Open

Pneumothorax
AUDIO VISUAL AIDS

Mrs. Puvaneswari Ramesh

Professor
Narayana Hrudayalaya College of
Nursing
 Learning Objectives
 Concepts of Audio visual aid.

 Principles of Audio Visual Aid

 Indications of Audio Visual Aid.

 Advantages and Disadvantages of Audio visual Aid.

 Types of Audio Visual Aid

Introduction to Audio Visual aids

Communication tool
Multisensory Experience learning
 Definitions – AV aids
 Audio visual aids are any device which can be used to

make the learning more effective, more concrete, more

realistic and more dynamic.

(Kinder)
 Concept of Audio Visual aids
11%-Hearing
Watching / Seeing 3.5%- Smell
1.5%-Touch

17% 1%-Taste

83%-
COBUN ( 1968)
 Cone of learning- Retention
10% WHAT WE READ
READING
20% WHAT WE HEAR
30% WHAT WE SEE HEARING WORDS

SEEING
50% WHAT WE SEE &
HEAR
WATCHING DEMONSTRATION
70% WHAT
WE SAY
PARTICIPATING IN A DISCUSSION
90% WHAT WE DOING DEMONSTRATION/
SAY & DO SIMULATING THE REAL EXPERIENCES
 Research Evidences on AV aids
Comparative Store information Six times more
Study (U.S) when presented through visual aids,
compared to traditional lecture

Quasi-  More attentive

experiment  Increased their interest
 Increased ability to remember the
contents & motivated to learn
 History of Audio Visual Education
 Exchange of information

PICTORIAL – 3000BC
Gurukul -
(Learning by doing – Science
and Life skills)

Nalanda University - 5th

century (Group discussion,
Dramatization, Clay
modeling)
 Ed Tech Time line –

Ancestors of Educational Technology

 John Amos comenius- (15th Century) - Founder of

Modern Instructional Technology

 Didactica Magna and Orbis Pictus

( More than 150 pictures)

 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF AV AIDS
First • Symbols and models, charts, maps,
generation pictures, chalk boards, posters etc.

Second • Printed books, printed workbooks,

generation printed posters etc.

Third • Slides, motion pictures, television,

generation phonograph, recording, tape
recording, radio etc.
 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF AV AIDS
Fourth • Radio and television (cable
generation television, satellite Television )

Fifth Electronic technology and now with

generation the computer technology. ( Internet,
Interactive board, Mobile phones ,
Simulations, games, Virtual reality,
Cloud computing, Learning analytics
Objectives / Purposes of Teaching Aids

 Enhance teachers skills

 Save energy and time

 Develop clear image

 Communicate them according to their capabilities

 Involve intimation in objectives

Objectives / Purposes of Teaching Aids
 Add variety and newness to the lesson, provide

vicarious experience

 Basis for more effective perceptual and conceptual

learning

 Make learners active, attentive and motivating.

 Increase understanding and retention

Cone of Experience- Edgar Dale
 Direct Purposeful Experiences

 First hand experiences

 Learning by doing things

Contrived Experiences

 Representative models

and mock-ups of reality.

 Provides more concrete

experiences(visualization)
 Dramatized experiences.

 Learners can participate in a

reconstructed experiences.

 Familiarity with the concept

Demonstrations.

 Visualize explanation of important

fact, idea, or process

 Study Trips

 Learning experience through excursions and

visits

Exhibits

 Combination of some

of the first levels

 Motion pictures

 Recordings, and Radio.

 Visual symbolic

 Verbal symbolic
 Importance of Teaching aids

 Motivation

 Clarification

 Discouragement of Cramming
 SELECTION

EVALUATION PREPARATION

PRINCIPLES

RESPONSE PRESENTATION

HANDLING
 1.Principles of Selection
 Appropriate to the age level, grade level, and other

characteristics of the learners.

 Interesting and motivating.

 True representatives of the real things.

 Realization of desired learning objectives.

