INTRODUCTION TO

REINFORCED CONRETE
Prepared By: Engr. Christopher E. Rodolfo
Topic Learning Outcome
 Define Reinforced Concrete
 Advantage of Reinforced Concrete
 Materials for Reinforced Concrete
 Tests Performed on Concrete
 Properties of Concrete
 Steel Reinforcement
INTRODUCTION

CONCRETE
Is a stonelike material obtained by permitting a
carefully proportioned mixture of cement, sand and
gravel or aggregates and water to harden in forms
of the shape and dimensions of the desired
structure.
INTRODUCTION

REINFORCED CONRETE
Is a combination of concrete and steel wherein
the steel reinforcement provides the tensile
strength lacking in the concrete.
ADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
 It has a considerable compressive strength per unit cost with most other
material
 Reinforced concrete has a great resistance to the actions of fire and water
 Reinforced concrete structures are very rigid
 It is a low-maintenance material
 As compared with other materials, it has a very long service life.
 A special feature of concrete is its ability to be cast into an extraordinary
variety of shapes from simple slabs, beams and columns to great arches and
shells
 In most areas, concrete takes advantage of inexpensive local materials (sand,
gravel and water) and requires relatively small amount of cement and
reinforcing steel.
 A lower grade of skilled labor is required for erection compared with other
materials such as structural steel.
DISADVANTAGE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
 Concrete has a very low tensile strength, requiring the use of tensile
reinforcing.
 Forms are required to hold the concrete in place until it hardens sufficiently.
Formwork is very expensive.
 The low strength per unit weight of concrete leads to heavy members.
 Simlarly, the low strength of concrete per unit volume of concrete means
members will be relatively large.
 The properties of concrete varies widely because of variations in its
proportioning and mixing.
MATERIALS FOR CONCRETE

A. CEMENT
A cementitious material is one that has the adhesive
and cohesive properties necessary to bond inert
aggregates into solid mass of adequate strength and
durability.
Heat of Hydration
The chemical process involved in the setting and hardening
liberates heat. Heat generated due to hydration of cement, due to
reaction between cement particles and water.
TYPES OF CEMENT
 Type I - NORMAL
The common, all-purpose cement used for general construction work
or for all types of Structures.
 Type IA – NORMAL, AIR-ENTRAINING
Used in same structures as type I where air-entrainment is desired.
 Type II – MODERATE SULFATE RESISTANCE
General purpose cement used in structures where protection against
moderate sulfate attack is important or where moderate heat of
hydration is desired.
 Type IIA – MODERATE SULFATE RESISTANCE, AIR-ENTRAINING
Used in same structures as type II where air-entrainment is desired.
 TYPE III – HIGH EARLY STRENGTH
Used in structures where high early strength of the concrete is
desired or where structures must be put into service quickly.
TYPES OF CEMENT
 Type IIIA – HIGH EARLY STRENGTH, AIR-ENTRAINING
Used in the same structures as type III where air-entrainment
is desired.
 TYPE IV – LOW HEAT OF HYDRATION
A low-heat of cement that produces a concrete which
generates heat very slowly. It is used for massive concrete
structures like dams.
 Type V – HIGH SULFATE RESISTANCE
Used in structures where high sulfate resistance is required,
such as elements in direct contact with soils or ground waters
that have high sulfate content.
MATERIALS FOR CONCRETE

B. AGGREGATES
In structural concrete the aggregates occupy 65
to 75 percent of the volume of the hardened mass.
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES
1. FINE AGGREGATES – typically natural sand, is any
material that will pass a 4.75mm sieve (No. 4
Sieve).
2. Coarse Aggregates – usually gravel or crushed
stone, which are coarser than fine aggregates.
SECTION 426.4.2.1 (Item 4) NSCP 2015:
NOMINAL MAXIMUM SIZE OF AGGREGATES

The nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate

not to exceed the least of (a), (b) and (c):
1. One-fifth (1/5) the narrowest dimension
between sides of forms.
2. One-third (1/3) the depth of slabs; or
3. Three-fourths (3/4) the minimum clear
spacing between individual reinforcing bars or
wires, bundles, or prestressing tendons.
MATERIALS FOR CONCRETE

C. ADMIXTURES
Are ingredients other than cement, aggregates,
and water that are added to concrete mix
immediately before or during mixing. Reducing the
cost of concrete construction, economically
achieving desired properties in concrete, and
maintaining the quality of concrete during mixing,
transporting, placing, and curing are a few reasons
why admixtures are used in concrete.
TYPES OF ADMIXTURES
 AIR-ENTRAINING ADMIXTURES
These admixtures purposely introduce microscopic air bubbles in concrete to improve
its durability when exposed to repeated freeze-thaw cycles. They also increase
resistance to scaling due to exposure to deicing chemicals and improve workability of
fresh concrete.
 ACCELERATING ADMIXTURES
Used to accelerate its early strength development. The results of such additions are
reduced times required for curing and protection of the concrete and the earlier
removal of forms.
 RETARDING ADMIXTURES
Used to slow the setting of concrete and to retard temperature increases.
 Superplasticizers
Their used enables engineers to reduce the water content in concretes substantially
while at the same time increasing their slumps.
 Waterproofing Membrane
Usually are applied to hardened concrete surfaces, but they may be added to concrete
mixes. They may help retard the penetration of water into porous concretes but
probably don’t help dense, well cured concrete very much.
TYPES OF ADMIXTURES
 CORROSION INHIBITORS
These are usually in parking structures, marine structures, and other structures
exposed to chlorides, which can cause corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete
MATERIALS FOR CONCRETE

D. WATER
In general, water that is drinkable can usually be
used for making concrete. NSCP C101-10 states that
water used in mixing concrete shall be clean and
free from injurious amount of oils, acids, alkalis,
salts, organic materials or other substances
deleterious to concrete or reinforcement.
TESTS

A. CONCRETE TESTING
1. TEST ON WET CONCRETE
SLUMP TEST
Standard method in determining the
relative consistency of concrete.
PROCEDURES IN CONDUCTING SLUMP TEST:

a. A standard slump cone is filled in three layers,

rodding each layer 25 times.
b. The concrete is smoothed off at the top of the
cone.
c. The cone is then lifted vertically, permitting
the concrete to slump downward.
d. Measure the distance between the original and
final surface of the concrete slump.
TESTS

2. TEST ON HARDENED CONCRETE

a.1.COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
The most important property of
concrete. The characteristic strength
is measured by the 28 days cylinder
strength.
TESTS
2. TEST ON HARDENED CONCRETE
a.2.TENSILE STRENGTH
It is determined by loading a concrete cylinder
across a diameter.
TESTS
2. TEST ON HARDENED CONCRETE
a.2. Test Cores
Cylindrical cores are cut from the finished structure with a
rotary cutting tool. The core is soaked, capped and tested in
compression to give a measure of the concrete strength in
the actual structure. The ratio of core height to diameter
and location where the core is taken affect the strength. The
strength is lowest at the top surface in increases with depth
through the element. A ratio of core height-to-diameter of 2
gives a standard cylinder test.
TESTS
3. NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST
a.1. Rebound Hardness Test
The Schimdt hammer test is used in the rebound hardness
test in which a metal hammer held against the concrete is
struck by another spring-driven metal mass and rebounds.
The amount of rebar is recorded on a scale and this gives an
indication of the concrete strength. The larger the rebound
number, the higher the concrete strength.
TESTS
3. NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST
a.2. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test
In the ultrasonic pulse velocity of ultrasonic pulses that pass
through a concrete section from a transmitter to a receiver is
measured. The pulse velocity is correlated against strength.
The higher the velocity is, the stronger is the concrete.
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Denoted by f’c, is determined by testing to failure 28-day old 6 in (150mm) diameter
by 12 in (300mm) concrete cylinders at a specified rate of load. Most of the concretes
used in the industry fall into the 3000psi to 7000psi range. For ordinary application,
3000psi(20.7MPa) and 4000psi (27.6MPa) are used.

