ADAMA SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL
AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERINGSTREAM

NAME: SOLOMON GETANE

ID NO: R/3305/01
GROUP TWO

ADVISOR NAME: TEMESGEN BAILE

Submission date:04/10/2013
Industry internship report
 Abstract

The engineering internship is about 600-640 hours (75-80 days) full time work placement with
an industrial partner conducted as an alternative pathway to an engineering thesis for final year
engineering students at Adama science and Technology University.
The purpose of internship is to provide engineering students with experience to the world of
engineering practice through a period of work place employment.
This report details the work performed during an 80 days internship placement with the western
& Assosa region Ethiotelecom. The report features Western& Assosa region Ethiotelecom
description including several telecommunication sectors to make clear communication for
subscribers by solving communication challenges of this region.
The future work required to be completed as the continuation of a work performed during
internship placement is presented.
Acknowledgement
First of all we would like to express thanks toalmighty God.Second,we would also like to thank
Adama science and Technology University for organizing the internship program at all for his
engineering students alike.
Again show appreciation Western & Asosa regional ethiotelecom for permitting the semester
internship to be train with their company.
We would like to express gratitudeto Ato Aman Mieso the Electrical Engineering department
Head, Ato Temesgen the electrical engineering internship student advisor. We would also like to
give special thanks to our supervisor, Ato Tilahun Ejigu and operation and maintence
manager,Ato Mulatu and other operation and maintenance worker who assisted usby sharing
their knowledge and experience throughout their working timein our internship duration. Finally,
we would like to show gratitudeto other western & Asosa regional ethio-telecom workers that
gave their knowledge and other efforts to make us perfect with works.
 Table of contents
Abstract…………………………………………………………......I
Acknowledgement………………………………………………. …II
Table of contents…………………………………………………....III
1. Introduction………………………………………………………. 1
2. Background of Ethiotelecom…………………………………….. 2
2.1 Company mission and values…………………………………
2.2 Company objectives,services and products …………………..
3. Management, Training and employee information……………….......
4.Specific job information……………………………………………..
4.1 Radio access network system(RANS) section………………….
4.2 Transmission,Access and Transport section……………………
4.3 Internet protocol (IP) section…………………………………...
4.4 Core network,Local switch and MSAG section………………..
4.5 CPE and Payphone section …………………………………….
4.6 Power and environment section…………………………………
5.Evaluation and Critique……………………………………………...
5.1 Recommendation………………………………………………
 1. Introduction

Western & Assosa Region Ethiotelecom is situated in the West of Ethiopia which is found at
Nekemte town 330km from Addis Ababa 430 from Adama.This region includes seven
departments, such as indirect channel,direct channel,fixed access network,operation and
maintenance,Business partner,finance and physical security and 12 shops in different areas.
This is final report for Electrical engineering in communication stream semester internship .The
internship was undertaken to finalize this semester industry internship for engineering
students.This specific internship wasundertaken at Ethiotelecom western & Assosa region, where
duties were assigned providing the experience as a product specialist .Over the course of
internship a variety of activities were experienced,both technical and process related .This
provide a range of valuable job skills whichwould be able to applied in future position both with
Ethiotelecom and western& Assosa region in general.
2. Background of Ethio telecom
The introduction of telecommunication in Ethiopia dates back to 1894.
Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation is the oldest public telecommunications
Operator in Africa. In those years, the technological scheme contributed to the
Integration of the Ethiopian society when the extensive open wire line system was
laid out linking the capital with all the important administrative cities of the
country. After the end of the war against Italy, during which telecommunication network
was destroyed, Ethiopia re-organized the Telephone, Telegraph and Postal services
in 1941. In 1952 the Imperial Board of Telecommunications (IBTE) was
established by proclamation No. 131/52 in 1952. The Board had full financial and
administrative autonomy and was in charge of the provision and expansion of
telecommunications services in Ethiopia.
The Imperial Board of Telecommunications of Ethiopia, which became the
Ethiopian Telecommunications Authority in 1981, was placed in charge of both the
operation and regulation of telecommunication services in the wake of the market
reforms.In 1996, the Government established a separate regulatory body, the Ethiopian
Telecommunication Agency (ETA) by Proclamation 49/1996, and during the same
year, by regulation 10/1996, the Council of Ministers set up the Ethiopian
Telecommunications Corporation (ETC).
Recently,the Ethiotelecom company has been organizational structured by 1 head quarter,6 zonal
offices and 8 regional offices providing different services such as fixed telephone,mobile
telephone,internet,CDMA,etc through its offices .Western region is among 8 regional office and
plays vital role in ethiotelecom on behalf of it self.
2.1 Company mission and value
As a continuation of the last five-year plan and after concentrating its efforts on education, health
and agriculture, the Ethiopian government has decided to focus on the improvement of
telecommunication services, considering them as a key lever in the development of Ethiopia