 2.Principles of preparation:
 Locally available material should be used.

 The teachers should receive some training in the

preparation of aids.

 Students may be associated in

the preparation of aids.

 3.Principles of Presentation
 Can carefully visualize the use of teaching aids before

their actual presentation.

 Familiarity with the use and manipulation of the aids.

 Handle with care.

 Proper display of aids

 4.Handlin
g
6.Evaluatio
n • Safe storing arrangement
• Facilitate their lending
• Discussion
• Continuous
evaluation Principles

• Teachers guide the

student to respond
5.Respons
actively
e
 Characteristics of AV aids
 Relevancy

 Useful and purposeful teaching

 Accuracy

 Interest

 Minimize verbalism

 Comprehensibility

 Simple/ cheap
 Advantages of using AV aids
 Learning process - More effective and conceptual.

 Grab the attention of students

 Builds interest and motivational teaching

 Enhances the energy level of teaching and students

 Provide a realistic

approach and experience

to the students
 Disadvantages of using AV aids
 Technical Problems

 Improper selection/ usage

 Financial hurdles

 Students distractions

 Time consuming

 Need Space
Factors influencing in selection of
A.V. aids
 Objective of training Programme / teaching

 Nature of subject matter being taught

 Nature of audience or large group

 Relative cost

 Teacher familiarity
 Factors influencing in selection of
A.V. aids
 Skill in selection, preparation and its use

 Availability, functioning or working condition

of A.V. aid

 Knowledge of resources
 Limitations of AV aids
 Apathy of teachers

 Indifference of students

 Financial problems

 Absence of infra structure

 Language barriers

 Do not replace the teacher

 Not followed the principles in making (Letters &

symbols are illegible, colors are misused)
Classifications of Audio visual Aids
NON-
PROJECTED PROJECTED ELECTRONIC

 OHP  CHALK  TV
 SLIDES BOARDS  INTERACTIV
 FILM  CHARTS E WHITE
STRIPS  FLASH BOARD
CARDS
 LCD  MOBILE
PROJECTO  MODELS LEARNING
R-PPT  BOOKS
 VIRTUAL
 HANDOUTS LEARNING
 PUPPETS
 FLANNEL
BOARDS
 OVERHEAD PROJECTOR
 A projector having a flat, transparent top on which a

sheet like transparency is places, and an overhead

mirror reflects on the transparency to a screen.

Preparation and storing of OHP film
 OHP Transparency Film ( Acetate Sheet) - 8.5 x 11” or
10X10’’

 Place lined paper / (6 mm) grid sheet beneath acetate

sheet

 Use letter style – 6mm for Text and 9 mm for Titles

 Use capital letters for titles.

 Use one lettering style.

 Store them flat, clean and interlocked with paper

 Methods of using overhead projector
 The projector should not be subjected to mechanical

vibrations.

 Use voltage stabilizer.

 Halogen lamps will not with stand heavy surge in

voltage and never touch the lamp by hand.

 The OHP should be kept in a fixed place

 Methods of using overhead projector
 Use masking tape

 Stand off to one side of OHP while facing the

audience.

 Use pointer

 Place the OHP on a table (Avoid

key stone effect)

 Advantages
 It can be used in a fairly lighted room.

 Material projected can be changed easily and quickly.

 Particularly suited for complex diagrams, charts and

illustrations.

 Can build up information

point- by-point through the use of overlays.

 Disadvantages
 A blown bulb or power failure can spoil all your hard

work.

 Image quality can also be a problem.

 Can be disorienting to manipulate transparencies on

projector plate.
 Power point presentations
 LCD( Liquid Crystal Display ) panel

 It is very popular and alternative to OHP.

 Guidelines for PPT
 First slide - Topic , Name of the presenter

 Last slide - Reference.

 Limit the number of slides 12 slides for 10 minute

presentation.

 Avoid patterned back ground,

ensure text contrasts with

background
 Guidelines for PPT
 Legible font can be used.

