-
tion. The recommendationscover storage tanks operating
a t temperatures above ambient and of a size where banding
is unreliable and direct fixing to the tank is necessary.
In order that a correct choice may be made of type and
method of providing the insulation attachments, it i s
emphasized that, where new tanks are concerned, early
consideration of the need for insulation is essential so that
the necessary provisions for it can be integrated with the
tank design and erection programme. This consideration
should also include the possible need for insulation of the
tank roof.
.
On small tanks the problem of attaching the insulation
securely is not serious but on tanks above 10 rn to 15 m
diameter problems due to wind loading, associated
. .... ,
., .
sprayed-on'insulatmn, m q
b
in
f$
g
.i in situ oi by i @ c h a ~ i a l' . .. . .. ,....
. ..
-
attachmentsto the tank.'While wetding of stud; &St& . .: . . . : * '
. .. ..
members to small t k k s may be satisfactory, welding on
large tanks can materially affect the design and integrity
of the construction but it is permissible when considered
as part of the tank design. The use of adhesives isa possible
alternative method of fastening attachments where welding
cannot be permitted but is subject to temperature limita-
tions and should only be carried out by specialists in this
field.
The basis of all weldedun attachments should be to provide
a series of points disposed cirarmferentially on the tank at
a number of vertical intervals, on to which vertical andlor
horizontal members may be fastened. The support structure
and welded-on attachments should be designed so as to
transmit back to the tank all the dead loads and super-
imposed wind loads expected to be experienced a t the
location concerned.
Design aspects which are nqt dealt with in this appendix
should wrnply with tbe requirements in the main body of
the text,
-
On existing tanks, careful consideration needs to be given
in such cases to the safety aspects in providing the attach-
ments in order to take account, where corrosion has taken
place, of the corroded shell thickness and to provide an
adequate safety margin in the design of the system as a
whole.
The basic consideration necessary on methods to be
employed to achieve acceptable insulation systems are set
out below. These insdation systems suitable for large tanks
include:
(a) man-made mineral fibre or preformed foam block
with cladding;
(b) in situ foam behind cladding;
(c)foamlcladding laminate sheets;
(d) sprayed foam.
This standard recognizes that for a particular installation
a proprietary system of insviation including fixing and
weather protection maybe suitable. I f a proprietary system
is offered, specific acceptance should be obtained,
the element of the system that constitutes the mechanical
support which forms part of the tank fabrication being
clearly identified.
In this appendix, separate references are made to the tank
designer, i.e. the organization responsible for carrying out
the design of the tank, and the tank fabri&tor, i.e. the
organization responsible for the ereqi?~of the tank, but it
is recognized that this distinction is only necessary in the
event that the two parties are not the same.
B.2 Design considerations
8.2.1 General
The design of an insulation system, which incorporates the
insulating material, i t s means of attachment to the tank and
i t s means of weather protection, should take into account
.the following:
(a) the product in the storage tank under i t s operating
conditions;
(bl the storage tank itself;
(c) the insulation materials;
(d) the mechanical support system associated with the
insulation system;
(el the means whereby the insuiation and i t s support
system is enabled to withstand environmental conditions.
The insulation system is to be agreed between tank designer,
insulation contractor and the purchaser.
The system including its mechanical supports and fastenings
should bedesigned to withstand the mechanical and therrnab
stresses to which it will be subjected resulting from all
known factors including those4isted in 8.2.2 to B.2.5.
These factors should be assumed to occur simultaneously.
Because relatively large forces are involved.in providing a
secure system for the attachment of insulation to the
outside of storage tanks, the mechanical support arrange-
ments can be extensive and will frequently be attached
to the outer face of the tank itself. The design of the
attachment of the support system should be subject to care-
ful scrutiny by the tank designer and he should ensure that
a minimum of attachments are used,
Preliminary discussions with insulation contractors are
.often helpful in identifying suitable systems and the type
of supporting arrangements likely to be necessary.
B.2.2 Dead toad
Dead laads result from the weight of all parts of the
insulation system.
B.2.3 Wind loading
In the design of the insulation system accarnt is to be
taken of t h e effect of wind loading using CP 3 : Chapter 5 :
Part 2 as a basis for estimating wind pressures. The para-
meters required for using CP 3, including the basic wind
speed appropriate to the site and the factors S1, 52 and S3,
should be agreed between the tank designer and the
gurchdser and this information given to the insulation
contractor. Unless otherwise specified, the parameter 53 is
to be'based on a life of 25 years. At present CP 3 does not
give pressure coefficients for the full range of shape factors
that are of interest in large tank insulation and further data
are required to.include smaller heightldiameter ratios,
appropriate roof profiles and the effect of proximity where
more than one tank i s invohred.
The tank designer should agree with the purchaser the basis
on which the wind loading calculations are to be made.
B.2.4 Thermal expansion
The possibility of relative thermal movement between the
tank and the insulation system should be taken into
account in the design. The purchaser wiH state the range
of operating temperatures.
. ,.
B.2.5 Movements due to hydrostatic pressure
The pressure of the tank contents causes slight bulging
which may account for an increase in tank diameter of the
order 0.1 %;this may need to be taken into account in
designing the insulation system and the actual value is to
be provided by the tank designer.
8.3 Mechanical support arrangement
B.%t General
The mechanical supports may be divided into the following.
(a) Primary mechanical supports, where the members
form part of the mechanical support system and are
directly attached to the tank surface.
(b) Secondary mechanical supports, where the members
form part of the mechanicalLsupportsystem and are not
directly attached t o the tank but are fixed to the
primary support members or to other secondary support
members.
Suitable mechanical supports for the insulation system
should be provided by one of the following means or a
combination thereof.
(1) Primary supports, welded to the tank, to which the
insulation system is attached either directly or by
secondary supports.
(2)A structural frame that is substantially self-supporting.
(3) Primary supports fixed to the tank by adhesive,
to which the insulation system is attached.
Welding is the preferred method of attachment but may
not always be possible especially where existing tanks are
to be insulated. While in each case the system chosen is
to be with the agreement of all parties concerned, the direct
responsibilitieswill be as follows unless otherwise agreed.
(il In cases ( I ) and (31, the insulation contractor should
agree with the tank designer the locations of the supports
to which the insulation system i s to be attached and the
loads t h a t will be transmitted to the tank and the basis
on which his calculations have been made or other
referencedata he hasused. I f required, h e should provide
.
details oft h e calculations to be approved by the tank
designer.
(ii)In case (2)where an external structure or frame is
intended, this wit1 be regarded as part of the insulation
system to be provided by the insulation contractor.
The design and erection procedure should be agreed
with the tank designer but will be the responsibility
of the insulation contractor unless otherwise agreed.
The dimensions of the mechanical supports normal to the
surface to which the insuiation is to be attached should be
an agreed size to suit the insulation thickness.

&&qvi,ng & rhaterial and the welding procedures.
'-:rf&r
.....
..;:m.:. e;
.,t
ank fabricator ,will'be responsible for fixing the
.. 'primary sqpparts to the tank surface. Welding of primary
.. 3 b p ' ~ ' q s ~*?:ta;lk
.,,+!* s.
to
. ...n.,&rr.ied will be completed before hydraulic
;*.,xetestrng
:. 5- wt. .The number of rflultiple&elded
;:i~o~si@&&pport attachrn&ti'ra high,tensile steel
~~~inimurn ip&fied tensile strength 460 ~ / m r }nshells
~ the purchaser that it is capable of providing 12 times the
should beminimized. I n any case the centre-tocentre
.distance between them should not be less than 3 m.
All welds should be ground smooth and magnetic particle
crack detected (see 11.15). These supports should take
'one of the foliowing forms.
' ' (a) Pads (not smaller than 100 mm square) with corners
:rounded to a radius not less than 12 mm, spaced not
%loserthan150 mm to any other weld and welded along
horizontal edges only (see figure 36).
Ibl Angles or plates welded on-edge to the tank having a
..circumferential
.". length of not less than 100 mm at a
spacing not closer than-150rnm to any other weld,
-.-weldedalong horizontal edges only (see figure 37).
Materials for the primary supports are to be selected
according to the requirements of this specification. In cases
(a) and (b), secondary supports may be welded or attached
to-the pads, plates or cleats. I n the case of circumferential
'%hgles,the welds should not be closer than"I50 mm to
other horizontal welds. The welding will be carried out by
approved welders and the welding and nondestructive
testing proceduresshould be agreed between the tank
designer and the purchaser.
Plates welded on-edge or pads will be placed in horizontal
rows a t a suitable vertical pitch which wilt be, typically,
2 m to 3 m. Horizontal support angles, whether primary or
secondary, should be of a minimum sire 40 mm x 40 mm
x 5 mm and of radiai dimension compatible with the
insulation system (see 6.8.1.31. The spacing between
adjacent members will not be more than + 15 mm from the
specified dimensions with the spacing between the highest
and lowest members being not more than 2 25 mm from
the specified dimensions. The outer leg of the member
should be pointing downwards in order to shed water
during construction.
6.3.3 External strulural frame
A structural frame suitably attached to the tank structure
at the top and bottom may be used in certain circum-
stances. This may be in contact with the tank or external
to the insulation.