Ethio telecom is born from this ambition of supporting the steady growth of our country. Ethio
Telecom wishes to implement state-of-the-art processes, to develop reliable network
infrastructures and to provide the best quality of services to Customers. This is the mission of
Ethiotelecom; that drives all Ethio telecoms actions.

To ensure that EthioTelecom runs parallel with top telecom operators, the Ethiopian government
has reached an agreement with France Telecom, one of the world’s leader telecommunication
companies. This agreement will help ETHIO telecom to improve its management capability
through the transfer of world-renowned know-how and skills.

While meeting international standards, Ethio Telecom remains faithful to his values:
  Ethio Telecom commit to understand, meet and exceed the telecommunications
needs and expectations of our country at large and of customers in particular
 Ethio Telecom respect customers and recognize that their revenues allow to
operate
 Ethio Telecom recognize that the company employees are the most valuable
asset and want to create an efficient corporate management environment that allows
them to develop and grow
 Ethio Telecom will commit to high-level job performance, customer service
quality, organizational excellence and continuous improvement in all areas
 Ethio Telecom will stay motivated and encouraged to meet all the challenges
that will face
 Ethio Telecom will make every effort to achieve a superior financial return
 Ethio Telecom uphold ethical standards, being honest in all assignments
 Ethio Telecom will hold employees accountable to all their stakeholders

  2.2 Company Objectives, Services and products

  In line with its ambitious mission,Ethio Telecom has ambitious goals:

being a customer centric company

offering the best quality of services
meeting world-class standards
building a financially sound company

 To reach these goals, all Ethio telecom divisions will focus on:

developing and enhancing network and information system

ensuring easy access and coverage to the whole population
creating a strong brand
developing human resources management
implementing control standard processes
improving financial, sourcing and facilities processes

Ethio telecom offers a wide range of products and services tailored made for Enterprise
customers and non enterprise customers. Ethio telecom offer Fixed wire line and wireless
services, mobile services, Internet and Data services as well as 3G services like WCDMA and
CDMA through the newly deployed Next Generation Networks(NGN).
Owing to nationwide huge capacity Ethiotelecom provide Enterprise customers a reliable and
affordable Internet and data services which facilitate their business and increase their
productivity by connecting them to local and international partners

