1.

Calculate the energy transfer rate across 6 in wall of firebricks with a temperature difference
across the wall of 50°C. The thermal conductivity of the firebrick is 0.65 Btu/hr-ft-°F at the
temperature interest.

2. At an average temperature of 100°C, hot air flows through a 2.5 m long tube with an inside
diameter of 50 mm. The temperature of the tube is 20°C along its entire length. Convective film
coefficient is 20.1 W/m2-°K. Determine the convective heat transfer from air to the tube.

3. The sun generates 1 kW/m2 when used as a source for solar collectors. A collector with an area
of 1 m2 heats water. The flow rate is 3.0 liters/min. What is the temperature rise in the water?
The specific heat of water is 4,200 J/kg -°C.

4. Steam, initially saturated at 2.05 MPa, passes through a 10.10 cm standard steel pipe for a total
distance of 152 m. The steam line is insulated with 5.08 cm thickness of 85% magnesia. For an
ambient temperature of 22°C, what is the quality of the steam which arises at its destination if the
mass flow rate is 0.125 kg steam per second?

5. The not combustion gases of a furnace are separated from the ambient air and its surroundings
which are at 25°C, by-a brick wall 0.15 m thick. The brick has a thermal conductivity of 1:2
W/m-K and a surface, emissivity of 0.80. Under steady-state conditions and the outer surface
temperature of 100°C is measured. Free convection heat surface temperature of 100°C is
measured. Free convection heat transfer to the air adjoining this surface is characterized by a
convection coefficient of 20 W/m2-K. What is the inner temperature in °C?

6. A 6 in. × 20 ft uninsulated B.I. ‘pipe/conveys steam conveys with an average ambient

temperature of 385°F. If the cost of the fuel is $5 per 1,000,000 BTU with the net energy
conversion efficiency of 75%, what is the annual cost of the heat lost?

7. A heat exchanger was installed purposely to cool 0.50 kg of gas per second. Molecular weight is
28 and k = 1.32. The gas is cooled from 150°C to 80°C. Water is available at a rate of 0.30 kg/s
and at a temperature of 12°C. Calculate the exit temperature of the water.

8. An uninsulated steam pipe passes through a room in which the air and walls are at 25°C. The
outside diameter of the pipe is 70 mm, and Its surface temperature and emissivity are 200°C and
0.80 respectively. If the coefficient associated with free convection heat transfer from the surface
to the air is 15 W/m2-K, what is the rate of heat loss from the surface per unit length of pipe?

9. A heat exchanger is to be designed for the following specifications:

Hot gas temperature: 1145°C
Cold gas temperature: 45°C
Unit surface conductance on the hot side: 230 W/m2-K
Unit surface conductance on the cold side: 290 W/m2-K
Thermal Conductivity of the metal wall: 115 W/m-K
Find the maximum thickness of the metal wall between the hot gas and cold gas so that the
maximum temperature of the wall does not exceed 545°C.
10. Calculate the heat transfer per hour through a solid brick wall 6 m long, 2.9 m high, and 225 mm
thick, when the outer surface is at 5°C and the inner surface 17°C, the coefficient of thermal
conductivity of the brick being 0.6 W/m-K.

11. A vertical furnace wail is. made up of an inner wall of firebrick 20 cm. thick followed by
insulating brick 15 cm thick and an outer wall of steel 1-cm thick. The surface temperature of the
wall adjacent to the combustion chamber is 1200°C while that of the outer. surface of steel is
50°C. The thermal conductivities of the wall material in W/m-K are; firebrick = 10; insulating
brick = 0.26; and steel = 45. Neglecting the film resistances and contact resistance of joints,
determine the heat loss per m2 of wall area.

