Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ON
Ethiopian Telecommunication and
Corporation
By
Nugusie Unguru, Electronics and Communication
RAMIT/1186/07
Submitted to:
The Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
Arba Minch Institute of Technology
Arba Minch University
5th YEAR, 2nd SEMISTER Form Oct, 16 2018 to Feb, 02 2019
Arba Minch Institute of Technology
Arba Minch University
DECLARATION
I am Nugusie Unguru, a 5th year Electrical and computer engineering stream
communication student have undertaken my internship experience in Ethio telecom host
company for period of octeber28 to february28 2019G.C under the guidance of Girma
(company advisor).I clarify that my work is original and compiled according to the
internship report writing guideline given by the department. As the academic advisor I
clarify that the internship report prepared by student is original work and a complied
according to guideline by the department as far as my knowledge is concerned.
Acknowledgement
First of all I would like to thank my Almighty God who helped me from the beginning to
the till the finish of the internship project. Next to this below the God I present my
appreciation to the supervisor who played vital role contributing their best. They are Mr.
Girma and all rest members. In additionally I have more gratitude for my campus advisor
Dr. Rajaveerrapa Devados for his astonishing support our internship creating conducive
environment in our project working area in Adama in Ethio telecom.
ABBREVIATIONS
ADSL- Asymmetric digital subscriber line
AUC-authentication center
BR-border router
CC-coaxial cable
CN-core network
CR-core router
ET-Ethio telecom
ETC-Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation
IF-intermediate frequency
MS-Mobile Station
The Ethiopia telecommunication authority was also replaced by the Ethiopia telecommunications
corporation (ETC) by regulation number 10/1996 of the council of ministers to which all the
rights and obligations of the former Ethiopian telecommunication authority were transferred to
the corporation ETC then has taken a responsibility to operate as a public enterprise with the
principal duty of installing telecom infrastructure facilities and expanding telecommunications
services in the country by the proclamation 49/1996, and providing domestic and international
telephone ,telex and other communication services under the supervision of Ethiopia
telecommunication agency(ETA), which is a separate regulatory body , with the objective of
promoting the development of “high quality , efficient, reliable and affordable telecommunication
services”. In this respect, it is currently deemed by the regulation that ETC is the sole operator of
any telecommunications related services, including the provision of internet and public phone in
Ethiopia. ETC is the oldest public telecommunications operator (PTO) in Africa. Today the name
ETC replaced by Ethio telecom by some managemental and structural modification since 2010.
Today the backbone network is constituted from a variety of microwave, satellite and fiber optic
links. International access is provided by the PANAFTEL terrestrial microwave network,
connecting Ethiopia to the rest of the world via links of some neighboring countries. For its
international traffic links and communication services , Ethio telecom mainly uses its earth station
at sululta which transmits and receives to and from both the Indian ocean and the Atlantic ocean
satellites making it easy to reach all over the world.
As of 2007, IP based next generation network of fixed telephone lines, third generation network
(3G) of mobile service based on wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA), code
division multiple access (CDMA) and dense wavelength division multiple (DWDM) based
optical fiber transmission have been introduced in Ethiopia.
1.2. Establishment of Ethio Telecom
As a continuation of the last five-year plan and after concentrating its efforts on
education, health and agriculture, the Ethiopian government has decided to focus on the
improvement of telecommunication services, considering them as a key lever in the
development of Ethiopia. Ethio Telecom is born, on Monday 29th November 2010, from
this ambition of supporting the steady growth of our country.
In time with its ambitions mission, Ethio telecom has ambitions objectives or goals:-
Mobile services
Internet and data
Fixed line
2. WCDMA
It offers a wide range of advanced services; high speed internet access, video and High
Quality image transmission, video conversation, online chat, it requires cell phones that
support 3G services, users are is possible, you can transmit and receive data at greater
speed and capacity, and it also supports all services offered by 2G GSM Services offered
in addition to voice.
3. 4G (LTE)
Wired broadband internet: is provided through copper of fiber with different access
methods like ADSL, VDSL, EPON and GPON
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line): is one form of the Digital Subscriber
Line technology, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission
over copper telephone lines.
Internet Protocol (IP) address:-address which is numerically label that will be assigned
to your devices participating in a computer network that uses the internet protocol or
communication between your and other nodes. You can get this service through virtual
IP address or One IP address service.