8.3.4 Supports attached by adhesive
8.3.4.1 General. If an adhesive system is used. the materials
and procedure are to be such as to withstand the working
conditions including both mechanical and thermal condi-
tions. The surface of the tank in the vicinity of the fixing
a i ~ dthe corkact surface of the member to be fixed should
.:. : z -
the adhesive manufacturer, account being tak=,npf+the.1. -:- :.::'.' ' , -
..
./:
suitabiliti of the adhesive formulation for th'ambientr.', : .:.+
.. . . '-
. conditions, particularly temperature, a"t the time o f . . . .. . . ... .'..
application. Procedure, qualification and acceptan&.te8ts ,' . .:.
"
are to be carried out to the satisfaction of the purchaser;.
..... . . . . :. . .
' 8.3.4.2 ~ro&dur& ksrs, Tests killb e cairied kt &ingt$e,' . ' '
proposed procedure to demonstrate to the satisfaction of .'
strength required as calculated from the wind loading and
any other loading if applicable (see 8.2.2). Such tests
should include exposure for not less than 2 months at the
temperature at which the surface of the tank will reach in
service and temperature cycling if appropriate.
B.3.4.3 Qualification tests. Only trained personnel are to
be used in making the adhesive joints and each individual
to be empfciyed on this work should carry out the qualifi-
cation test within one month of commencement of
adhesive joint preparation. Six joints will be prepared in
the manner proposed for the contract and in the presence
of such persons as may be agreed between the purchaser
and the tank designer. When tested according to the agreed
procedure the strength of these joints should exceed
12 times the minimum required strength.
B.3.4.4 Acceptance tests. Records are to be kept to permit
identifications of supports attached with adhesive from -
each separate batch. A proof load will be applied equal to
three times the calculated load. If more than 5 96 of the
batch has failed, the whore batch i s to be removed and
replaced.
6-35Secondary support members
The design of secondary support members and their attach-
ments to the primary support will be the responsibility of
the insulation contractor who will obtain the agreement
of the tank designer to the design and means of attachment.
It should be made clear in enquiries to the insulation
contractor whether or not he is to provide the material
forming the secondary supports for which he is taking the
responsibility. Holes made in any support member welded
to the tank should be drilled, not punched, and if self-
tapping screws are used. they should be not larger than
6 mm diameter.
B.3.6 Roof insulation
Early consideration of the possible need for roof insulation
is important. A roof construction of adequate stiffness i s
required with the slope everywhere adequate to permit
satisfactory weather protection of the insulation.
In the case of tanks with an insulated shell, where the tank
roofs are not insulated, catcutations should be carried out
to check the stresses in the roof supporting structure
caused by the difference in temperature of the roof plates
and the supporting structure, e.g. when cold rain falls on
roof plates.
Conf inuous
velds. (
WeIded
seam

All dimensions are in millimetres.

Figure 36. Pad supports {see B.3.2ta))

-.
 ;. ,
<;:5.,,. a
. ' ,,. ,.. ,. . HorizonQl supports should be f i t t e d n o t further than
. '.@:41
..-.,;
. ~ o a l n ' a n'manholes
d '
300 rnm below and 150 mm abow wind girders.
::2
Intermediate stiffeners should also be included in the
. ~ h h f ~ & ~ l a a n d m a n ~arel eflanged,
s they w i l l project
insulation of the shell unless t h e stiffening angles are
,a.ydistance"from t h e tank shell n o t less t h a n the insutation
welded o n the inside o f t h e tank shell.
.th.ickneiiplus 7.5 jimes the bolt length unless otherwise
%gr.&d (see figire 38].<lfa nozzle projects a greater distance
8.4.4 Roof projection
.:,k$& the tank; i t &'to be insulated. (ice-B.6.1). Where
%dja&nt nozzles are close together, f i e y shoukl be offset I f the tank roof is designed t o project beyond the tank
'$9ensure 50 mm minimum clearance between the insulated shell, the projection should b e n o t less than the thickness
.flanges. AH nozzle and manhole connections requiring of the insulation system plus 50 mm. I f the roof weather
insulation are t o be clearly indicated. protection is provided as part of the insulation system,
the overlap shoufd similarly be n o t less then 50 mm beyond
B.4.2 Stairway connections the thickness of the insulation on the tank shell. The over-
hanging part of t h e roof should be cqrnpletely included in
The inner stringer o f double-stringer staircases should be
the insulation. Details o f this are t o be agreed between the
spaced away f r o m the tank a distance sufficient t o ensure
manufacturer and the insulation contractor.
n o t less than 75 m m between it and the outer face of the
insulation system. Stairways w i t h treads wetded directly
8.4.5 Wind stiffening rings
to the shell should n o t be used o n insulated new tanks.
With such stairways on existing tanks, a weather shiefd I n certain circumstances it may be desirable t o locate
should be provided beneath the treads o f dimensions to the wind stiffening rings o n the inside of t h e tank shell
ensure adequate weather protection o f the insulation. (see 6.6.3).

' ~ o t e r ~ r o o f seal

Figure 38. Typical flanged nozzle o r manhole (see BA.1 and B.6.2)
8.4.6 External shell wind girders and bottom-to-shell
insulation
External shell wind girders and bottom-to-shellinsulation
represent a discontinuity in the envelope of the tank and
require detailed consideration by the insulation system
designer in conjunction with the tank designer to avoid
the following.
(a) Unacceptable thermal gradients in the tank plate
material due to part exposure.
lb) Considerationof potential corrosion due to such areas
forming a lodgement for corrosive fluids. Consideration
should be given to enveloping all such structural
elements with the insulation, particularly if the storage
temperature is high, but each case is to be taken on its
merits.
6.5 Corrosion protection
T h e presence of insulation prevents inspection of the tank
surface and priming is therefore required before the
insulation is applied. The tank shell and welded attach-
ments should be dry, free from grease and loosely adhering
Qarticlesand coated with a suitable primer.3ll to a
specification agreed by the purchaser. I f the roof is to be
insulated, two coats of primer are recommended. I f shop
priming is employed, care should be taken to make good
any defects in the priming caused during site fabrication.
The responsibility for this work is to be clearly determined
at the time the tankage contract is let.
In the case of in situ spraying or foaming, the paint system
should be such that it is compatible with the foam system
and unaffected by any foaming reaction or in-service
condition. Where foam insulation is used with fire retardant
formulations, protection against the possibility of halogen-
induced accelerated corrosion should be considered.
B.6 lnsutation
B.6.1 General
Insulation practice should be in accordance with RS 5970.
insulation thickness should be specified by the purchaser or
designed to meet the purchaser's heat loss requirements.
Unless the stresses produced are unacceptable, the insula-
tion should terminate approximately 150 mm from the
tank base to avoid corrosion and to allow inspection at the
bottom of the tank (see figure 39). Where the stresses are
unacceptable, foamed glass slabs set in bitumen or other
suitable adhesive may be used for insulation of the tank
shell bebw the lowest horizontal support.
The shell insulation should fit closely under the roof over-
lap and be sealed against ingress of water (see figure 40).
Special care should be taken where roof insulation is to be
carried out to avoid corrosion (see 3.4.4, B.7.3 and 6.8.4).
When the roof is not insulated, a check should be made as
to whether the thermal stresses in the roof supporting
structure, caused by the difference in temperature between
roof plates and supporting structure, are acceptable (see
figure 40).
8.6.2 Nozzle connections and manholes
Where these project u p t o a distance equal to the sum of
the insulation thicknesl ptus depth of cladding profile plus
1.5 times the bolted length, they are to be insulated with
the main shell/roof insulation (see figure 38). Where the
projection is in excess of the above, they will be insulated
and finished prior to the application of insulation to the
shell/roof (see figure 41 ).
Wind stiffening
The wind stiffening rings and'their associated supports
should be enclosed by the shell insulation to minimize
the temperature difference; figure 42 shows a typical
construction local to a wind stiffening ring.
 All dimensions ere in millimetrcr

F b r e 40. Typical &rrangsmsntwith.insulation

attached to the rhdl only (see B.61

Dimension is in millimetres.

Figure 39.Typical arrangement showing

termination of insulation adjacent to the
tank bottom (see.8.6)
 Tank

Insulation -

Not less than

All dimensions are in rniltirnetres.

Figure 41. Typial fla* nozzle or manhole with additional b r r M insulation (see 8.62)
 Wind girder

# 6 mm mild steel pins

welded to wind girder. I

I
Insulation to be retained I
by p l a t e or expanded metal I
I
washer and speedfix I
fastener 1
1
I
I
I
I
I
I

All dimensions are in millimffres.

Figure 42. Typical construction of insulation l a d to wind stiffening ring (see 8.6.31
B.7 Cladding
B.7.t General
Cladding i s a feature common to most insulation systems.
The effectiveness of the insutation depends particularly on
the care applied in the design and installation of the
cladding. The type and quality of cladding should be
selected bearing in mind environmental w d i t i o n s on either
side.
