REE 307

Fluid Dynamics II

Dr./ Ahmed Nagib Elmekawy Sep 27, 2017

 Branched Pipe System
• Pipe in Series
• Pipe in Parallel

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 Branched Pipe System
• Pipe in Series

• Pipe in Parallel

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 Branched Pipe System
• Electrical circuits

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

• Fluid Flow

𝑓𝑙𝑉 2 0.8 𝑓𝑙𝑄2 2

∆𝑝 = = = 𝑅𝑄
2𝑔𝑑 𝑔𝑑 5

0.8 𝑓𝑙
𝑅: 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
𝑔𝑑 5
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 Branched Pipe System
• Pipe in Series

𝑄1 = 𝑄2 = 𝑄3

ℎ𝑙𝐴−𝐵 = ℎ𝑙1 + ℎ𝑙2 + ℎ𝑙3

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 Branched Pipe System
• Pipe in Parallel

𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + 𝑄3

ℎ𝑙𝐴−𝐵 = ℎ𝑙1 = ℎ𝑙2 = ℎ𝑙3

0.5
𝑓1 𝑙1 𝑉12 𝑓2 𝑙2 𝑉22 𝑉1 𝑓2 𝑙2 𝑑1
= =
2𝑔𝑑1 2𝑔𝑑2 𝑉2 𝑓1 𝑙1 𝑑2
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 Branched Pipe System
• Loop

𝑄1 = 𝑄2 + 𝑄3
𝑃𝐴 𝑉𝐴2 𝑃𝐵 𝑉𝐵2
+ + 𝑧𝐴 = + + 𝑧𝐵 + ℎ𝑙1 + ℎ𝑙2
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
𝑃𝐴 𝑉𝐴2 𝑃𝐵 𝑉𝐵2
+ + 𝑧𝐴 = + + 𝑧𝐵 + ℎ𝑙1 + ℎ𝑙3
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
ℎ𝑙2 = ℎ𝑙3
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 Branched Pipe System
Supply at several points

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 Branched Pipe System
• Three Tank Problem

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 Branched Pipe System
• Three Tank Problem

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 Branched Pipe System
• Three Tank Problem

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 Branched Pipe System
• Three Tank Problem

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 Solution of 3 Tanks Problem
1. Assume EJ less than Za, and greater than Zc
𝐸𝑎 > 𝐸𝐽 > 𝐸𝑐
2. Applying Bernoulli's equation between A & J
𝐸𝑎 = 𝐸𝐽 + ℎ𝑙
𝑃𝑎 𝑉𝑎2 0.8 𝑓𝑙𝑄𝑎2
+ 𝑍𝑎 + = 𝐸𝑗 +
𝜔 2𝑔 𝑔𝑑5

0.8 𝑓𝑙𝑄𝑎2
Δ𝐸𝑎−𝐽 = 𝐸𝐽 − 𝑍𝑎 = ℎ𝑙 =
𝑔𝑑 5

ℎ𝑙 𝑔𝑑5
∴ 𝑄𝑎 =
0.8 𝑓𝑙
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 Solution of 3 Tanks Problem
Similarly between B & J : Get 𝑄𝑏
between C & J : Get 𝑄𝑐

3. Checking the assumption

If 𝑄𝑎 + 𝑄𝑏 + 𝑄𝑐 = 0.0 Right Assumption

If 𝑄𝑎 + 𝑄𝑏 + 𝑄𝑐 ≠ 0.0 𝑄𝑎 > (𝑄𝑏 + 𝑄𝑐 )

Increase the Energy of
Wrong Assumption junction (EJ), and decrease
the losses
𝑄𝑎 < (𝑄𝑏 + 𝑄𝑐 )
Increase the Energy of
junction (EJ), and decrease 14
the losses
 Solution of 3 Tanks Problem
4. We repeat the last step, by increasing or decreasing the value

∆𝑄 = 𝑄𝑎 + 𝑄𝑏 + 𝑄𝑐 ≅ 0.0 < 𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

As it won't equal to zero

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 Branched Systems
Supply at Several Points
• Pipe Flows
- For known nodal demands, the rates can be partially determined.
- Flow rates & directions in the pipe routes connecting the sources
depend on the piezometrie heads at the sources and the
distribution of nodal demands.
• Velocities
- Also partially known.
• Pressures
- Conditions are the same as in case of the single source, once the
flows and velocities have been determined.
• Hydraulic calculation
- Single pipe calculation can only partially solve the system.
- Additional condition ìs necessary.
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 Solution of Branched Pipe
Systems
• Note
In case of rectangular duct or not circular cross section.

