Internship Report of BSNL

Internship at RTTC BSNL Mysore
Chapter 1
Introduction to Company profile
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) is an Indian state-owned telecommunications company

headquartered in New Delhi. It was incorporated on 15 September 2000 and assumed the
business of providing telecom services and network management from the erstwhile Central
Government Departments of Telecom Services (DTS) and Telecom Operations (DTO) as of 1
October 2000 on a going-concern basis. It is the largest provider of fixed telephony and
broadband services with more than 60% market share, and is the fourth largest mobile
telephony provider in India. BSNL is India's oldest communication service provider and its
history can be traced back to the British era. During the British era, the first telegraph line, was
established between Calcutta and Diamond Harbour. The British East India Company started
using the telegraph in 1851 and till 1854 telegraph lines were laid across the country. In 1854,
the telegraph service was opened to the public and the first telegram was sent from Mumbai to
Pune. In 1885, the Indian Telegraph Act was passed by the British Imperial Legislative
Counsel. After the bifurcation of post and Telegraph department in 1980s, the creation of
Department of Telecom by 1990s eventually led to the emergence of the State owned telegraph
and telephone company BSNL. BSNL then continued the telegraph services in India until it
shut down telegraph services completely in July 15, 2013.
BSNL Mobile is a major provider of GSM cellular mobile services under the brand
name Cellone. BSNL provides a complete telecom services solution to enterprise customers
including MPLS, P2P and Internet leased lines. It provides fixed line services and landline
using CDMA technology and its own extensive optical fiber network. BSNL provides Internet
access services through dial-up connections as prepaid, Net One as Postpaid and Data One as
BSNL Broadband.
BSNL is divided into a number of administrative units, variously known as: telecom
circles, metro districts, project circles and specialized units. It has 24 telecom circles, two metro
districts, six project circles, four maintenance regions, five telecom factories, three training
institutions and four specialized telecom units.
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, PESITM, Shivamogga

HISTORY
The BSNL then known as the Department of Telecommunications had been a near monopoly
during the socialist period of the Indian economy. During this period, DoT was the only
telecom service provider in the country. MTNL was present only in Mumbai and New Delhi.
During this period the DoT operated as a typical state-run organization, inefficient, slow,
bureaucratic, and heavily unionised. As a result subscribers had to wait for as long as five years
to get a telephone connection the corporation tasted competition for the first time after the
liberalisation of Indian economy in 1991. Faced with stiff competition from the private telecom
service providers, it has subsequently tried to increase efficiencies itself. The DoT veterans,
however, put the onus for the sorry state of affairs on the Government policies, wherein all
state owned service providers were required to function as mediums for achieving egalitarian
growth across all segments of the society. The DoT, however, failed to achieve this and India
languished among the most poorly connected countries in the world. So, the BSNL was born
in 2000 after the corporatization of DoT.
The corporatisation of BSNL was undertaken by an external international consulting

team consisting of a consortium of A.F.Ferguson & Co, JB Dadachanji and NM Rothschild -
and was probably the most complex corporatisation exercise of its kind ever attempted
anywhere because of the quantum of assets (said to be worth USD 50 Billion in terms of
breakup value) and over half a million directly and indirectly employed staff. Satish Mehta,
who led the team later, confessed that one big mistake made by the consortium was to
recommend the continuation of the state and circle based geographical units which may have
killed the synergies across regions and may have actually made the organisation less efficient
than had it been a seamless national organisation. Vinod Vaish, then Chairman of the Telecom
Commission made a very bold decision to promote younger talent from within the organisation
to take up a leadership role and promoted the older leaders to a role in licensing rather than in
managing the operations of BSNL. The efficiency of the company has since improved;
however, the performance level is nowhere near the private players.
The corporation remains heavily unionised and is comparatively slow in decision

making and its implementation, which largely acts at the instances of unions without bothering
about outcome. Management has been reactive to the schemes of private telecom players.

Though it offers services at lowest tariffs, the private players continue to notch up better
numbers in all areas, years after year. BSNL has been providing connections in both urban and
rural areas. Pre-activated Mobile connections are available at many places across India. BSNL
has also unveiled cost-effective broadband internet access plans (Data One) targeted at homes
and small businesses. At present BSNL enjoys around 60% of market share of ISP services.
The BSNL is a pioneer of rural telephony in India. BSNL has recently bagged 80% of
US$ 580 m (INR 2,500 crores) Rural Telephony project of Government of India.
On 20 March 2009 the BSNL advertised the launch of Black Berry services across its
Telecom circles in India. The corporation has also launched 3G services in select cities across
the country. Presently, the BSNL and MTNL are the only players to provide 3G services, as
the Government of India has completed auction of 3G services for private players. The BSNL
shall get 3G bandwidth at lowest bidder prices of Rs. 18,500 crores, which includes Rs. 10,186
crores for 3G and Rs. 8313crore for BWA.
As of December 2011, many other private operators have started rolling out their 3rd
Generation (3G) services alongside and are enjoying some success in their campaigns to get
market share. While The BSNL still maintains its connectivity standard and expands many
more areas including rural areas with their 3G services. Also the network infrastructure has
been upgraded from to provide 3.6 Mbit/s to Mbit/sec. It is enjoying a slow but somewhat
steady success in gaining market share in this regard.
The introduction of MNP(Mobile Number Portability) which is a service that lets the
consumer change wireless service providers while retaining their actual mobile number, BSNL
has seen many customers opting for this service to move away from the services to other
operators. Despite this as the Indian Wireless market grows The BSNL still has a loyal base of
subscribers and many more subscribers being added to it every day. This provides customer
services for 95 million as of June 2011.