It i s essential that all cladding be kept dean, free from
grease, free from corrosion and dry on the inner surface
prior to erection and until the installation i s complete and
a l l joints are well sealed.
B.7.2 Side-wail cladding
Care should be taken to prevent direct contact between
stairway supports and cladding. Cut-outs in cladding for
stairway supports should be sealed with mastic to prevent
ingress of water. Sealant i s not normally considered
necessary for vertical or horizontal joints in the cladding.
The tank side-wall cladding should be troughed aluminium
or galvanized steel sheet attached To the support members.
The minimum depth of trough i s to be 25 rn. Corrugated
sheet having sinusoidal profiles should receive special
attention in view of the need to avoid the iniress of water
and to ensure adequate fixing. The minimum thickness of
sheet should be:
(a) 0.9 mm for aluminium;
Ib) 0.7 rnm for galvanized or plastics-coatedsteel.
Galvanized steel sheet will be gade 22, coating type H I
complying with BS 2989.
Aluminium sheet should be to BS 1470 - 3103,
BS 4300/6 - 3105 or BS 1470 - 5251 of grade H4 or
harder or be of the grades specified in 65 4868.
In any horizontal ring, adjacent sheets should have a
minimum overlap of one trough profile and be secured
with bulb-type blind pop-rivets a t not greater than 100 mm
pitch. The rivets should be of material compatible with the
cladding and such as to secure the overlap to accommodate
the maximum design windsuction.
Each horizontal ring of cladding should overlap the lower
horizontal ring by a minirnum of 75 mm and be secured
with bulb-type blind poprivets a t a distance not less than
25 mm from the edges of the sheets.
Sheets should be secured to support members using fasten-
ings designed to accommodate the agreed wind loading and
tank movements due to thermal expansion and hydro-
static pressure.
B.7.3 R w f cladding
Metal cladding for the tank roof should be plain or
embossed and the minirnum thickness should be:
{a) 1.2 mrn for aluminium;
(b) 0.9 mm'for galvanized or plastics-coated steel.
All overlaps in the cladding are to be not less than 100 mm
and be so arranged as to shed water. All joints should
contain a continuous strip of a sealant approved by the
purchaser and be secured by bulb-typeblind pop-rivetsof a
material compatible with the cladding. The pop-rivets
should be a t a maximum pitch of 75 mrn.
Consideration should be given to properly draining rain-
water over the edge of the roof so that it does not affect
the integrity of the insulation system. (See figure 40.)
B.8 Securing insutation materials
6.8.1 Slab or block insulation with metal cladding
B.8.1 .I Bondedman-made mineral fibre with metal
cladding. The insulation should consist of bonded mineral
wool complying with BS 3958 : Part 5, the bulk density
being not less than 48 kg/m3.
The insulation materiai should be supported on the
horizontal support members and held in place with t mm
(minimum) galvanized tie wires for use with galvanized
steel cladding and 0.5 mrn (minimum) stainless steel wire
for use with aluminium cladding or plastics-coated steel
cladding. The insulation slabs should be fitted tightly
between the horizontabsupport members with all edges
closely butted and verticat joints offset from those in
adjacent courses. The tie wires should be a t a pitch not
greater than 450 mm with a minimum of two t i e wires
per insulation slab.
B.8.1.2 Other slab or block insularion with metal cladding.
Preformed slabs of polyurethaneor palyisocyanurate may
be used on the tank sides as an alternative to mineral wool,
the method of fixing being similar to that described for
mineral wool slabs (see 8.8.1.1) or by adhesives suitable
for the operating temperature.
For certain circumstances foamed glass blocks may be
required. Where this material is used, the blocks should be
held in place with 20 rnm x 0.8 mm bands of approved
material a t centres not exceeding 450 mm. The bands
should be secured to vertical tie bars fitted to the harizon-
tal support members at centres not exceeding 12 m.
Alternatively, adhesives suitable for the operating tern-
perature may be used,
B.8.13 Horizontal supports. The horizontal supports will .. '..,
. .
.
have a radial width adequate for support of the insulation '
and agreed with the insulation contractor. . ..
'
B.8.2 I n situ faam behind'rnetal dadding . .
"
t h e type of foam and its physical and thermal properties ::?:
are to be agreed between the insulation contractor, the tank F.
designer and the purcharer. The ctadding should comply ; "
with 8.7.2 or 8.7.3. The cladding may be supported as :.:!:
recommended in 8.7.2 or may be spaced from'the tank .
using foamed blocks. stuck to the sidq-wall, of agreed type :'..'.:*-::
and size and of thickness equal to the minimum insulatioh
. .
. .,. '.
. .
.:%I..,
.. . e,
,
. A _ _ '
. .,
.. .
. . '. ..
. . .
.. > :.-"
...
-.
.. '
-.'- : ..
. . .:. :.
. ..$'..
. .. .
 ...
-':to efisursa~kquate.'resisk& towind loads. Approved
~Pfi&hirw.pr
*. ".I... &tWpeqns of,weather protection should be
-!.'pro&d.wf\ere
..If' . metar connections for. wa tkways, etc.
;'.*:*n&rate the'imulation. All pipe connections should be when tested to BS 476 :Pah 7. tie 'insulation conkactor
,insulated prior to fitting the cladding. The insulation at is to agree suitable means for weather protecting the foam
'the roof edge is to terminate as shown in figure 40. at the top edge of the tank.
The sequence of the cladding and foaming procedure, The tank should be left uninwlated for a distance of
the method of injecting the foam and the foaming pattern approximately 150 mm from the base.
are to be approved by the tank designer and the purchaser.
8.8.4 Roo&
The insulation contractor wilt define the weather and
substrate temperature limits necessary for satisfactory Where mineral wool and metal cladding form the insulation.
foaming. the mechanical support system should comply with 8-35
and 6.3.6 and be of upstand not less than the thickness of
Means should be agreed between the insulation contractor,
the insulation and not greater than this thickness plus
the tank designer and t h e purchaser for establishing and
5 mm. Metal cladding is to be as described in 8.8.2 and be
checking the satisfactory quality of the foam.
.b..
fixed to the support system to withstand wind loading and
wind induced vibrations, The fastening will be compatible
8.8.3 Sprayed foam with the cladding.
The type of foam and its physical and thermal properties Additional reinforcement of the i n ~ f a t i o n
system may be
should be agreed between the insulation contractor, necessary where access may be required.
'
the tank designer and the purchaser. It may be convenient to apply foam insulation to the roof,
-.The insulation contractor will define theweather and
substrate temperature limits necessary for satisfactory
either sprayed or fo,amed in sku, even ifa mineral wool or
other system is specified for the tank sides.
-
:' spraying.
The thickness of the sprayed foam is not to be less than
the nominai design thickness. The standard of finish of the 6.9 Fire hazard
.sprayed foam wi!l be agreed with the purchaser and the
insulation contractor and samples of foam of the agreed Possible fire hazards exist during construction and
appearance prepared and retained for reference. Means operation when organic plastics foam insulation is used.
should b e agreed between the insulation contractor, Although some materials and formulations are more
. . resistant to fire than others. they are nevertheless still
:the tank designer and the purchaser for establishing and
'checking the satisfactory quality of the foam. combustible and may not necessarily alleviate a fire
hazard.
Appendix C. Standard diameters for
vertical cylindrical tanks
The standard range of diameters is based on the applica- Table 9 gives the capacities for the standard range o f
t i o n of the standard lengths for shell plates given in diameters.
table 8. These standard piate lengths are selected i n accordance
with plate lengths generally used i n Europe.
Table 8. Standard lengths for shetl plates
The heights have not been standardized and table 9 shows
capacities for every metre of tank height.
Tank diamrtar Shell plats length
For a given tank height the manufacturer may choose the
m number of courses and the plate widths t o obtain the most
3 economical solution.
1.5 a
4 t o 10 2.0 n It is strongly recommended that the standard diameter
12.5 t o 30 2.5 r given i n table 9 should be used. The standardization w i l l
reduce the possibility of errors in design, fabrication and
33 t o 114 3.0 r
erection as well as the time required for approval of design
drawings b y purchasers and authorities.