12. A composite wall is made up of an external thickness of brickwork 110 mm thick inside which is
a layer of fiberglass 75 mm thick. The fiberglass is faced internally by an insulating board 25
mm thick. The coefficient of thermal conductivity for the three are as follows:
Brickwork = 1.5 W/m-K
Fiberglass = 0.04 W/m-K
Insulating board = 0.06 W/m-K
The surface transfer coefficient of the inside wall is 3.1 W/m2 - K while that of the outside wall is
2.5 W/m2-K. Take the internal ambient temperature as 10°C and the external. temperature is
27°C. Determine the heat loss through such wall 6 m high and 10 m long.

13. One insulated wall of a cold-storage compartment is 8 m long by 2.5 m high and consists of an
outer steel plate 18 mm thick. An inner wood wall 22.5 mm thick, the steel and wood are 90 mm
apart to form a cavity which is filled with cork. If the temperature drop across the extreme faces
of the composite wall is 15°C. Calculate the heat transfer per hour through the wall and the
temperature drop across the thickness of the cork. Take the coefficients of thermal conductivity
for steel, cork, and wood as 45, 0.045, and 0.18 W/m-K respectively.

14. A cubical tank of 2 m-sides is constructed of the metal plate 12 mm-and contains water at 75°C.
The surrounding air temperature is 16°C. Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient from
water to air. Take the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the metal as 48 W/m-K, the
coefficient of heat transfer of water is 2.5 kW/m2-K and the coefficient of heat transfer of the air
is.16 W/m2-K.

15. Calculate the quantity of neat conducted per minute through a duralumin circular disc 127 mm
diameter and 19 mm thick when the temperature drop across the thickness of the plate is 5°C.
Take the coefficient of thermal conductivity of duralumin as 150 W/m-K.

16. A cold storage compartment is 4.5 m long by 4 m wide by 2.5 m high. The four walls, ceiling,
and floor are covered to a thickness of 150 mm with insulating material which has a coefficient
of thermal conductivity of 0.058 W/m-K. Calculate the quantity of heat leaking through the
insulation per hour when the outside and inside face temperatures of the material is 15°C and
-5°C respectively.
17. A furnace wall consists of 35 cm-firebrick (k = 1.557 W/m-K), 12 cm insulating refractory (k =
0.346) and 20 cm common brick (k = 0.692) covered with 7 cm steel plate (k = 45). The
temperature at the inner surface of the firebrick is 1,230°C and at the outer face of the steel plate
is 60°C. The atmosphere temperature is 27°C. What is the value of the combined coefficient for
convection and radiation from the outside wall?

18. A dry ide storage chest is a wooden box lined with glass fiber insulation 5 cm thick. The wooden
box (k = 0.069) is 2 cm thick and cubical 60 cm on an edge. The inside surface temperature is
-76°C and the outside surface temperature is 18°C. Use k = 0.035 for glass fiber insulation.
Determine the heat gain per day.

19. One side of the refrigerated cold chamber is 6 m long by.3.7 m high and consists of 168 mm
thickness of cork between outer and inner walls of wood. The-outer wood wall is 30 mm thick
and its outside face temperature is 20°C, the inner wood wall is 35 mm thick .and its inside face
temperature is -3°C. Taking the coefficient of thermal conductivity. of cork and wood as 0.042
and 0.20 W/m-K respectively, calculate the heat transfer per second per m2 of surface area.

20. Hot gases at 280°C flow on one side of a metal plate of 50 mm thickness and air at 35°C flows
on the other. side. The heat transfer coefficient of the gases is 31.5 W/m 2-K and that of the air is
32 W/m2-K. Calculate the over-all transfer coefficient if the value of thermal conductivity is 0.01
W/m-K.

21. The surface temperature of the hot side of the furnace wall is 1200°C. It is desired to maintain
the outside of the wall at 38°C. A 152 mm of refractory Silica is used adjacent to the combustion
chamber and 10 mm of steel covers the outside. What thickness of insulating bricks is necessary
between refractory and steel, if the heat loss should be kept at 788 W/m 2? Use k = 13.84 W/m-K
for refractory silica; 0.15 for insulating brick, and 45 for steel.