Graphic Scanning: it will allow you to scan a photograph or printed graphic and
conversation into web readable form includes image enhancement and optimization.
Counter service: this service helps you to know the number of visitors to your web
pages.
Fixed line is traditional wired phone system, it delivers voice, fax and internet
service, it is fixed in locations such as home and office, no mobility.
It is backbone of sustainable telecommunication services and it is the most
common means of communications all over the world.
Wireless Fixed line is the same as wired fixed line telephone but it improves in mobility
within the same office and home; it uses Fixed Wireless Terminal (FWT) which enables
it to give a voice, data and other value added services. It works wherever CDMA network
is available. It substitutes the service of the ordinary fixed telephone by providing only
the voice service. The tariff of fixed wireless is the same as the traditional fixed line.
Depending on enterprise and residential customers there are different packages of fixed
line
1.6. Its main customer or the end user of its product and services
Customers of Ethio-telecom
Ethio-telecom provides its different services including fixed line telephony, mobile
telephone and Internet to government organizations, private and commercial companies,
international institutions and individuals.
1. Information system
2. Customer service
3. Enterprise
4. Network engineering
5. Network service
Specific Objectives
We have been working in four sections that are listed above by interchanging to each
other per one month.
RAN has three sub departments: GSM for 2G, UMTS for 3G and CDMA. Of these, we
had seen GSM and UMTS, but before we had been seen GSM and UMTS we had seen
the overview of cellular networks.
System for Mobile (GSM) is a second generation cellular standard developed to provide
voice services and data delivery using digital modulation. GSM architecture: PLMN -
Public Land Mobile Network
Fig 3 GSM Network Architecture
Cellular network: the overall mobile network architecture consists of different stations.
Those are MSS, NSS, OSS and BSS.
Mobile station: Mobile stations or as they are most widely known, cell or mobile phones
are the section of a GSM cellular network that the user sees and operates.
Mobile Equipment (ME):- the radio terminal used for radio communication over Uu
interface.
UMTS Subscriber Identity Module (USIM):- a smartcard that holds the subscriber
identity performs authentication algorithms, stores authentication and encryption keys,
some subscription information that is needed at the terminal.
Consists of BSC, BTS, and TCU and controls the radio subsystem, especially the Base
Stations. The major functions of the BSC include: Management of the radio resources &
handover. It is also responsible for control of the power Transmitted, & it manages the
O&M & its signaling, security configurations & alarms. BTS houses the radio
transceivers that define a cell & handle the radio-link protocols with the MS. It consists
of two elements, which are:
BTS comprises the radio transmitter receivers, and their associated antennas that transmit
and receive signals to directly communicate with mobiles. BTSs-houses the radio
transceiver of the cell and handles the radio links protocols with the mobile.
Resides between group of BTSs and MSC. It controls all the BTSs around it and the
switching mechanisms between MS and MSC, manages radio and terrestrial channels,
encrypts and decrypts the data, traffic measurement, authentication, location register and
update and manages handover.
Processing of signals.
Controlling signals to the connected BTSs and control of handover of signals
from one BTS to another within a BSS.
Control of handover of the signals from BSC to MSC (Mobile switching
center).
Mapping a signal of a channel at a given instant receives signals from a BTS
at 16 kbps through and interface to MSC at 16 kbps.
Location registry for the MSS.
Authentication, encryption and decryption of data.
NSS contains a variety of different elements, and is often termed as the core network,
which performs call forwarding; hand over switching and the like. It provides the main
control and interfacing for the completely mobile network. NSS has different
components. This are: - MSC, HLR, VLR, EIR, AUC and GMSC.
Switching functions.
Additional functions for mobility support.
Management of network resources.
Interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC).
Integration of several databases.
MSC elements include the location registers consisting of HLR, VLR, EIR, and AUC.
Each MSC is connecting through GMSC to the local Public Switched Telephone
Network (PSTN or ISDN) to provide the connectivity between the mobile and the fixed
telephone users.
II. Home Location Register (HLR):- a database located in user‘s home system that
stores the master copy of user‘s service profile service profile consists of, e.g.,
information on allowed services, forbidden roaming areas supplementary service
information such as status of call forwarding and the call forwarding number it is created
when a new user subscribes to the system, and remains stored as long as the subscription
is active, for the purpose of routing incoming transactions to UE (e.g. calls or short
messages), HLR also stores the UE location on the level of MSC/VLR and/or SGSN.