Tnnk diameter (ml -,

3 4 6 8 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 30 33 36 :39 42

Nominal capacities

m3 m' m3 m3 rn9 m3 m3 m' rn3 m 3 . m' m3 m3 . ma m3 ' rn3

 Appendix D. List of symbols
Units Units

A Roof compression area rnm2 Section modulus em3

6, BI ,B2,B3 Weld details - dimensions rnm Wind girder dimension mm
D Tank shell diameter (nominal) m Corrosion allowance mrn
E Young's modulus N/mm2 Diameter o f hole in shell plate mm
Outside diameter of nozzle body mm
F, F I , F2 Weld detaits - dimensions rnm
Outside diameter o f reinforcing
Fa Maximum allowable longitudinal plate o r insert plate mm
compressive stress i n the shell N/mrn2
Diameter o f hole in r o o f plate mm
G I , Gz Lateral force coefficients given
Weld detail - dimensions mm
as a ratio o f the acceleration
of gravity Weld details -dimensions mm
C H Tank shelf height
A

m Height o f each shell course

Height o f roof nozzle
m
rnm
H,, H E ,Hp Shell heights f o r stabiiiry
calculations m Stress concentration factor -
Total height o f tank shell m Design pressure mbar
Maximum filling height o f tank rn Weld dimension rnm
Outside, inside, and mean radii rnm
Site amplification factor -
respectiveiy for branch bodies
K Factor for stability calculations - Weld detaiis - dimensions mm
I Ks- Factor for seismic calculations - Shell plafe thickness mm
L Shell branch length mm
Top course shell p b t e thickness mm
I Overturning moment kN-m Angle stiffener thickness mm
pe ExternaI roof l o a dng k~/m' Tank bottom plate thickness rnm
R Tank shell radius rn
R1 Radius o f curvature of roof m
Thickness of b o t t o m plate under
the shell mm I
1 Re,,R,, Minimum specified yield Bottom reinforcing plate
thickness mn:
strength ~/mm'
Bottom course shelf plate
S
SC
Allowable design stress
Allowable compressive stress
~lrnm'
NfmmZ
thickness
Reinforcing plate thickness
rnm
mm
I
T Total weight o f shell
(F.4.l (c) refers) kg Flange and cover plate thickness m m
Insert plate thickness mm
TI Weight o f effective mass of
tank contents kg Nozzle body thickness rnrn
Roof plate thickness rnm
Tz Weight o f effective mass o f first
mode slashing contents kg Design vacuum mbar .. - .'.,,
'%

Tr Total weight of tank roof kg

Design liquid density drnf _.
, . ..

Maximum longitudinal shell ,

~
.,. .
rs Naturat period o f first mode
sloshing s compression force k ~ / m . . .j'..
. ... ..>.
. .
Tt .. . ~ o t aweight
l o f tank shelf Maximum force o f tank . .'. . . . . :-.. .
. .. .. . . . kg contents . ' . kfq/,,,,,
TT '' ' Totat weight of rank contents . .**..
"
,
. . .
~

. . ... . .
., '

- V , . , Design w i n d speed
kg
m/s
The maximum density
.. . . ..
dm1 . .:.*
,,. - -
' ".
.%

, .. . . Maximum f o r e . : . . . . . . ..
. ... kN/rn .:+..': .:ti.
. + ..
. - . . . . .. . . , . :.,,L,::+
'

..;. . . ..:;
W , . . . . . Effective shell length for -..
- . . . . . Replacement factor " - . . ....... .*..
.,........... . . !.>. ,,
' I

,
..- , :..::,
.I,/
. :. .,'>., : ' cornpressionarea rnrn . ,. :.~., .
." '
: , . ' I
.; +

.
.., .. . .. ." .s .:,'. 'i...Wh Weld detail &mensiun .- . '.- degreei; .- !r :; .:.
. .
': :: -
~ "

Effective m o f length f o r :,,. ~\..;.7 ,

. .. . r ::." .. .. . .:. --. Joint efficieilck factor :. :.ir7'
... .. . . . . . . ._ .. .:-r :' . compression area mm
Slope o f roof
. .
',
,
.: . "
.
'.. . . . dew-.
; . ,. <:.:.
. . . . .:
.;,, :..
..
:.
:.; ',

... Height t o centroid m ...: ,....I"

to centre of gravity
A weld imperfect& d&&br :I, &&'' ,jj:: !,$: :. :i
.. .. . ..,-~,.:-..y.."
',

m . . . ..
. , . .. . . . .. . . . .... 5
' . . .
... . . "::..-
'
. -.-.:. .-is
, . .'..,
'
....
"

<..... . . .
. . .,.... .. . .. . . . -:;.-:; .. .:.:>..
- , .......
"/

.
.
..
. .
. .
. . . ._.__ .
.-.. . ..:. . . . . ,<!;A:>, ..
^ '

,:," 'L . ... . . : . .>, .

.I.. <
;:
,
;<>
.~
.
:.
... ;I ?." .
. .. . * . . . . . .. . .. .',' . . .. " .
<...
. : . . ,;.
. . . .. , . . :. & '

. . . .. . . . . . . . " . .
'"

.. . . .. . . ..,.:.-..! , :, p' . . .& .. ... . .. .

2 7

. . ,,. .. . .. .. -
% . . +. 9".

. , ,
2 ,

:..;;:..:, . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . r , . : . .... _,
. . <. . . '.:. - . . . . . . ., ..-..
. . . . ..... . . . . .._.....
'.>
. -.,
. . . ..\. . '
' X
 E.3 Materials -
...
.
c*.,:
: <., .,->,...,. .- ,,.,:, - J -< : ' E.3.1 The purchaser ,should specify the liquid to be . '

:,!'~.(&$,
+ . -+- !ntknd~d'f6r.iimfiiti.n . . . in prarbre tanks (see 2.1 11 contained, indicating any special properties which may .....
.z . . . . -. . ........ .. .
+,.; j;, :;:,.*,. ..:*,
n ,:.:,<.
.*x.
: . ,. , . . . .
.. . . - .. . . . . . . . .
. affec?materiais. . . . .
. . .
>
. . .
. . -. .. . . . . . . . . .
-:-'

..-* . . . . .
Gm&ral . .
. .
.. .. . . E.3.2 Materials should be compatible w i t i t h e pkduct
''

;$?-.%,;
:,\w >;:, ,
.>.:, . .:... ..':.;-:.; .,. . -!,
. :
L,h
.<
. . .: -.;.: ,.?..,:.
. -. ' . ....:
-;
. . . . .
. .
contained. If dissimilar rnater.ials are used, the possibility
. ,<*u ..
, + ~ * j . 1ha ft&in~;&en ditailed'inihis appendix consist of accelerated iorrosion due to inter-reaction should be .

'
"iif
.'.>
'an internatf laating.deck p r d t e ~ e by
d a fixed-type roof considered.
t h ~ever to operate up and down,
..Which, w h i ~ e ' ~ e r m i tthe E.3.3 Sealing materials used to make joints in panels or
;ir,wents the ingress of rainwater, sand or snow. sections should be compatible with the pioduct contained.
'.hating covers are also known as floating screens, floating
- .I..blankets qr.floatim decks, E.3.4 Edge seal material should be highly resistant to
abrasion and tmany aromatic content specified by the
E,1.2 Floating covers in fixed-roof tanks are normally purchaser. It should also be sufficiently flexible to take
used for the following applications; the order i s not an up irregularities in the tank shell.
indicationof their relative importance.
' (a) Reduction of breathing and filling losses.
E.4 Mountings
(b) Reduction of air pollution.
(c) Reductionof ingress of rainwater and sand into E.4.1 Ladders
the product.
Access Ladders from the fixed roof to the floating cover
(dl As an alternative to floating roofs in open-top tanks, are not recommended. Access should be by way of the
in localities where excessive snow may be experienced. shell and cover manholes after the tank has been emptied
(e) To reduce the hazards of static ignition associated and gas-freed (see E.4.4.1 and E.4.51.
-
with highly charged liquid surfaces.
E.4.2 Cover draim
- Primary or ernergEicy drains will not normally be required
-
E.2 Types of cover since the floating cover is not exposed to the elements.
However, condensation can occur in the air space between
E.2.1 The more common'ty~es of cover fall into one of the cover and the fixed roof and this may collect on the
four categories briefly described as follows, cover. Spillage of product on to the cover may also occur,
(a) Rigid preformed polyurethane foam sections and consideration should be given to the provision of a
sandwiched between aluminium foil and fitted together drain where such problems are anticipated. Simple drains
.;. withja simple connecting device. which allow drainage directly into the product may be
..,. . . .+

:(. (b) Glass reinforced plastics panels superimposed on a

possible for some cover designs, but for singledeck
pan-type covers only steel pipe or hose drains, having
flotation structure. The panels are bolted together to
outlets through the shelt, can be considered.
form a continuous covering over the entire tiquid
surface.
E.4.3 Vents
(c) Aluminium sheeting, superimposed an a flotation
structure or aluminium floats for buoyancy. The sheet- E.4.3.1 Floating cover. The purchaser should specify the
ing sections are joined together to form a continuous maximum liquid filling and withdrawal rates. Suitable
covering over the entire tiquid surface. vents or bleeder valves should be provided to prevent
overstressing of the cover deck and seal membrane and
(d) A shallow steel pan designed to float over the entire
should be adequate t o evacuate air and gases from under-
liquid surface of the tank.
neath the cover during initial filling and should also be
E.2.2 The design shoutd not allow the contents to flow adequate to allow air and gas to pass the cover, when the
on to the cover. liquid i s being withdrawn with the cover resting on i t s
support legs.
.E.2.3The cover should be designed to support at least
3 men (300 kg over 3 m2) anywhere over the surface of E.4,3.2 Tank shell, Circulation vents should be provided
the cover in the floating (water testing only j and supported in the tank shell, located clear of the seat when the cover
condition. This recommendation is included for inspection is at i t s highest position. The maximum spacing should
and maintenance purposes. be 10 m, but in no case should there be less than four
 equally spaced vents. The total open area.of these vents
should beiiot less than 0.06 m2 per metre of tank diamete'r.
