Peter Van Zant, “Microchip Fabrication”, McGraw-Hill Publishers, 1997

1. With relevant sketches explain the different stages of manufacturing.

2. Explain CZ method of crystal growth with relevant figures.
3. a) Briefly give the basic structure of Amorphous materials, Polycrystals and
Single crystals.
b) Write short notes on Crystal defects.
4. Explain the possible crystal defects and their effects after the crystal is grown.
5. With the relevant figures explain the different steps in raw wafer preparation.
6. Explain N-well process with neat diagrams.
7. Explain P-well process with neat diagrams.
8. Explain twin tub process with neat diagrams.
9. Explain SOI process with neat diagrams.
10. What are the uses of SiO2 layer?
11. Explain the thermal oxidation mechanism.
12. Explain, with a neat diagram, horizontal tube furnace system and its various sections
used in thermal oxidation method.
13. Explain the ten-step photomasking process.
14. Explain the concept of holes and islands in patterning. What are the basic photoresist
components and their roles in the process?
15. Describe the various photoresist performance factors.
16. Compare positive and negative photoresists.
17. Explain various surface preparation steps in pattering process.
18. What are the different ways of photoresist dispensing?
19. Write short notes on a) Soft bake and b) Exposure sources.
20. Write a note on: a) Spray development and b) Puddle development
21. Write notes on a) Development inspection and b) Hard bake process.
22. Explain the deposition process steps.
23. Explain the concept of diffusion. Write a note on dopant sources.
24. Explain drive-in oxidation and oxidation effects
25. Compare thermal diffusion and ion implantation. Explain annealing and channeling in ion
implantation.
26. Explain an ion implantation setup with the relevant diagrams.
1. Deduce the relationship betw voltage and current in a MOSFET at different
regions of operation.
2. Explain the operation of a CMOS inverter, showing different regions of
operation.
3. With diagrams compare NELT, NELS and HMOS static load inverters.
4. Differentiate among pass transistor, transmission gate and gate(restoring )
logic.
5. What are the important second order effects in MOSFET’s? Explain them
briefly.
6. Explain with neat diagrams, the following second order effects in MOSFET.
a) Body Effect. B) Channel-length modulation.
7. Derive a complete low frequency model for a MOSFET. What are the
various components of parasitic capacitances that show up at high
frequencies? Show them in the model derived.
8. What is a structured CMOS design? What are its advantages? Explain the
steps in this with an example.
9. Give the detailed design of a CMOS D flip-flop. Using this how do you
design a 4-bit asynchronous binary counter? Explain.
10. Give the detailed design of a CMOS D flip-flop. Using multiplexers and
this D flip-flop how do you design a 4-bit synchronous binary counter?
Explain its working.
11.Design a fully complementary single bit full adder using minimum number
of transistors. Using this adder, explain how you construct an adder /
subtractor circuit.
12.Design a CMOS single bit full adder. Using this adder, explain how do you
construct a magnitude comparator circuit.
13.Explain, with neat diagrams, CMOS carry-look-ahead adder circuit.
14.Design a 4:1 multiplexer
a) Using a combination of CMOS switches and logic gates.
b) Using only CMOS logic gates.
Assess the efficiency of each implementation by counting the total
number of switches used in each implementation. Which is more
efficient? Why?
 15.Deduce the analytic delay models for the:
a) Fall time b) rise time c) delay time
16.What are the 3 types of switch –level RC delay models developed to
estimate the delays of logic gates? Explain briefly with example.
17.Design a CMOS circuit for the Boolean expression F= ((A.B+C) D.E)’ with
equal rise time (tr) and fall time (tf).
18.Design a CMOS inverter for which the inverter threshold is half the Vdd
and have equal rise time (tr) and fall time (tf).
19.What are the various components of CMOS power dissipation? Deduce
expressions for each of these components.
20. a) What are design rules? Compare lambda-based and micron based
design rules.
b) What are stick diagrams? How they are helpful in physical layout?
Explain
21.A) What are the various ways of constructing large inverters? Explain with
the help of physical layouts.
22.How do you automate the complex logic gates layout? Explain this
algorithm, with examples, which uses Euler path.
23.a) Explain with an example, dynamic CMOS logic. What are the
advantages and drawbacks of a simple dynamic CMOS logic?
b) What is Zipper CMOS logic? Explain with neat diagrams.
24. a) Explain briefly, the CMOS domino logic with an example. How can
this be converted into a static one?
b) What is a C^2MOS logic? Explain with a neat diagram.