 Follow rule of Seven

 Use lower case letters with correct spelling.

 Use of sound or video for interest creation.

 Be consistent in making the slides

 Use appropriate picture with one/ two animation

 Advantages
 Interesting and motivating for students

 Easy to present and maintain eye contact with a

large audience

 Can combine text, graphics and multi-media content

to create professional presentations

 Disadvantages
 Time consuming for teachers

 Technical faults ( Power supply)

 Some animations will not be supported by all systems

 Speakers create slides so they have something to

present rather than outlining, organizing, and focusing

on their message.
 Chalk board/ Blackboard
A blackboard or chalkboard is a slightly

abrasive writing surface made ( wood, ply, hardboard,

cement, ground glass, asbestos, etc.) with black,

green or bluish-green paint on it.

White chalk sticks are generally used

for writing on the board.

 Types of chalk / black board
 Ordinary board held by Easel

 Roller chalk board

 Magnetic board

 Black ceramic unbreakable board

 Green glass chalk board

 Write and wipe off white board

Characteristics of chalk / blackboard
 Size- 5m x 6m

 Surface- Rough, Dull

 The writing should be easily eliminated with duster.

 The chalkboard should be mounted on an

appropriate height
 Use of chalk boards
 Use with other aids

 For writing important points

 For drawing illustrations

 For solving problems of mathematics and science

 For giving notes to students

 To give exam and test

 Skills involved in effective use of
chalk board
 Don’t write everything on chalkboard.

 Most convenient place - Left side to stand

 Take half stick of chalk and hold the chalk between

the thumb and forefinger.

 Write in sequence as head line

 There should be equal gap in between the words.

 The margin space for the top and bottom of the

board should be equal. Use more pressure for

strong line

 Try to keep 2/3rd part of the board when drawing.

 Never use fingers in place of duster.

 Use duster (cleaned after each class)

 Write in straight rows starting at the top corner.

 Avoid abbreviation

 Do not talk as you write

 Extreme lower corners should not be used.

 Use coloured chalks.

 CHARTS
 Chart is defined as a visual aid which depicts pictorial

and written key information in systematic way to

summarize, compare. ex: anatomical charts and

figure, diagrams etc.

 PURPOSES
 To show the relationships by means of facts and

figures.

 To show continuity in process

 For presenting the material symbolically

 Presenting abstract ideas in visual form

 TYPES OF CHARTS
 Tabulation chart

 Bar chart

 Line chart

 Pie chart

 Flow chart

 Evolution chart

 Tree chart
 PREPARATION OF CHARTS
.
 Size of the chart
 Standard chart paper in sizes 90x60cm and 70x55cm

or 20’’x30’’.

The size of the letters

 Title – Two and half inch

 Subtitle and headings – One and one third inches

 Space between lines- One and two inches

 PREPARATION OF CHARTS
 Based on objectives

 The layout should be balanced and should use the space

effectively

 Title of the chart should be simple, short ,clear and

impressive.

 One chart should convey just one idea or one principle.

 Charts crowded with information are less effective

 PREPARATION OF CHARTS
 Light coloured chart paper should be used

 Simple hand-drawn charts with non- decorative lettering

are more effective.

 Involve students in making charts

 Charts should be visible to every pupil in the class.

 Use a pointer.

 A chart should give neat appearance.

 POSTERS
 Posters are simple graphic visual aid which conveys

single idea or single subject.

 PRINCIPLES OF POSTER
MAKING
 Brevity: Not more than five words is best.

 Simplicity: Too many words should not be used on a

paper.

 Idea: A poster must tell its story, at a glance. Hence

illustrations and captions should be large enough.

 Layout: Bold simple styled letters will be easy to

read expressive letters also can be used to attract

attention and to convey the idea.

 Colour: Black or Yellow is

recognized to be the most striking

combination.
 Lettering:

Letters should be legible and of appropriate size.