E.4.33 Fixed roof. An open vent should be provided at
the highest point of the fixed roof. It should have a
weather cover and a minimum open area of 0-03m2.
E.4.3.4 Protection. Unless otherwise specified by the
purchaser, vents should be provided with coarse mesh
tminimum openings 6 mrn x 6 mrn square) to prevent
the ingress of birds or animats:
E.4.7.2 Cover penetrations. Where f ixed-roof support
cotumns, antisotation devices or other appurtenances pass
through the rover. seals should be provided to ensure a,.
reasonably dose fit, taking into account horizontal and
vertical movements of the cover.
E.4.8 Gauging and sampling devices
The fixed roof and the floating cover should each be
provided with gauging and sampting devices designed to
comply with the requirements of the purchaser.

E.4.4 Low level supparts E.4.9 Antistatic cables

E.4.4.7 The cover should be supported a t a low level to be
specified by the purchaser. The manufacturer should ensure
that all internal appurtenances such as side entry mixers,
piping. inlet and outlet connections, etc. are clear of the
cover in the low position. Supports fixed to the cover or
the tank bottom may be used. The supports, attachments
and tank bottom should be designed to support a live
load of 0.4 kfV/rn2.
If the load on a support exceeds 2.5 kN, steel pads or
other means should be used to distribute the load on the
tank bottom. Pads should be continuously welded to the
tank battorn to prevent corrosion under the pads. Supports
fabricated from pipe should be provided with a notch at
the bottom for drainage.
E.4.4.2 On the underside of t h e deck ptates of mild steel
covers, where flexure i s anticipated adjacent to cover
supports or other relatively rigid members, full fillet wefds
not less than 50 mm long a t 250 mm centres should be
used on !ap welds within 3W mm of such rigid supports
or members.
E.45 Manhales
At l e s t ane manhole, not less than 600 mm i.d., should
be provided i n the cover for access and ventilation purposes
when the cover is on i t s supports and the tank is empty.
The manhole should be designed to be opened from the
underside of the cover. Loose covers may be used but
the height of the manhole neck should be such as to
prevent the contents flowing on to the cover.
E.4.6 Centralixing and anti-rotation devices
Suitable arrangements should be made to maintain the
E.4.9.1 All covers should be efectrically conductive.
For non-metaltic covers, antistatic materials should be used
or, when agreed between the purchaser and the manufac-
turer, metallic strips bonded to the cover may he used as
an alternative.
E.4.9.2 When peripheral seals with a high electrical
resistance are'used, e.g. non-metallic seals, flexible multi-
strand antistatic cables should be fitted between the cover
and the tank shell to provide an electrical bond.
A minimum of two cables should be provided on tanks up
to 20 rn diameter and a minimum of four for larger
diameter tanks.
E.4.10 High-tiquid lwel alarms
It is recommended that a high-level alarm be fitted which
will automatically warn the operator of the tank overfilling
or the cover fouling an obstruction, e.g. fixed-roof structure.
E.5 Fabrication
E.5.1 General L
Good workmanship and finish should be obtained through-
out and all work subjected to the closest inspection by the
manufacturer, even ifthe purchaser waives any part of
his inspection.
E.5.2 Mild steel wverr
The fabrication of mild steel covers should comply with the...
. .
.
minimum applicable requirements specified in clauses 13 :'.. :+ .
,*+' ,? .
and 14. .....
... ...'
. ..,-.-
'~

: cover in a central position and to prevent its rotation. E.5.3 Non-metalliccomponents ,. I

"
..-- . _. .
d .
,> ,.. The peripheral seal may be considered ta act as a , . .. . . . . . . . .
',.'.C

.s.,.;

. . . . . . . . . . . centralizing device and the rdof support columnsccanbe Components of covers, fabricated from non-metallic :.,.:+ .L
7.
..,
. . . ..
. .
. . . .. . . . . . . . .
used as an anti-rotation device except where only a single materials, should be provided wi.th,edgqwithin toierahies $:-;
,,\?<, .
:
. . . . .. . . . . which will ensure accurate and tight'erection. ' ,I'.'
.
.. . : central column is used. . . . . . . . . . : . . ':. ,...... >*.;:. .,.
. .. . :.:
'
.. . .
.... . ..,:;;..+
I . . . . '. ...'. . .. ". . . . . . . ,. . .. .. . . .
. . . . . . . . . : . . r . , *..:<;,
. . .<. .:. ... . . . .. E.5.4 ~ork;ho~,&einbl~, . : :. . -.:, . . . .. . . .-..<...y;..
.....
., h.,.:&t;,'
E.4.7 Seals . . . . . . .
.
. . ,.',<...
.,.I

. ,
.....
'. .
""';

. 2 .... ::
. . . .
E.4,7.f &riphemi seals, The ctearance between the .perk
!f specified by the purchas* in
t h i order*fhe + s e & $ y , ~ & ~ ~ ? ~
part thereof should be'laidout in'tee works f. o j i~spection:;: ::. .
. . . . . . . . . . ,...I
.. .
"
phqy of the cover .and the tank shell should be fitted with . . . . :. . .."* 5; . ..
- . z i -.:.
. ... ,.a.
'
....a*'. <.. -.:,
~:
. . +. ". , . _ . . ,. -a flexible seal and provide a reasonably close fit to the shefl
~'
*,
....'. .
. . . E . 5 5 Erection marks, i p, i::,,c2,-..~- . ...;;:~..:":..-
padcaging~ . . ~ . h ~ i ..... . .-~.L:.,-
~+ ? ~ +
. '. 3 ,. -. -surface.'Th& inanufacturer shui$d specify.?he .m%'xikum
and a h a * movement Erection marks, packaging @ . ., . .
. shipping.s$$ld ..", m. .*..
p" l -l~
.'.x.~
. $ ..'..:<. :
.... t :in&ird . of which the seal is capable.
, ,
. . . . . .
+

,. -.
. . - .
.....
."+I.' '

. . . ".." . . . . . . _ ,.__.
./*....'.... . .. . .<:;;,.<; " . . . .. , :. . ..<.
, ..'
with this,standard., . . . _ .:... . ... . :-"+.
. ... ..>.&-. $
. . .. :...::,.
..;." ...' .'.::>'
.<. ;

. . :.. .
A
>"
. . ~ ~
. L . ~

. . .: .-.
, , I
*
.
.,.I_
.
. . . . '.. Y:' :,; >.:
. . ... . . ., ,.- .'
. . . . ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . . .. .. .
i
. ....<>?. -.. . ,-.
..:... . :. .. . . < . . .
:. .,. . .. . .
 ... , . .. . . . .::
". .. . .
. . . . . . ...\.. .
. . . .
. . .
E.8.3 Use 2 ride. d h t i . . . .s. :':;,
.>..
.:' . . . . . :- .
;.,. : ,
. . . . . . . . . . .. . ... . .. .
: +. .,-
%
.
. ..:
.>. :. ..
. -
Side entry mixers s h w l d be alltiwed to dperitk &ly inh& ' , . . '.

the floating cover is a t a level where the normal function-'

ing of the cover wit1 not be affected.
3' been given i n writing b y the purchaser.

. ,i'
-,.lh .the construction o f the floating wver, every care should Appendix F. Recommendationsfor the
;.be
-. taken to minimize distortion or ladc o f circularity due design of venting systems
:' ' '.tb,,welding or other reasons. The clearance between the
.' ".~puipkry o f the cover and the tank shelt should be uniform
' .:.andcomply w i t h the dimensional requirements specified F.1 General
: :fortheseaI(see'E.4.7.1).
This appendix gives recommendations for the normal
vacuum, normal pressure and emergency venting of fixed-
roof tanks w i t h or without internal floating roofs
constructed t o comply with this British Standard.
. . Ei7.1 Where applicable, before a floating cover is put into Provision is made t o enable evaluation o f venting require
'

operation, it should be carefully tested for liquid tightness. ments arising from the following sources.
'
., . Lap-welded joints i n mitd steel covers may be tested b y the (a) Normal vacuum venting requirements resulting from
- :?&aal#m
-.
. ...'."~.
-, .
box method or by the use o f high penetrating oil. the maximum tate of export of product from the tank. .--
,
:;:;.., ,-
.E.7.2 On completion, the tank should be filled w i t h water,
(b) Normal vacuum venting requirements resulting from
:'. to check that ttie.cover and seals travel freely t o the full the maximum anticipated decrease i n tank surface
:,
. operating height and that the cover is free from leaks. temperature.
9E.7.3 ~ a n h o l e s ' i nthe fixed roof should be kept closed (c) Normal pressure venting requirements resulting from
'during testing in wet weather, since any ingress o f rain- the maximum anticipated rate of import of product t o
:Miter might lead to misleading conclusions o n water- the tank.
xightness. (d) Normal pressure venting requirements resulting from
the maximum anticipated inaease in tank surface
'E.7.4 ;Any damp spot o n the cover should be taken as an temperature.
indication of a possibfe leak.