 
3.Management, Training and employee information
Ethiotelecom has different departments in different places.Here,at western & Asosa
region we assigned to work in operation and maintenance department for all internship
session.This section covers all operation and maintenance case of western region.So
that,it consist of different working section.At the day we began intern to this region we
introduced with operation and maintenance manager and he assigned a supervisor for
us.On the next day, after we have introduced with our supervisor he shown us different
working sections of this region and supervisor assigned us to work with their
coworkers.
We introduced to the supervisor and with other operation and maintenance worker for
two weeks first.After that,we assigned to see different western regional Ethioitelecom
equipments and how they are configured these includes RAN system,transmission
system,exchange,routers,PSTN,BSCs,BTSs,IP,VSAT and the like. To have detail
knowledge about this equipment the manual of some equipment was given us by pdf
and by hard copy/module/.After we have completed these duties we are assigned to
see all operation and maintenance section turn by turn.First turn RAN section,second
turn core section,third,fourth,fifth IP section,transmission section,payphone section
respectively.Finally we are assigned to see power section.For each section we are
assigned to work for more than two weeks.
Our supervisor has helped us to succeed in our assignments in a good manner. After
we encountered about a week one personal computer is given for us from his working
section.There are free internet access about 10Mbps and we have used for reading and
checking our account and such a like. Our supervisor guided us what we have to do
and what we haven’t do in our daily working at every working time and he took
attendance to follow us whether we present or not.We ask our coworkers if there is
unclear thing while we are on working.
The other responsibility we had during our internship is respecting working ethics like
arriving on time, cooperation with coworker, accepting and respecting daily duties
given by our supervisor and the like.
Western region has many workers in different departments. It is difficult to mention all
departments on this report because of its wideness but, let us mention the main
department of this region.
1.Operation and maintenance department
This department deals with all operation and maintenance of RAN, corenetworks,
transmission, exchange, PSTN, payphone,IP,VSAT equipments sothat, this
department is back bone at this level.
2.Fixed access network department
Does the operation maintenance activities of copper cables and optical fibers/external
plant/.
3.Human resource management department
This department manages human power so that employee appraisal is conducted once
a year for employee and managers and also used two types of standardized forms i.e,
administrative and clerical, and management and professional performance evaluation
format respectively. Progress of employee performance is measured periodically,
provide feedback and support employees to achieve both quantitative and qualitative
targets.

From this work we develop many working skills like: Punctuality,Reliability,and Independence
in WorkCommunication Skills,Professionalism,Speed of Work, Accuracy, Engagement, and
Cooperation with colleagues,Technical skills, Organizational skills,responsibility in the task-
fulfillment

4. Specific job information

4.1 operation and maintenance department
After we arrived at our internship place we visited different Western & Asosa regional
Ethiotelecom working sections and microwave towers used for this region. Additionally, we also
seen RANS (radio access network station)
4.1 .1 Radio Access networkSystem (RANS) section
In this section we have seen different types of BTS,BSC different vendors’ equipments. That equipment
play their own role for mobile communication. Let us discuss in short and brief.
Base transceiver station (BTS):-
BTSs-houses the radio transceiver of the cell and handles the radio links protocols with the mobile.
-connects to a number of mobile stations (MSs) and each MS establishes connection through the
user interface um where um is the ISDN U interface for mobile.
-A BTS is also connected to a BSC at through the Abis interface which transmits and receivesdata. With
four multiplexed channels of 16 kbps or with a 64 kbps channel.
In this section we seen two BTSs.one BTSs operates to 900MHZ which is corresponds to out side
nekemte town for rural areas of nekemte town. The other BTS is operates to 1800MHZ which is used for
nekemte town. These BTSs is corresponds to GSM.Similarly two CDMA’s BTSs is found in this section
which is operates to frequency of 800MHZ and450 MHZ which is used to cover town and rural area of
Nekemte respectively.
Main function performed by the BTS
 Formation of cells using appropriately directed antenna
 Processing of signals
 Amplification of signals to acceptable strength so that they can be transmitted without loss of data.
 Channel coding and decoding (for example, coding voice into bits so that it can be transmitted at
13kbps and decoding received coded signals back to voice).
 Frequency hoping so that multiple channels for various mobile stations can operate simultaneously
using different channel band frequencies

Base station controller(BSC)

In this room there are four racks/two BSCs/ which are used to control western& Assosa region
Ethiotelecom BTSs and it manages radio resources (channel set up, hand over)for one or more
BTSs.BSC connected to an MSC in the networking and switching layer using an interface A.
Important functions performed by the BSC
Processing of signals
 Controlling signals to the connected BTSs and control of handover of signals from one BTS to
another with in a BSS
 Control of handover of the signals from BSC to MSC(Mobile switching center)
 Mapping a signal of a channel at a given instant receives signals from a BTS at 16 kbps through
and interface to MSC at 16 kbps
 Alternatively, may have to interface to a PSTN switching centre at 64 kbps through a fixed line
network
 Reserving radio frequencies and frequency hoping(For example, multiple BTSs operate
simultaneously by using the different frequencies at a given instant)
 Location registry for the MSs
 Authentication, encryption ,and decryption of data
o Broadly there are two mobile communication technologies this is categorized as CDMA
and GSM.Let us see in short.

