PET 414

Course outline
• Logging-while-drilling (LWD)
• Introduction to cased hole log evaluation
• Porosity and permeability crossplots
 Porosity Crossplots
• Porosity crossplots employ two porosity devices.
Since there are three basic porosity tools, the
following plots are available
• Neutron-density
• Density-sonic
• Neutron-sonic
The crossplots are relatively easy to use. One
assumption is made when using these plots; i.e.
That the lithology of the formation is either pure or
a binary mixture.
 Porosity Crossplots cont’d
The formation must be a pure dolomite, limestone,
or sandstone. It can also be a mixture of two
components.
 Porosity for the most part can be used as
apparent from the log. If gas or shale is present,
then it must be corrected before the plot is made
 Construction of the plot is made by each wireline
company based on the response of the particular
tool used.
 Neutron-density Crossplots

Figure 9.1
Neutron-density Crossplots cont’d

Figure 9.2
Neutron-density Crossplots cont’d

Figure 9.3
Neutron-density Crossplots cont’d

Figure 9.4
Neutron-density Crossplots cont’d

Figure 9.5
Neutron-density Crossplots cont’d

Figure 9.6
Neutron-density Crossplots cont’d

Figure 9.7
Neutron-density Crossplots cont’d

Figure 9.8
Sonic-Neutron Porosity Crossplots

Figure 9.9
Sonic-Density Porosity Crossplots

Figure 9.10
Neutron-density Crossplots cont’d

Figure 9.11
Neutron-density Crossplots cont’d

Figure 9.12 and 9.13

Neutron-density Crossplots cont’d

Figure 9.14
Neutron-density Crossplots cont’d

Figure 9.15
Neutron-density Crossplots cont’d

Figure 9.16
Neutron-density Crossplots cont’d

Figure 9.17
 Shale-free Example

• Given formation depth = 4,000 ft.

𝜱𝑛 = 10 %
𝜱𝑑 = 24 %
Shale-free Example cont’d
 Shale-free Example cont’d

Figure 9.18
 Shale-free Example cont’d

Figure 9.19
 Shale-free Example cont’d

Figure 9.20
 Shale-free Example cont’d

• If gas saturation chart is not available, or you

wish to compute 𝑆ℎ𝑟 independently, we
continue with this example
• Given : 𝑅𝑑𝑒𝑒𝑝 = 17.1 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝑅𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 = 22.6 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝑅𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 58.0 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
 Shale-free Example cont’d

In the same zone, we compute the ratios:

𝑅𝑚 22.6
= = 1.32
𝑅𝑑 17.1
𝑅𝑠 58
= = 3.4
𝑅𝑑 17.1
We plot these points on the tornado chart given
below;
 Shale-free Example cont’d

Figure 9.21
 Shale-free Example cont’d

From the chart

𝑅𝑡
= 0.97
𝑅𝑑
𝑅𝑥𝑜
=5
𝑅𝑡
𝑅𝑡 = 𝑅𝑑 × 0.97 = 16.6
𝑅𝑥𝑜 = 𝑅𝑡 × 5
𝑅𝑥𝑜 = 16.6 × 5 = 83
 Shale-free Example cont’d

With 𝑅𝑥𝑜 in hand, we can calculate the other

parameters needed for 𝑆ℎ𝑟
1
𝐹=
𝜱2

𝜱2 𝑛 +𝜱2 𝑑
Where 𝜱 =
2

.102 +.24 2
𝜱= = .18
2
 Shale-free Example cont’d

1
𝐹= = 30.8
.182
𝑅𝑚𝑓 𝑎𝑡 𝑇𝑓 = 0.6 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝐹𝑅𝑚𝑓
𝑆𝑥𝑜 =
𝑅𝑥𝑜

30.8×0.6
𝑆𝑥𝑜 = = 0.47
83
𝑆ℎ𝑟 = 1 − 𝑆𝑥𝑜
𝑆ℎ𝑟 = 1 − 0.47 = 0.53 𝑜𝑟 53 %
 Shale-free Example cont’d

• Which closely agrees with the gas saturation

plot of figure 9.19
Permeability
Permeability Cont’d
Permeability Cont’d
Permeability Cont’d
Permeability Cont’d
Permeability Cont’d
Permeability Cont’d