(e) Emergency pressure venting requirements resulting
Time may be necessary for leaks t o become evident and from the exposure of the tank to an external fire.
checks should therefore be made at frequent intervals,
particularly during the first metre o f fitling. Any additional causes o f normal venting arising from
process considerations should be quantified and added t o
E.7.5 A l l leaks detected during testing should be rectified the venting requirements listed i n (a) to (el.
t o the satisfaction o f the purchaser or his representative.

E.8 Operation F.2 Normal venting

t o the cover
E.8.1 A-
During operation, no access t o the tank and floating cover
The total normal venting has t o cater for at least the sum
should be permitted, and the tank and cover should be
of product movement and rherrnai effects,
'
cleaned and gas-freed before access is permitted for
maintenance purposes. It is recommended that this is
indicated near the tank manholes. F.22 Normal vacuum venting
F.2.2.1 The normal vacuum venting requirement associated
E.8.2 Periodic inspettion
The cover should be inspected for teaks, when i n the t o p
position, from a suitable manhole i n the fixed roof. it is
with the maximum rate of product export should be .
1.O m3 of free air per hour far each 1.0 rn3 /h o f product
export rate for products o f any flash point.
a
 . ,.,.., - . ' I ' . . ;i

F.2.2.2 The normal vacuum venting requirement associated
with the maximum anticipated rate of tank surface tem-
perature decrease should be:
(a) d 4000 rn3 capacity: 0.18 m3 of free air per hour
for each 1 rn3 of capacity;
>
(b) 4000 m3 capacity: 0.61 m3 of free air per hour
for each 1 rn2 of shell and roof area.
~2.3
Normal pressure venting
F.23.1 For products with a flash point of 38 O C or above,
the normal pressure venting requirernents associated with
the maximum a t e of product import should be 1.07 m3 of
free air per hour for ea& 1.0 m3/h of product import rate.
F.2.32 For products with a flash point below 38 OC,
the normal pressure venting requirements associated with
the maximum rate of product import should be 2.14 rn3 of
free air per hour for each 1.0 m3/h of product import rate.
F.2.3.3 For products with a flash point of 38 O C or above,
the normal pressure venting requirements associated with
the anticipated rate of tank surface temperature increase
should be 60 9S of the values specified in F.2.2.2.
F.2.3.4 For products with a flash point below 38 "c,
the normal pressure venting requirements assocjated with
the anticipated maximum rate of tank sur.face temperature
increase should be as recommended in F.2.2.2.
F.3 Emergency venting
F.3.1 Tanks with a frangible roof joint
No p;ovision need b e made for emergency venting for
fixed-roof tanks which have a shell to roof joint which
is considered frangible according to the provisions of F.4.
F.4 Frangible roof-to-shelljoint
F.4.1 Tanks without anchorages
For the roof-toshell joint of tanks without anchorages to
be considered frangible (see F.3.l) the following should
apply.
(a) The mntinuous fillet weld between the roof plates
and the top curb angle should not exceed 5.0 mm.
(b) The slope of the roof sheeting adjacent to the top
curb should not exceed 1 in 5.
(c) The effective cross-sectional area of the curb A
(in mm2) as shown in figure 7 shouid not exceed:
7.07 x lod3T
A =
tan 0
where
7 i s the total weight of shell, shell stiffening and
roof framework supported by the shell but
excluding the roof sheeting (in kg);
6 is the slope of roof meridian a t roof-to-shell
connection (in degrees).
This may result in a curb area less than that required
by 8.5.6.
-
F A 2 f anks with anchorage
In addition to the recommendationsof F.4.l(a) and {b),
the curb area provided should be checked to ensure failure
at a pressure which will not exceed the permitted design
stresses in the holding down anchors, tank shell and the
roof alatinp. Curb failure is assumed to occur at a
compressive stress of 220 PJ/mrnz (i.e. use S, = 220 ~ / r n r n ~
in curb area equation in 8.5.2 to calculate failure pressurel.

F.3.2 Tanks without a frangible roof joint

F.5 Means 05 venting
F.3.2.1 Without additional protection. For tanks not F.5.1 Normal venting
pravided with additional protection as indicated in F.3.2.2,
the total rate of emergency venting should be as given in F-5-1.1 Normalventing should be by a
table 10. Full credit should be taken for the venting pressure relief valve, a vacuum relief valve. a pressure
capacity provided for normal venting since thermal effects vacuum (PV) valve or an open vent with or without a . .
flame-arresting device complying with F.5.1.2 to F.5.1.7. .
can be disregardedduring a fire as it can be asumed that '

no product movement will take place at that time. F.5.f .2 Relief valves equipped with a weight and lever are .. . :

:. F.3.2.2 Tanks with additiomlprotection. The total rate of remrnrnended- .. .

- . .
,, . emergency venting shouId be multiplied the appropriate F.5.13 PV valves are recommended for use on atmos- . .. . , , .'
. .
.'. factor when the following forms of protection are provided. merit storage tanks in a pro&ct'with a flash point ,.
..
. ..*.,
..
. .
>
. .(a) A factor of 0.5 when drainage away from the tank
is provided.
below 38 O C is stored and for use on tanks containing a .
product that i s heated above i t s flash p0int.A fiame ... ' I
.,. ':,:,1.

..-..I
... . .....
. ... '. . .. [ b ) 'factor
~ of 7.5/tl, but limited toa value arrester is not generalty considered nwessary for use in :<: .;.; .. I , '

.. . .., _.

conjunction with a PV valve because, even at low settings, .' j l . .~

.. ... . ..1._. .<.I"... . 'of 0.075 (where t l is the thickness of the insulation
i:
. .
. insulation
(in mm)) when e x t e r ~shell
l is provided mat the Ws efflux velocil~exceeds the'fiame &eds of most . . - I ' ' :
' .
.. ...*. ::.. : . is considered noneornbustible, does not decompose at gases. . . . ..
. .. .
. . . ,..: .: . .
. .
. . . ., ' _ , iamperaturr.below SO0 OC and is resistant to damage F-5.1.4 Opsn vens with s flaw-arrening d e v h h a y be . .::.
.. .-.
. .
. ..
. . .
':,
;. ,; from fire water impingement. used in place of PV valves on tanks in which a'product with .I.:..
&.
:
' :
. " ' -.. : .
: .fpe,:p&vision of any water cooling system will not result a flash point below 38 OC is stored and on tanksmktaining . '.':
... .....
... .in a reduction in the venting requirements. a product that is heated above i t s f&h +ciint. 1': :-I .. . . . * ,.-..
' ,
. . . . . . .
. . :I._ . . . .
. . .. ..... . . .. . . . .
.... . ..
. % . . I . I

81
. :. "
tc>provide. venting F.5.3 Vent discharge
, :capacity
. for tanks iq which the product w i t h a fiash point . For tanks Located inside a building, a discharge f r o m t h e
.:-..of
. 38 *Cor'above is stared, for heated tanks i n which the vents should be to the outside o f the building. A weak
,' Orodqct's storaq! temperature is below the product's flash roof-to-shell connection should not be used as a means
..'point,
-. for ianks'with,a cahcity o f Iess than 10 m3 used of emergency venting tanks inside a building.
. ,.for storing any product, and for tanks w i t h a -pacity of For valves w i t h connected pipework o n the inlet o r
::.lgss
:. . than 500.r$. us.e,for
. ,storing crude oil.
<.' . > ... 1 discharge side, suitable allowance should be made in the
'1. .F6.t.6 lij the',&& af v i k o u s &xlucts, such as cutback vent sizing for pressure drops occurring in this pipework.
and penetration grade asphalts, where the danger o f tank Flame arresters w i l l similarly reduce the capacity o f the
collapse resulting from sticking pallets and frame arrester valves o r openings.
elements fs greater than the possibility of flame transrnis-
sion i n t o the tank, open vents may be used as an exception
. t o the recommendations o f F.5.12 to F.5.1.4.
.:.Where flame arresters are used, it i s good practice t o stock ( Tabk 10. ~e&rements for emergency venting I
':.spare element assemblies so that they can be removed and
Wettsd arm Venting requirements
'replaced o n a regular basis depending o n local conditions ' (standid m3 of free air per hour?
.:and in'this way clean elements would always be available
land maintenance time on the tank roof kept to:a minimum. m2 m3/h . '

.<Where regular maintenance cannot be guaranteed, the use

o f flame arresters should be avoided.

.: F.52 Emergency venting

.: Emergency venting may be accomplished by the use of
,' the following.
. (a) Larger or additional valves or open vents as limited
, b y F.5.1.4and F.5.1.5.
(b) A gauge hatch that permits the cover t o lift under 1-',173W , ,

. abnormal internal pressure. '

I$
19 000
(c)
,

-A minhdle cover that lifts when exposed t o 250 20 400

300 21 600
atjnormal internal pressure.
'. 2, {d) A connection between the roof and the shell that NOTE 1. No increase in venting requirement i s

-
; is considered frangible i n accordance w i t h F.4. .
(e)LQther forms of construction demonstrably
comparable for the purpose of pressure relief.
required for tank with wetted area > 300 m a .