III. Visitor Location Register (VLR):- The VLR is a database that contains temporary
information about subscribers that is needed by the MSC in order to service visiting
subscribers. The VLR always integrate with the MSC. When a mobile station roams into
a new MSC area, the VLR connected to that MSC will request data about the mobile
station from the HLR. Later, if the mobile station makes a call, the VLR will have the
information needed for call setup without having to interrogate the HLR each time.
IV. Equipment Identity Register (EIR):- is used to manage the IMEI of all MS devices
& check whether each MS device is legal equipment. Is an optional database that is
supposed to contain the unique International Mobile Equipment Identity, which is a
number of the mobile phone equipment. EIR is specified to prevent usage of stolen
mobile stations or to bar malfunctioning equipment (e.g., from certain manufacturer).
VI. Gateway Mobile Switching Center (GMSC):- provides interface between the
mobile network and Public Switched Telephone Network.
OSS is the functional entity from which the Network operator monitors & controls the
system. The O&M center (OMC) is connected to all equipment in the switching system
& to the BSC. The implementation of OMC is known as the OSS & its uses are:
Manages the GSM functional blocks i.e. MSC, BSC (& indirectly the BTSs).
Alarm Handling, Fault Management.
Performance Management, Configuration Management.
Software Version Management.
Network Statistics Data Collection.
Network Status Control, etc.
1.10.2. Transmission, access and transport section
This division is responsible for transmission mediums which are used to transmit services
from one-point to another point. The transmission medium carries the signal to the
required place. A signal (information) is transported from transmitter to the receiver
through transmission mediums. These mediums can be one of the following:-
Air
Twisted pair wire cable
Coaxial cable
Microwave
Satellite
Fiber-optic cable
Twisted pair wires cable (TPC):- A type of cable that consists of two independently
insulated wires twisted around one another. One wire carries the signal while the other
wire is grounded and absorbs signal interference. Twisted pair cable is used by older
telephone networks and is the least expensive type of local-area network (LAN) cable.
Satellite: - are relay stations that receive signals from one earth station and rebroadcast
them to another. They use microwave signals.
Fiber optic cable (FOC):- Fiber-optic communication is now the dominant data
transmission method. However, microwave communication equipment is still in use at
many remote sites where fiber optic cabling cannot be economically installed. At present
boarder backbone network is microwave transmission system, as telecommunication
service is becoming in Ethiopia. The existing back bone transmission system cannot meet
the needs of the people. Therefore ETC confirmed eight optic fiber lines throughout the
country to be builted; its main aim is to resolve communication problem.
Fiber optic cables have a much greater bandwidth than other cables. This means
that they can carry more data.
Fiber optic cables are less susceptible than other cables to interference.
Fiber optic cables are much thinner and lighter than wires.
Data can be transmitted digitally rather than analogically.
Basically the Ethio telecom southeast region is mostly using optical fiber communication
and microwave communication. So transmission departments are responsible to transmit
services from different divisions to the required destination. The services may come from
RAN. Now let us see the basic equipment’s used for these two common transmission
ways.
Based on the configuration micro wave (MW) equipment’s can be separate or direct
mounted. The antenna and ODU are placed separately when the installation is in separate
mount. In opposite ODU can be installed at the back of the antenna and information is
transmitted directly from ODU to IDU in direct mount installation.
Optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made up of high quality extruded glass (silica)
or plastic, slightly thicker than a human hair. It can function as a waveguide, or “light
pipe”, to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber. Optical fibers are widely used
in fiber-optic communications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at
higher bandwidths than other forms of communication.
Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss
and are also immune to electromagnetic interference. Fibers are also used for
illumination, and are covered in bundles so that they may be used to transmit images,
thus allowing viewing in limited spaces. Specially designed fibers are used for a variety
of other applications, including sensors and fiber lasers.
(a) (b)
Figure (a) & (b) primary and secondary side of MSAG
MSAG has the following subscriber cards:-
Ip address class
Example
Figure 5 over all ETC IP NGN network Topology
Provisioning: - means they are responsible for providing a Broadband service for
new customers based on the customer request.
Maintenance: - they maintain different devices like switches and Routers. The
other devices that they maintain are IP RAN devices this are SSR (smart service
router) and SP (service provider).