SERVICES
The BSNL provides almost every telecom service in India. Following are the main telecom
services provided by The BSNL:
1. Universal Telecom Services: Fixed wireline services and landline in local loop (WLL)
using CDMA Technology called 'b fone' and Tarang respectively. As of June 30, 2010,
BSNL had 75% market share of fixed lines.
2. Cellular Mobile Telephone Services: The BSNL is major provider of Cellular Mobile
Telephone services using GSM platform under the brand name Cell one & Excel
(BSNL Mobile). As of June 30, 2010 BSNL has 13.50% share of mobile telephony in
the country.
3. WLL-CDMA Telephone Services: BSNL's WLL (Wireless in Local Loop) service is

a service giving both fixed line telephony & Mobile telephony.
4. Internet: The BSNL provides Internet access services through dial-up connection (as
Sancharnet through 2009) as Prepaid, Net One as Postpaid and ADSL broadband as
BSNL Broadband BSNL held 55.76% of the market share with reported subscriber base
of 9.19 million Internet subscribers with 7.79% of growth at the end of March 2010.
Top 12 Dial-up Service providers, based on the subscriber base, It Also Provides Online
Games via its Games on Demand (GOD).
5. Intelligent Network (IN): The BSNL offers value-added services, such as Free Phone
Service (FPH), India Telephone Card (Prepaid card), Account Card Calling (ACC),
Virtual Private Network (VPN), Tele-voting, Premium Rae Service (PRM), Universal
Access Number (UAN).
6. 3G: The BSNL offers the '3G' or the'3rd Generation' services which includes facilities
like video calling, mobile broadband, live TV, 3G Video portal, streaming services like
online full length movies and video on demand etc.

7. IPTV: The BSNL also offers the 'Internet Protocol Television' facility which enables
watch television through internet.
8. FTTH: Fibre To The Home facility that offers a higher bandwidth for data transfer.
This idea was proposed on post-December 2009.
9. Helpdesk: The BSNL's Helpdesk (Helpdesk) provide help desk support to their
customers for their services.
10. VVoIP: The BSNL, along with Sai Infosystem - an Information and Communication
Technologies (ICTs) provider - has launched Voice and Video Over Internet Protocol
(VVoIP). This will allow to make audio as well as video calls to any landline, mobile,
or IP phone anywhere in the world, provided that the requisite video phone equipment
is available at both ends.
11. WiMax: The BSNL has introduced India's first 4th Generation High-Speed Wireless
Broadband Access Technology with the minimum speed of 256kbit/s. The focus of this
service is mainly rural customer where the wired broadband facility is not available.

Chapter 2
Details of the Training undergone
The main motto of taking the internship program at BSNL RTTC ADVANCED TELECOM
was to see how Telecom Companies/ Institute work internally and how engineers are trained
to take the real jobs eventually. The experience while being in the Institute has been like a
classroom with adequate practical demo sessions but still effective to grasp many of the useful
real industry oriented tasks.
The brief highlights of the Internship directed from the institute official website:
 Course designed exclusively to meet the internship requirement of VTU.
 Duration of 1 month
 Two weeks ON-CAMPUS training and remaining OFF-CAMPUS
 Student’s photo embedded certificate will be issued on completion of the course.
 Course covers topics in Digital Switching, Fiber Optics, Computer Networking and
Wireless Communication.
The Courses that I persuaded during the Internship are:

1. Fiber Optics Communication.
2. Wireless Communication and 4G Technology.
3. Computer Communication Network.
Although there was no serious real time hands-on experience on the live working of the
systems, but several visits to the network exchange centres were offered as part of the program.

Chapter 3
Details of the Projects undertaken
3.1 Fiber Optics Communication
Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another

by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier
wave that is modulated to carry information. Fiber is preferred over electrical cabling when
high bandwidth, long distance, or immunity to electromagnetic interference are required.
Optical fiber is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone

signals, Internet communication, and cable television signals.
3.1.1 Optical fiber general system
An optical fiber communication (OFC) system is similar in basic concept to any type of
communication system. A block diagram of a general communication system in figure 5.1 the
function of which is to convey the signal from the information source over the transmission
medium to the destination. In electrical communication, the information source provides an
electrical signal, usually derived from a message signal which is not electrical, to a transmitter
comprising electrical and electronic components which converts the signal into a suitable form
for propagation over the transmission medium. The transmission medium can consists of a pair
of wires, a coaxial cable or a radio link through free space down which the signal is transmitted
to the receiver where it is transformed into original electrical information signal before being
passed to the destination.
Figure 3.1 : Block Diagram of OFC

3.1.2 Physics of light
The idea of fiber optics is use to light, instead of current or voltage, as the energy which carries
the signal, with the light as a carrier that is turned on and off, with binary amplitude modulation.
The problem is to direct the light from the transmitter to the receiver. The solution is to use a
hair-thin fiber of glass as a light pipe. If a light source is put at one end, any light that enters
the fiber stay in that fiber end travels through the fiber to the other end. The light does not pass
out of the walls of fiber as it travels. This is because of a property called total internal reflection.
If a light wave is traveling through a material with a high refractive index compared to an
adjacent material, and it hits the interface between them at certain low angles, the light does
not cross the boundary but completely reflects back figure 5.2.
Figure 3.2 : TIR in Optical Fiber
At the receiving end of fiber, a light detector senses the light. Thus, the communication
medium is the fiber, and the energy used is light energy.
The principles of OFC communication is explained below. Refer figure 5.3.
 Speed of light = Velocity of electromagnetic energy in vacuum.
 Light travels at slower velocities in other materials such as glass.
 Light travelling from one material to another changes speed, which results in light
changing its direction of travel. This deflection of light is called Refraction.
 The amount that a ray of light passing from a lower refractive index to a higher one
is bent towards the normal. But light going from a higher index to a lower one
refracting away from the normal.

 As the angle of incidence increases, the angle of refraction approaches 90° to the
normal. The angle of incidence that yields an angle of refraction of 90° is the critical
angle.
 Angle of incidence > critical angle  Total Internal Reflection.
 By Snell's law,
n1 sin 𝛉1 = n2 sin 𝛉2
The critical angle of incidence θc where 𝛉2 = 90° is sin𝛉c = n2 / n1
Figure 3.3 : Ray Optics
3.1.3 Features of OFC
The fiber optics has become a preferred medium due to its some important features like:
 The bandwidth of the fiber and light beam is extremely wide. It is possible to handle
signals which turn on and off at gigabit per second rates (1 gigabit, Gb =1000 Mb).
 The fiber itself is very thin and not expensive. The thinness means that it is easy to
handle, and many fibers can be put in the trenches or narrow conduits.
 The light signal is absolutely immune to electrical noise from any sources. Even if there
are sources of electrical noise directly touching the cable, the electric fields of the noise
source cannot affect the light beam in the fiber.
 The signal in the cable is secure from unauthorized listeners. It is relatively hard to tap
into the cable without being noticed, and the entire light signal is confined within the
fiber. No light escapes to the outside where someone else could see it.

 Since there is no electricity or electrical energy in the fiber, it can be run in hazardous
atmospheres where the danger of explosion from spark may exist. Also, the fiber itself
is immune to many types of poisonous gases, chemicals, and water.
3.1.4 Optical fiber cables
When optical fibers are to be installed in a working environment their mechanical properties
are of prime importance. In this respect the unprotected optical fiber has several disadvantages
with regard to its strength and durability. Bare glass fibers are brittle and have small cross
sectional areas which make them very susceptible to damage when employing normal
transmission line handling procedures. It is therefore necessary to cover the fibers to improve
their tensile strength and to protect them against external influences.
The functions of the optical cable may be summarized into four main areas.
These are as follows:-
1. Fiber protection. The major function of the optical cable is to protect against fiber
damage and breakage both during installation and throughout the life of the fiber.
2. Stability of the fiber transmission characteristics. The cabled fiber must have good
stable transmission characteristics which are comparable with the uncabled fiber.
Increases in optical attenuation due to cabling are quite usual and must be minimized
within the cable design.
3. Cable strength. Optical cables must have similar mechanical properties to electrical
transmission cables in order that they may be handled in the same manner. These
mechanical properties include tension, torsion, compression, bending, squeezing and
vibration. Hence the cable strength may be improved by incorporating a suitable
strength member and by giving the cable a properly designed thick outer sheath.
4. Identification and jointing of the fibers within the cable. This is especially important
for cables including a large number of optical fibers. If the fibers are arranged in a

suitable geometry it may be possible to use multiple jointing techniques rather than
jointing each fiber individually.
3.1.5 Structure of optical fiber
Figure 3.4 : Structure of Optical fiber
 An optical fiber consists of a core of optically transparent material usually silica or

borosilicate glass surrounded by a cladding of the same material but a slightly lower
refractive index.
 Fiber sizes are usually expressed by first giving the core size followed by the cladding
size. Thus 50/125 means a core diameter of 50 μm and a cladding diameter of 125 μm.
3.1.6 Fiber splicing
A permanent joint formed between two individual optical fibers in the field or factory is known
as a fiber splice. Fiber splicing is frequently used to establish long haul optical fiber links where
smaller fiber lengths need to be joined, and there is no requirement for repeated connection and
disconnection. Splices may be divided into two broad categories depending upon the splicing
technique utilized. These are fusion splicing or welding and mechanical splicing. Fusion
splicing is accomplished by applying localized heating(e.g. by a flame or an electric are ) at the
interface between two butted, realigned fiber ends causing them to soften and fuse. Mechanical
splicing, in which the fibers are held in alignment by some mechanical means, may be achieved
by various methods including the use of tubes around the fiber ends (groove splices).

3.1.6.1 Fusion splicing
The fusion splicing – of single fibers involves the heating of the two prepared fiber ends to
their fusing point with the application of sufficient axial pressure between the two optical
fibers. It is therefore essential that the stripped (of cabling and buffer coating) fiber ends are
adequately positioned and aligned in order to achieve good continuity of the transmission
medium at the junction point. Hence the fiber are usually positioned and clamped with the aid
of an inspection microscope. Flame heating sources such as micro plasma torches (argon and
hydrogen) and ox hydric micro burners (oxygen, hydrogen and alcohol vapour) have been
utilized with some success. However, the most widely used heating source is an electric arc.
This technique offers advantages of consistent, easily controlled heat with adaptability for use
under field conditions. A schematic diagram of the basic two fibers are welded together. Shows
a development of the basic are fusion process which involves the rounding of the fiber
ends with a low energy discharge before pressing the fibers together and fusing with a stronger
arc. This technique, known as perfusion, removes the requirement for fiber end preparation
which has a distinct advantage in the field environment. A possible drawback with fusion
splicing is that the heat necessary to fuse the fibers may weaken the fiber in the vicinity of the
splice. It has been found that even with careful handling; the tensile strength of the fused fiber
may be as low as 30 % of that of the uncoated fiber before fusion.
Figure 3.5 : Steps for Fusion Splicing

Images of Fusion Fiber splicing step by step procedure is shown below:

Figure 3.6 : Procedure of Fusion Splicing
3.1.7 Optical network terminal
The ONT (also called the modem) connects to the Terminal Point (TP) with an optical fiber
cable. It connects to your router via a LAN /Ethernet cable and translates light signals from the
fiber optic line from your TP into electronic signals that your router can read.
Figure 3.7 : Optical Network Terminal
At one point in time, only 1 port of the of your ONT is active and supplying your MyRepublic
connection. The rest should have no internet access.
If you signed up for double ultra, the 2nd port will be active as well, delivering another 1Gbps
connection while using only 1 Terminal Point port.

Figure 3.8 : Alcatel Lucent ONT Figure 3.9 : Nokia ONT
3.1.8 Pre SDH & SDH technology
3.1.8.1 PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL MULTIPLEXING
PDH technology (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) is based on pulse code modulation

(PCM). In pulse code modulation a multiple-shift usage of a transmission link is enabled by
TDM (time division multiplexing). PDH technology enables with its hierarchical structures the
implementation of networks with transmission capacities of up to 140 Mbit/s. In applications
with cross connecting on bit-level or with a demand of special interfaces, PDH system
technology is in use even today. Before SDH transmission networks were based on the PDH
hierarchy. 2 Mbit/s service signals are multiplexed to 140 Mbit/s for transmission over optical
fiber or radio. Multiplexing of 2 Mbit/s to 140 Mbit/s requires two intermediate multiplexing
stages of 8 Mbit/s and 34 Mbit/s. Multiplexing of 2 Mbit/s to 140 Mbit/s requires multiplex
equipment known as 2nd, 3rd and 4th order multiplexer.

Figure 3.10 : Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchies (PDH)
3.1.8.2 SDH evolution
SDH evolution is possible because of the following factors:
a) Fiber Optic Bandwidth: The bandwidth in Optical Fiber can be increased and there is
no limit for it. This gives a great advantage for using SDH.
b) Technical Sophistication: Although, SDH circuitry is highly complicated, it is
possible to have such circuitry because of VLSI technique, which is also very cost
effective.
c) Intelligence: The availability of cheaper memory opens new possibilities.
d) Customer Service Needs: The requirement of the customer with respect to different
bandwidth requirements could be easily met without much additional equipment.
The different services it supports are:

 Low/High speed data.
 Voice.
 Interconnection of LAN.
 Computer links.
 Broadband ISDN transport (ATM transport).

3.1.9 Advantages of fiber optics
Some of the main advantages of using Optical fiber Cables are:
 Optical Fibers are nonconductive so grounding is not required.
 Available in Long lengths (> 12 kilometers).
 Security - Being a dielectric:
 It cannot cause fire.

 Does not carry electricity.
 Can be run through hazardous areas.
 Electromagnetic Immunity.
 Large Bandwidth (> 5.0 GHz for 1 km length).
 Low Loss.
 Small, Lightweight cables:
 Easy installation and Handling.

 Efficient use of space.
 Universal medium i.e. serve all communication needs.
3.1.10 Applications of fiber optics
Optical Fiber Communication can be used in most of the region where safety is prominently
necessary. Some of the applications are:
 Medical: Used as light guides, imaging tools and also as lasers for surgeries.
 Defense/Government: Used as hydrophones for seismic waves and SONAR , as
wiring in aircraft, submarines and other vehicles and also for field networking.
 Data Storage: Used for data transmission.
 Telecommunications: Fiber is laid and used for transmitting and receiving purposes
 Networking: Used to connect users and servers in a variety of network settings and
help increase the speed and accuracy of data transmission.
 Industrial/Commercial: Used for imaging in hard to reach areas, as wiring where

EMI is an issue, as sensory devices to make temperature, pressure and other
measurements, and as wiring in automobiles and in industrial settings.
 Broadcast/CATV: Broadcast/cable companies are using fiber optic cables for
wiring CATV, HDTV, internet, video on-demand and other applications.

3.2 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION AND 4G
Wireless communications is a type of data communication that is performed and delivered

wirelessly. This is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and
communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless
communication technologies and devices.
There are many devices used for wireless communication like mobiles. Cordless
telephones, ZigBee wireless technology, GPS, Wi-Fi, satellite television and wireless computer
parts. Current wireless phones include 3 and 4G networks, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi technologies.
Figure 3.11 : Elements of Wireless System
3.2.1 Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data between fixed and mobile
devices over short distances using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the industrial,
scientific and medical radio bands, from 2.400 to 2.485 GHz, and building personal area
networks(PANs). It was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables.
Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), which has more
than 30,000 member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking,
and consumer electronics. The IEEE standardized Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1, but no longer

maintains the standard. The Bluetooth SIG oversees development of the specification, manages
the qualification program, and protects the trademarks. A manufacturer must meet Bluetooth
SIG standards to market it as a Bluetooth device. A network of patents apply to the technology,
which are licensed to individual qualifying devices.
Figure 3.12 : Bluetooth devices
3.2.2 Wi-Fi:
Wi-Fi is a family of radio technologies that is commonly used for the wireless local area
networking (WLAN) of devices which is based around the IEEE 802.11 family of
standards. Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance, which restricts the use of the term Wi-
Fi Certified to products that successfully complete interoperability certification testing. Wi-Fi
uses multiple parts of the IEEE 802 protocol family and is designed to seamlessly interwork
with its wired sister protocol Ethernet.
Devices that can use Wi-Fi technologies include desktops and

laptops, smartphones and tablets, smart TVs, printers, digital audio players, digital cameras,
cars and drones. Compatible devices can connect to each other over Wi-Fi through a wireless
access point as well as to connected Ethernet devices and may use it to access the Internet.
Such an access point (or hotspot) has a range of about 20 meters (66 feet) indoors and a greater
range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can be as small as a single room with walls that block radio
waves, or as large as many square kilometres achieved by using multiple overlapping access
points.
Depiction of a device sending information wirelessly to another device, both connected

to the local network, in order to print a document. The different versions of Wi-Fi are specified
by various IEEE 802.11 protocol standards, with the different radio technologies determining
the ranges, radio bands, and speeds that may be achieved. Wi-Fi most commonly uses the 2.4

gigahertz (12 cm) UHF and 5 gigahertz (6 cm) SHF ISM radio bands; these bands are
subdivided into multiple channels. Each channel can be time-shared by multiple networks.
These wavelengths work best for line-of-sight. Many common materials absorb or reflect them,
which further restricts range, but can tend to help minimize interference between different
networks in crowded environments. At close range, some versions of Wi-Fi, running on
suitable hardware, can achieve speeds of over 1 Gbit/s.
3.2.3 LTE
In telecommunication, Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a standard for wireless broadband
communication for mobile devices and data terminals, based on
the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA technologies. It increases the capacity and speed using a
different radio interface together with core network improvements.
Figure 3.13 : LTE Symbol
Evolved Packet Core (EPC) architecture is shown below.
Figure 3.14 : Evolved Packet Core (EPC) architecture

The key components of EPC are:
 Mobility Management Entity (MME) - manages session states

and authenticates and tracks a user across the network.
 Serving Gateway (S-gateway) - routes data packets through the access network.
 Packet Data Node Gateway (PGW) - acts as the interface between the LTE network
and other packet data networks; manages quality of service (QoS) and provides
deep packet inspection (DPI)
 Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) - supports service data flow detection,
policy enforcement and flow-based charging.
3.2.4 Antenna
An antenna is an array of conductors (elements), electrically connected to the receiver or

transmitter. Antennas can be designed to transmit and receive radio waves in all horizontal
directions equally (omnidirectional antennas), or preferentially in a particular direction
(directional or high-gain antennas).
3.2.4.1 Criteria’s of tower constructions
Figure 3.15 : Antenna Color coding
The License undertaking the construction of a tower shall take into consideration the
beautification principle as defined by the ministry of municipality and urban planning.
In particular with regard to site construction the following principle should be considered.

 To the extent possible, within sites , equipment’s visible to the public should be
consolidated to reduce the amount of telecommunication equipment visible to the
public.
 Where required by a law , the license shall cooperate to install telecommunication
equipment designed , installed , painted and otherwise hidden has to be ’camouflaged’
from public view, particularly if installed on a roadside or a roof top even if to-do so
in the absence of such law would be inconsistence with any site sharing agreement.
 Red and white were believe to be more visible in varying light conditions and where
set as the “standard” by which all pilots would know that the red and white pattern
meant a radio tower.
3.2.5 Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Handles the radio interface to the mobile station. Consists of one or more radio terminals for
transmission and reception Each Radio terminal represents an RF Channel TRX and MS
communicates over Um interface Received data transcoding.
Figure 3.16 : BTS

3.2.6 Base Station Controller (BSC)
Provides all the control functions and physical links between the MSC and BTS External
Interfaces ‘Abis’ interface towards the BTS ‘A’ interface towards the MSC Monitors and
controls several BTSs Management of channels on the radio interface Alarm Handling from
the external interfaces Performs inter-cell Handover Switching from ‘Abis’ link to the ‘A’ link
Interface to OMC for BSS Management.
Figure 3.17 : BSC
3.2.7 Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
Performs call switching Interface of the cellular network to PSTN Routes calls between PLMN
and PSTN Queries HLR when calls come from PSTN to mobile user Inter-BSC Handover
Paging Billing.
3.2.8 Home Location Register (HLR)
Stores user data of all Subscribers related to the GMSC International Mobile Subscriber
Identity(IMSI) Users telephone number (MS ISDN) Subscription information and services
VLR address Reference to Authentication centre for key (Ki) Referred when call comes from
public land network.

3.2.9 Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Database that contains Subscriber parameters and location information for all mobile
subscribers currently located in the geographical area controlled by that VLR Identity of
Mobile Subscriber Copy of subscriber data from HLR Generates and allocates a Temporary
Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI) Location Area Code Provides necessary data when mobile
originates call.
3.2.10 Authentication Centre (AuC)
Stores Subscriber authentication data called Ki, a copy of which is also stored in in the SIM
card Generates security related parameters to authorize a subscriber (SRES-Signed Response)
Generates unique data pattern called Cipher key (Kc) for user data encryption Provides triplets
- RAND, SRES & Kc, to the HLR on request.
3.2.11 EIR (Equipment Identity Register)
EIR is a database that contains a list of all valid mobile station equipment within the network,
where each mobile station is identified by its International Mobile Equipment Identity(IMEI).
EIR has three databases. White list - For all known, good IMEI’s Black list - For all bad or
stolen handsets Grey list - For handsets/IMEI’s that are on observation.
3.2.12 Common Control Channels CCCH
CCCH Shares TS-0 with BCH on a Multiform. Random access channel-RACH: Used by
Mobile Station for requesting for a channel. When the mobile realizes it is paged it answers by
requesting a signalling channel (SDCCH) on RACH. RACH is also used by the MS if it wants
to originate a call. Initially MS doesn’t know the path delay (timing advance), hence uses a
short burst (with a large guard period = 68.25 bits). MS sends normal burst only
after getting the timing advance info on the SACCH. It is transmitted in Uplink point to point.

3.2.13 Access Grant Channel-AGCH
On request for a signalling channel by MS the network assigns a signalling channel(SDCCH)

through AGCH. AGCH is transmitted on the downlink point to point. Paging Channel-PCH
The information on this channel is a paging message including the MS’s
identity(IMSI/TMSI).This is transmitted on Downlink, point-to-multipoint.
Dedicated Control Channels DCCH Standalone dedicated control channel (SDCCH)
AGCH assigns SDCCH as signalling channel on request by MS. The MS is informed about
which frequency(ARFCN) & timeslot to use for traffic. Used for location update, subscriber
authentication, ciphering information, equipment validation and Traffic Channels-TCH
assignment of TCH.
3.2.14 Dedicated Control Channels DCCH
Slow associated control channel-SACCH Transmission of radio link signal measurement,

power control etc. Average signal strengths (RXLev) and quality of service (RX Quall) of the
serving base station and of the neighbouring cells is sent on SACCH (on uplink). Mobile
receives information like what TX power it has to transmit and the timing advance. It is
associated with TCH or SDCCH Fast associated control channel-FACCH Used for Hand over
commands and during call setup and release. FACCH data is sent over TCH with stealing flag
set TCH carries the voice data. Two blocks of 57 bits contain voice data in the normal burst.
One TCH is allocated for every active call. Full rate traffic channel occupies one physical
channel (one TS on a carrier) and carries voice data at 13kbps Two half rate (6.5kbps) TCHs
can share one physical channel.
3.2.15 DCDB
The DC Distribution Box is used to provide flexibility for the operator of the solar power
plant to disconnect and connect both the inward solar supply and battery terminals. Here an

MCCB and a fuse of proper rating depending upon the capacity of the power plant and the
battery bank are used.
3.2.16 Advantages of LTE
 Provides low latency.

 Higher network throughout
 FDD and TDD in the same platform
 Superior end user experience.
 Increased data transfer used
 Most cost effectiveness.

3.3 Computer Communication Networks
Networking is interconnection of two or more computers. It enables the computer to

communicate and share available resources. The Internet protocol suite is the set of
communications protocols used for the Internet and similar networks. Because of most popular
protocol stack for wide area networks, it is commonly known as TCP/IP. Without a network,
you can access resources only on your own computer. Networking allows you to share
resources among group of computer users.
3.3.1 Networking concept
3.3.1.1 TCP/IP model
The Internet protocol suite is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and
similar networks, and generally the most popular protocol stack for wide area networks. It is
commonly known as TCP/IP, because of its most important protocols: Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first networking protocols defined
in this standard. TCP/IP provides end-to-end connectivity specifying how data should be
formatted, addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the destination. It has four
abstraction layers, each with its own protocols. Each layer is responsible for a set of computer
network related tasks. Every layer provides service to the layer above it. TCP/IP MODEL is
depicted below.
TCP/IP model has 4 layers, each with its own protocols. The layers are:
4: Application
3: Transport
2: Network
1: Link / Physical
Figure 3.18 : TCP/IP Model

1. The link layer (commonly Ethernet) contains communication technologies for a local
network.
2. The internet layer (IP) connects local networks, thus establishing internetworking.
3. The transport layer (TCP) handles host-to-host communication.
4. The application layer (for example HTTP) contains all protocols for specific data
communications services on a process-to-process level (for example how a web browser
communicates with a web server).
3.3.2 CISCO Packet Tracer Student

Cisco Packet Tracer software is a network simulation program that gives the opportunity to
experiment and learn different behaviour of network. The configuration of network on CISCO
Packet Tracer Student software is given step by step.
1. Open your Network Topology
Once the network topology on Cisco Packet Tracer is opened, access network and identify the
components of network for example Servers, Routers , End devices etc.

2.Complete the cabling
Access the cables section and connect completely and correctly the cables between the network
in order to ensure connectivity between the devices in the network using the connections table
given.
3. Configure the IP addresses on the end devices
Using the address table still, configure the IP addresses on all end devices. This can be done
by accessing the desktop platform on each device and locating the IP configuration section.

4. Configure the IP addresses on your routers and switches
To access the configuration panel on routers and switches, this can be done as follows
• Click on the device and open the Command Line Interface(CLI) and then type in the
right commands to configure the right addresses for the router using addressing table.
5. Configure your default gateway
The reason for configuring the default gateway is that the end devices would know what
network they are operating on.
6. Test connectivity
After configuring the addresses, have to test connectivity by opening a command prompt
window on the end devices and try pinging the address which the network operates on.
3.3.4 HTTP web page design
HTTP is a request/response protocol. A web client establishes a connection with a Web server
and sends a resource request. The request contains a request method, protocol version, followed
by a MIME-like message. The Web server responds with a status line, including the message’s
protocol version and a success or error code.

1. Turn windows features on/off and select WWW service
In the control panel of our PC under program features click on Turn windows features on/off
and then select WWW service.
2. Administrative tool and select IIS Manager
Here we have to right click on IIS manager and then add website name, physical path, port,
binding.


3. Open word and type the text
4. Save with default name and file type as Web page
Next we have to move this file to the physical path i.e windows c\int pub\www root.