. I
NOTE 2.The wetted area is the toral surface area
of the shell within 9 m above local grade level.
1
 Appendix G. Seismic provisions for storage
.tanks
NOTE. This appendix gives techmendations for the se$mic design
of storage tanks and is bawd on the reauirements of appendix E of
APt 656 The zone coefficients used i n - ~650 ~ lhave been modified
t o lateral force coefficients expressed as a ratio o f the acixleration
due t o gravity. This allows application of these calculations t o
geog@*cal locations outside the USA.
It is recognized that other pFMedures or additional requirements
may be called for by the purdfiaser or the local authorities i n
highly active seismic areas. In this case, specialized local knowledge
should be used in agreement between the purchaser, the local
authority and the manufacturer which takes into account local
requirements, the necessary integrity, soil conditions, etc.
Consideration s h w l d be given t o design for an operating basis
earthmake (OBE) condition and a safe shutdown earthauake ' (SSE)
comli;ion. when establishing site safety requirements.
The following definitions apply.
Operating Basis Earthquake IOBE). The structure should resist
this earthquake without any damage. It is suggested t o consider
t h e seismic loads with a 10 % probability of being exceeded
during the structure's lifetime. Allowable stresses should not
beexceeded.
Safe Shutdown Earthquake (SSEI. The structure may be
damaged by this earthquake, but it s h w l d not collapse nor
should it impose serious consequential hazards. It is suggested
toy.= the seismic loads with a I% probability of being exceeded
during the lifetime of the structures. Under this load the
ultimate strength should not be exceeded.
G.? Design loading
0.1.1 Overturning moment
The overturning moment due to seismic forces applied to
the bottom of the tank shell should be calculated as
follows:
T2 is the weight of effective mass of the tank contents
which move in the first sloshing mode and which is
determined in accordance with G.1.2.t (in kg);
T, is the totat weight of tank roof (fixed or floating)
ptus portiqn of snW load, if any, as specified by
the purchaser (in kg);
T, is the total weight of tank shell (in kg);
XI i s the height from bottom of tank shell to centroid
of lateral seisrhic force applied to TI and which is
determined in accordance with 6.1.2.2 (in m);
Xz is the height from bottom of tank shell to centroid
of lateral seismic force applied to T, and which i s
determined in accordance with 6.1.2.2 (in m);
X, is the height from bottom of tank shefl to centre
of gravity of shell (in ml.
6.1.2 Effective mass of tank contents
6.1.2.1 The effective mass TI and the effective mass T2
(as defined in G.1.1). may be determined by multiplying
TT by the ratios TiITr and T2/TT respectively, obtained
from figure 43 for the ratio D/&, where:
TT is the total weight'of tank contents (based on a
specific gravity notl-s than 1.0) (in kg);
D is the diameter of tank (in m);
HT is the maximum filling height of tank from bottom
of shell to top of curb angle or overftow which
limits filling height (in m).
6.1.2.2 The heights from the bottom of the tank shell to
the centroids of the laterat seismic forces applied to T I ,
T z ,X1 and X2 may be determined by multiplying HT by
the ratios X 1/HT and X2/HT,respectively, obtained from
figure 44 for the ratio of D/HT.

GI( r t X s + T ~ H +
L TIXI)+'G~ TZx2 6.723 The curves in figures 43 and 44 are based on a
M= modificationof the equations presented in ERDA Technical
102 Information Document 7024.
where
G1 is the lateral force coefficient given as a ratio of the 6-13 Lateral force coefficients
acceleration due to gravity (see G.1.3.1);
6.1.3.1 The lateral force coefficient GI is to be specified
G2 is the lateral f o r e coefficient given as a ratio of the by the purch&r on the b&is of seismology records . .;,
.
acceleration due t o gravity and determined in available for the proposed tank site and should be given as ::.
accordance witb G.1.3.2; a ratio of the acceleration due to gravity.
. . . . HL 'is the total height of tank shell (in m); For a storage tank constructed for service in the UK it is ,'

-- .M is the overturiing moment applied to bottom of recommended that the lateral force " coefficient
. GIbe taken .'
:
. . . . iank shell {in kN-in); . 1 . : . . as no greater than Q.045. :......;
.- ..
. >.... . . .. , ",.
..., ,
. - 3

.. :Tx' is the weight of effective mass of tank contents . ,- ." .

.
. .. .
. l.-
.I.

moves in'unisonwith tank shell and which . . . . . .. .*

. .: . ..which
. .. -K. . . .. :: :. . =. .
. " .. .:
: .' . is deterrnined in accordance with G.l.2.1 (in kg); .......... ....
,."
. .. .... .... . : ., .
"
. . . . . .
. . . . .. ":,'. +.' . '.." -'
. .. . . . . . . . . .......... . * .. . . .. . . . ", ,.
.
'"

. . ^ . : , .:.... ? ;:. ;., .... ,, , .:;

. . . . . . . . . . .I..,- .... ' . + d -
" . . , .... *. . .: ,,;.'a .>.,'*
. .
. . ... ... ... . . . . . .. . . -
' '

. . , . .
. . . . . ., ..:.$, .,,*..... .
. .-'. . -:,., :.2:
<: :-.
,.:'
i.

T'.'",'
.'.
I.:

. .
,

. .
. .
. ,... -- . .",;,.. .< ,..,*. ..-a*.:.:. .-.-1
. .." .
:b,?.
'

. . . .... . "
.. .. ." . >.; " ?.<:
>
L 7;>: ; : '; ,:.. .:is: . >
+............. >'+
.. :-A.... ,(,<<&, ;,;:. :.q.:q<
..4&..
....-".. .., .$.-...'. ............
. . . . .. ;&.$= :; *
.
.%- ........ .:.-:
i.'. * -
... .. . .. :,. - . >.">,.
' " ' . I "

,<... ,
.,..
. :.:::::.; ,. ; -..,. <. ..;.+
"
.. . ..
. . .
". - . .
.
L....
.....
-J7 .... "
.=., ....... '..,. . ..
. . .. , . , . . . : , : ; :
..Ic.,

. , _ ,. . . , . , .".. . _- .
.,. .-, . ,. * ." . .-, . ~ - ' . > - :'
+_ " I,'

.-.,. .. . . .,
'I
'.
. . .. .. .. . , , ..., ..,;:.:' : .:. 'l:i:,.:,: . . .-,
>
... ~ . . . . . . . . .
I
. Figure 43. Effective masses

D/HT
Figure 44. Centroids of seismic forcer
6.132 The laterai force coefficient G2 is to be determined
as a function of G1of the natural period of the first mode
sloshing T, and the soil conditions at the tank site (unless
otherwise determind by the method given in 6.1.3.3) as
follows.
(a) When T, is less than 4.5
125G1 J
G2 =
Ts
( 6 )When T, is greater than 4.5
5.625GJ
G2 =
T
,
' or
where
J is the site amplification factor from table 11;
Ts is the natural period in seconds of first mode stoshing.
T, may be determined from the following expression:
f-, = 1.8 K, D'''
Ks is a factor obtained from f$ure 45 for the ratio D/HT.
6.1.3.3 As an alternative to the method described
in 6.1.3.1 and 6.1.3.2 and by agreement between purchaser
and manufacturer, G Iand G2 may be determined from
response spectra established for the specific site of the
tank aad which may atso take into account the dynamic
characteristics of the tank. The spectrum for GIshould be
established for a damping coefficient of 2 % of critical.
T h e spectrum for G2 should correspond to the spectrum
for GIexcept modified for a damping coefficient of
0.5 X of critical.
NOTE. I n no case should the values of GI and G2 be less than
those obtained from 0.13.1 and 0.13.2.
Table I Soil profile coeffiiiertt
I.
Site amplification faaor Soil W Itypr
~
l L F - F L 7
*Soil profile type A i s either of two profiles as follows.
(al Rock of any characteristic, either shale-like or
crystalline in nature. Such material may be characterized
by a shear wave velocity greater than 760 m per second,
(61 Stiff soil conditions where the soil depth is less than
60 rn and the sail types overlying rock are stable deposits
of sands. gravels, or stiff clays.
%oil profile rype B is a profile with deep cohesionless w
stiff clay conditions, including sites where the soil depth
exceeds 60 m and the soil types overlying rock are stable
deposits of sands, gravels, or stiff clays.
f Soil profile type C is a profile with saft-to-medium-stiff
clays and sands, characterized by 10 m or more of soft-to-
medium-stiff clay with or without intervening layers of
sand or o t h h cohesionless soils.
NOTE. I n locations where the sail profile type is not known
i n sufficient detail to determine the soil profile type. soil
profile C should be assumed._

.... .
, ..
.. . . . . .
.. , . . . -
, ,... _
, . .. .
..I.
a
:
"
....
. . . . . .: :.'.....
._.. _.. .., - . .IFigure 45. Factor K,
' , ?,.. "'
..a,..' I) ,
 ...? + .,. ,

$%+pendent
+<A .' o h i h e w i d t h of t h e b a t t o m plate under t h e
:+*ti
,.. which lifts o f f the foundation arid may be determined
.:has'
..,. foliws:,
- .<
i.:;;;'..wL.'=&I rba/,, &b Ws HT M
(b' when is greater than 0.785 b u t
..,except.