BSC and BTS maintenance system

Daily routine maintenance: this includes
1.Equipment environment:-This includes temperature requirement 15 oc_30oc.
2. Equipment running status:-This can be
a.querying the alarm information
b.running status of boards:-It is required to check whether the indicators for each board in the
rack arenormal. If any alarm indicator is on,it is required to maintain and eliminate the
fault.By the different flashing meaning of the indicators’we can determine the running status
of the equipment.
Regular routine maintenance:-This can be considered as
1.Checking BTSs and BSC rack modules:-checking the amount,model and version of the
spare modules once a week.
2.Hardware checking:-This includes cleaning the rack,checking power cables and ground cables
Typical maintenance method:-In daily maintenance, several typical maintenance methods can
be used as follows:
1. Observation method:-Locating the fault by viewing the alarm information of the LMT of the
BTS. The observation method is the first method the maintenance personnel should use in case
of fault occurrence. Makinga correct judgment on the observation result is a key step for correct
analysis and handling of the Fault. Therefore, the maintenance personnel must be very familiar
with the indicator statuses of theboards, and fully aware of the meanings of the alarm
information of different levels on the LMT ofthe BTS.
2. Plugging/unplugging method:-When a circuit board is initially found faulty, plug/unplug the
circuit board and the external interface
connector to eliminate such faults as poor contact or processor abnormality. Make sure that the
board must be hot-swappable when this method is applied.
3. Replacing method:-The replacing method is to check the fault by replacing the circuit board in
question with a normal circuit board. When the plugging/unplugging method fails, the replacing
method can be applied.
4. Isolation method:-When a part of the system is faulty, the involved circuit board or racks can
be isolated to check whether the fault comes from mutual impact. For example, a typical
application of the isolationmethod is to self-loop the I/O interface of a circuit board so as to
isolate and solve the problem of therelated system.
5. Self-test method:-When the system or circuit board is powered on again judge if there is any
fault by way of self-test.
Usually, when a circuit board is re-powered on for self-test, the indicators on its panel will flash
regularly, so that we can check whether the circuit board itself is faulty.
6. Pressing method:-Such faults as poor contact can be removed by pressing the chips and cable
connectors.

4.1.2 Transmisssion, access and transport section

The ethiotelecom objective is to produce high-quality voice, video, and data
Communication between any pair of desired locations, whether the distance
between locations is 1 or 10,000 km. The distance between the two locations
determines the type of transmission equipment used for setting up the
connection. First, communication over a distance on the order of a few meters, such as
within a building, is done using metallic wires, optical fibers or radio. Any routing of
information within the building is done by switch on the premises, a switch known as a
private branch exchange (PBX).When the distance is extended to a neighboring building
or to span a distancewithin a village, town, or city, the local telephone network is usually
used. This entails making a connection to the nearest switching exchange by
a pair of copper wires or radio, routing the initiating party to the desired
receiving party, and completing the connection on the recipient’s pair of copper wires, or
radio, which are also connected to the nearest exchange. The next stage of
interconnection is intercity or long-distance, connections.The contenders to fill this role
are microwave radio, optical fiber, and satellite.Fierce competition has emerged among
these three technologies. Microwaveand satellite communications are far more mature
technologies. For widebandservices optical fiber will no doubt be used in the future.
There are many other instances where the choice between microwave radio
and optical fiber systems are not so clear. The decision might be in favor of
satellite or microwave radio for very rugged terrain, or fiber optics for very
flat terrain. When the region under consideration contains both very flat and
Very mountainous areas, a combination might be suitable.
In addition to above,we have seen various transmission system used to transport information
from one place to other place.Let us seeone by one.oo
1. Microwave
Microwave communication is the transmission of signals via radio using a series of microwave
towers. Microwave communication is known as a form of "line of sight" communication,
because there must be nothing obstructing the transmission of data between these towers for
signals to be properly sent and received.Additionally, we have seen different types of microwave
dishes directed to different microwave repeaters.This microwave repeaterincreases the power
gain which will be transmitted from BSC.So that, there are several microve repeaters available
for this region.