Monitoring: - as they maintain the above devices they also monitor them.
Modem: - is a network hard ware devices that modulate one or more carrier wave
signals to encode digital information for transmission and de Modulates signals to
decode the transmitted information.
Switch: -Manages traffic between network segments, helps to reduce traffic and
collisions, routes information intelligently. It does not send information to every
computer rather only to the required computer. Most business networks today use
switches to connect computers, printers and servers within a building or campus.
A switch serves as a controller, enabling networked devices to talk to each other
efficiently. Through information sharing and resource allocation, switches save
businesses money and increase employee productivity.
Figure 9 Switch
Router: -is used to route traffic or user from one network to another network. They are
the network gateway devices. Also they connect local area networks (LANs) to wide area
networks (WANs). A router is a hardware device that allows you to connect several
computers and other devices to a single Internet connection, which is known as a home
network. Many routers are wireless, which allows you to create a home wireless network,
commonly known as a Wi-Fi network. Routers link computers to the Internet, so users
can share the connection. A router acts as a dispatcher, choosing the best path for
information to travel so it's received quickly.
Figure 10 Router
Hub: -is a networking device that allows one to connect multiple PCs to a single
network. The simplest connection point that forwards all information to every possible
connection. It is less secured; hence a hub sends information sent for one computer all
computers on the network. It used to exchange data within its own network or LANs not
to WANs or to another LANs.
Greeting is the first and most important part of communication that we exchange
everywhere we meet with someone. It measures the people’s quality within the society,
his/her sociability, polite and respectful manners. We have responsible to others by acting
ethically, legally and morally and by communicating our feelings, thoughts, needs etc.
appropriately. We have responsible to our work colleagues to perform our task
effectively and in a manner. In general, we have observed that it is a must to create
smooth relation amongst different workers. This is because each and every department in
the factory is dependent one on the other. So to be fruitful there has to be good
communication between each and every members of the company. Inter personal
communication helps to improve self-worth and self-confidence and establish greater
recognition that the employee (we and other workers) can contribute in a meaningful
way. The following are the ways that benefits for creating meaning full relationships and
helps us to improve our interpersonal communication skill from the internship. These are:
We have concluded that, inter personal communication is the most essential ground for
the efficiency of the company in delivering its desired services.
2.4. BENEFITS GAINED IN TERMS OF IMPROVING TEAM
PLAYING SKILLS.
Team building skills are one of the basic requirements for the proper working of a good
company, regardless of its size and service. We have been improving our team playing
skills in Ethio telecom on preparing a report by practicing team work. We really
understand team work is important to strength the effort to accomplish the task. In our
observation and doing the following are necessary when we are involved in team work
activity:-
When you take a part as a leader, you must not make it personal and don’t rush in to for
personal attack. In the other hand you have to change or modify your own position when
you find other person’s idea is better and more convincing. The overall benefit that we
gain from the internship regarding improving leadership is that, directing successful
leadership results in the employee growth and development with new skills and
capabilities that enables to increase the productivity. People follow a great leader because
he is representative of the beliefs of a group. This person is often a well-principles
individual who is focused on a common goal and eliminates excess fear.
Risk management.
Self-confidence.
Innovative skills.
Market understanding ability developing.
CHAPTER 4
3. PROJECT AND CONTRBUTION
TITLE:-Implementation of Voice over Internet Protocol in Ethio
Telecom
3.1. Abstract
VOIP is one of the most essential technical business of issues to adequately it reduce
phone cost and offers more features such as call, easy of use and versatility process. It
makes voice or data transmit through by internet protocol. The benefits are cost save,
provisions of new communication service, phone portability, mobile service, integration
and collaboration with other application and easy use. VOIP is a new technology type of
phone services which uses the internet to make telephone calls and to send message and
receive. The main goal of voice over internet protocol is to replace PSTN by internet
protocol network as wells block fraud calls.
3.2. Introduction
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a methodology and group of technologies for the
delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP)
networks, such as the Internet and also Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a category
of hardware and software that enables people to use the internet as the transmission
medium for telephone call by sending voice data in packets using Internet Protocol(IP)
rather than by traditional circuit transmission of the Public Switched Telephone Network
(PSTN). Other terms commonly associated with VoIP are IP telephony, Internet
telephony, voice over broadband (VoBB), broadband telephony, IP communications, and
broadband phone service.