SECTION 426.12.3.1(b)
Strenth level of a concrete mixture shall be acceptable if (1) and (2) are
satisfied:
1. Every arithmetic average of any three consecutive strength tests equals or exceed
f’c.
2. No strength test falls below f’c by more than 3.5MPa if f’c is 35MPa or less; or by
more than 0.1f’c if f’c exceeds 35MPa.
ACCEPTANCE OF CONCRETE

Example 1.1 Acceptance of Concrete

The following table lists strength test data for 5 truck loads (batches) of
concrete delivered to the job site. For each batch, two cylinders were cast
and tested at 28 days. The specified strength of the concrete is 30 MPa.
Determine the acceptability of the concrete based on the acceptance
criteria for standard-cured specimens compliance requirement (b).
 Cylinder 1 Cylinder 2
Test No. (MPa) (MPa)
1 30.5 29.1

2 28.2 29.9

3 30.5 31

4 29.5 27.7

5 31 31.4
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
STATIC MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
For Concrete whose weight is between 1500 kg/m3 to 2500kg/m3
𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄 = 𝒘𝒘𝟏𝟏.𝟓𝟓 ′
𝒄𝒄 (𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒇 𝒄𝒄)

For Normal Weight Concrete

𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒇𝒇′ 𝒄𝒄
DYNAMIC MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
Corresponds to very small instantaneous strains, is usually obtained by sonic
tests. It is generally 20% to 40% higher than the static modulus and is
approximately equal to the initial modulus.
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
 POISSON’S RATIO
This is the ratio of lateral expansion to the longitudinal shortening. Its values
varies from about 0.11 for the higher strength concretes to as high as 0.21
for the weaker grade concretes, with average values of 0.16
 SHRINKAGE
Occurs when the extra mixing water that was used begins to work its way
out of the concrete to the surface, where it evaporates.
To minimize shrinkage, it is desirable to:
1. Keep the amount of mixing water to a minimum;
2. Cure the concrete well.
3. Place the concrete for walls, floors and the other large items in small
sections (thus allowing some of the shrinkage to take place before the next
section is placed).
4. Use construction joints to control position of cracks.
5. Use shrinkage reinforcement; and
6. Use appropriate dense and nonporous aggregates.
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
 CREEP
Under sustained compressive loads, concrete will continue to deform for
long periods of time. The additional deformation that occurs after the initial
deformation is known as the creep or plastic flow.
 TENSILE STRENGTH
It varies from about 8% to 15% of its compressive strength.
 SHEAR STRENGTH
The tests of concrete shearing strength through the years have yielded
values all the way from one-third to four-fifths of the ultimate compressive
strength.
STEEL REINFORCEMENT
Reinforcement may be in the forms of bars or welded wire fabric. The
reinforcing bars are referred to as a plain or deformed bar.
ASSIGNMENT
The following table are data of mixtures from different suppliers. The structural
engineer requires the use of a 35MPa concrete. Evaluate the data and
recommend which supplier has the best concrete mix.
SUPPLIER A SUPPLIER B SUPPLIER C
SAMPLE Specimen Specimen Specimen Specimen Specimen Specimen
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 34.5 34 34 33.2 34.9 35.2
2 35 34.4 33.8 33 34.8 35.1
3 33.9 34.2 30 31 34.4 34.6
4 35.5 34.8 35.5 35.6 35.5 35.3
5 35.2 34 36 35.9 35.2 35.3
6 35.6 35.5 35.5 35.4 34.9 35.2
7 34.5 34.3 35.2 34.9 34.7 34.4
8 34.2 34.4 34.8 34.2 35.1 35.3
9 35.6 35 34.9 34.8 35.35 35.5
10 35.8 36 35.3 35.4 31.4 31.2