 Poster size:

This usually confirm to the paper sizes available

such as 10”x15”, 15”x20”, 20”x30” etc. These can be

used horizontally or vertically

 FLASH CARDS
 Flash cards are small cards of generally 25×30 cm

(10x12 inches) size which are shown for a few

moments before the class or group to send across

a message or impart an idea.

 Flash cards would be used along with the other

graphic aids to make the lesson effective.

 PREPARATION OF FLASH CARDS
 Cut a chart paper and cut it into four equal parts to

get the flash cards.

 Write the content on it and it should be large enough

 It is advisable to make a rough card on an ordinary

paper first and then transfer.

 Use colour to make it attractive.

 The number of cards should be 10 to 12 in a set.

 USING THE FLASH CARDS
 Give brief introduction about the lesson to the

students.

 Flash the card in front of the class by holding it high

with both your hands so that all the students can see
it.

 Add more information to the

students responses.
 FLANNEL BOARD
 Flannel board or felt board is a little more than piece

of rigid material covered with cotton, wool, suede

cloth.

 Pupils may be often asked to

fix these to arouse their

creative interest.
PRINCIPLES OF FLANNELGRAPH
 One piece of rough textured (dark green or blue) cloth

will adhere or stick to another.

 The backing material (30”x40” ) may be wall board,

massonite, plywood, softwood, heavy cardboard etc.

 Rough textured materials that may be used include

cotton, flannel, khadhi.

 Guidelines for the presentation of
flannel board
 Tightly stretch the flannel or cloth to the board with

drawing pins.

 Stick the flannel in an organized manner and number

it properly based on space.

 Adequate lighting should be there.

 Use minimum number of objects based on the

principles

 Stick the object when explanation is given and

remove the cut outs from the board once the

explanation is over
 Interactive White board
 A SMART Board is a brand of interactive whiteboard.

It allows teachers and students to control the

computer through touching the screen. Add-on

devices and software can be purchased to increase

the interactivity.
 Interactive Whiteboards

 Touchscreen: It allows users to alter the data in the

screen with their fingers. The addition of this feature

has made its use much simpler and effective.

 Imaging: The high quality imaging make the classes

far more entertaining and informative.

 Online Help: The users can access the web through

the device.
Smart Tools: Some of these smart tools are the

magnifier, pointer, spotlight, screen capture etc.

 Advantages of Interactive Whiteboards
 Integrating a wide range of material into a lesson e.g.

a picture from the internet.

 They allow teachers to create easily and rapidly

customized learning objects from a range of existing

content.

 They allow learners to absorb Information more

easily.

 They allow learners to participate in group

discussions
 Disadvantages of Interactive
Whiteboards:
 High cost : IT classrooms with modern devices

are needed

 Technical Inability: Old school teachers are not

comfortable with modern technology

 Teacher Training: Special training for the teachers

are needed

 Technical problems- Internet facility with good

speed is needed. Touch sensitivity limitations are

there
 Mobile learning(m-learning)
Mobile learning is an educational system.

Mobile learning supports, with the help of mobile

devices, a continuous access to the learning

process. This can be on appliances like your phone,

laptop or tablet.
 Usage of Mobile in learning
 Offering mobile learning material- Texts, videos or

audios.

 Interaction during lessons- Teachers ask questions

and the pupils will answer them on their mobile or

devices. Automatically credited if the answer is
correct.

 Synchronous learning -Immediate feedback from

your teacher or fellow students

 Benefits
 Relatively inexpensive as compared with PCs and

laptops

 Multimedia content delivery and creation options.

 Continuous and situated learning support

 Decrease in training costs

 Potentially a more rewarding learning experience

 Students are motivated

 Disadvantages
 Distraction

 Connectivity and battery life

 Screen size and key size

 Meeting required bandwidth for nonstop/fast streaming

 Content security or copyright issue from authoring group

 Multiple standards, multiple screen sizes, multiple

operating systems

 Limited memory
 Conclusion
Audio visual aids are great tool for teachers

to enhance the education of their students with the

multi sensory approach…….