Early providers of voice over IP services offered business models and technical solutions
that mirrored the architecture of the legacy telephone network. Second generation
providers, such as Skype; have built closed networks for private user bases, offering the
benefit of free calls and convenience, while potentially charging for access to other
communication networks, such as the PSTN. This has limited the freedom of users to
mix-and-match third-party hardware and software. Third generation providers, such as
Google Talk have adopted the concept of federated VoIP – which is a departure from the
architecture of the legacy networks. These solutions typically allow dynamic
interconnection between users on any two domains on the Internet when a user wishes to
place a call.
VoIP is now central to the business strategies of many operators and service providers in
both developed and developing countries. For example, incumbent PTOs in Bangladesh,
Fiji, Ghana, Sudan and Tunisia all use VoIP to transmit international traffic. By 2007,
VoIP accounted for an estimated 23 per cent of international voice traffic. This was
projected to reach 25 per cent in 2008. While the consulting firm Maravedis noted that
“in the wired domain, the transition is nearly complete”, networks based on public
switched telephone network (PSTN) architecture and those based on IP will most likely
continue to co-exist for some time yet.
Beyond the distinction between wholesale and retail operations, VoIP is not a single,
uniform service. Rather, it comprises a range of services over different network
platforms, including:
Business VoIP;
VoIP transit;
VoIP over PSTN, cable, mobile; or
VoIP embedded in web pages or online games.
3.3. Feasibility
A feasibility study is an analysis of how successfully a project can be completed,
accounting for factors that affect it such as economic, technological, legal and scheduling
factors. A project candidate should have to use feasibility study to determine potential
positive and negative outcomes of a project before investing a considerable amount of
time and money into it.
II. Whether the current network set up would support the implementation of voice over
internet protocol.
Copper straight cable; we used to this cable to connect the different end
device like switch with router, PC with IP phone
IP phone; it used for voice signal to transmit and receive in the form of
digital.
Router; a device that we use to connect a virtual local area networks and
standard protocols to move packets efficiently to their destination
Switch; we split large networks in to small segments decreasing the number
of sharing the same network resources and bandwidth.
PC and laptop; it is end device that uses for data store, to send and receive
email etc.
Internet cloud; it used for to give data connect to VPN with comparable
quality service and at a much lower cost.
Server; it based on client or server and it handle and manage the request of
client. Also we use server data from server download and data to server
upload. And also client we use to send request to server whereas server for
request response to client.
Power over internet (PoE); it’s a technology lets network cables carry
electrical power.
If this project is implemented officially we hope it will decrease illegal VOIP suppliers
and the national &international calls tariff.
3.11. Recommendation
We recommend for Ethio telecom based on our project as follows:-Ethio telecom shall
form a responsible committee and the committee analyses the implementation of VOIP
according to the marketing, security and other confidential aspects of Ethio telecom. The
enterprise market of VOIP is rapidly growth throughout the world and Ethiopia. Also
most countries recognize VOIP to be legal. So controlling of VOIP is logically difficult
but by translating its network IP based and by implementing VOIP in Ethio telecom we
can attract the customers to use VOIP by Ethio telecom network.
3.12. Logical Design
3.13. Discussion
Verifying if the IP phones are assigned with their respective phone numbers:
Figure-13 e-phone-1 Figure-14 e-phone-2
Figure-15 e-phone -3
Simply if we want to call, for example e-phone -1 calls to ephone-3 we will write the e-
phone-3 number on the keyboard of the ephone-1 and then pickup hand set in other term
we will dial to the e-phone we have written its number. The ephone-3 will ring and if we
want to communicate ephone-3 hand set should be picked up then they will connect.
Verifying the ringing by calling from one IP phone to another (e-phone 1 to e-phone
2 e-phone 1 to e-phone 3 and e-phone 2 to e-phone 3 vise versa)
The internship is very important for engineering students by every direction to develop
the interest to learn more at the next time and to be having a good vision about future and
make us to develop new ideas. We got a good knowledge and we decide to do more on
communication to be the next generation strong worker.
4.2. Recommendation
First of all we would like to recommend the company of the current status, the main and
core problem on proper assigning of internship students and VOIP implementation.
REFERENCES
[1]. www.ethiotelecom.et
APPENDIX I
Steps of Switch configuration for VoIP
THANK YOU!!!!!!