22. How much neat will flow in 24 hours through a plaster wall that is 0.50 in thick and 8 ft x 14 ft
in the area if the temperature is 80°F on one side and 40°F on the other. Use k = 3.25 BTU/hr-ft-
°F.

23. A hollow sphere has an outside radius of 1 m and is made of polystyrene foam with a thickness
of 1 cm. A heat source inside keeps the inner surface 5.20°C hotter than the outside surface. How
much power is produced by the heat source? The thermal conductivity of polystyrene foam is
0.033 W/m-°C.

24. A glass window has an area of 1.60 m2 and a thickness of 4 mm. If one side is at a temperature of
6.80°C and the other is at -5°C, how much thermal energy flows through the window in a time of
24 hours? The thermal conductivity of glass is 0.000189 kCal/m-s-°C.

25. The wall of a cold room consists of a layer of cork sandwiched between outer and inner walls of
wood, the wood walls being each 30 mm thick. The inside atmosphere of the room is maintained
at -20°C when the external atmospheric temperature is 25°C, and the heat loss through the wall is
42 W/m2. Taking the thermal conductivity. of wood and cork as. 0.20 W/m-K and 0.05 W/m-K
 respectively, and the rate of heat transfer between each exposed wood surface and their
respective atmospheres as 15 W/m2-K, calculate the thickness of the cork.

26. A slab of material has an area of 2 m 2 and is 1 mm thick. One side is maintained at a temperature
of 0°C while the other is at 12°C. It is determined that 6820 J of heat flows through the material
in a time of 10 minutes. What is the thermal conductivity of the material?

27. An insulated steam pipe located where the ambient temperature is 32°C, has an inside diameter
of 50 mm with 10 mm thick wall. The outside diameter of the corrugated asbestos insulation is
125 mm and the surface coefficient of still air, h o = 12 W/m2-K. Inside the pipe is steam having a
temperature of 150°C with film coefficient h i = 6000 W/m2-K. Thermal conductivity of pipe and
asbestos insulation are 45 and 0.12 W/m-K respectively. Determine the heat loss per unit length
of the pipe.

28. A pipe 200 mm outside diameter and 20 m length is covered with a layer, 70 mm thick of
insulation having thermal conductivity of 0.05 W/m-K and a thermal conductance of 10 W/m 2-K
at the outer surface If the temperature of the pipe is 350°C and the ambient temperature 15°C,
calculate the external surface temperature of the lagging.

29. Dry and saturated steam at 6 MPa absolute enters a 40-m length of 11.5 cm outer diameter steel
pipe at a flow rate of 0.12 kg/s. The pipe is covered with 5 cm thick asbestos insulation (k =
0.022 W/m-K). The pipe is located in a tunnel with a stagnant air temperature of 27°C. The unit
outside the convective coefficient is 10 W/m2-K. Neglecting steam film and pipe wall
resistances, determine the mass of steam condensed.

30. Calculate the heat loss per linear ft from 2 in. nominal pipe (2.375 in. outside diameter) covered
with 1 in. of an insulating material having an average thermal conductivity of 0.0375 BTU/hr-ft-
°F. Assume that the inner and outer surface temperatures of the insulation are 380°F. and 80°F
respectively.

31. Calculate the heat loss per linear foot from a 10 in. nominal pipe (outside diameter = 10.75 in.)
covered with composite pipe insulation consisting of 1.5 in of insulation I placed next to the pipe
and 2 in. of insulation II placed upon insulation I. Assume that the inner and. outer surface
temperatures of the composite insulation are 700°F and 110°F respectively, and that the thermal
conductivity of material I is 0.05 Btu/hr-ft-°F and for material II is 0.039 Btu/hr-°F.

32. A steam pipe carrying steam at 380 kPa pressure for a distance of 120 m in a chemical plant is
not insulated. Estimate the saving in steam cost that would be made per year if this 8-cm
diameter steam pipe were covered with 85% magnesia pipe covering 5 cm thick. Take room
temperature to be 25°C, the cost of steam is 65 cents per 1000 kg. Thermal conductivity of
magnesia k = 0.0745 W/m-K, unit convective coefficient of room air, ho = 12 W/m2-K.