4𝐴
𝑑=
𝑤𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑝)

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 Example
• Given :
L1 = 3000 m D1 = 1 m f1 = 0.014 Za = 30 m
L2 = 6000 m D2 = 0.45 m f2 = 0.024 Zb = 18 m
L3 = 1000 m D3 = 0.6 m f3 = 0.02 Zc = 9 m

• Required :
Qa, Qb, Qc, Flow Direction

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 Solution
1. Assume EJ = 25 m

2. Applying Bernoulli's equation between A & J

𝐸𝑎 = 𝐸𝐽 + ℎ𝑙

𝑃𝑎 𝑉𝑎2 0.8 𝑓𝑙𝑄𝑎2

+ 𝑍𝑎 + = 𝐸𝑗 +
𝜔 2𝑔 𝑔𝑑5

0.8 𝑓𝑙𝑄𝑎2
Δ𝐸𝑎−𝐽 = 𝐸𝐽 − 𝑍𝑎 = ℎ𝑙 =
𝑔𝑑 5

ℎ𝑙 𝑔𝑑 5 30−25 ×9.8×15
∴ 𝑄𝑎 = =
0.8 𝑓𝑙 0.8 ×0.014×3000

∴ 𝑄𝑎 = 1.2 m3/s 19
 Solution
3. Similarly between B & J and C & J

25−18 ×9.8×0.455
∴ 𝑄𝑏 = = 0.105 m3/s
0.8 ×0.024×6000

25−9 ×9.8×0.65
∴ 𝑄𝑐 = = 0.873 m3/s
0.8 ×0.02×1000

𝑄𝑎 = 1.2 m3/s 𝑄𝑏 = 0.105 m3/s 𝑄𝑐 = 0.873 m3/s

∆𝑄 = 𝑄𝑎 + 𝑄𝑏 + 𝑄𝑐 = 1.2 − 0.105 − 0.873 = 0.222 > 0.0

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 Solution
4. Increase energy of junction (EJ = 26.6 m)

ℎ𝑙 𝑔𝑑 5 30−26.6 ×9.8×15
∴ 𝑄𝑎 = = = 0.996 m3/s
0.8 𝑓𝑙 0.8 ×0.014×3000

26.6−18 ×9.8×0.455
∴ 𝑄𝑏 = = 0.116 m3/s
0.8 ×0.024×6000

26.6−9 ×9.8×0.65
∴ 𝑄𝑐 = = 0.916 m3/s
0.8 ×0.02×1000

𝑄𝑎 = 0.996 m3/s 𝑄𝑏 = 0.116 m3/s 𝑄𝑐 = 0.916 m3/s

∆𝑄 = 𝑄𝑎 + 𝑄𝑏 + 𝑄𝑐 = 0.996 − 0.116 − 0.916 = −0.036 ≅ 0.0

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Solution

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 Solution
• For more accuracy, use more assumptions, but the result can
be accepted, as ∆Q is very small w.r.t the smallest value, which
is Qb
• For more accuracy and saving time, use programming
languages to solve the problem.

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 Network of pipes
Function of piping system:
1. Transmission ---- One single pipeline
2. Collection ---- Waste water system
3. Distribution ---- Distribution of drinking water
---- Distribution of natural gas
---- Distribution of cooling water
---- Air conditioning systems
---- Distribution of blood in veins and
arteries

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 Types of Network
1. Branched network

Properties
1. Lower reliability
2. High down time
3. Less expensive
4. Used in rural area

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 Types of Network
2. Looped network

Properties
1. Higher reliability
2. lower down time
3. More expensive
4. Used in urban area

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Looped Networks

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 Looped Networks
• Pipe Flows
➢ Flow rates and directions are unknown.
• Velocities
➢ The velocities and their directions are known only after the
flows have been calculated.
• Pressures
➢ Conditions are the same as in case of branched networks
once the flows and hydraulic losses have been calculated
for each pipe.
• Hydraulic calculation
➢ The equations used for single pipe calculation are not
sufficient.
➢ Additional conditions have to be introduced.
➢ Iterative calculation process is needed. 28
Network Components
1.Pipes
2.Pipes fitting
3.Valves
4.Pumps / Compressors
5.Reservoir and tanks

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 Network Analysis – Hardy Cross Method

• Pipe/Element/Branch: 12, 23, 36, 16, 34, 65, 45

• Hydraulic node (junction): 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
• Loop: 12361, 63456
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 Network Analysis – Hardy Cross Method

• It is not acceptable that the outlet of consumption

is a junction
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Basic Equations
1. Continuity equation σ 𝑄 at any node = 0.0
2. Energy equation σ ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 around any closed loop = 0.0

0.8 𝑓𝑙𝑄2
For losses ℎ𝑙 =
𝑔𝑑 5

𝜀
𝑓 = fn(Re, ) from Moody Chart
𝑑

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Basic Equations
• In case of using programming, we can't use moody chart
Hazen Williams equation Colebrook equation
ℎ𝑙 𝑅𝑄𝑛 1 𝜀 Τ𝐷 2.51
= 𝑚 = −2 log +
𝐿 𝐷 𝑓 3.7 𝑅𝑒 𝑓
𝑛 = 1.852
𝑚 = 4.8704 ℎ𝑙 𝑉2
10.675 =𝑓
𝑅= ,
𝐿 2𝑔𝑑
𝐶 𝑛
𝐶 = 60 ⟷ 140 • Colebrook is a curve fitting
Rough Smooth
• 1st equation is solved by
𝐶 : is a constant depending on trial & error
the pipe age and roughness • Colebrook equation is the
(pipe condition) most commonly used in the
industrial field
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 Hardy Cross Method
1. Assume flow rate at each pipe 𝑄0 , so that:
• The velocity range between 1 - 3 m/s
• Satisfying the continuity equation

2. If ℎ𝑙 = 0.0 (stop) Impossible

If ℎ𝑙 ≠ 0.0

2. Adjust 𝑄: 𝑄 = 𝑄0 + ∆𝑄

ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑟𝑄𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑄0 + ∆𝑄 𝑛

ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑟 𝑄0𝑛 + 𝑛∆𝑄𝑄0𝑛−1 + … . .

