Magnetic Circuits

• Ampere’s Law
• Ampere-Turns
• Magnetic-Field Intensity, Flux Density
• Reluctance
• Inductance
• Faraday’s Law
• Magnetizing Flux and the Leakage Flux

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010 1
 Magnetic Field
 Magnetic field, H, produced by current carrying conductor

 Ampere’s Law dl
H i3
i1
 H d  i i2
closed path

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010
 H in a Toroid

rm

ID ID
OD OD

1  ID  OD 
Mean radius, rm   
2 2 
lm  2 rm
Ni Ni
Ampere's Law  H m  
2 rm lm

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010
 Flux Density B
 Units: 
Weber / meter 2 [Wb / m 2 ] or Tesla [T ]
 In air             ,   7  henries 
B  o H o  4   10  m 
 Ferro‐magnetic materials 

Bm Bm
Bsat o
m
o
Hm Hm

 Linear approximation Bm   m H m
 Bsat ~ 1.6 ‐ 1.8 Tesla
 In saturation
 m approaches o

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010
 Flux, Flux Linkage, and MMF
 Flux m [Wb]
[assuming uniform flux density] Am

m  Bm Am
m
Ni
Bm   m H m and H m 
m
 Ni  Ni F
 m  Am  m   
  m   m  m
 A 
 m m
 Reluctance m
m 
 m Am
 Flux Linkage     
m  Nm
 MMF

F  Ni

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010
 Magnetic Structures with Air Gaps
Hm m  H g  g  N i
Bm   m H m , Bg  o H g m   g  
i
Bm Bg g
m  g  N i
m o N

  Am Bm  Ag Bg
 
Bm  Bg 
Am Ag To account for fringing Ag  ( w   g )(d   g )
m g
m (  ) N i
Am  m Ag o   m   g
 
m g

F
m 


© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010
 Inductance
m Am
i N
 
 lm   ( m )  ( Am ) (N ) m
N i Hm Bm m
 
 N2 
  Lm  
 lm 
m  m Am 
m  Lm i  

m  N  N2 N2
Lm      m Am N  
i  lm   lm  
 A 
 m m
• For linear magnetic conditions inductance depends only on magnetic circuit

 Energy stored in magnetic circuits 1 1
W  Li 2  Bm2 Amlm
2 2 m 
 Energy density W 1
volume
w  Bm2
volume 2  m

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010
 Faraday’s Law ‐ Induced Voltage
d d  (t )
 Induced voltage e N
dt dt
 Current direction is into positive polarity i (t )

voltage  to define the flux direction  
e(t ) N
 Lenz’s law: Polarity of induced voltage 

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010
 Coil in Sinusoidal Steady‐State
 Induced voltage under sinusoidal steady‐state  (t )
Given e(t )  (t ), i (t ) i (t )

  t   ˆ sin  t 
e(t ) N
t

d
e t   N  N ˆ  cos  t
dt
 Relating  e(t ),  (t ), and i (t )

N
L 
i i
N
 i (t )   (t ) 
L  di (t )
  e(t )  L
d(t)  dt
& e(t)  N
dt 

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010
 Leakage and Magnetizing Inductances
m i (t )e (t ) 
i  l
i  Ll 

e  
e l e(t ) em (t ) Lm

 
 

   m     N  
N  m  N 

m  m
 m   Lself  Lm  L R Ll i (t )
    el (t ) 
i i i em (t )
v(t ) e(t )
  
  Lself i  Lm i  L i

di di di
e  Lm  L  em  L
 dt  dt dt
em e
© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010
 Summary

Magnetic Circuits
• Ampere’s Law
• Ampere-Turns
• Magnetic-Field Intensity, Flux Density
• Reluctance
• Inductance
• Faraday’s Law
• Magnetizing Flux and the Leakage Flux

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010 11