Fig 4.1
Figure 4.1 shows a simplified microwave link incorporating just one regenerativerepeater and
two end terminal stations. The terminal stations house
switching equipment that connects the customers to the long-distance paths.In this illustration, a
large number of customer signals (around 2000) are multiplexed together into a single signal,
ready for transmission over the microwave link. The signal is converted to the microwave
frequency (around6 GHz) and transmitted over a path of typically 30 to 60 km from station A
tothe receiving antenna at the repeater station. The repeater either (1) simplyamplifies the signal
and sends it off on its journey using a different microwavefrequency to minimize interference, or
(2) it completely regenerates theindividual pulses of the bit stream before reconverting the signal
back to amicrowave beam for onward transmission. Station B receives the microwavesignal,
processes it, and unravels the individual channels ready for distributionto the appropriate
customers at these end users.

2. Fiber optic
Fiber-optic communication is now the dominant data transmission method. However,
microwave communication equipment is still in use at many remote sites where fiber-
optic cabling cannot be economically installed.
At present cisboarder backbone network is microwave transmission system, as
telecommunication service is becoming in Ethiopia.The existing back bone
transmission system cannot meet the needs of the people.Therefore ETC confirmed
eight optic fiber lines through out the country to be builted; its main aim is to resolve
communication problem of communication between country capital and states. This
Nekemte branch includes eleven stations(Addis Ababa,Holota,Adis
Alem,Welenkomi,ginchi,Ambo,Guder,Gedo,Ijaji,Bako,Sire and Nekemte).This
Nekemte branch also extended up to Asosa regions by branching to different western
regional towns.Here one SDH 2.5G and one SDH 155M system is equipped in the
route.
All optical fiber out from or into all stations terminated at the termination box on the
ODF.The termination box connected to flange; using single ended pigtail fibers, and
connected to SDH equipment using dual ended pigtail fibers with FC/PC.The
34Mbits/s(E3) or 2Mbits/s(E1) port of SDH equipment connected to DDF in the
equipment rooms. Using coaxial RF cables.The 155M outlet fibers of the branches
terminated on ODF in the transmission rooms,using dual ended pigtail fibers with
FC/PC.In this transmission system communication cables includes trunk cables,
pigtail fibers, clocking wire and alarm wires and network wires.All these cables run
in cable trays and placed in order and bound fitly.
3.VSAT (Very small Aperture Terminal)

Two Stations on Earth want to communicate through radio broadcast but are too far away to use
conventional means.The two stations can use a satellite as a relay station for their
communication. One Earth Station sends a transmission to the satellite. This is called
aUplink.The satellite Transponder converts the signal and sends it down to the second earth
station. This is called a Downlink.

The Broadband VSAT is a satellite system especially applied to the remote areas of the country.
The country uses the Broadband VSAT network for the provision of triple play services for high
schools, universities, research centers, Woredas and Non Governmental organizations.
School Net: with the aim of providing similar standard education to high schools throughout the
nation, the program was launched in February 2004. At this time 1093 high schools and
preparatories are getting the service with the help of 12 channels; in addition to this the 197 of
the high schools have got access to internet service with a capacity of 256kbps.

WoredaNet: The WoredaNet Network has enabled woreda centers of the country with the
opportunity to use voice, data and multimedia services. At this point in time 631 woredas are
getting data, internet and Video conferencing service with a maximum capacity of 512kbps.

AgriNet: This AgriNet Network has a total of 35 VSAT stations which are agricultural
institutions connected with each other and the federal government for Internet service.