Since σ ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = σ 𝑟𝑄𝑛 = 0.0 ∴ − σ 𝑟 𝑄0 |𝑄0 |𝑛−1 = σ 𝑟 𝑛|𝑄0 |𝑛−1 ∆𝑄

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Hardy Cross Method
∴ − ෍ 𝑟𝑄0 |𝑄0 |𝑛−1 = ෍ 𝑟 𝑛|𝑄0 |𝑛−1 ∆𝑄

−𝑟 σ 𝑄0 |𝑄0 |𝑛−1
∴ ∆𝑄 =
σ 𝑟 𝑛|𝑄0 |𝑛−1

0.8 𝑓𝑙𝑄2 𝑛
ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = = 𝑟𝑄
𝑔𝑑5
where
n=2

0.8 𝑓𝑙
𝑟= ……pipe resistance
𝑔𝑑 5

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Hardy Cross Method
Note:
Since ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 won't reach 0.0
Then Hardy Cross Method is used till

σ |∆𝑄| <Small value (Tolerance)

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 Network Analysis – Hardy Cross Method

• Pipe/Element/Branch: 12, 23, 36, 16, 34, 65, 45

• Hydraulic node (junction): 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
• Loop: 12361, 63456
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 Kirchhoff's Laws
Flow continuity at junction of pipes
The sum of all ingoing and outgoing flows in each node equals
zero (σ 𝑄𝑖 = 0).
Head loss continuity at loop of pipes
The sum of all head-losses along pipes that compose a complete
loop equals zero (σ ∆𝐻𝑖 ; = 0).

• Hardy Cross Method

o Method of Balancing Heads
o Method of Balancing Flows
• Linear Theory
• Newton Raphson
• Gradient Algorithm
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 Hardy Cross
Method of Balancing Heads
Step 1
Arbitrary flows are assigned to each pipe; (σ 𝑄𝑖 = 0).
Step 2
Head-loss in each pipe is calculated.
Step 3
The sum of the head-losses along each loop is checked.
Step 4
lf σ ∆𝐻𝑖 differs from the required accuracy, a flow
correction 𝛿𝑄 is introduced in loop ‘i’
Step 5
Correction 𝛿𝑄 is applied in each loop (clockwise or anti-
clockwise). The iteration continues with Step 2

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Hardy Cross
Method of Balancing Heads

− σ 𝑟𝑄0 |𝑄0 |𝑛−1

∴ ∆𝑄 =
σ 𝑟 𝑛|𝑄0 |𝑛−1

− σ𝑛𝑖=1 ∆𝐻𝑖
𝛿𝑄𝑖 =
𝑛 ∆𝐻𝑖
σ
2 𝑖=1 | |
𝑄𝑖

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 Dealing with network pressure heads
1. Using valves or fittings

• Valves and fittings are source of energy loss

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 Dealing with reservoir
1. Draw a pipe connecting the tanks, and it's resistance = ∞
2. This pipe creates a new loop
3. The losses between the tanks = the difference between the
heads of the tanks, and it's sign depends on the direction of
the loop

Example:

ℎ𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘(𝐴) = 100 𝑚
ℎ𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘(𝐵) = 70 𝑚
∆ℎ = 100 − 70 = +30 𝑚
(+) the flow direction in the
pipe is the same direction
of loop III
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Example

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Example

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 Example

L ෍ 𝑟 𝑄0 |𝑄0 |𝑛−1 ෍ 𝑟 𝑛|𝑄0 |𝑛−1 L ෍ 𝑟 𝑄0 |𝑄0 |𝑛−1 ෍ 𝑟 𝑛|𝑄0 |𝑛−1

3-4 5(-30)(30) 5(2)(30) 1-2 1(15)(15) 1(2)(15)

4-1 6(70)(70) 6(2)(70) 2-3 2(-35)(35) 2(2)(35)
1-3 3(35)(35) 3(2)(35) 3-1 3(-35)(35) 3(2)(35)

28575 1350 -5900 380

−28575 5900
∆𝑄1 = = −21.17 𝑚3 /𝑠 ∆𝑄2 = = 15.53 𝑚3 /𝑠
1350 380

෍ |∆𝑄| = 21.17 + 15.5 = 36.67 > Tolerance

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Epanet Software

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Why do we solve network problems ?

1. Replacement and renovation of networks

2. Network Design

 Consumption of network elements

 Flow rate of network
 Select Velocity (1-3 m/s)
 Diameter

3. Selecting pumps, valves and fittings

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