PRESENTED BY-SIMRAN GUPTA

M.SC 2ND SEMESTER

▪ Principle
▪ Plate theory of Gas Chromatography
▪ Van-Deemter Equation
▪ Instrumentation
▪ Carrier Gas
▪ Sampling Injection System
▪ Columns and its types
▪ Detectors
▪ Advantages and Limitations of GC
Gas chromatography was developed in 1941
by A.P.J. Martin and R.L.M. Synge.
They were awarded noble prize in 1952.
 1.Gas Liquid Chromatography:

 E.g:- Liquid,Polythene glycol (PEG), Gas-

H,He,N2,Ca2,Ne,etc.

 2.Gas Solid Chromatography:

 E.g: Granules silica,Alumina carbene etc.

1. Frendlich Isotherm Equation :

x/m = kc√n
2. Langmiur Equation :

x/m =K1C+K2C
= (K1+K2)C

3. Henry’s law of partition :

x/m = KC
 The no. of theoretical plates (N) can be
calculated in GLC. The expression is used to
evaluate the efficiency of the coloumn.
 The greater the value of N the better is the
efficiency of separation.
 The efficiency is expressed in terms of ‘
plate theory’.
 Hence, no. of plates can be calculated by
using following equation,
 N=16( tR /Wb )
It was derived by Zuiderweg and Klinkenberg.
The equation is as follows-
H=A + B/ū+Cū

Where A=is known as Eddy Diffusion constant

B=is known as Moleculr Diffusion
constant
C=is known as Interphase Molecular
Mass transfer
ū=is known as the average velocity of
thr molecule and it is used in GC.
 1.Eddy Diffusion-(i)

A=2λdp

 2.Molecular Diffusion-(ii)

B=2λDM

 3.Interphase mass transfer-(iii)

C=1/6 dp2 /DM

 Substituting these three equation in (H) of Van-Deemter equation

, we get

 H=1.5dp +DM /ū + d2p/DM

 1. A Carrier Gas

 2. A Sample Injection System

 3. The Separation Column

 4. Detectors

 5. Thermostat

 6. An Amplification and Recorder System

 Hydrogen, Helium, Nitrogen,Argon,Nitrogen,
are the most widely used carrier gas.

 The choice of gas depends on:-

1.Nature of sample
2.The types of detectors employed
3.Column Efficiency
4.Availability
5.Purity required
6.Consumption of the gass
 Sampling injection system is very important. Its
main characteristic feature of the gas
chromatography is the use of very small amount
of the sample.

 (fig.) Hypodermic syringe

 Column is made up of glass metal taflon
material having 4.8 mm diameter.

 It can be of any length from 3m to 300m.

 Generally, capillary column are 300m in length

and diameter is 0.1 to 1.0mm.

 Materials are introduced by tapping the column.

 The column is enclosed in controlled oven so

that its temperature is held constant.
 Generally, there are 3 types of columns:-

1.Packed Columns

2.Open Tubular Column(Capillary Column)

3.Support Coated Open Tubular Column

 In packed columns, compressor is used . It is
prepared by packing metal or gas tubing with
granular stationary phase.

 For GSC, the columns are pack with porous

polymer , whereas

 For GLC a liquid phase coated over inner solid

support.
 In open tubular column, compressor is used.

 It is made up of long capillary tubing(30 to 90

meters) having uniform or narrow interval diameter
(0.0025-0.0075cm).

 They are generally made up of stainless steel,

copper, nylon, or glass etc.

 The inner wall of the capillary tubing is coated with

the liquid phase in the form of thin and uniform film.
 These columns are made by depositing a
micron size porous layer of support marterial
on the inside wall of a capillary column and a
coating with a thin film of a liquid phase.

 These columns have more sample capacity

and an inlet splitter may not be required.
SCOT columns are used preferred for trace
analysis.
 The temperature programming fascilities
controlled by increasing the temperature
during an analysis.

Thermostat keep the temperature constant

during analytical work.It is operated at higher
temperature.

Thermostat is made up of glass, stainless

steel, Ni-Cu alloy, etc.
 The detectors is situated at the exit of the separation
coloumn.

 It is used to measure the small amount of separated

components.

 Small amounts of separated components present in

carrier gas stream leaving the coloumn.

A Universal detectors will respond to all the

components in the mixture, whereas

A Selective detectors senses only a certain components

in a mixture and thus giving a simplified chromatogram.
 1.Strong separation power and complex mixture can be
resolved into constituents.

 2.The sensitivity is high and only few mg of samples is

sufficient for analysis.

 3.It gives good precision and accuracy.

 4.The analysis is completed in in short time.

 5.The cost of instrument is relatively low and its life

is generally long.

 6.The tecnique is easy and calculation do not require highly

skilled persons.
 1. Limited to volatile samples.

 2. Not suitable for thermally unstable

complexes at higher temperatures.

 3. Samples should be soluble and don’t react

with the coloumns.

 4. During injection of gaseous sample proper

attention is required.