. .. -
". .
t h a t wl should n o t exceed 0 2 w,ffTD; and where D' (wL +- w,)
;P
.--;.'
&x.. wig. is the maximum force of tank wntents which less than or equal t o 1.5, wb may be computed from
+
,?
w :.
- 5 may be Mitixed to resist the shell overturning the value o f the parameter
Wb * WL
obtained from
y*
..
I:" ..
... . ." moment (in kN per metre o f shell circumference); wt ' WL
.$'. .. .. tba ii the ttjicknek of b o t t o m plate under the shall figure 46
. . ..
. ". -.. (in mm,; where
.:.'. . . R;lb is the minimum specified yield strength o f b o t t o m
' wb is the maximum tongitudinat shell compression
) . . piate under the shell (in ~ / m m '1; force ( i n kN per metre of shell circumference);
.a .
.I . , w, is the maximum density o f the contained liquid w, is the maximum force exerted by tank shell and
.
:. . . under storage conditions, to be n o t less than 1.0 portion o f roof supported by shell (in kN per metre
".", -
7s A

?.+
<* :
.. . (in g/ml). of shelt circumferenoe).
M
% .

+*~..'
G.3.12 When is great& than l .$-or when
D, (lv. wLl
'$)m,fhi&ness of the b o t t o m plate under the shell, tba,
+

w,/t,,exceeds Fa (,when calculated using the method

?'should n o t exceed the thickness of the b o t t o m shell course.
described i n E3.3). . . the tank is structurally unstable.
Where the bottom plate under t h e shell is thicker than the
In such cases, it is necessary t o make the tank stable by
remainder of the bottom, the width o f the thicker plate
one o f t h e following methods:
.under the shell in metres, measured radially inward from
the shell. should be equal t o or greater than: (a) increase the thickness o f the bottom plate under the
shell, t b , to increase wL, providing that t h e limitations
o f G.2.1 and 6.2.2 are n o t exceeded;
(b) increase shell thickness, t,,;
NOTE. A narrower width of annular plate than that required by
'
the a k v e expresrion is acceptable provided the resultant reduced
(c) change the proportions o f the tank t o increase the
w, mistance loading is adopted in the shell compression compu- diameter and reduce the height;
I ta&s of 0.3. (d) anchor t h e tank in accordance with 6.4.

G.32 Anchored tanks

The maximum longitudinal compression force at the
bottom of the shelt, wb (in kN/m), may be determined
as follows:
1373M
w#.,= w* + -
D'
 Figure 46.Compressive force wb

0.3.3 Maximum allowable shell wmpression Fa is the maximum allowable longitudinal wrnpressive :
The maximum longitudinal compressive stress in the shell, stress in the shell (in N/mmZ1. The formulae in
wbltb, (in N/mrn2 I, should not exceed t h e maximum items (a) and (b)for F, take into acmunt t h e effect
allowable stress, Fa ( i n N/rnm2 1, determined as foltows: of internal presswe due to the liquid contents;
wr HT D' R,, is t h e minimum specified yield strength of t h e . .:... .
(a) when the value of is greater than 44 bottom shell course (in Nlmtn2 I. . ... . ....
.. ~ .
tbr
. ,.I
.
....
In no case is the value of Fa to exceed 0,5R,,. ._ ....
. I .

., ~

6.3.4 Upper h t i cwrrer

... :.
If the thickness of the lo- shell course calculated'to ' . .' ,;.+
,.I "'

wsHTD
' resist the seismic overturning mo
(b) when the value of - is less than 44
thickness required for hydrostatic
corrosion allowance, then unless a special analysis is rhade...
to determine the seismic ow
ponding stresses at the bottom
where the calculated thickness of each
hydrostatic p r k s u r e should be in
tb, is the thickness, excluding corrosion allowance, proportion.
'of the trottom sheH course (in mm); , , . .

6.4.2 ~ e r ' i ; ranchorags
f that given in 7.3.1.
v
'0.4.2.1 If an anchored tank is not properly designed i t s
.shell can be susceptible to tearing. Care should be taken
to emure that the strength of anchorage attachments to
the tank shell is greater than the specified minimum yield
strength of the anchors so that the anchors yield before
. the attachments fail. Experience has shown that properly
designed anchored tanks retain greater reserves of strength
with respect to seismic overload than do unanchored
tanks.
In addition to the requirements of 10.1 to 10.5,
- the recommen&ions given in G.4.2.2 to 6.4.2.4 should
t be followed
,.
should be designed for a load equal @ the mi$dd , .
specified yield strength of the anchorage.mate'rial'multi-',
plied by the as-built minimum cross-sectional area of .
the an&or. For the attachment of the anchorage to the
tank shell and the embedment of the anchor into the .
foundation the design stress should not exceed 1-33times
6.5 Piping
Suitable flexibility should be provided in the vertical
direction for all piping anached to the shell or bottom of
the tank. On unanchored tanks subject to bottom uplift,
piping connected to the bottom should be free to lift with
the bottom or be located so that the distance measured
from the shell to the edge of the cdnnecting reinforcement
is the width of the bottom plate (as #culated by 6 2 2 ) -
. . .
plus 0.3 m. ..
 Publications referred to
Methods for notched bar tests
Part 2 The Charpy V-notch impact test
Specification for test sieves
The use of structural steel i n building
Fire tests on building materials and structures
Part 7 Surface spread o f flame teas for materials
Aggregates for natural sources for concrete (including granolithid
Part 2 Metric units
-
Wrought aluminium and aluminium alloys for general engineering purposes plate, sheet and strip
Specification for steel forgings (including semi-finirhed' forged products) for pressure purposes
Carbon and altoy Reel bars for batting material
Steel pipe flanges and flangkl fittings (normal sizes X i n to 24 in1
Part 2 Metric dimensions
Radiographic examination of fusion welded butt joints i n steel
Part IMethods for steel 2 mm up to and including 50 mm thick
Specification for continuously hot-dip zin: coated and imn-zinc alloy coated steel: wide strip, sheetlplate and
slit wide strip
Specification for steel pipes and tubes for pressure purposes: carbon and carbon manganese steel with specified elevated
temperature properties
Specification for sttel pipes and tubes for pressure purposes: carbon and carban alloy steel with specified low
temperature pmpert ies
Recommendations for the installation o f automatic liquid level and temperature measuring instruments o n storage tanks
Thermal insulating materials
Pam 5 Banded mineral waol slabs (for use a t temperatures above 50°C1
Specification far image quality indicators for industrial radiography (induding guidance on their use)
Steel tadders f o r permanent access
3105 Sheet and strip
Specificatian for weldable structural steels
Vertical cylindrical welded steel storage tanks for low-temperature service. Singkcwall tanks for temperatures
down t o -50 "C
Profiled aluminium sheet for building
Approved testing of welding procedures
Part t Fusion welding of steels
Approval testing of welders working t o approved welding procedures
Part 1 Fusion welding of steel
Coated macadurn for roads and other paved areas
Specification far arc welding of carbon manganese Reels
Specification for vertical cylindrical welded storage tanks for Iow-temperatures down t o -196 O C
Code o f practice for site investigatians
Code of practice for thennd insulation o f p i p e w r k and equipment (in the temperature range - 1 0 0 ' ~t o +87 O C )
Code of basic data for the design o f buildings
Chgwr V Loading
Part 2 Wind loads
The structural use of concrete
Stmctural use of reinforced concrete in buildings
Foundations
Structural steels
ASTM A 1 S Forgings, carbon steet, for piping components
ASTM A106 Seamless carbon steel pipe for high temperature service
ASTM A524 Seamless c a r b n steet pips for atmospheric and low temperatures
API Standard 5L Specification for line pipe
Mild steel for pressure equipment sub-zem temperatures. Britisb Welding Journal, March t964*
Rose R.T. Rim reinforcement of manholes. British WeIding Journal. October 1961.
Nudear reactors and earthquakes, Ttxhn~WJnfomxetimDowment 7024 prepared by Lockhead Aircraft Corporation and Holmes
I and Narver Inc. for the US Atomic Energy Commission, August 1963.

*Referred to i n foreword only.

. ...

This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction
of the Pmsure Vessels Standards Policy Committee. was published
under the authority of the Board of BSI and comes into effect on
29 September 1989
O British Standards Institution, 1989
Part 1 First published February 1956
First revision September 1965
Part 2 First published December 1961
Part 3 First published September 1968
First revision, combined as BS 2654, February 1973
Second revision December 1984
New edition September 1989
ISBN 0 580 17661 4
The following BSI references relate t o the w w k on this standard:
Committee reference PVEIIS Draft for comment 87177053 DC
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Committee PVEIIS, upon which the following bodies were
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British Gas pic
Amendments issued since publication
Amd. No. I Date of issue I Text affected
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. -
BS 2654 : 1989; -..?%
-~<,
A' 3
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British Steel Industry
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Welding fnstitute
.@: