2. Map the international connections it has created.

 164 member states since July 29, 2019

- 65 were members of GATT and automatically became WTO members on January 01,
1995

 23 observer states
 Observers:
- countries applying for membership
- enable them to learn more about the WTO before becoming a member
- must start accession negotiations within five years of becoming observers
- can participate in WTO meetings and receive technical assistance; in return, it must
contribute to the WTO

 16 countries not members of WTO

- Monaco, North Korea, Palau, Turkmenistan, etc.
 Reasons:
- political aspects
- most sectors are not developed
- Turkmenistan- cheap and high quality goods from foreign countries will flow into the
market which will put local producers out of business
3. Identify the major country leaders of this institution.

A. Director-General of WTO

Roberto Azevêdo (Brazil)

- since September 01, 2013

- role: advisory and managerial
- reports to General Council (members state responsible for
WTO’s decisions)

Divisions:

- Office of Internal Oversight

o budgetary control, expenses, and allegations of
misconduct in all its forms at the WTO
- Council and Trade Negotiations Committee
o management of meetings of members states
o symposia, workshops and seminars of WTO bodies
o provides support and advice to certain members

B. Deputy Director-Generals of WTO

1. Yonov Frederick Agah (Nigeria)

Division:

- Trade Policies Review

o preparation of periodic reports on members’ trade policies

2. Karl Brauner (Germany)

Division:

- Human Resources

o management of over 700 WTO staff members (regular and

temporary)
  performance management, development and training, recruitment, staff
benefits, staff counselling, etc.

3. Alan Wolff (USA)

Division:

- Agriculture and Commodities

o related trades in natural resource-based products (i.e.

fisheries and forestries)

4. Yi Xiaozhun (China)

Division:

- Intellectual Property, Government Procurement and Competition

o develops lines of communication with other organizations,

intellectual property practitioners, and the academic
community

C. Peter Sutherland (Ireland)

- Last Director-General of GATT (former)

- First Director-General of WTO
- businessman, lawyer, and politician
- credited as the “Father of Globalization”
- advocated immigration policy in European Union (EU)
o “at the most basic level, individuals should have freedom of choice”
 EU states should stop targeting “highly skilled” migrants; placing
restrictions on low-skilled migrants
 foreign-born were marginalized in schools, cities, and workplaces
 mainstream politicians were xenophobic
o migration is a “crucial dynamic for economic growth”
o multiculturalism is both inevitable and desirable