33. A liquid to liquid counterflow heat exchanger is used to heat a cold fluid from 120°F to 310°F.
Assuming that the hot fluid enters at 500°F and leaves at 400°F, calculate the log mean
temperature difference for the heat exchanger.
34. A pond is covered by a sheet of ice 2 cm thick (k = 1.68 W/m-C). The temperature of the lower
surface of the ice is 0°C and that of the upper surface is -10°C. At what rate is heat conducted
through each square meter of ice?

35. How much heat is conducted through a sheet of plates glass, k = 0.0024 Cal/s-cm-°C which is 2
m × 3 m and 5 mm thick, when the temperatures of the surfaces are 20°C and -10°C.

36. A copper rod whose diameter is.2 cm and length 50 cm has one end in boiling water, the other
end in a jacket cooled by flowing water which enters at 10°C. The thermal conductivity of the
copper is 0.102 kCal/m-s-°C. If 0.20 kg of water flows through the jacket in 6 min, by how much
does the temperature of the water increase?

37. The thermal insulation of a woolen glove may be regarded as being essentially a layer of
quiescent air 3 cm thick, of conductivity 5.7 x 10-6 kcal/m-s-°C. How much heat does a person
lose per minute, from his hand of area 200 cm 2 and skin temperature 35°C on a winter day at
-5°C?

38. The temperature directly beneath a 3-inch concrete road is 5°F and the air temperature is 20°F.
Calculate the steady flow per square foot through the concrete. The thermal conductivity of the
concrete is 0.50 Btu/ft-hr-°F.

39. How many watts will be radiated from a spherical black body 15 cm in diameter at a temperature
of 800°C?

40. A surface condenser serving a 50,000-kW steam turbo-generator unit receives exhaust steam at
the rate of 196,000 kg/hr. The vacuum pressure in the condenser is 702 mmHg. Seawater for
cooling enters at 29.5°C and leaves at 37.5°C. For steam turbine condenser, manufacturers.
consider 950 Btu/lb of the steam turbine condensed as heat given up to cooling water. Calculate
the logarithmic mean temperature difference.

41. The stack gas from a chemical operation contains noxious vapors that must be condensed by
lowering its temperature from 315°C to 35°C. The gas flow rate is 0.70 m 3/s. Water is available
at 10°C at 1.26 kg/s. A two-shell and 4-tube pass, counterflow heat exchanger will be used with
water flowing through the tubes. The gas has a specific heat of 1.10. kJ/kg-K and a gas constant
of 0.26 kJ/kg-K. Calculate the logarithmic mean temperature difference.

42. Exhaust steam at 7 kPa at the rate of 75 kg/s enters a single pass condense containing 5,780
pieces copper tubes with a total surface area of 2950 m2. The steam has a moisture content of
10% and the condensate leaves saturated liquid at steam temperature. The cooling water flow
rate is 4,413 liters per second entering at 20°C. Size of tubes, 25 mm O.D. by 3 mm thick wall.
Find the overall heat transfer coefficient.
43. What is the heat flow per hour through a brick and mortar wall 9 in. thick if the coefficient of
thermal conductivity has been determined as 0.40 Btu/ft-hr-°F and the wall is 10 ft high by 6 ft.
wide, the temperature on one side of the surface being 330°F and on the other 130°F.

44. A heat exchanger has an over-all coefficient of heat transfer of 900 W/m2-K. The mean
temperature difference is 20°C and heat loss is 15,000 W. Calculate the heat transfer area.

45. A composite furnace wall is made up of a 12-inch lining of magnesite refractory brick, a 5-inch
thickness of 85% magnesia, and a steel casing 0.10 in. thick. Flue gas temperature is 2200°F and
the boiler room is at 80°F. Gas side film coefficient is 15 Btu/hr-ft 2-°F and air side is 4 Btu/hr-
ft2-°F. Determine the thermal current.