5. Browse in chrome
By browsing the IP address of our PC we will be displayed with whatever written in the word.
3.3.4 Advantages
 Connectivity and Communication
 Data sharing
 Hardware sharing
 Internet access
 Internet access sharing

3.3.5 Applications
 Military
 Emergency service
 Wireless sensor network
 Home network

Chapter 4
Skills accomplished
After the completion of the Internship programs in Advanced Telecom Training in BSNL,
RTTC, Mysore, I have gained the following the skills in telecommunication technologies:
1. Fiber Optics Splicing (Fiber Splicing Machine).

2. Basic Fiber Fault Detection (using OTDR).
3. 4G systems.
4. Network configuration and simulation using Cisco Packet Tracer.

Chapter 5
Conclusions with opinions, suggestions, and improvements
Telecom is one of the fascinating branch of Communication Engineering. The

technology has changed the way how humans communicate. In earlier days,
getting a message overseas would take weeks and months. After the introduction
of Telecommunication techniques and Electronics Engineering which is its major
tool, long distance communication has become a matter of seconds to any
distance around the globe.
The implementation of advanced Antennas, satellites, communication

methods and all other efficient technologies have played the major roles in
making communication cheaper, faster and reliable.
BSNL is one of the first among the telecom industry that invested time and
resource to bring this change in the ways of communication. Being a part as an
Intern of the same is a feel of pride and satisfaction. The learning experience was
extremely good not because of its sophistication but because of the simplicity and
training efforts, the Trainees have shown towards me. The practical sessions that
were given to the Interns were hands-on-experience. Visits to some network
exchange centres were arranged for the Interns. Finally, the Campus’
environment was very cool and natural.
I enjoyed every bit of the moments I spent, from learning about the subjects
to meeting goal oriented and making wise relationships with the working
members.

Reference:
1) Andrew S. Tanenbaum, D.J. (2010). Computer Network (5th Edition).
2) Stallings, W. (2010). Data and Computer Communications (9th Edition).
3) http://compnetworking.about.com
4) http://www.techiwarehouse.com
5) Article in PC Quest Magazine August 2003 issue.
6) Article in CHIP magazine September 2004 issue.
7) Article in Network Magazine February 2001 issue.

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Internship at RTTC BSNL Mysore

Introduction to Company profile

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) is an Indian state-owned telecommunications company

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, PESITM, Shivamogga

The corporatisation of BSNL was undertaken by an external international consulting

The corporation remains heavily unionised and is comparatively slow in decision

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, PESITM, Shivamogga

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, PESITM, Shivamogga

3. WLL-CDMA Telephone Services: BSNL's WLL (Wireless in Local Loop) service is

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, PESITM, Shivamogga

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, PESITM, Shivamogga

Details of the Training undergone

The Courses that I persuaded during the Internship are:

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, PESITM, Shivamogga

Details of the Projects undertaken

3.1 Fiber Optics Communication

Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another

Optical fiber is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone

3.1.1 Optical fiber general system

Figure 3.1 : Block Diagram of OFC

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, PESITM, Shivamogga

3.1.2 Physics of light

Figure 3.2 : TIR in Optical Fiber

The principles of OFC communication is explained below. Refer figure 5.3.

 Speed of light = Velocity of electromagnetic energy in vacuum.

 Light travels at slower velocities in other materials such as glass.

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, PESITM, Shivamogga

 Angle of incidence > critical angle  Total Internal Reflection.

The critical angle of incidence θc where 𝛉2 = 90° is sin𝛉c = n2 / n1

Figure 3.3 : Ray Optics

3.1.3 Features of OFC

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, PESITM, Shivamogga

3.1.4 Optical fiber cables

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, PESITM, Shivamogga

Figure 3.4 : Structure of Optical fiber

 An optical fiber consists of a core of optically transparent material usually silica or

3.1.6 Fiber splicing

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, PESITM, Shivamogga

3.1.6.1 Fusion splicing

Figure 3.5 : Steps for Fusion Splicing

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, PESITM, Shivamogga

Images of Fusion Fiber splicing step by step procedure is shown below:

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, PESITM, Shivamogga

Figure 3.6 : Procedure of Fusion Splicing

3.1.7 Optical network terminal

Figure 3.7 : Optical Network Terminal

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, PESITM, Shivamogga

Figure 3.8 : Alcatel Lucent ONT Figure 3.9 : Nokia ONT

3.1.8 Pre SDH & SDH technology

3.1.8.1 PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL MULTIPLEXING

PDH technology (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) is based on pulse code modulation

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, PESITM, Shivamogga

Figure 3.10 : Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchies (PDH)

3.1.8.2 SDH evolution

SDH evolution is possible because of the following factors:

The different services it supports are:

 Broadband ISDN transport (ATM transport).

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, PESITM, Shivamogga

3.1.9 Advantages of fiber optics

Some of the main advantages of using Optical fiber Cables are:

 Optical Fibers are nonconductive so grounding is not required.

 Available in Long lengths (> 12 kilometers).