The advantages of satellite communication over terrestrial communication are:

 The coverage area of a satellite greatly exceeds that of a terrestrial system.
 Transmission cost of a satellite is independent of the distance from the center of
the coverage area.
 Satellite to Satellite communication is very precise.
 Higher Bandwidths are available for use
The disadvantages of satellite communication:
 Launching satellites into orbit is costly.
 Satellite bandwidth is gradually becoming used up.
 There is a larger propagation delay in satellite communication than in terrestrial
communication
4.1.3 Internetprotocol (IP) and IT section

Ethio telecom’s IP Network is constructed in such a way that it can provide NGN (including
GSM, Fixed NGN, CDMA, IP/Broadband Access Network services including Value Added
Services) at regional cities, major cities, sub cities, and towns. To understand easily this IP
network let us show you its topology.
: Figure 4.2: Over all ETC IP NGN network Topology
IP network layers and their functions
1.Gateway layer:This layer deployed in four sitesand contains routers mainly
functions to connect to an external network /internet/
The Ethio Telecom has built extensively Ethiopia’s internet infrastructure to give better
and quality internet service. Currently;we have fifteen international internet links from
Bole, Bahirdar Diredawa and Shashemene gateways.The Total Upstream /downstream
bandwidth is 6475.5/6775.5 in Mbps
2. Back bone layer:Totally 10 sets of BR (T8000), distributed to five cities and each city
deploys two sets of BR, full meshedconnection.This layer is mainly responsible for
service traffic forwarding and high capacity communicationfacilities.
3.Core layer:This layer is mainly responsible for service traffic forwarding, convergence and
high capacity communication facilities.
4. Edge layer:Provides information exchange b/n the access and core network.It is an entry point
in to carrier/service provider core backbone networks and used for aggregation of core switches
Fig 4.3

 5.Acess layer:Access layer is where broadband access devices and ethio telecom’s other
networks (GSM, CDMA, FL-NGN) are connected.

4.4.Core Network, Local Switch and MSAG Section

Core network: A core networkis the central part of a telecommunication network that provides
various services to customers who are connected by the access network. One of the main
functions is to route telephone calls across the PSTN.Typically the term refers to the high
capacity communication facilities that connect primary nodes. Core/backbone network provides
paths for the exchange of information between different sub-networks

Core network includes three parts:-

1.Soft switch: A soft switch has revolutionized telecom industry. Gone are the days of
conventional voice switches. These days, a softswitch can work with voice, fax and video,
contributing much to the recent telecommunication revolution. As a matter of fact, a softswitch is
a virtual device/software that connects calls from one line to another. Since this is a virtual tool,
it is entirely managed via computer.

2.Media gate way: A Media Gateway acts as a translation unit between disparate
telecommunications networks such as PSTN; Next Generation Networks; 2G, 2.5G and 3G radio
access networks or PBX.As the Media Gateway connects different types of networks, one of its
main functions is to convert between the different transmission andcodingtechniques.

3.Public switching telephone (PSTN):-The basic service of PSTN refers to the basic call
connection functions provided by the switch, inter office call, local call, national toll call,
international toll call, tendem call and others.
MSAG:-MSAG (Multi-service Access Gateway), a reliable device of medium capacity and
carrier class rolled out by ZTE, mainly develops VOIP services and broadband data services over
the IP MAN or backbone network, and is primarily based on the accessing of ADSL or VDSL to
realize the voice and data services simultaneously. Also, it can access the corporate users like
enterprises by deploying the inner LAN to provide IP phone services.

Local switch:-Is the telephone exchange in the PSTN directlyserving subscribers.This serves
includes dial tone,calling,features and additional digital and data services to subscribers using the
local loop.

4.1.5 Pay phone and CPE section

CPE:- A customer premises equipment device (CPE device) refers to a telecommunications

hardware device located on the telecommunication customer's premises. This equipment might
include cable or satellite television set-top boxes, DSL or other broadband Internet routers, VoIP
base stations, telephone handsets, or other customized hardware. CPE equipment can be owned
by the customer or leased from the telecommunications company. CPE also includes the interior
wiring at the customer's location that is connected to a communication service.