46. The wall of a furnace is made up of 9-inch firebrick (k = 0.72 Btu/hr-ft-°F) 5-inch of insulating
brick (k=0.08) and 7.5 in. of red brick (k = 0.5 Btu/hr-ft-°F). The inner and outer. Surface
temperatures T1 and T4 of the wall are 1500°F and 150°F respectively. Neglecting the resistance
of the mortar joints, compute the rate of heat flow through 1 ft2 of the wall.

47. What is the heat transfer in the glass surface area of 0.70 m 2 having an inside temperature of
25°C and 13°C outside temperature? The thickness of the glass surface is 0.007 m. The thermal
conductivity is 1.8 W/m-K.

48. The interior of an oven is maintained at a temperature of 1500°F by means of suitable control
apparatus. The walls of the oven are 9-inch thick and constructed from a material having a
thermal conductivity of 0.18 Btu/hr-ft-°F. Calculate the heat loss for each square foot of wall
surface per hour. Assume that the inside and outside wall temperatures are 1500°F and 400°F
respectively.

49. Compute the amount condensate formed during 10 minutes warm-up of 150-m pipe conveys
saturated steam with an enthalpy of vaporization hfg = 1,947.8 kJ/kg. The minimum external
temperature of pipe is 2°C and the final temperature is 195°C. The specific heat of pipe material
is 0.6 kJ/kg-K and the specific weight is 28 kg/m.

50. A high-pressure steam generator is to be fitted with convection type superheater having 72
elements in parallel. Steam at the rate of 70,000 kg/hr from the boiler drum enters the
superheater inlet header at 8.3 MPa absolute and 98% quality, and leaves the same at 8 Mpa and
485°C. Combustion products at 980°C enters the superheater proper at the rate of 160,000 kg/hr.
Superheater elements are made of 60 mm O.D. by 8 mm thick tubing of 30 m length: Assume
that the flue gas has the same thermal properties of air. Calculate the heat transferred to the
superheated tubes.

51. In a hot water heating system, water heated to 95°C and then is pumped at the rate of 4 L/min
through a radiator where it is cooled to 35°C. If the water arrives at the radiator at a temperature
of 85°C, how much heat does the radiator release each hour?
52. Brine enters a cooler at the rate of 50 m 3/hr at 15°C and leaves at 1°C. Specific heat and a
specific gravity of brine are 1.07 kJ/kg-K and 1.1 respectively. Calculate the heat transferred in
kW.

53. A metal rod is 10 cm long and has a diameter of 2 cm one end is in contact with steam at 100°C
while the other end contacts a block of ice at 0°C. The cylindrical surface of the rod is carefully
insulated so heat flows only from end to end. In a time of 20 minutes, 320 grams of ice melts.
What is the thermal conductivity of the metal?

54. A wall with an area of 10 m2 is made of a 2 cm thickness of white pine (k=0.113 W/m-°C)
followed by 10 cm of brick (k = 0.649 W/m-°C). The pine is on the inside where the temperature
is 30°C while the outside temperature is 10°C. Assuming equilibrium conditions exist, what.is
the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

55. In a hot air heating system, the furnace heats air from 60°F to 160°F. If the air is then circulated
at the rate of 330 ft3/min by the blower, how much thermal energy is transferred per hour? The
specific heat of air at constant pressure is 0,250 Btu/lb-°F, the density of air is 0.0806 lb/ft 3 at
atmospheric pressure.

56. Water enters the condenser at 20°C and leaves at 35°C. What is the log mean temperature
difference if the condenser temperature is 45°C?

57. The temperature of a sample of molten lead near its temperature of solidification is falling at the
rate of 6 K/min. If the lead continues to tose heat at this same rate. and takes 35 min to solidify
completely, what is the heat of fusion of the lead? The specific heat of molten lead is 0.126
kJ/kg-K.