Payphone:- payphone is a public telephone, often located in a telephone booth or a privacy

hood, with pre-payment by inserting money (usually coins), a credit or debit card, or a telephone
card.
Ethiotelecom facilitated the communication system as a form of payphone for rural,towns and
cities of Ethiopia.Here fixed telephone,GSM,CDMA can be considerd.The quality of this
payphone is that; since it uses solar power it is very useful for rural areas of Ethiopia where
difficult to get AC power source.Now a days rural areas of Ethiopia (kebele and wereda) uses
this wireless CDMA,GSM payphone and easily can access communication networks.
4.1.6 Power and environment section
This sectionis one of the important parts of the ethiotelecom division section. Themain job of this
section is managing and facilitating power supplies for this environment.Especially for
equipments. To do this in a best condition this section uses different equipment and limit power
specification of equipments.This equipment includes:-
1. HF- switch:-380v triple-phase with five lines and 220v single phase with three lines can be
Can be accessed.
-frequency: 50HZ
-lighting protection added
-warning of high voltage and AC failure;marking civil power and generator.
2.AC power supply:-This includes generators and hydro electric power
3. Rectifier: - AC 220V input; DC -48V out put
-function of floating charge, averagingcurrent, converting
-warning of high and low voltage
-Adjusting scope of DC voltage output: -50V--59V
-Adjusting scope of equalize voltage: -50V-60V
4.DC power supply system:-warning of DC high voltage output,low voltage output and without
-Two times discharging and battery low voltage protected.
5.Non maintenance storage battery:-low self discharge
-flow and equalize charge of battery is in constant voltage
-the steel anti-seismic rack or stand rack is used to fix the storage batteries.
During our internship period the responsibility given for us is covering all operaration and
maintenance department sections and we have successfully seen all these section accordingly
which is crucial for our stream.
We were in trouble when we were working in core network and transmission section while fiber
optics and telecommunication course is a base for this sections.Therefore, to be succeful in our
practice we decided to read manual and soft copy after that we continued practical work.
The other course we advanced while we on intern are Antenna system and design .it is also the
basic in some of antenna related like MSAG ,BTS ,BSCs and the like configurations .The other
one is Electromagnetic wave and propagation is also the basic one for such alike work, Every
wave can move from one any type of antenna to another in the form of Radio wave ,microwaves
and fiber optics to transmissions and receiving

5. Evaluation and critique

Today all of the worlds are becoming to one neighbor district through globalization and
technology development in high speed, if you need any things from this world there is a
competition beside of you. Therefore to become a competent of as such you have to know in
every directions around that you are focusing for .Internship is the basic knowledge full for every
students living in this globalized world. There is knowledge at every work industry the same as
that of at school, even if there is a problem with some industries to give you a chance for more
working accessibility intern students can get more knowledge more. So we are one of that! we
got more knowledge related to our field from this company and we also know the working
behavior, in general as we already explain it so far what we got from this intern. Any like
explained above problem can be solved by the Universities or collages internship committee or
other concerning parts for his trainees benefit to get productive human from this career, unless it
is just merely losing a country resource and human mind. We extremely blame especially
electrical department Intern holder. We never ever visited whether we on working or not. Every
intern owner must have to follow and communicate to help his trainees at every time needed. As
such is so worthy!
Finally,since modern technologies is dynamic to go with recent technologies any education
should be supported by education tour for each related course.To do so,the university should
facilitate education trip in addition to internship.
5.1 Recommendation
Now we would like to recommend the internship to be improved as internship student from what
we face when we are on intern.
 First of all the university must have facilitate the place of internship for his student
strictly that is favorable to follow them while on work. There was a problem with our
university concerning this in fact. Most of intern students are searching company by them
selves with some challenges we know.
 The internship students must have followed in related by the University advisors at least
once per month. The problem we mentioned above favorable is here useful for our
advisors to perform this actions easily.
 The internship student must be evaluated or have a report what they have been working
every months in the form of hard copy or through e-mail to university advisors. Also
there must be a neat communication between the Organization and University advisors to
do this type of evaluation.
 Every help and supports are throughout the duration of internship placement is strictly
required from every department internship concerning body.

Finally; in our report we wanted to describe the topology of Nekemte BSC but because of
shortage of available space we haven’t described on this report.